946 lines
143 KiB
XML
946 lines
143 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="39B9596F8C744C123ADCCCF2AE12A324">Systematics of Damselfishes</mods:title>
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<treatment id="A0558C73FFBEFFE8931C141593C1FC9C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7850193" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209579117" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7850193" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A0558C73FFBEFFE8931C141593C1FC9C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A0558C73FFBEFFE8931C141593C1FC9C" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="289" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">
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<subSubSection id="60E66EEEFFBEFFD6931C14159265FA0B" box="[103,322,1087,1110]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="28433D65FFBEFFD6931C14159265FA0B" blockId="30.[103,773,1087,2024]" box="[103,322,1087,1110]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">
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<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6931C14159265FA0B" bold="true" box="[103,322,1087,1110]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">
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Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD693DE14159219FA0B" authority="Gill, 1859" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1859" box="[165,318,1087,1110]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Amphiprionini">Amphiprionini</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="60E66EEEFFBEFFE89239141593C1FC9C" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="290" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" type="description">
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<paragraph id="28433D65FFBEFFD69239141593C5F947" blockId="30.[103,773,1087,2024]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">
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<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD692391415927EFA0B" bold="true" box="[322,345,1087,1110]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">—</emphasis>
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||
Of all the clades within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD691E3146A938DFA2E" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="300" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pomacentrinae">Pomacentrinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, this group is the most distinctive as it hosts all of the anemonefishes. Their monophyly (100% bootstrap) is not surprising given their obligate symbiotic relationship with sea anemones, a life history trait that is unique across fish diversity (Collingwood, 1868; de Crespigny, 1869;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD691D414F99387FB5B" author="Verwey, J." pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="305 - 366" refId="ref82025" refString="Verwey, J. 1930. Coral reef studies. I. The symbiosis between damselfishes and sea anemones in Batavia Bay. Treubia 12: 305 - 366." type="journal article" year="1930">Verwey, 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD693C914DA9277FB5B" author="Gudger, E. W." box="[178,336,1264,1286]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="53 - 76" refId="ref68209" refString="Gudger, E. W. 1946. Pomacentrid fishes symbiotic with giant sea anemones in Indo-Pacific waters. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal (Series 3) 12: 53 - 76." type="journal article" year="1946">Gudger, 1946</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6921914DA912CFB5B" author="Mariscal, R. N." box="[354,523,1264,1286]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="58 - 65" refId="ref72980" refString="Mariscal, R. N. 1970. The nature of the symbiosis between Indo-Pacific anemone fishes and sea anemones. Marine Biology 6: 58 - 65." type="journal article" year="1970">Mariscal, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Allen, 1972;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD691C314DA9387FB7E" author="Fautin, D. G." pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="23 - 46" refId="ref66162" refString="Fautin, D. G. 1991. The anemonefish symbiosis: what is known and what is not. Symbiosis 10: 23 - 46." type="journal article" year="1991">Fautin, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD693CF152492EBFB78" author="Fautin, D. G. & G. R. Allen" box="[180,460,1294,1317]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" refId="ref66189" refString="Fautin, D. G., and G. R. Allen. 1997. Anemonefishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Australia." type="book" year="1997">Fautin and Allen, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The symbiosis has been credited with triggering the rapid diversification (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD691E5150193FCFB03" author="Litsios, G. & C. A. Sims & R. O. Wuest & P. B. Pearman & N. E. Zimmermann & N. Salamin" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="212" refId="ref72166" refString="Litsios, G., C. A. Sims, R. O. Wuest, P. B. Pearman, N. E. Zimmermann, and N. Salamin. 2012 a. Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 12: 212." type="journal article" year="2012">Litsios et al., 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6939715639124FB3D" author="Marcionetti, A. & V. Rossier & N. Roux & P. Salis & V. Laudet & N. Salamin" box="[236,515,1353,1376]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="869 - 882" refId="ref72924" refString="Marcionetti, A., V. Rossier, N. Roux, P. Salis, V. Laudet, and N. Salamin. 2019. Insights into the genomics of clownfish adaptive radiation: genetic basis of the mutualism with sea anemones. Genome Biology and Evolution 11: 869 - 882." type="journal article" year="2019">Marcionetti et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) that gave rise to 30 currently recognized species found across the Indo-West Pacific. Anemonefishes share morphological characters that further distinguish them from other damselfishes, including serration of the infraorbital and opercular series, reduced number of dorsal spines (VIII–XI vs. XII or more), and small scales (Allen, 1972;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6924515D092D0F852" author="Fitzpatrick, S." box="[318,503,1530,1552]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" refId="ref66314" refString="Fitzpatrick, S. 1992. Pomacentrid intrafamilial relationships: a cladistic approach. Unpubl. honours thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia." type="book" year="1992">Fitzpatrick, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6917A15D09159F84D" author="Tang, K. L." box="[513,638,1529,1552]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" refId="ref80845" refString="Tang, K. L. 2002. The phylogenetic relationships of the family Pomacentridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) and the subfamily Amphiprioninae. Unpubl. Ph. D. diss., University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="2002">Tang, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As a result, this clade has been one of the most strongly supported within the family in past phylogenies (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6913C161F9387F83A" author="Quenouille, B. & E. Bermingham & S. Planes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="66 - 88" refId="ref76154" refString="Quenouille, B., E. Bermingham, and S. Planes. 2004. Molecular systematics of the damselfishes (Teleostei: Pomacentridae): Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 66 - 88." type="journal article" year="2004">Quenouille et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Cooper et al., 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD692DA167891A2F834" author="Litsios, G. & C. A. Sims & R. O. Wuest & P. B. Pearman & N. E. Zimmermann & N. Salamin" box="[417,645,1618,1641]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="212" refId="ref72166" refString="Litsios, G., C. A. Sims, R. O. Wuest, P. B. Pearman, N. E. Zimmermann, and N. Salamin. 2012 a. Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 12: 212." type="journal article" year="2012">Litsios et al., 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although evidence for their monophyly is robust, the exact number of species is uncertain. There are currently either 28 or 30 recognized in this tribe, depending on the status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD69195168193F8F883" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amblypomacentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucokranos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD69195168193F8F883" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. leucokranos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6926416E292A0F883" authorityName="Burgess" authorityYear="1981" box="[287,391,1736,1758]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amblypomacentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thiellei">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6926416E292A0F883" box="[287,391,1736,1758]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. thiellei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, two putative species of possible hybrid origin (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6927116CC9128F8A6" author="Fautin, D. G. & G. R. Allen" box="[266,527,1766,1788]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" refId="ref66189" refString="Fautin, D. G., and G. R. Allen. 1997. Anemonefishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Australia." type="book" year="1997">Fautin and Allen, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6916716CC9027F8A6" author="Ollerton, J. & D. McCollin & D. G. Fautin & G. R. Allen" box="[540,768,1766,1788]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="591 - 598" refId="ref75567" refString="Ollerton, J., D. McCollin, D. G. Fautin, and G. R. Allen. 2007. Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274: 591 - 598." type="journal article" year="2007">Ollerton et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="28433D65FFBEFFD69304170B9712FBE7" blockId="30.[103,773,1087,2024]" lastBlockId="30.[820,1490,179,2024]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">
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The anemonefish relationships reported herein share some similarities with aspects of earlier works (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD691FA17149227F92F" author="Santini, S. & G. Polacco" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="19 - 27" refId="ref78931" refString="Santini, S., and G. Polacco. 2006. Finding Nemo: molecular phylogeny and evolution of the unusual life style of anemonefish. Gene 385: 19 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">Santini and Polacco, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD69270177692FAF92C" author="Litsios, G. & C. A. Sims & R. O. Wuest & P. B. Pearman & N. E. Zimmermann & N. Salamin" box="[267,477,1884,1906]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="212" refId="ref72166" refString="Litsios, G., C. A. Sims, R. O. Wuest, P. B. Pearman, N. E. Zimmermann, and N. Salamin. 2012 a. Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 12: 212." type="journal article" year="2012">
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Litsios et al., 2012
|
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<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD692AA177692FAF92C" author="Hastings, P. A. & H. J. Walker & G. R. Galland" box="[465,477,1884,1905]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" refId="ref68374" refString="Hastings, P. A., H. J. Walker, and G. R. Galland. 2014. Fishes: A Guide to Their Diversity. University of California Press, Oakland, California." type="book" year="2014">a</bibRefCitation>
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</bibRefCitation>
|
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, 2014;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6915117769387F9D3" author="Litsios, G. & N. Salamin" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="245" refId="ref72137" refString="Litsios, G., and N. Salamin. 2014. Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 245." type="journal article" year="2014">Litsios and Salamin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD693D017539241F9D3" author="O'Donnell, J. L." box="[171,358,1913,1935]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" refId="ref75116" refString="O'Donnell, J. L. 2014. Interactions and evolution of the anemonefishes. Unpubl. Ph. D. diss., University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California." type="book" year="2014">O’Donnell, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
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; Dhaneesh et al., 2015;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6911617539387F9F1" author="Rolland, J. & D. Silvestro & G. Litsios & L. Faye & N. Salamin" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="20171796" refId="ref78369" refString="Rolland, J., D. Silvestro, G. Litsios, L. Faye, and N. Salamin. 2018. Clownfishes evolution below and above the species level. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285: 20171796." type="journal article" year="2018">Rolland et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
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; Thongtam na
|
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<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6922E17BD9174F9F1" author="Ayudhaya, P. & P. Areesirisuk & W. Singchat & S. Sillapaprayoon & N. Muangmai & S. Peyachoknagul & K. Srikulnath" box="[341,595,1943,1965]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="222 - 224" refId="ref81407" refString="Thongtam na Ayudhaya, P., P. Areesirisuk, W. Singchat, S. Sillapaprayoon, N. Muangmai, S. Peyachoknagul, and K. Srikulnath. 2019. Complete mitochondrial genome of 10 anemonefishes belonging to Amphiprion and Premnas. Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4: 222 - 224." type="journal article" year="2019">Ayudhaya et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6911817BD9385F996" author="Nguyen, H. - T. T. & B. T. Dang & H. Glenner & A. J. Geffen" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="117 - 133" refId="ref74927" refString="Nguyen, H. - T. T., B. T. Dang, H. Glenner, and A. J. Geffen. 2020. Cophylogenetic analysis of the relationship between anemonefish Amphiprion (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) and their symbiotic host anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Marine Biology Research 16: 117 - 133." type="journal article" year="2020">Nguyen et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). A monophyletic group (100% bootstrap) composed of the two clownfishes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6922D17F892EFF9BA" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" box="[342,456,2001,2023]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellaris">
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<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6922D17F892EFF9BA" box="[342,456,2001,2023]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. ocellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6917917F8914DF9BA" box="[514,618,2001,2023]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percula">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6917917F8914DF9BA" box="[514,618,2001,2023]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. percula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD691D717F89023F9BA" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[684,772,2002,2023]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Premnas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD691D717F89023F9BA" box="[684,772,2002,2023]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">Premnas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister to all other amphiprionins. Two morphological characters have been hypothesized to unite these three species: distinct notch at dorsal-fin junction (spinous vs. soft sections) and naked occipital region (Allen, 1972;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6962311219723FF62" author="Fitzpatrick, S." pageId="30" pageNumber="288" refId="ref66314" refString="Fitzpatrick, S. 1992. Pomacentrid intrafamilial relationships: a cladistic approach. Unpubl. honours thesis, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia." type="book" year="1992">
|
||
Fitzpatrick, 1992;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6900411039723FF62" author="Tang, K. L." box="[895,1028,296,319]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" refId="ref80845" refString="Tang, K. L. 2002. The phylogenetic relationships of the family Pomacentridae (Teleostei: Perciformes) and the subfamily Amphiprioninae. Unpubl. Ph. D. diss., University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas." type="book" year="2002">Tang, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Concerning the first trait,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD696231102905CFF00" author="Salis, P. & N. Roux & O. Soulat & D. Lecchini & V. Laudet & B. Frederich" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="90" refId="ref78628" refString="Salis, P., N. Roux, O. Soulat, D. Lecchini, V. Laudet, and B. Frederich. 2018. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic simplification during white stripe evolution in clownfishes. BMC Biology 16: 90." type="journal article" year="2018">Salis et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discovered a correlation between the extent of dorsal-fin indentation and the number of vertical white bars (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD696E1114E90F7FFCB" authority="Barlow, 1972" authorityName="Barlow" authorityYear="1972" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Stegastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sensu">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD696E1114E96F5FF24" box="[1434,1490,356,377]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Barlow, 1972
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6909F11AB960BFFCA" author="Hensley, D. A. & J. E. Randall" box="[996,1324,384,407]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref69056" refString="Hensley, D. A., and J. E. Randall. 1983. A new species of Abudefduf (Pisces: Pomacentridae) from the east coast of South Africa. Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum 25: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1983">Hensley and Randall, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These three species display the greatest number of bars (3) among anemonefishes, a condition shared with several other species (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6900111F390C4FFB2" baseAuthorityName="Bennett" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[890,995,473,495]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6900111F390C4FFB2" box="[890,995,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6908111F397BFFFB2" authorityName="Waite" authorityYear="1900" box="[1018,1176,473,495]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latezonatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6908111F397BFFFB2" box="[1018,1176,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. latezonatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD697D411F39610FFB2" box="[1199,1335,473,495]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amblypomacentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tricinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD697D411F39610FFB2" box="[1199,1335,473,495]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. tricinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6962D11F3908EFC51" authorityName="Waite" authorityYear="1900" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latezonatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6962D11F3908EFC51" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">Amphiprion latezonatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister to a clade of the remaining anemonefishes (100% bootstrap). It is in the crown group where the relationships shown herein begin to diverge from other phylogenies, which also disagree with each other in some instances. Part of the discordance could be the result of gene choice because there is evidence of incongruence between the mitochondrial and nuclear data in these fishes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD696F1128D972AFC86" author="Litsios, G. & N. Salamin" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="245" refId="ref72137" refString="Litsios, G., and N. Salamin. 2014. Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 245." type="journal article" year="2014">Litsios and Salamin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The instability in this part of the tree might also stem from a lack of sufficient phylogenetically informative variation due to rapid diversification. The genus appears to have undergone a recent radiation where the bulk of its diversity has arisen within the last 5–10 million years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD69047137D973BFD31" author="Santini, F. & L. J. Harmon & G. Carnevale & M. E. Alfaro" box="[828,1052,855,877]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="194" refId="ref78882" refString="Santini, F., L. J. Harmon, G. Carnevale, and M. E. Alfaro. 2009. Did genome duplication drive the origin of teleosts? A comparative study of diversification in ray-finned fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 194." type="journal article" year="2009">Santini et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Cowman and Bellwood, 2011, 2013;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6904F135E9720FDD7" author="Litsios, G. & C. A. Sims & R. O. Wuest & P. B. Pearman & N. E. Zimmermann & N. Salamin" box="[820,1031,884,906]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="212" refId="ref72166" refString="Litsios, G., C. A. Sims, R. O. Wuest, P. B. Pearman, N. E. Zimmermann, and N. Salamin. 2012 a. Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 12: 212." type="journal article" year="2012">Litsios et al., 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6976A135E97D0FDD7" author="Frederich, B. & L. Sorenson & F. Santini & G. J. Slater & M. E. Alfaro" box="[1041,1271,884,906]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="94 - 113" refId="ref66743" refString="Frederich, B., L. Sorenson, F. Santini, G. J. Slater, and M. E. Alfaro. 2013. Iterative ecological radiation and convergence during the evolutionary history of damselfishes (Pomacentridae). The American Naturalist 181: 94 - 113." type="journal article" year="2013">Frédérich et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6967A135E96EAFDD7" author="Lobato, F. L. & D. R. Barneche & A. C. Siqueira & A. M. R. Liedke & A. Lindner & M. R. Pie & D. R. Bellwood & S. R. Floeter" box="[1281,1485,884,906]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="102094" refId="ref72399" refString="Lobato, F. L., D. R. Barneche, A. C. Siqueira, A. M. R. Liedke, A. Lindner, M. R. Pie, D. R. Bellwood, and S. R. Floeter. 2014. Diet and diversification in the evolution of coral reef fishes. PLoS ONE 9: e 102094." type="journal article" year="2014">Lobato et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; DiBattista et al., 2016;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6974713B89603FDFA" author="Rabosky, D. L. & J. Chang & P. O. Title & P. F. Cowman & L. Sallan & M. Friedman & K. Kaschner & C. Garilao & T. J. Near & M. Coll & M. E. Alfaro" box="[1084,1316,914,936]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="392 - 395" refId="ref76299" refString="Rabosky, D. L., J. Chang, P. O. Title, P. F. Cowman, L. Sallan, M. Friedman, K. Kaschner, C. Garilao, T. J. Near, M. Coll, and M. E. Alfaro. 2018. An inverse latitudinal gradient in speciation rate for marine fishes. Nature 559: 392 - 395." type="journal article" year="2018">Rabosky et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6964813B89049FD9B" author="Rolland, J. & D. Silvestro & G. Litsios & L. Faye & N. Salamin" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="20171796" refId="ref78369" refString="Rolland, J., D. Silvestro, G. Litsios, L. Faye, and N. Salamin. 2018. Clownfishes evolution below and above the species level. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285: 20171796." type="journal article" year="2018">Rolland et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Several areas of agreement do emerge among different studies: a monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6971613E797D9FDBF" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1133,1278,972,994]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polymnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6971613E797D9FDBF" box="[1133,1278,972,994]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. polymnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6963013E7968AFDBF" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1853" box="[1355,1453,972,994]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sebae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6963013E7968AFDBF" box="[1355,1453,972,994]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. sebae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; a monophyletic skunk clade consisting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6966913C09680FA5D" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1853" box="[1298,1447,1002,1024]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akallopisos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6966913C09680FA5D" box="[1298,1447,1002,1024]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. akallopisos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD696C013C090AAFA40" authorityName="Allen, Drew & Fenner" authorityYear="2010" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacificus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD696C013C090AAFA40" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. pacificus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD690E414229714FA40" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" box="[927,1075,1031,1053]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perideraion">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD690E414229714FA40" box="[927,1075,1031,1053]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. perideraion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6970114229606FA40" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1972" box="[1146,1313,1031,1053]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandaracinos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6970114229606FA40" box="[1146,1313,1031,1053]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. sandaracinos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; an ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6961D142D96F5FA40" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[1382,1490,1031,1053]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6961D142D96F5FA40" box="[1382,1490,1031,1053]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex’’
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD690DE140F9757FA66" authority="Allen (1980)" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1980" box="[933,1136,1060,1083]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Stegastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sensu">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD690DE140F90FAFA67" box="[933,989,1061,1082]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Allen (1980)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, minus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD697B3140F9673FA67" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1929" box="[1224,1364,1060,1082]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mccullochi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD697B3140F9673FA67" box="[1224,1364,1060,1082]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. mccullochi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, consisting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD69022146990E1FA05" authorityName="Allen, Drew & Kaufman" authorityYear="2008" box="[857,966,1090,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD69022146990E1FA05" box="[857,966,1090,1112]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD690A714699749FA05" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[988,1134,1090,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD690A714699749FA05" box="[988,1134,1090,1112]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="F74783C7FFBEFFD697FF14689792FA0A" box="[1156,1205,1090,1111]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6965614699681FA05" authorityName="Brevoort" authorityYear="1856" box="[1325,1446,1090,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6965614699681FA05" box="[1325,1446,1090,1112]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. frenatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD696C014699082FA28" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1852" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD696C014699082FA28" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. melanopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD69083144A9786FA28" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1842" box="[1016,1185,1119,1141]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubrocinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD69083144A9786FA28" box="[1016,1185,1119,1141]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. rubrocinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; an Indian Ocean clade consisting of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD690A41457976BFACE" authorityName="Klausewitz" authorityYear="1970" box="[991,1100,1149,1171]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="allardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD690A41457976BFACE" box="[991,1100,1149,1171]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. allardi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6971F145797CEFACE" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1830" box="[1124,1257,1149,1171]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6971F145797CEFACE" box="[1124,1257,1149,1171]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. bicinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6967A14579684FACE" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1972" box="[1281,1443,1149,1171]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chagosensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6967A14579684FACE" box="[1281,1443,1149,1171]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. chagosensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD696C014579088FAED" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysogaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD696C014579088FAED" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. chrysogaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD690BF14B19741FAED" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1972" box="[964,1126,1178,1200]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latifasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD690BF14B19741FAED" box="[964,1126,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. latifasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6970114B197C9FAED" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1908" box="[1146,1262,1179,1200]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripes">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6970114B197C9FAED" box="[1146,1262,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. nigripes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6964114B196ECFAED" authorityName="Allen & Mee" authorityYear="1991" box="[1338,1483,1179,1200]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6964114B196ECFAED" box="[1338,1483,1179,1200]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. omanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The latter group appears to be a recent invasion into the Indian Ocean followed by rapid diversification (Cowman and Bellwood, 2013: fig. S4; Litsios et al., 2014). This is where our tree diverges most dramatically from the consensus, as we recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD690D31504970BFB1E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[936,1068,1325,1347]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polymnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD690D31504970BFB1E" box="[936,1068,1325,1347]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. polymnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD69712150497E6FB1E" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1853" box="[1129,1217,1325,1347]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sebae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD69712150497E6FB1E" box="[1129,1217,1325,1347]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. sebae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nested deep within the Indian Ocean clade, which has not been reported in other studies except
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD69098154397F4FB20" author="Nguyen, H. - T. T. & B. T. Dang & H. Glenner & A. J. Geffen" box="[995,1235,1384,1406]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="117 - 133" refId="ref74927" refString="Nguyen, H. - T. T., B. T. Dang, H. Glenner, and A. J. Geffen. 2020. Cophylogenetic analysis of the relationship between anemonefish Amphiprion (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) and their symbiotic host anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Marine Biology Research 16: 117 - 133." type="journal article" year="2020">Nguyen et al. (2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2) who found a similar relationship for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6974415AC97E4FBC6" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1087,1219,1413,1435]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polymnus">A. polymnus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD697AE15AC960BFBC6" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1853" box="[1237,1324,1413,1435]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sebae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD697AE15AC960BFBC6" box="[1237,1324,1413,1435]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. sebae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recovered with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD69014158990E9FBE4" baseAuthorityName="Bennett" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[879,974,1443,1465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD69014158990E9FBE4" box="[879,974,1443,1465]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">A. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
therein).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="28433D65FFBEFFD7903715EA92ACFF8C" blockId="30.[820,1490,179,2024]" lastBlockId="31.[142,812,178,2024]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="289" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">
|
||
Allen (1972) treated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6974915EB97ADFB8B" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1074,1162,1473,1494]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Premnas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6974915EB97ADFB8B" box="[1074,1162,1473,1494]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">Premnas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6962A15EA96ECFB8B" box="[1361,1483,1472,1494]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6962A15EA96ECFB8B" box="[1361,1483,1472,1494]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">Amphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, stating that the two most prominent characters used to differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD690B915D6973DF84C" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[962,1050,1532,1553]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Premnas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD690B915D6973DF84C" box="[962,1050,1532,1553]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">Premnas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, prominent infraorbital spine and high number of transverse scale rows, were of ‘‘relatively minor phylogenetic importance.’’ Allen (1975a, 1975b) reversed this decision. However, early molecular studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD69634167E96EAF834" author="Tang, K. L." box="[1359,1485,1620,1641]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="591 - 601" refId="ref80814" refString="Tang, K. L. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships among damselfishes (Teleostei: Pomacentridae) as determined by mitochondrial DNA data. Copeia 2001: 591 - 601." type="journal article" year="2001">Tang, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6904F165B9710F8DB" author="Quenouille, B. & E. Bermingham & S. Planes" box="[820,1079,1649,1671]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="66 - 88" refId="ref76154" refString="Quenouille, B., E. Bermingham, and S. Planes. 2004. Molecular systematics of the damselfishes (Teleostei: Pomacentridae): Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 66 - 88." type="journal article" year="2004">Quenouille et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6973F165B964FF8D5" author="Santini, S. & G. Polacco" box="[1092,1384,1649,1672]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="19 - 27" refId="ref78931" refString="Santini, S., and G. Polacco. 2006. Finding Nemo: molecular phylogeny and evolution of the unusual life style of anemonefish. Gene 385: 19 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">Santini and Polacco, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) resolved the monotypic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6909A16A5971EF8F9" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[993,1081,1679,1700]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Premnas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6909A16A5971EF8F9" box="[993,1081,1679,1700]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">Premnas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD697EA16A4962CF8F9" box="[1169,1291,1678,1700]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD697EA16A4962CF8F9" box="[1169,1291,1678,1700]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">Amphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, prompting some (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6900C168697ACF89C" author="Quenouille, B. & E. Bermingham & S. Planes" box="[887,1163,1708,1730]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="66 - 88" refId="ref76154" refString="Quenouille, B., E. Bermingham, and S. Planes. 2004. Molecular systematics of the damselfishes (Teleostei: Pomacentridae): Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31: 66 - 88." type="journal article" year="2004">Quenouille et al., 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD697E51686961EF89F" author="Nelson, J. S." box="[1182,1337,1708,1730]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" refId="ref74853" refString="Nelson, J. S. 2006. Fishes of the World. Fourth edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey." type="book" year="2006">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="EA38F387FFBEFFD697E5168697C9F89F" box="[1182,1262,1708,1730]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">Nelson</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD69630168690FDF8BD" author="Santini, S. & G. Polacco" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="19 - 27" refId="ref78931" refString="Santini, S., and G. Polacco. 2006. Finding Nemo: molecular phylogeny and evolution of the unusual life style of anemonefish. Gene 385: 19 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">Santini and Polacco, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to return
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6971516E097EFF882" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[1134,1224,1738,1759]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Premnas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6971516E097EFF882" box="[1134,1224,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">Premnas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6904F16CC9095F8A1" box="[820,946,1766,1788]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Amphiprion</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although some phylogenies have resolved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD6904F172F90ABF947" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[820,908,1797,1818]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Premnas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD6904F172F90ABF947" box="[820,908,1797,1818]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">Premnas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as the sister group to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBEFFD697DE17299638F944" box="[1189,1311,1795,1817]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBEFFD697DE17299638F944" box="[1189,1311,1795,1817]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="288">Amphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD69614172E904AF96A" author="Mirande, J. M." pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="333 - 350" refId="ref73614" refString="Mirande, J. M. 2016. Combined phylogeny of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) and the use of morphological characters in large-scale analyses. Cladistics 33: 333 - 350." type="journal article" year="2016">Mirande, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Thongtam na
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD69764170B963EF965" author="Ayudhaya, P. & N. Muangmai & N. Banjongsat & W. Singchat & S. Janekitkarn & S. Peyachoknagul & K. Srikulnath" box="[1055,1305,1825,1848]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="198 - 205" refId="ref81463" refString="Thongtam na Ayudhaya, P., N. Muangmai, N. Banjongsat, W. Singchat, S. Janekitkarn, S. Peyachoknagul, and K. Srikulnath. 2017. Unveiling cryptic diversity of the anemonefish genera Amphiprion and Premnas (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) in Thailand with mitochondrial DNA barcodes. Agriculture and Natural Resources 51: 198 - 205." type="journal article" year="2017">Ayudhaya et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a multitude of other studies (Cooper et al., 2009; Cowman and Bellwood, 2011;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD690031776976EF92C" author="Litsios, G. & C. A. Sims & R. O. Wuest & P. B. Pearman & N. E. Zimmermann & N. Salamin" box="[888,1097,1884,1906]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="212" refId="ref72166" refString="Litsios, G., C. A. Sims, R. O. Wuest, P. B. Pearman, N. E. Zimmermann, and N. Salamin. 2012 a. Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 12: 212." type="journal article" year="2012">Litsios et al., 2012a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD69728177697BCF92F" author="Litsios, G. & L. Pellissier & F. Forest & C. Lexer & P. B. Pearman & N. E. Zimmermann & N. Salamin" box="[1107,1179,1884,1906]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="3662 - 3669" refId="ref72070" refString="Litsios, G., L. Pellissier, F. Forest, C. Lexer, P. B. Pearman, N. E. Zimmermann, and N. Salamin. 2012 b. Trophic specialization influences the rate of environmental niche evolution in damselfishes (Pomacentridae). Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279: 3662 - 3669." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
2012
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD697F6177697BCF92F" author="Frederich, B. & D. Olivier & G. Litsios & M. E. Alfaro & E. Parmentier" box="[1165,1179,1884,1906]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="20141047" refId="ref66690" refString="Frederich, B., D. Olivier, G. Litsios, M. E. Alfaro, and E. Parmentier. 2014. Trait decoupling promotes evolutionary diversification of the trophic and acoustic system of damselfishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281: 20141047." type="journal article" year="2014">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2014;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD69793177696EAF92C" author="Frederich, B. & L. Sorenson & F. Santini & G. J. Slater & M. E. Alfaro" box="[1256,1485,1884,1906]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="94 - 113" refId="ref66743" refString="Frederich, B., L. Sorenson, F. Santini, G. J. Slater, and M. E. Alfaro. 2013. Iterative ecological radiation and convergence during the evolutionary history of damselfishes (Pomacentridae). The American Naturalist 181: 94 - 113." type="journal article" year="2013">Frédérich et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6904F17539737F9D2" author="Rabosky, D. L. & F. Santini & J. Eastman & S. A. Smith & B. Sidlauskas & J. Chang & M. E. Alfaro" box="[820,1040,1913,1935]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="1958" refId="ref76375" refString="Rabosky, D. L., F. Santini, J. Eastman, S. A. Smith, B. Sidlauskas, J. Chang, and M. E. Alfaro. 2013. Rates of speciation and morphological evolution are correlated across the largest vertebrate radiation. Nature Communications 4: 1958." type="journal article" year="2013">Rabosky et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
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,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6976017509773F9D2" author="Rabosky, D. L. & J. Chang & P. O. Title & P. F. Cowman & L. Sallan & M. Friedman & K. Kaschner & C. Garilao & T. J. Near & M. Coll & M. E. Alfaro" box="[1051,1108,1914,1935]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="392 - 395" refId="ref76299" refString="Rabosky, D. L., J. Chang, P. O. Title, P. F. Cowman, L. Sallan, M. Friedman, K. Kaschner, C. Garilao, T. J. Near, M. Coll, and M. E. Alfaro. 2018. An inverse latitudinal gradient in speciation rate for marine fishes. Nature 559: 392 - 395." type="journal article" year="2018">2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD697241753965CF9D2" author="Litsios, G. & N. Salamin" box="[1119,1403,1913,1935]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="245" refId="ref72137" refString="Litsios, G., and N. Salamin. 2014. Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 245." type="journal article" year="2014">Litsios and Salamin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD696FD17539095F9F1" author="Lobato, F. L. & D. R. Barneche & A. C. Siqueira & A. M. R. Liedke & A. Lindner & M. R. Pie & D. R. Bellwood & S. R. Floeter" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="102094" refId="ref72399" refString="Lobato, F. L., D. R. Barneche, A. C. Siqueira, A. M. R. Liedke, A. Lindner, M. R. Pie, D. R. Bellwood, and S. R. Floeter. 2014. Diet and diversification in the evolution of coral reef fishes. PLoS ONE 9: e 102094." type="journal article" year="2014">Lobato et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Dhaneesh et al., 2015;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD697C417BD967DF9F0" author="Li, J. & X. Chen & B. Kang & M. Liu" box="[1215,1370,1943,1965]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="0123894" refId="ref71731" refString="Li, J., X. Chen, B. Kang, and M. Liu. 2015. Mitochondrial DNA genomes organization and phylogenetic relationships analysis of eight anemonefishes (Pomacentridae: Amphiprioninae). PLoS ONE 10: e 0123894." type="journal article" year="2015">Li et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; DiBattista et al., 2016;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD690AA179E97E9F994" author="Gaboriau, T. & F. Leprieur & D. Mouillot & N. Hubert" box="[977,1230,1972,1994]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="1295 - 1306" refId="ref67249" refString="Gaboriau, T., F. Leprieur, D. Mouillot, and N. Hubert. 2018. Influence of the geography of speciation on current patterns of coral reef fish biodiversity across the Indo-Pacific. Ecography 41: 1295 - 1306." type="journal article" year="2018">Gaboriau et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6979B179E96EAF994" author="Rolland, J. & D. Silvestro & G. Litsios & L. Faye & N. Salamin" box="[1248,1485,1972,1994]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="20171796" refId="ref78369" refString="Rolland, J., D. Silvestro, G. Litsios, L. Faye, and N. Salamin. 2018. Clownfishes evolution below and above the species level. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285: 20171796." type="journal article" year="2018">Rolland et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Delrieu-Trottin et al., 2019;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBEFFD6971617F89652F9BA" author="Marcionetti, A. & V. Rossier & N. Roux & P. Salis & V. Laudet & N. Salamin" box="[1133,1397,2002,2024]" pageId="30" pageNumber="288" pagination="869 - 882" refId="ref72924" refString="Marcionetti, A., V. Rossier, N. Roux, P. Salis, V. Laudet, and N. Salamin. 2019. Insights into the genomics of clownfish adaptive radiation: genetic basis of the mutualism with sea anemones. Genome Biology and Evolution 11: 869 - 882." type="journal article" year="2019">Marcionetti et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Thongtam na
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7938F109992D8FE94" author="Ayudhaya, P. & P. Areesirisuk & W. Singchat & S. Sillapaprayoon & N. Muangmai & S. Peyachoknagul & K. Srikulnath" box="[244,511,178,201]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="222 - 224" refId="ref81407" refString="Thongtam na Ayudhaya, P., P. Areesirisuk, W. Singchat, S. Sillapaprayoon, N. Muangmai, S. Peyachoknagul, and K. Srikulnath. 2019. Complete mitochondrial genome of 10 anemonefishes belonging to Amphiprion and Premnas. Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4: 222 - 224." type="journal article" year="2019">Ayudhaya et al., 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD791A8109E9225FEBB" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1790" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Premnas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biaculeatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD791A8109E9225FEBB" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Premnas biaculeatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7921310FA92C5FEBB" box="[360,482,208,230]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7921310FA92C5FEBB" box="[360,482,208,230]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Amphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as the sister group of the clownfishes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7925810C492B0FF5E" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" box="[291,407,237,259]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7925810C492B0FF5E" box="[291,407,237,259]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. ocellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD792E410C69296FF5E" bold="true" box="[415,433,236,259]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">þ</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD792C110C49102FF5E" box="[442,549,237,259]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percula">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD792C110C49102FF5E" box="[442,549,237,259]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. percula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Nonetheless, workers have continued to recognize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7929211269166FF7C" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[489,577,268,289]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Premnas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7929211269166FF7C" box="[489,577,268,289]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Premnas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a distinct genus despite its phylogenetic position. Based on the relationships presented herein, as well as the overwhelming consensus from past studies, we treat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD792B9114E913DFF24" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[450,538,356,377]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Premnas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD792B9114E913DFF24" box="[450,538,356,377]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Premnas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD793F511AA922FFFCB" box="[142,264,384,406]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD793F511AA922FFFCB" box="[142,264,384,406]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Amphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Both genera are masculine in gender, so the species name remains unchanged in the new combination as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD793F5119192A3FF8C" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[142,388,443,465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biaculeatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD793F5119192A3FF8C" box="[142,388,443,465]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Amphiprion biaculeatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="28433D65FFBFFFD793DD11F3977CFF7C" blockId="31.[142,812,178,2024]" lastBlockId="31.[859,1530,179,2024]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">
|
||
Allen (1975a, 1975b) recognized four subgenera within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD793F511DC922FFC51" box="[142,264,502,524]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD793F511DC922FFC51" box="[142,264,502,524]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Amphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7926111DC92A6FC51" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1904" box="[282,385,502,524]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Actinicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7926111DC92A6FC51" box="[282,385,502,524]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Actinicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD792E911DC912BFC51" box="[402,524,502,524]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD792E911DC912BFC51" box="[402,524,502,524]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Amphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7916611DC9191FC51" authorityName="Wang" authorityYear="1941" box="[541,694,502,524]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Paramphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7916611DC9191FC51" box="[541,694,502,524]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Paramphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7918711DC93F2FC74" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1929" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Phalerebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7918711DC93F2FC74" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Phalerebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Allen (1975b, 1980, 1991) further subdivided the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79275121B92B5FC1A" box="[270,402,561,583]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79275121B92B5FC1A" box="[270,402,561,583]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Amphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
into an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7916E121B91AEFC1A" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[533,649,561,583]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7916E121B91AEFC1A" box="[533,649,561,583]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-complex (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7906F121B93D9FC39" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1790" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7906F121B93D9FC39" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7926D126592B1FC39" authorityName="Brevoort" authorityYear="1856" box="[278,406,590,612]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7926D126592B1FC39" box="[278,406,590,612]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. frenatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD792D51265916FFC39" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1929" box="[430,584,590,612]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mccullochi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD792D51265916FFC39" box="[430,584,590,612]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. mccullochi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7911A126591DBFC39" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1852" box="[609,764,590,612]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7911A126591DBFC39" box="[609,764,590,612]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. melanopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7906F1265922CFCDF" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1842" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubrocinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7906F1265922CFCDF" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. rubrocinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7921812469284FCDF" baseAuthorityName="Bennett" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[355,419,620,642]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7921812469284FCDF" box="[355,419,620,642]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-complex (remaining species of the subgenus). Our study and many others (
|
||
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||
;
|
||
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|
||
; Timm et al., 2008; Cooper et al., 2009; Cowman and Bellwood, 2011;
|
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,
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2012
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, 2014;
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;
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,
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;
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;
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; DiBattista et al., 2016;
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; Thongtam na
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;
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; Delrieu-Trottin et al., 2019;
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) have provided ample evidence for the monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7924813B892BDFDF5" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1904" box="[307,410,914,936]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Actinicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7924813B892BDFDF5" box="[307,410,914,936]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Actinicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which encompasses the two clownfish species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7925F139A92BBFD98" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" box="[292,412,943,965]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7925F139A92BBFD98" box="[292,412,943,965]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. ocellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7929B139A916AFD98" box="[480,589,943,965]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percula">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7929B139A916AFD98" box="[480,589,943,965]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. percula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As a subgenus of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD793F513E6922FFDBF" box="[142,264,972,994]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD793F513E6922FFDBF" box="[142,264,972,994]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Amphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7926113E79255FDBF" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[282,370,973,994]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Premnas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7926113E79255FDBF" box="[282,370,973,994]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Premnas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is sister to
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7928513E69037FDBF" box="[510,784,972,994]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7928513E6914FFDBF" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1904" box="[510,616,972,994]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Actinicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Actinicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7910C13E69037FDBF" authorityName="Wang" authorityYear="1941" box="[631,784,972,994]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Paramphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Paramphiprion</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is not monophyletic;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7921E13C092C2FA5D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[357,485,1002,1024]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polymnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7921E13C092C2FA5D" box="[357,485,1002,1024]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. polymnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7916513C09155FA5D" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1853" box="[542,626,1002,1024]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sebae">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7916513C09155FA5D" box="[542,626,1002,1024]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. sebae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are sister species but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD793C714229276FA40" authorityName="Waite" authorityYear="1900" box="[188,337,1031,1053]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latezonatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD793C714229276FA40" box="[188,337,1031,1053]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. latezonatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is never recovered with them. Instead,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7906E14229224FA66" authorityName="Waite" authorityYear="1900" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latezonatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7906E14229224FA66" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. latezonatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is often found as the sister group of all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD791CA140F900CFA66" box="[689,811,1061,1083]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD791CA140F900CFA66" box="[689,811,1061,1083]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Amphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
excluding the subgenera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD792DF1468912CFA05" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1904" box="[420,523,1090,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Actinicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD792DF1468912CFA05" box="[420,523,1090,1112]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Actinicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7913F146991BBFA05" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[580,668,1091,1112]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Premnas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7913F146991BBFA05" box="[580,668,1091,1112]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Premnas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD791D01468920FFA2B" author="Santini, S. & G. Polacco" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="19 - 27" refId="ref78931" refString="Santini, S., and G. Polacco. 2006. Finding Nemo: molecular phylogeny and evolution of the unusual life style of anemonefish. Gene 385: 19 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">Santini and Polacco, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Cowman and Bellwood, 2011;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD791FF144A93EEFACF" author="Frederich, B. & L. Sorenson & F. Santini & G. J. Slater & M. E. Alfaro" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="94 - 113" refId="ref66743" refString="Frederich, B., L. Sorenson, F. Santini, G. J. Slater, and M. E. Alfaro. 2013. Iterative ecological radiation and convergence during the evolutionary history of damselfishes (Pomacentridae). The American Naturalist 181: 94 - 113." type="journal article" year="2013">Frédérich et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD793A414579104FACF" author="Litsios, G. & N. Salamin" box="[223,547,1149,1171]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="245" refId="ref72137" refString="Litsios, G., and N. Salamin. 2014. Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 245." type="journal article" year="2014">Litsios and Salamin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Litsios et al., 2014;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD793F514B19276FAED" author="O'Donnell, J. L." box="[142,337,1179,1201]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" refId="ref75116" refString="O'Donnell, J. L. 2014. Interactions and evolution of the anemonefishes. Unpubl. Ph. D. diss., University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California." type="book" year="2014">O’Donnell, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; DiBattista et al., 2016;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7910714B19000FAEC" author="Mirande, J. M." box="[636,807,1179,1201]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="333 - 350" refId="ref73614" refString="Mirande, J. M. 2016. Combined phylogeny of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) and the use of morphological characters in large-scale analyses. Cladistics 33: 333 - 350." type="journal article" year="2016">Mirande, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD793F51492925EFA90" author="Gaboriau, T. & F. Leprieur & D. Mouillot & N. Hubert" box="[142,377,1208,1230]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="1295 - 1306" refId="ref67249" refString="Gaboriau, T., F. Leprieur, D. Mouillot, and N. Hubert. 2018. Influence of the geography of speciation on current patterns of coral reef fish biodiversity across the Indo-Pacific. Ecography 41: 1295 - 1306." type="journal article" year="2018">Gaboriau et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD792FE14929178FA90" author="Rolland, J. & D. Silvestro & G. Litsios & L. Faye & N. Salamin" box="[389,607,1208,1230]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="20171796" refId="ref78369" refString="Rolland, J., D. Silvestro, G. Litsios, L. Faye, and N. Salamin. 2018. Clownfishes evolution below and above the species level. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285: 20171796." type="journal article" year="2018">Rolland et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Delrieu-Trottin et al., 2019;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7938414FC92C6FAB1" author="Nguyen, H. - T. T. & B. T. Dang & H. Glenner & A. J. Geffen" box="[255,481,1237,1260]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="117 - 133" refId="ref74927" refString="Nguyen, H. - T. T., B. T. Dang, H. Glenner, and A. J. Geffen. 2020. Cophylogenetic analysis of the relationship between anemonefish Amphiprion (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) and their symbiotic host anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Marine Biology Research 16: 117 - 133." type="journal article" year="2020">Nguyen et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7928E14FF9144FAB6" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1929" box="[501,611,1237,1259]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Phalerebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7928E14FF9144FAB6" box="[501,611,1237,1259]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Phalerebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not monophyletic either, with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7922A14D992E7FB55" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1908" box="[337,448,1267,1288]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripes">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7922A14D992E7FB55" box="[337,448,1267,1288]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. nigripes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recovered apart from the skunk anemonefishes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7923E153A92F0FB7B" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1853" box="[325,471,1296,1318]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akallopisos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7923E153A92F0FB7B" box="[325,471,1296,1318]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. akallopisos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79293153A9145FB7B" authorityName="Allen, Drew & Fenner" authorityYear="2010" box="[488,610,1296,1318]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacificus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79293153A9145FB7B" box="[488,610,1296,1318]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. pacificus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79109153A9023FB7B" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" box="[626,772,1296,1318]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perideraion">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79109153A9023FB7B" box="[626,772,1296,1318]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. perideraion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7906E153A9233FB1E" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1972" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandaracinos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7906E153A9233FB1E" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. sandaracinos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which do form a clade (100% bootstrap). A monophyletic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7924F15609285FB3D" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1929" box="[308,418,1354,1376]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Phalerebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7924F15609285FB3D" box="[308,418,1354,1376]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Phalerebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
without
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7917415619158FB3C" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1908" box="[527,639,1355,1377]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripes">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7917415619158FB3C" box="[527,639,1355,1377]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. nigripes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also seen in many other studies (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD792DF154291E4FB23" author="Santini, S. & G. Polacco" box="[420,707,1384,1406]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="19 - 27" refId="ref78931" refString="Santini, S., and G. Polacco. 2006. Finding Nemo: molecular phylogeny and evolution of the unusual life style of anemonefish. Gene 385: 19 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">Santini and Polacco, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Timm et al., 2008;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7938015AC92F7FBC6" author="Steinke, D. & T. S. Zemlak & P. D. N. Hebert" box="[251,464,1414,1436]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="6300" refId="ref80229" refString="Steinke, D., T. S. Zemlak, and P. D. N. Hebert. 2009. Barcoding Nemo: DNA-based identifications for the ornamental fish trade. PLoS ONE 4: e 6300." type="journal article" year="2009">Steinke et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Cowman and Bellwood, 2011;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD793F5158992A3FBE5" author="Litsios, G. & C. A. Sims & R. O. Wuest & P. B. Pearman & N. E. Zimmermann & N. Salamin" box="[142,388,1443,1465]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="212" refId="ref72166" refString="Litsios, G., C. A. Sims, R. O. Wuest, P. B. Pearman, N. E. Zimmermann, and N. Salamin. 2012 a. Mutualism with sea anemones triggered the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 12: 212." type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Litsios et al., 2012
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD79203158992A3FBE5" author="Hastings, P. A. & H. J. Walker & G. R. Galland" box="[376,388,1443,1464]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" refId="ref68374" refString="Hastings, P. A., H. J. Walker, and G. R. Galland. 2014. Fishes: A Guide to Their Diversity. University of California Press, Oakland, California." type="book" year="2014">a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2014;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7929315899000FBE5" author="Litsios, G. & N. Salamin" box="[488,807,1443,1465]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="245" refId="ref72137" refString="Litsios, G., and N. Salamin. 2014. Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 245." type="journal article" year="2014">Litsios and Salamin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD793F515EA9269FB8B" author="O'Donnell, J. L." box="[142,334,1472,1494]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" refId="ref75116" refString="O'Donnell, J. L. 2014. Interactions and evolution of the anemonefishes. Unpubl. Ph. D. diss., University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California." type="book" year="2014">O’Donnell, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Dhaneesh et al., 2015; DiBattista et al., 2016;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD793AE15F4925BFBA9" author="Mirande, J. M." box="[213,380,1502,1524]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="333 - 350" refId="ref73614" refString="Mirande, J. M. 2016. Combined phylogeny of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) and the use of morphological characters in large-scale analyses. Cladistics 33: 333 - 350." type="journal article" year="2016">Mirande, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Thongtam na
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7915615F49000FBAE" author="Ayudhaya, P. & N. Muangmai & N. Banjongsat & W. Singchat & S. Janekitkarn & S. Peyachoknagul & K. Srikulnath" box="[557,807,1502,1524]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="198 - 205" refId="ref81463" refString="Thongtam na Ayudhaya, P., N. Muangmai, N. Banjongsat, W. Singchat, S. Janekitkarn, S. Peyachoknagul, and K. Srikulnath. 2017. Unveiling cryptic diversity of the anemonefish genera Amphiprion and Premnas (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) in Thailand with mitochondrial DNA barcodes. Agriculture and Natural Resources 51: 198 - 205." type="journal article" year="2017">Ayudhaya et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD793F515D1925EF84D" author="Gaboriau, T. & F. Leprieur & D. Mouillot & N. Hubert" box="[142,377,1531,1553]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="1295 - 1306" refId="ref67249" refString="Gaboriau, T., F. Leprieur, D. Mouillot, and N. Hubert. 2018. Influence of the geography of speciation on current patterns of coral reef fish biodiversity across the Indo-Pacific. Ecography 41: 1295 - 1306." type="journal article" year="2018">Gaboriau et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD792FE15D19178F84D" author="Rolland, J. & D. Silvestro & G. Litsios & L. Faye & N. Salamin" box="[389,607,1531,1553]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="20171796" refId="ref78369" refString="Rolland, J., D. Silvestro, G. Litsios, L. Faye, and N. Salamin. 2018. Clownfishes evolution below and above the species level. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285: 20171796." type="journal article" year="2018">Rolland et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Delrieu-Trottin et al., 2019;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD79273163392D0F872" author="Nguyen, H. - T. T. & B. T. Dang & H. Glenner & A. J. Geffen" box="[264,503,1560,1583]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="117 - 133" refId="ref74927" refString="Nguyen, H. - T. T., B. T. Dang, H. Glenner, and A. J. Geffen. 2020. Cophylogenetic analysis of the relationship between anemonefish Amphiprion (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) and their symbiotic host anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Marine Biology Research 16: 117 - 133." type="journal article" year="2020">Nguyen et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These four species share similarities in color pattern (dorsal white stripe), body shape (slender body where body depth 2.1 in SL; rounded caudal fin), and preference for host species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD791BC1658900BF8DA" authorityName="Milne-Edwards & Haime" authorityYear="1851" box="[711,812,1650,1671]" class="Anthozoa" family="Stichodactylidae" genus="Heteractis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD791BC1658900BF8DA" box="[711,812,1650,1671]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Heteractis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Allen, 1972, 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7920216A491AEF8FE" author="Fautin, D. G. & G. R. Allen" box="[377,649,1678,1700]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" refId="ref66189" refString="Fautin, D. G., and G. R. Allen. 1997. Anemonefishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Australia." type="book" year="1997">Fautin and Allen, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Timm et al., 2008; Allen et al., 2010a). The subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79126168191F0F89C" box="[605,727,1707,1729]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79126168191F0F89C" box="[605,727,1707,1729]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Amphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which includes the remaining anemonefish species, is rendered polyphyletic by the phylogenetic positions of putative
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD793F517299200F944" authorityName="Wang" authorityYear="1941" box="[142,295,1795,1817]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Paramphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD793F517299200F944" box="[142,295,1795,1817]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Paramphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7921A172992E8F944" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1929" box="[353,463,1795,1817]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Phalerebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7921A172992E8F944" box="[353,463,1795,1817]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Phalerebus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7916B1729915BF944" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[528,636,1795,1817]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7916B1729915BF944" box="[528,636,1795,1817]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79188172F9237F965" authority="Allen, 1980" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1980" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Stegastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sensu">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79188172F900CF947" box="[755,811,1797,1818]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
Allen, 1980
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which is composed of species with a single bar or no bars (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7927517159254F909" authorityName="Allen, Drew & Kaufman" authorityYear="2008" box="[270,371,1854,1876]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7927517159254F909" box="[270,371,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. barberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD792FA1715912BF909" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[385,524,1854,1876]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ephippium">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD792FA1715912BF909" box="[385,524,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. ephippium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79161171591ACF909" authorityName="Brevoort" authorityYear="1856" box="[538,651,1854,1876]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79161171591ACF909" box="[538,651,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. frenatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD791E217159002F909" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1929" box="[665,805,1854,1876]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mccullochi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD791E217159002F909" box="[665,805,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. mccullochi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD793F51776923DF92F" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1852" box="[142,282,1884,1906]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD793F51776923DF92F" box="[142,282,1884,1906]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. melanopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79221177692D1F92F" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1842" box="[346,502,1884,1906]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rubrocinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79221177692D1F92F" box="[346,502,1884,1906]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. rubrocinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), would be monophyletic if
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD793F517509239F9D2" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1929" box="[142,286,1913,1935]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mccullochi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD793F517509239F9D2" box="[142,286,1913,1935]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. mccullochi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is excluded. Other species with one or fewer bars are also found outside of this clade (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD791ED17BD9022F9F0" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1908" box="[662,773,1943,1965]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigripes">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD791ED17BD9022F9F0" box="[662,773,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. nigripes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7906E17BD93DDF997" authorityName="Allen & Mee" authorityYear="1991" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7906E17BD93DDF997" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. omanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79239179F92F2F997" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1855" box="[322,469,1972,1994]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perideraion">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79239179F92F2F997" box="[322,469,1972,1994]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. perideraion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The subgeneric names have seen sporadic use (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD792F017F8916AF9BA" author="Elliott, J. K. & S. C. Lougheed & B. Bateman & L. K. McPhee & P. T. Boag" box="[395,589,2002,2024]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="677 - 685" refId="ref65641" refString="Elliott, J. K., S. C. Lougheed, B. Bateman, L. K. McPhee, and P. T. Boag. 1999. Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the evolution of specialization in anemonefishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 266: 677 - 685." type="journal article" year="1999">Elliott et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7912317F891F4F9BA" author="Tang, K. L." box="[600,723,2002,2023]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="591 - 601" refId="ref80814" refString="Tang, K. L. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships among damselfishes (Teleostei: Pomacentridae) as determined by mitochondrial DNA data. Copeia 2001: 591 - 601." type="journal article" year="2001">Tang, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD791A617F8970AFE94" author="Santini, S. & G. Polacco" box="[733,1069,179,2024]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="19 - 27" refId="ref78931" refString="Santini, S., and G. Polacco. 2006. Finding Nemo: molecular phylogeny and evolution of the unusual life style of anemonefish. Gene 385: 19 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">Santini and Polacco, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Timm et al., 2008;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD79663109996D3FE95" author="Steinke, D. & T. S. Zemlak & P. D. N. Hebert" box="[1304,1524,179,201]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="6300" refId="ref80229" refString="Steinke, D., T. S. Zemlak, and P. D. N. Hebert. 2009. Barcoding Nemo: DNA-based identifications for the ornamental fish trade. PLoS ONE 4: e 6300." type="journal article" year="2009">Steinke et al., 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Dhaneesh et al., 2015;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7972D10FA97CCFEBB" author="Li, J. & X. Chen & B. Kang & M. Liu" box="[1110,1259,208,230]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="0123894" refId="ref71731" refString="Li, J., X. Chen, B. Kang, and M. Liu. 2015. Mitochondrial DNA genomes organization and phylogenetic relationships analysis of eight anemonefishes (Pomacentridae: Amphiprioninae). PLoS ONE 10: e 0123894." type="journal article" year="2015">Li et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7978D10FB96BFFEBB" author="Hu, X. & J. Li & M. Liu" box="[1270,1432,208,230]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="1135 - 1136" refId="ref69409" refString="Hu, X., J. Li, and M. Liu. 2016. Complete mitochondrial genome of the pink clownfish Amphiprion perideraion (Pisces: Perciformes, Pomacentridae). Mitochondrial DNA 27: 1135 - 1136." type="journal article" year="2016">Hu et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD796D910FB90CDFF59" author="Nguyen, H. - T. T. & B. T. Dang & H. Glenner & A. J. Geffen" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="117 - 133" refId="ref74927" refString="Nguyen, H. - T. T., B. T. Dang, H. Glenner, and A. J. Geffen. 2020. Cophylogenetic analysis of the relationship between anemonefish Amphiprion (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) and their symbiotic host anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Marine Biology Research 16: 117 - 133." type="journal article" year="2020">Nguyen et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and any future recognition would require revision of their limits.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="28433D65FFBFFFD79008110397DDFAEC" blockId="31.[859,1530,179,2024]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">
|
||
Species boundaries for several anemonefishes may be in flux and require closer inspection. Strong population substructure has been reported in both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79650114E9686FF24" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" box="[1323,1441,355,377]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79650114E9686FF24" box="[1323,1441,355,377]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. ocellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79699114E9083FFCB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percula">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79699114E9083FFCB" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. percula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD790C911AB97FFFFCB" author="Timm, J. & M. Kochzius" box="[946,1240,385,407]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="3999 - 4014" refId="ref81649" refString="Timm, J., and M. Kochzius. 2008. Geological history and oceanography of the Indo-Malay Archipelago shape the genetic population structure in the false clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris). Molecular Ecology 17: 3999 - 4014." type="journal article" year="2008">Timm and Kochzius, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Timm et al., 2008, 2012). Timm et al. (2008) detected possible cryptic diversity and hybridization within what they called the ‘‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79619119696FEFF8C" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" box="[1378,1497,443,465]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79619119696FEFF8C" box="[1378,1497,443,465]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. ocellaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7969911969083FFB3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="percula">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7969911969083FFB3" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. percula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex.’’ Thongtam na
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7964511F39085FC50" author="Ayudhaya, P. & N. Muangmai & N. Banjongsat & W. Singchat & S. Janekitkarn & S. Peyachoknagul & K. Srikulnath" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="198 - 205" refId="ref81463" refString="Thongtam na Ayudhaya, P., N. Muangmai, N. Banjongsat, W. Singchat, S. Janekitkarn, S. Peyachoknagul, and K. Srikulnath. 2017. Unveiling cryptic diversity of the anemonefish genera Amphiprion and Premnas (Perciformes: Pomacentridae) in Thailand with mitochondrial DNA barcodes. Agriculture and Natural Resources 51: 198 - 205." type="journal article" year="2017">Ayudhaya et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found evidence of undescribed species diversity in not only those two species, but also in their close relative,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79699123E90E8FC1A" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1790" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biaculeatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79699123E90E8FC1A" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. biaculeatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79086121897ADFC1A" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[1021,1162,561,583]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="biaculeatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79086121897ADFC1A" box="[1021,1162,561,583]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">P. biaculeatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), as well as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79654121B968EFC1A" authorityName="Ruppell" authorityYear="1830" box="[1327,1449,561,583]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicinctus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79654121B968EFC1A" box="[1327,1449,561,583]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. bicinctus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79699121B90BCFC39" baseAuthorityName="Bennett" baseAuthorityYear="1830" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79699121B90BCFC39" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Litsios et al. (2014) suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7962112659698FC39" baseAuthorityName="Bennett" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1370,1471,590,612]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7962112659698FC39" box="[1370,1471,590,612]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a complex of previously undetected species. That would not be surprising given its enormous range, extending from the Persian Gulf to the western Pacific Ocean, and highly variable coloration (Allen, 1972, 1991).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7966C12EE96D2FC84" author="Rolland, J. & D. Silvestro & G. Litsios & L. Faye & N. Salamin" box="[1303,1525,708,730]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="20171796" refId="ref78369" refString="Rolland, J., D. Silvestro, G. Litsios, L. Faye, and N. Salamin. 2018. Clownfishes evolution below and above the species level. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285: 20171796." type="journal article" year="2018">Rolland et al. (2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 1b) also illustrated a divergence within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7964B12C896ABFCAA" baseAuthorityName="Bennett" baseAuthorityYear="1830" box="[1328,1420,737,759]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clarkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7964B12C896ABFCAA" box="[1328,1420,737,759]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. clarkii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Litsios et al. (2014) resolved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7974C12D597F1FD48" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" box="[1079,1238,767,789]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysopterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7974C12D597F1FD48" box="[1079,1238,767,789]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. chrysopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in two separate lineages: one with individuals from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50EB7DF5FFBFFFD797F413369796FD6F" box="[1167,1201,796,818]" name="Fiji" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Moorea sister to a large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79020131390F2FD12" box="[859,981,825,847]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79020131390F2FD12" box="[859,981,825,847]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Amphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade vs. one with individuals from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50EB7DF5FFBFFFD796ED1310908FFD30" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79770137D97B6FD30" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1972" box="[1035,1169,855,877]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akindynos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79770137D97B6FD30" box="[1035,1169,855,877]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. akindynos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD797EE137C9780FD30" bold="true" box="[1173,1191,854,877]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">þ</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD797D7137D961FFD30" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1929" box="[1196,1336,855,877]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mccullochi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD797D7137D961FFD30" box="[1196,1336,855,877]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. mccullochi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD796C8137D976DFDD6" author="Litsios, G. & N. Salamin" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="245" refId="ref72137" refString="Litsios, G., and N. Salamin. 2014. Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 245." type="journal article" year="2014">Litsios and Salamin (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found all three populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79699135F90FEFDFA" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysopterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79699135F90FEFDFA" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. chrysopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
together in the same clade. That result was recovered in both their mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies, though the position of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD797DB13E7961BFDBF" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" box="[1184,1340,972,994]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysopterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD797DB13E7961BFDBF" box="[1184,1340,972,994]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. chrysopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differed between the two topologies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7974613C09645FDA2" author="Litsios, G. & N. Salamin" box="[1085,1378,1002,1024]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="245" refId="ref72137" refString="Litsios, G., and N. Salamin. 2014. Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 245." type="journal article" year="2014">Litsios and Salamin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 1). With access to the same samples,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD797C6142D9691FA43" author="Rolland, J. & D. Silvestro & G. Litsios & L. Faye & N. Salamin" box="[1213,1462,1031,1054]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="20171796" refId="ref78369" refString="Rolland, J., D. Silvestro, G. Litsios, L. Faye, and N. Salamin. 2018. Clownfishes evolution below and above the species level. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285: 20171796." type="journal article" year="2018">Rolland et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
only included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD790B9140F9779FA67" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" box="[962,1118,1060,1082]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysopterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD790B9140F9779FA67" box="[962,1118,1060,1082]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. chrysopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50EB7DF5FFBFFFD797B6140F96A0FA66" box="[1229,1415,1061,1083]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD796EA140F90E3FA0A" author="Hubert, N. & A. Dettai & P. Pruvost & C. Cruaud & M. Kulbicki & R. Myers & P. Borsa" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="179 - 193" refId="ref69450" refString="Hubert, N., A. Dettai, P. Pruvost, C. Cruaud, M. Kulbicki, R. Myers, and P. Borsa. 2017. Geography and life history traits account for the accumulation of cryptic diversity among Indo-West Pacific coral reef fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 583: 179 - 193." type="book chapter" year="2017">Hubert et al. (2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. S1) also found two different lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79699146990FEFA28" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysopterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79699146990FEFA28" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. chrysopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one from Moorea and the other from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50EB7DF5FFBFFFD796BC144A90EAFACE" name="New Caledonia" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mirroring the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50EB7DF5FFBFFFD79700145797BAFACE" box="[1147,1181,1149,1171]" name="Fiji" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD797DF14569791FACE" bold="true" box="[1188,1206,1148,1171]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">þ</emphasis>
|
||
Moorea vs.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="50EB7DF5FFBFFFD7963B145796DEFACE" box="[1344,1529,1149,1171]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
split observed by Litsios et al. (2014).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="28433D65FFBFFFE89008149293C1FC9C" blockId="31.[859,1530,179,2024]" lastBlockId="32.[103,773,179,705]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="290" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">
|
||
Hybridization may have played a large role in the evolutionary history of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7971214FF97C4FAB6" box="[1129,1251,1237,1259]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7971214FF97C4FAB6" box="[1129,1251,1237,1259]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Amphiprion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Timm et al., 2008;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD796AB14FC9719FB55" author="van der Meer, M. H. & G. P. Jones & J. - P. A. Hobbs & L. van Herwerden" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="1592 - 1604" refId="ref81814" refString="van der Meer, M. H., G. P. Jones, J. - P. A. Hobbs, and L. van Herwerden. 2012. Historic hybridization and introgression between two iconic Australian anemonefish and contemporary patterns of population connectivity. Ecology and Evolution 2: 1592 - 1604." type="journal article" year="2012">van der Meer et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7973214D99642FB55" author="Litsios, G. & N. Salamin" box="[1097,1381,1267,1289]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="245" refId="ref72137" refString="Litsios, G., and N. Salamin. 2014. Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 245." type="journal article" year="2014">Litsios and Salamin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Litsios et al., 2014).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD790D2153A97A1FB7A" author="Steinke, D. & T. S. Zemlak & P. D. N. Hebert" box="[937,1158,1296,1319]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="6300" refId="ref80229" refString="Steinke, D., T. S. Zemlak, and P. D. N. Hebert. 2009. Barcoding Nemo: DNA-based identifications for the ornamental fish trade. PLoS ONE 4: e 6300." type="journal article" year="2009">Steinke et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that there is ‘‘little, if any, barcode divergence’’ among the skunk anemonefishes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7969915049093FB3C" authorityName="Allen, Drew & Fenner" authorityYear="2010" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacificus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7969915049093FB3C" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. pacificus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
not examined). They ruled out incomplete lineage sorting as the reason for low interspecific variation in COI, instead positing hybridization as a more likely explanation because of the widespread sympatry of these species. Based on microsatellite and mitochondrial data,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7965615EB9085FBA8" author="van der Meer, M. H. & G. P. Jones & J. - P. A. Hobbs & L. van Herwerden" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="1592 - 1604" refId="ref81814" refString="van der Meer, M. H., G. P. Jones, J. - P. A. Hobbs, and L. van Herwerden. 2012. Historic hybridization and introgression between two iconic Australian anemonefish and contemporary patterns of population connectivity. Ecology and Evolution 2: 1592 - 1604." type="journal article" year="2012">van der Meer et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7972F15F497FAFBA9" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1972" box="[1108,1245,1502,1524]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akindynos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7972F15F497FAFBA9" box="[1108,1245,1502,1524]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. akindynos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7966215F49680FBA9" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1929" box="[1305,1447,1502,1524]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mccullochi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7966215F49680FBA9" box="[1305,1447,1502,1524]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. mccullochi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a history of hybridization. They also conceded that another possible explanation for their results was that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79614163396DEF873" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1972" box="[1391,1529,1560,1582]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="akindynos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79614163396DEF873" box="[1391,1529,1560,1582]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. akindynos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD790F5161C973BF811" authorityName="Whitley" authorityYear="1929" box="[910,1052,1590,1612]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mccullochi">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD790F5161C973BF811" box="[910,1052,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. mccullochi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are color morphs of a single species; they noted that further investigation would be necessary. Recent genetic studies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7976B165B9611F8DB" author="Litsios, G. & N. Salamin" box="[1040,1334,1649,1671]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="245" refId="ref72137" refString="Litsios, G., and N. Salamin. 2014. Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 245." type="journal article" year="2014">Litsios and Salamin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7963F165B90B3F8F9" author="Gainsford, A. & L. van Herwerden & G. P. Jones" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="205 - 222" refId="ref67294" refString="Gainsford, A., L. van Herwerden, and G. P. Jones. 2015. Hierarchical behaviour, habitat use and species size differences shape evolutionary outcomes of hybridization in a coral reef fish. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 28: 205 - 222." type="journal article" year="2015">Gainsford et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD790DD16A5977DF8F8" author="He, S. & S. Planes & T. H. Sinclair-Taylor & M. L. Berumen" box="[934,1114,1678,1701]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="1261 - 1269" refId="ref68670" refString="He, S., S. Planes, T. H. Sinclair-Taylor, and M. L. Berumen. 2018. Diagnostic nuclear markers for hybrid Nemos in Kimbe Bay, PNG- Amphiprion chrysopterus x Amphiprion sandaracinos hybrids. Marine Biodiversity 49: 1261 - 1269." type="journal article" year="2018">He et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have confirmed the long-standing suspicion that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79087168197D3F89C" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1973" box="[1020,1268,1707,1729]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucokranos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79087168197D3F89C" box="[1020,1268,1707,1729]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Amphiprion leucokranos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a natural hybrid of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79699168690FEF882" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysopterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79699168690FEF882" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. chrysopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7976C16E39799F882" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1972" box="[1047,1214,1737,1759]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandaracinos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7976C16E39799F882" box="[1047,1214,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. sandaracinos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Carlson, 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7960416E390F9F8A1" author="Fautin, D. G. & G. R. Allen" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" refId="ref66189" refString="Fautin, D. G., and G. R. Allen. 1997. Anemonefishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Australia." type="book" year="1997">Fautin and Allen, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7909716CD97F3F8A0" author="Ollerton, J. & D. McCollin & D. G. Fautin & G. R. Allen" box="[1004,1236,1766,1789]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="591 - 598" refId="ref75567" refString="Ollerton, J., D. McCollin, D. G. Fautin, and G. R. Allen. 2007. Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274: 591 - 598." type="journal article" year="2007">Ollerton et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD7964E16CD96F4F8A1" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" box="[1333,1491,1766,1788]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysopterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD7964E16CD96F4F8A1" box="[1333,1491,1766,1788]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. chrysopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as the larger of the two species, is always the maternal parent. Three of the four sequences representing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD79646170896F0F96A" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1973" box="[1341,1495,1825,1847]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucokranos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD79646170896F0F96A" box="[1341,1495,1825,1847]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. leucokranos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this study, all mined from GenBank (Supplemental
|
||
<tableCitation id="657E08DEFFBFFFD796D9171596D5F909" box="[1442,1522,1855,1877]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[103,151,178,198]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Historical classifications of the damselfishes. Gill (1859) Family Pomacentroidae Subfamily Amphiprioninae Subfamily Pomacentrinae Bleeker (1877) Order Chromides Family Pomacentroidei Phalanx Glyphidodontini Subphalanx Chromidi Subphalanx Pomacentri Phalanx Prochilini Jordan and Evermann (1898) Order Acanthopteri Suborder Chromides Family Pomacentridae Subfamily Pomacentrinae Subfamily Microspathodontinae Fowler and Bean (1928) Family Pomacentridae Subfamily Chrominae Subfamily Pomacentrinae Subfamily Premninae McCulloch (1929) Order Amphiprioniformes Family Amphiprionidae Family Chromidae Family Pomacentridae Subfamily Glyphisodontinae Subfamily Parmidae Family Premnidae Whitley (1929) Order Amphiprioniformes Family Amphiprionidae Family Chromidae Family Pomacentridae Subfamily Cheiloprioninae Subfamily Glyphisodontinae Subfamily Hemiglyphidodontinae Subfamily Parminae Subfamily Pomacentrinae Family Premnidae Aoyagi (1941) Family Pomacentridae Subfamily Amphiprionidae Subfamily Chromidae Subfamily Pomacentrinae Subfamily Glyphisodontinae Subfamily Hemiglyphidodontinae Smith (1949) Order Chromides Family Abudefdufidae Family Amphiprionidae Norman (1957) Order Percomorphi Suborder Percoidea Division Pomacentriformes Family Pomacentridae Subfamily Amphiprioninae Subfamily Chrominae Subfamily Pomacentrinae Subfamily Premninae" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
; see Data Accessibility), are of mitochondrial origin. Considering the nature of its hybrid parentage, resolving it as the sister of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD790B917BD9744F9F0" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" box="[962,1123,1943,1965]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysopterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD790B917BD9744F9F0" box="[962,1123,1943,1965]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. chrysopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not surprising and matches the results shown in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FFBFFFD7976E179E9615F994" author="Litsios, G. & N. Salamin" box="[1045,1330,1972,1994]" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" pagination="245" refId="ref72137" refString="Litsios, G., and N. Salamin. 2014. Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 245." type="journal article" year="2014">Litsios and Salamin (2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3). Because of its putative hybrid origin,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FFBFFFD797D617F89675F9BA" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1973" box="[1197,1362,2001,2023]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="289" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucokranos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FFBFFFD797D617F89675F9BA" box="[1197,1362,2001,2023]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="289">A. leucokranos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
often is not considered a valid species (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FF80FFE892B710999196FE95" author="Ollerton, J. & D. McCollin & D. G. Fautin & G. R. Allen" box="[460,689,179,201]" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" pagination="591 - 598" refId="ref75567" refString="Ollerton, J., D. McCollin, D. G. Fautin, and G. R. Allen. 2007. Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274: 591 - 598." type="journal article" year="2007">Ollerton et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FF80FFE891C51099921DFEBB" author="Litsios, G. & N. Salamin" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" pagination="245" refId="ref72137" refString="Litsios, G., and N. Salamin. 2014. Hybridisation and diversification in the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 245." type="journal article" year="2014">Litsios and Salamin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Litsios et al., 2014).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FF80FFE8915310FB9396FF58" author="Santini, S. & G. Polacco" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" pagination="19 - 27" refId="ref78931" refString="Santini, S., and G. Polacco. 2006. Finding Nemo: molecular phylogeny and evolution of the unusual life style of anemonefish. Gene 385: 19 - 27." type="journal article" year="2006">Santini and Polacco (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
regarded it as valid because they observed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FF80FFE8919610C593F8FF7C" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1973" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucokranos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FF80FFE8919610C593F8FF7C" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="290">A. leucokranos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forming breeding pairs with each other and to the exclusion of either parental species. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FF80FFE891E3110393D1FF03" author="Gainsford, A. & L. van Herwerden & G. P. Jones" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" pagination="205 - 222" refId="ref67294" refString="Gainsford, A., L. van Herwerden, and G. P. Jones. 2015. Hierarchical behaviour, habitat use and species size differences shape evolutionary outcomes of hybridization in a coral reef fish. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 28: 205 - 222." type="journal article" year="2015">Gainsford et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
demonstrated that, in one locality where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FF80FFE89195116293F8FF26" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1973" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucokranos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FF80FFE89195116293F8FF26" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="290">A. leucokranos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hybrids occur, there are instances of extensive hybridization and backcrossing among all three populations. Resolving the status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FF80FFE8920F118A9129FFEB" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1973" box="[372,526,416,438]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucokranos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FF80FFE8920F118A9129FFEB" box="[372,526,416,438]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="290">A. leucokranos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
requires considerably more investigation. The issues surrounding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FF80FFE8911211949022FF89" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1973" box="[617,773,446,468]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucokranos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FF80FFE8911211949022FF89" box="[617,773,446,468]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="290">A. leucokranos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also apply to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FF80FFE8938C11F6927FFFAC" authorityName="Burgess" authorityYear="1981" box="[247,344,475,497]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amblypomacentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thiellei">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FF80FFE8938C11F6927FFFAC" box="[247,344,475,497]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="290">A. thiellei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, another possible hybrid believed to be produced by the same two parental species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FF80FFE8913C11D39387FC71" author="Fautin, D. G. & G. R. Allen" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" refId="ref66189" refString="Fautin, D. G., and G. R. Allen. 1997. Anemonefishes and Their Host Sea Anemones. Western Australian Museum, Perth, Australia." type="book" year="1997">Fautin and Allen, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C6D4094FF80FFE893D6123D92B6FC70" author="Ollerton, J. & D. McCollin & D. G. Fautin & G. R. Allen" box="[173,401,534,557]" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" pagination="591 - 598" refId="ref75567" refString="Ollerton, J., D. McCollin, D. G. Fautin, and G. R. Allen. 2007. Finding NEMO: nestedness engendered by mutualistic organization in anemonefish and their hosts. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274: 591 - 598." type="journal article" year="2007">Ollerton et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). If hybrids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FF80FFE8914D123D91F4FC71" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1830" box="[566,723,534,556]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chrysopterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FF80FFE8914D123D91F4FC71" box="[566,723,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="290">A. chrysopterus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FF80FFE8931C121F922CFC17" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1972" box="[103,267,564,586]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sandaracinos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FF80FFE8931C121F922CFC17" box="[103,267,564,586]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="290">A. sandaracinos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are recognized as a distinct species and if the hybrid origins of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FF80FFE8924B12799147FC3A" authority="Allen, 1973 a" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1973" box="[304,608,594,616]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucokranos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FF80FFE8924B127992EEFC35" box="[304,457,594,616]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="290">A. leucokranos</emphasis>
|
||
Allen, 1973a
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FF80FFE891E512799224FCD8" authority="Burgess, 1981" authorityName="Burgess" authorityYear="1981" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amblypomacentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thiellei">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FF80FFE891E512799023FC35" box="[670,772,594,616]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="290">A. thiellei</emphasis>
|
||
Burgess, 1981
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
arise from the same circumstances, then
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FF80FFE89195125A938BFCFE" authorityName="Burgess" authorityYear="1981" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amblypomacentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="thiellei">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FF80FFE89195125A938BFCFE" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="290">A. thiellei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would need to be placed in the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFFC46E6FF80FFE8919512A493F8FC9C" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1973" class="Actinopterygii" family="Pomacentridae" genus="Amphiprion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="290" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucokranos">
|
||
<emphasis id="1A88E177FF80FFE8919512A493F8FC9C" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="290">A. leucokranos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |