253 lines
29 KiB
XML
253 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="52E0DE78DCEA02ACDDF479BD3240394A" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3278c375-6c89-42a2-b7ac-24b9bb91730e" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="251860" ID-ZooBank="8FECCFC1-7CA9-4A90-B881-4BD40157AD99" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460928091107" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, T. Colin E." docDate="2014" docId="03AA87B3FFD83521FF79FE0422BED81D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03872p354.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3872 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Chondrolepis leggei Heron 1909" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="333" masterDocId="FF93FFCBFFC63501FFEEFFD82603DF67" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders" masterLastPageNumber="354" masterPageNumber="301" pageNumber="331" updateTime="1698362795193" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="0901FC7F66E4E3FFAA46ED63B29CFDDD" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="8115F449358BAD2AD2C2A9E3917D490A">
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<mods:title id="4D009EBD0A46F1794674BF60E668D292">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera). Part 7. Hesperiinae incertae sedis: grass and bamboo feeders</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="04F4CC983505AA090CE527B258BC7CC8">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="41A352F270FF453E1449855076F52828" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="85B88F04BDAA9C66524616AC8250CDA3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1A4F089EFE99E27F6206E71079F0B01D">Congdon, T. Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="DC43E44AFD49F2179499DC55AD0D3EC8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="6ABFFA3FCBA2C8605651EF46FDD5501C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FE5BBFF385ACEA1D3B17F132274CB1F9">
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<mods:date id="E20F55710A0B91A66BA84AB75A6DA5C7">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="46EBE68BF99140DD90EF64F886B69998" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="2A99B3937AA4460B55E2AA65D8D6D666">3872</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="C5161B6A361DE818DC46E8AE27D12FC6">4</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="57E8C3B4D0A03D63390A417E2FF4E63E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3872.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="32921ECC5429208F65A5A5335870D572" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AA87B3FFD83521FF79FE0422BED81D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5681010" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119589733" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5681010" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87B3FFD83521FF79FE0422BED81D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87B3FFD83521FF79FE0422BED81D" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="333" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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<subSubSection id="C319652EFFD83521FF79FE0422BED81D" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="333" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD8351FFF79FE04242BDE91" blockId="30.[151,552,476,502]" box="[151,552,476,502]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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<heading id="D0F481C9FFD8351FFF79FE04242BDE91" bold="true" box="[151,552,476,502]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD8351FFF79FE04242BDE91" ID-CoL="5XZKN" authority="Heron, 1909" authorityName="Heron" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,552,476,502]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leggei">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD8351FFF79FE04242BDE91" bold="true" box="[151,552,476,502]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD8351FFF79FE04278BDE91" bold="true" box="[151,392,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Chondrolepis leggei</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD8351FFE7EFE04242BDE91" author="Heron" box="[400,552,476,502]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Heron, F. A. (1909) Ruwenzori Expedition Reports. 12. Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 19 (2), 169 - 176, plate V." type="journal article" year="1909">Heron, 1909</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD8351FFF79FDFA238DDDAC" blockId="30.[151,1436,546,715]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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This species occurs in isolated populations in western
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD8351FFCF9FDFB2560DD5C" box="[791,867,547,571]" name="Kenya" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, the Rwenzori Mountains (
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<typeStatus id="54B88807FFD8351FFB4CFDFB22D7DD5C" box="[1186,1236,547,571]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">type</typeStatus>
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locality Mubuku Valley, eastern Rwenzoris), Lake Kivu and east of Lake Tanganyika (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD8351FFC41FD9F2257DD38" author="De" box="[943,1108,582,607]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="De Jong, R. (1986) Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the chiefly afromontane genus Chondrolepis Mabille (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 231, 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1986">De Jong 1986</bibRefCitation>
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). There are scattered records from the forests of western
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD8351FFE25FDB32414DDE4" box="[459,535,619,643]" name="Kenya" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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; MJWC has found it at Saiwa Swamp, Kitale and Kakamega Forest, and regards it as occasional rather than scarce, at least in Kakamega Forest, where caterpillars are not difficult to find. This species and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD8351FFEF0FD6B27B6DDAC" box="[286,437,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="telisignata">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD8351FFEF0FD6B27B6DDAC" box="[286,437,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">C. telisignata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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do not appear to overlap in range in
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<collectingCountry id="F3147635FFD8351FFCBCFD6B259DDDAC" box="[850,926,691,715]" name="Kenya" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, although
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD8351FFBFCFD6B22B3DDAC" box="[1042,1200,691,715]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="niveicornis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD8351FFBFCFD6B22B3DDAC" box="[1042,1200,691,715]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">C. niveicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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overlaps with both.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD8351FFF79FD22274FDC74" blockId="30.[151,1436,762,931]" box="[151,332,762,787]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD8351FFF79FD22274FDC74" box="[151,332,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD8351FFF79FCC627C7DCC4" blockId="30.[151,1436,762,931]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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Adults fly late into the afternoon and perhaps into the evening. MJWC has seen males feeding at flowers of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD8351FFAABFCC726CCDC3C" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD8351FFAABFCC726CCDC3C" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Justicia flava</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the last light, when only their antennae were visible.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD8351FFC89FC9B220BDC3C" author="Larsen" box="[871,1032,835,859]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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caught one at flowers early in the morning, and MJWC has seen one or two specimens during the day. Even when at rest the antennae are held out conspicuously (
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<figureCitation id="13382A20FFD8351FFEA8FC5227B4DCC4" box="[326,439,906,931]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="30.[151,250,1997,2019]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,986,1973]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1435,986,1973]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 30. Adult male Chondrolepis leggei at rest, Kakamega Forest, Kenya, 6 Apr 1990." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251890/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Figure 30</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7C662DFFD8351FFF79F8152242D884" box="[151,1089,1997,2019]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251890/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" targetBox="[151,1435,986,1973]" targetPageId="30">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD8351FFF79F8152242D884" blockId="30.[151,1089,1997,2019]" box="[151,1089,1997,2019]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD8351FFF79F8152723D885" bold="true" box="[151,288,1997,2019]" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">FIGURE 30.</emphasis>
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Adult male
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD8351FFE73F8152469D884" box="[413,618,1997,2019]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="331" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leggei">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD8351FFE73F8152469D884" box="[413,618,1997,2019]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="331">Chondrolepis leggei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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at rest, Kakamega Forest, Kenya, 6 Apr 1990.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD9351EFF79FF4F271DDFD7" blockId="31.[151,1436,151,282]" box="[151,286,151,176]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFF79FF4F271DDFD7" box="[151,286,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD9351EFF79FF632776DE7D" blockId="31.[151,1436,151,282]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
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MJWC has found caterpillars on
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD9351EFDF4FF63252BDFB3" box="[538,808,187,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachyphyllus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFDF4FF63252BDFB3" box="[538,808,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Cenchrus trachyphyllus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD9351EFCBBFF642287DFB3" box="[853,1156,187,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachyphyllum">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFCBBFF642287DFB3" box="[853,1156,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Pennisetum trachyphyllum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD9351EFB70FF642349DFB3" box="[1182,1354,187,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sulcata">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFB70FF642349DFB3" box="[1182,1354,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Setaria sulcata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD9351EFA69FF642719DF90" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFA69FF642719DF90" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">S. megaphylla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD9351EFEAFFF0727C3DF90" box="[321,448,222,247]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="plicatilis">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFEAFFF0727C3DF90" box="[321,448,222,247]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">S. plicatilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B54FFD9351EFE36FF07246ADF90" author="Larsen" box="[472,617,223,247]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen 1991</bibRefCitation>
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), all of which have broad leaves and grow along shady margins of forest paths and clearings.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD9351EFF79FE902724DE07" blockId="31.[151,1436,327,458]" box="[151,295,327,352]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFF79FE902724DE07" box="[151,295,327,352]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD9351EFF79FEB3245CDEAD" blockId="31.[151,1436,327,458]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
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The first shelter is about
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<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFD9351EFE58FEB327FDDEE4" box="[438,510,363,387]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" unit="mm" value="30.0">30mm</quantity>
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long, and formed by rolling the edges of the apical portion of a leaf downwards, and then feeding basally to this, leaving the mid-rib bare. The second shelter is formed nearer the base of the leaf by folding under one edge of the lamina.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD9351EFF79FE2F2716DD77" blockId="31.[151,1436,503,704]" box="[151,277,503,528]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFF79FE2F2716DD77" box="[151,277,503,528]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Caterpillar</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD9351EFF79FDC32702DDA7" blockId="31.[151,1436,503,704]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
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The young caterpillars are green with a narrow black pronotum and black head, that of instar n-3 measuring 1.0 x
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<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFD9351EFF79FDE726E6DD30" box="[151,229,575,599]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1mm</quantity>
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wide x high (n=1) and instar n-2 measuring 1.4 x
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<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFD9351EFCCCFDE62572DD30" box="[802,881,574,599]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5mm</quantity>
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(n=5). In the penultimate instar the head is 1.9 x
|
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<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFD9351EFF79FDBA26E5DD1D" box="[151,230,610,634]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1mm</quantity>
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wide x high (n=6), dark brown-black (Figures 31.1, 33.1–2); cast head capsules indicated that there may be a slightly paler diffuse area along each side of the epicranial suture in some individuals, but this was not observed from life.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7C662DFFD9351EFF79F8FB22EED896" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251891/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" targetBox="[151,1436,743,1802]" targetPageId="31">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFD9351EFF79F8FB22EED896" blockId="31.[151,1436,1827,2033]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFF79F8FB2727D85F" bold="true" box="[151,292,1827,1849]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">FIGURE 31.</emphasis>
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Caterpillars of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD9351EFE3FF8FB24A0D85E" box="[465,675,1827,1849]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leggei">
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFE3FF8FB24A0D85E" box="[465,675,1827,1849]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Chondrolepis leggei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, collected on
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD9351EFCD1F8FC2596D85E" box="[831,917,1828,1849]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
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, Kenya.
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<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFC19F8FB2200D85F" bold="true" box="[1015,1027,1827,1848]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">1</emphasis>
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, penultimate instar, dorsolateral view; collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD9351EFEF0F89A2488D830" authority="Saiwa Swamp" authorityName="Saiwa Swamp" box="[286,651,1857,1879]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFEF0F89A27E5D830" box="[286,486,1857,1879]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
|
||
, Saiwa Swamp
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 26 Nov 1988; moulted to penultimate instar 2 Nov; photographed 7 Nov; moulted to final instar 12 Nov; 88/99;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFDC2F8B8243AD812" bold="true" box="[556,569,1888,1909]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">2</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar, detail of head, lateral view; collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD9351EFB9FF8B92352D811" authority="Kitale" authorityName="Kitale" box="[1137,1361,1888,1910]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFB9FF8B92301D811" box="[1137,1282,1888,1910]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">S. megaphylla</emphasis>
|
||
, Kitale
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 22Oct 1988; moulted to final instar 2 Nov; photographed 19 Nov; died; 88/98;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFC64F8A72595D8F3" bold="true" box="[906,918,1919,1940]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">3</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar collected 18 Aug 1988 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD9351EFADFF8582396D8F2" box="[1329,1429,1919,1941]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sulcata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFADFF8582396D8F2" box="[1329,1429,1919,1941]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">S. sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kakamega Forest; moulted to final instar c. 6 Sep; photographed 17 Sep; pupated 24 Sep; 88/66A2;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFB4EF84622AED8D4" bold="true" box="[1184,1197,1950,1971]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">4</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar caterpillar, detail of head; as #3 but photographed 13 Sep; 88/66A2;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFCE9F8652510D8B5" bold="true" box="[775,787,1981,2002]" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">5</emphasis>
|
||
, final instar caterpillar, collected 18 Aug 1988 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFD9351EFAD5F8642722D896" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="31" pageNumber="332" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachyphyllus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFD9351EFAD5F8642722D896" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="332">Cenchrus trachyphyllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kakamega Forest; moulted to final instar 1 Sep; photographed 3 Sep; pupated 14 Sep; 88/65A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFE63521FF29FF4022F3DEEF" blockId="32.[151,1436,151,392]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
In the final instar the head is 2.4 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFE63521FD88FF4024B6DFD7" box="[614,693,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high (n=4); oval, slightly indent at vertex; rugose; plain brown of a somewhat variable tone (Figure 31.2–5), with the posterior margin broadly dark, widest level with stemmata (Figure 31.2); stemmata black; pronotum narrow, black; body translucent dull dark green, with trachea visible; dorsal line clear, dark green, defined by underlying adjacent fat bodies; anal plate tinged orange, with erect pale setae around margin. The body of the final instar caterpillar turns yellowish, with a contrasting dark green dorsal line when it is ready to pupate. I made no observations on the distribution of wax glands implying that there were none, or almost none. The penultimate instar lasts 10–12 days and the final instar 13–14 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFE63521FF79FE6126D0DEB7" blockId="32.[151,1437,441,824]" box="[151,211,441,464]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE63521FF79FE6126D0DEB7" box="[151,211,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFE63521FF79FE042497DC5F" blockId="32.[151,1437,441,824]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
The pale brown pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13382A20FFE63521FE7CFE042402DE93" box="[402,513,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1475,1497]" captionTargetBox="[150,1432,916,1420]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[147,1432,916,1421]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 32. Female pupae of Chondrolepis leggei, collected as caterpillar on Cenchrus trachyphyllus, Kakamega Forest, Kenya, 18 Aug 1988; pupated 14 Sep; photographed 18 Sep; adult 28 Sep; 19 mm; 88 / 65 A. 1, dorsolateral view; 2, lateral view; 3, ventral view posterior segments." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251892/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Figure 32</figureCitation>
|
||
) is formed in a tightly sealed pupal chamber, similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE63521FB51FE052355DE92" box="[1215,1366,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="telisignata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE63521FB51FE052355DE92" box="[1215,1366,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">C. telisignata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Only female pupae were reared. The following is based on pupa 8/65A, with supplementary dimensions from 88/99:
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFE63521FF79FDFC270FDD5B" box="[151,268,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="19.0">19–21mm</quantity>
|
||
; light brown; frontal projection 0.75–1.0mm, dark, parallel-sided, blunt, down-curved; eyes with short brown, forward-directed setae, except for vertical shiny stripe through middle of eye; a transverse ventral row of similar setae between eyes; dorsal and dorsolateral surface with short erect brown setae; spiracle T1 dark brown, conspicuous; proboscis sheath projects
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFE63521FDB4FD5724B3DDCF" box="[602,688,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6mm</quantity>
|
||
beyond wing sheaths to
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFE63521FC3FFD482224DDCF" box="[977,1063,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2mm</quantity>
|
||
short of posterior end; posterior end of pupa flattened, with a small pointed projection centrally; on the dorsal surface, just anterior to this posterior margin, and towards the lateral edge, a short dark spike on each side, which is visible in ventral view (Figure 32.3); ventrally a three-quarter circle of tufts of stiff brown setae, the open section of the circle facing anteriorly (Figure 32.3). The pupa takes 14–16 days to develop.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7C662DFFE63521FF79FA1B27F9D971" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/251892/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" targetBox="[150,1432,916,1420]" targetPageId="32">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFE63521FF79FA1B27F9D971" blockId="32.[151,1436,1475,1558]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE63521FF79FA1B2720DABF" bold="true" box="[151,291,1475,1497]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">FIGURE 32.</emphasis>
|
||
Female pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE63521FE0BFA1B24B6DABE" box="[485,693,1475,1497]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leggei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE63521FE0BFA1B24B6DABE" box="[485,693,1475,1497]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Chondrolepis leggei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, collected as caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE63521FC32FA1B22D2DABE" box="[988,1233,1475,1497]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachyphyllus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE63521FC32FA1B22D2DABE" box="[988,1233,1475,1497]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Cenchrus trachyphyllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kakamega Forest, Kenya, 18 Aug 1988; pupated 14 Sep; photographed 18 Sep; adult 28 Sep; 19mm; 88/65A.
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE63521FBDFFA39223DDA91" bold="true" box="[1073,1086,1505,1526]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE63521FAEBFA392311DA91" bold="true" box="[1285,1298,1505,1526]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">2</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE63521FF79F9D826A7D972" bold="true" box="[151,164,1536,1557]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">3</emphasis>
|
||
, ventral view posterior segments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFE63521FF79F9992753D93D" blockId="32.[151,1436,1601,1914]" box="[151,336,1601,1626]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE63521FF79F9992753D93D" box="[151,336,1601,1626]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Natural enemies</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFE63521FF79F9BE26CCD855" blockId="32.[151,1436,1601,1914]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">
|
||
An unidentified ichneumonid was reared several times from caterpillars in Kakamega Forest. When the ichneumonid larva has completed its development in the host caterpillar, it causes the host body to become mummified (Figure 33.3) and pupates within. The adult wasp emerges 7–9 days after the host becomes mummified. One field collected mummy (88/66B, collected
|
||
<date id="FFBD1065FFE63521FCABF90A25D9D98D" box="[837,986,1746,1770]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" value="1988-08-18">18 Aug 1988</date>
|
||
) was itself parasitized and produced
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D05FD2CFFE63521FA6EF90926EDD869" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" type="female">36 females</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D05FD2CFFE63521FEC8F92E277ED869" box="[294,381,1781,1806]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
|
||
of a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C034D26FFE63521FE56F92D242BD869" box="[440,552,1781,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Eulophidae" genus="Pediobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B977EAB7FFE63521FE56F92D242BD869" box="[440,552,1781,1806]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">Pediobius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (det. J. LaSalle, 1989), which emerged from a single
|
||
<quantity id="4CFB9B40FFE63521FB5CF92E2303D869" box="[1202,1280,1782,1806]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="32" pageNumber="333" unit="mm" value="0.4">0.4mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter exit hole.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBC36A5FFE63521FF29F8E622BED81D" blockId="32.[151,1436,1601,1914]" pageId="32" pageNumber="333">A caterpillar collected at Kitale (88/98) and most probably of this species was killed when mature by a mermithid nematode, which had been visible for some days beforehand through the body wall.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |