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<mods:title id="65DC18E58041B51E180B8FAD80C6D0CD">The flightless marine midge Pontomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae): ecology, distribution, and molecular phylogeny</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BD4812B79FEF1DC750FC133786131CC7">Huang, Danwei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="860B9595988CAA1FE05CEEBF878F6760">Cheng, Lanna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="634F3117834724E9043EBA619BEFD57F">2011</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="88B506C20E63C176FBFBFE45E8DDB365" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C01055490E63C176FBFBFE45E8EDB0AF" blockId="3.[1046,1221,466,487]" box="[1046,1221,466,487]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">
<heading id="9B58E2250E63C176FBFBFE45E8EDB0AF" box="[1046,1221,466,487]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" reason="8">
<taxonomicName id="07AF2ECA0E63C176FBFBFE45E8EDB0AF" ID-CoL="63PW4" ID-ENA="1002492" authority="SP." authorityName="SP." box="[1046,1221,466,487]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FBFBFE45E8B3B0AD" box="[1046,1179,466,487]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">PONTOMYIA</emphasis>
SP.
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C01055490E63C176FCD7FE6FE8DDB365" blockId="3.[826,1442,503,1903]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">
<materialsCitation id="70C75F140E63C176FCD7FE6FE8D9B365" country="Belize" latitude="16.8" location="Carrie Bow Cay" longLatPrecision="1281" longitude="-88.083336" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FCD7FE6FEFABB346" box="[826,899,504,526]" name="Belize" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Belize</collectingCountry>
:
<location id="C57003920E63C176FC7EFE6FE87CB345" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4806E45F0E63C176FBFBFE45EF56B627:C57003920E63C176FC7EFE6FE87CB345" box="[915,1108,504,526]" country="Belize" latitude="16.8" longLatPrecision="1281" longitude="-88.083336" name="Carrie Bow Cay" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Carrie Bow Cay</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A59B338E0E63C176FB88FE6FE8E9B345" box="[1125,1217,503,526]" degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="48" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" precision="925" value="16.8">
16°48
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FB48FE60E883B346" box="[1189,1195,503,526]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446"></emphasis>
N
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A59B338E0E63C176FB3EFE6FE91BB345" box="[1235,1331,503,526]" degrees="88" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" precision="925" value="-88.083336">
88°05
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FAF9FE60E932B346" box="[1300,1306,503,526]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446"></emphasis>
W
</geoCoordinate>
, females, larvae, pupal skins (
<bibRefCitation id="A43E28B80E63C176FBC6FD81E8C1B365" author="Bretschko G" box="[1067,1257,534,557]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" pagination="381 - 385" refId="ref8735" refString="Bretschko G. 1982. Pontomyia Edwards (Diptera: Chironomidae), a member of the coral reef community at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Science 12: 381 - 385." type="journal article" year="1982">Bretschko, 1982</bibRefCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="88B506C20E63C176FCBEFDA2EF56B627" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" type="description">
<paragraph id="C01055490E63C176FCBEFDA2E844B3C0" blockId="3.[826,1442,503,1903]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">
<materialsCitation id="70C75F140E63C176FCBEFDA2E840B3C0" collectorName="Atol das Rocas" country="Brazil" latitude="-3.8666668" location="Rio Grande do Norte" longLatPrecision="1307" longitude="-33.816666" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio Grande do Norte">
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FCBEFDA2EFB4B303" box="[851,924,565,587]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Brazil</collectingCountry>
:
<collectorName id="6D5A309F0E63C176FC5CFDA2E85BB303" box="[945,1139,565,587]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Atol das Rocas</collectorName>
,
<collectingRegion id="026B9BAB0E63C176FB67FDA2E9B5B303" box="[1162,1437,565,587]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Norte" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Rio Grande do Norte</collectingRegion>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A59B338E0E63C176FCD7FDC4EFBAB321" box="[826,914,594,617]" degrees="03" direction="south" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" precision="925" value="-3.8666668">
03°52
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FC96FDC5EFA9B321" box="[891,897,594,617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446"></emphasis>
S
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A59B338E0E63C176FC45FDC3E820B321" box="[936,1032,594,617]" degrees="33" direction="west" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" precision="925" value="-33.816666">
33°49
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FC04FDC5EFC7B321" box="[1001,1007,594,617]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446"></emphasis>
W
</geoCoordinate>
, larvae only (
<bibRefCitation id="A43E28B80E63C176FB53FDC3E849B3C0" author="Henriques-Oliveira AL &amp; Silva RA &amp; Nessimian JL" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" pagination="271 - 273" refId="ref9872" refString="Henriques-Oliveira AL, Silva RA, Nessimian JL. 2009. First recorded of Pontomyia Edwards, 1926 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanytarsini) in Brazil. Biota Neotropica 9: 271 - 273." type="journal article" year="2009">Henriques-Oliveira, Silva &amp; Nessimian, 2009</bibRefCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C01055490E63C176FCBEFD06E924B38E" blockId="3.[826,1442,503,1903]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">
<materialsCitation id="70C75F140E63C176FCBEFD06E92FB38E" latitude="24.983334" location="Key Largo" longLatPrecision="1248" longitude="-80.36667" municipality="Sapper Point" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida">
<collectingRegion id="026B9BAB0E63C176FCBEFD06EF81B3EF" box="[851,937,657,679]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Florida</collectingRegion>
:
<collectingMunicipality id="2074CF330E63C176FC56FD06E871B3EF" box="[955,1113,657,679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Sapper Point</collectingMunicipality>
, near
<location id="C57003920E63C176FB40FD06E905B3EE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4806E45F0E63C176FBFBFE45EF56B627:C57003920E63C176FB40FD06E905B3EE" box="[1197,1325,657,678]" latitude="24.983334" longLatPrecision="1248" longitude="-80.36667" municipality="Sapper Point" name="Key Largo" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" stateProvince="Florida">Key Largo</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A59B338E0E63C176FAD2FD06E9B4B3EE" box="[1343,1436,656,679]" degrees="24" direction="north" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" precision="925" value="24.983334">
24°59
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FA6DFD07E9AEB3EF" box="[1408,1414,656,679]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446"></emphasis>
N
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A59B338E0E63C176FCD7FD27EFB2B38D" box="[826,922,686,709]" degrees="80" direction="west" minutes="22" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" precision="925" value="-80.36667">
80°22
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FC96FD39EFA9B38D" box="[891,897,686,709]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446"></emphasis>
W
</geoCoordinate>
, larvae only (
<bibRefCitation id="A43E28B80E63C176FBD7FD38E8D7B38E" author="Ashe P &amp; Murray DA &amp; Reiss F" box="[1082,1279,687,710]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" pagination="27 - 60" refId="ref8653" refString="Ashe P, Murray DA, Reiss F. 1987. The zoogeographical distribution of Chironomidae (Insects: Diptera). Annales De Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 23: 27 - 60." type="journal article" year="1987">
Ashe
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FB90FD27E885B38C" box="[1149,1197,687,709]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">et al</emphasis>
., 1987
</bibRefCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C01055490E63C176FCBEFD59EFE6B269" blockId="3.[826,1442,503,1903]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">
<materialsCitation id="70C75F140E63C176FCBEFD59EFE2B269" country="Puerto Rico" latitude="18.166666" location="Mona Island" longLatPrecision="1276" longitude="-67.666664" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" specimenCount="1">
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FCBEFD59EFF5B3AC" box="[851,989,718,740]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
: on the backs of marine turtles,
<location id="C57003920E63C176FA8CFD59EFACB24B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4806E45F0E63C176FBFBFE45EF56B627:C57003920E63C176FA8CFD59EFACB24B" country="Puerto Rico" latitude="18.166666" longLatPrecision="1276" longitude="-67.666664" name="Mona Island" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Mona Island</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A59B338E0E63C176FC77FD7AEFDFB24A" box="[922,1015,747,770]" degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="10" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" precision="925" value="18.166666">
18°10
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FC36FD7CEFC9B24A" box="[987,993,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446"></emphasis>
N
</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A59B338E0E63C176FBE0FD7AE844B24A" box="[1037,1132,747,771]" degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" precision="925" value="-67.666664">
67°40
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FBA0FD7CE87BB24A" box="[1101,1107,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446"></emphasis>
W
</geoCoordinate>
, larvae only (
<bibRefCitation id="A43E28B80E63C176FACFFD7AEFEBB269" author="Scharer M &amp; Epler JH" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" pagination="273 - 277" refId="ref10504" refString="Scharer M, Epler JH. 2007. Long-range dispersal possibilities via sea turtle - a case for Clunio and Pontomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Puerto Rico. Entomological News 118: 273 - 277." type="journal article" year="2007">Schärer &amp; Epler, 2007</bibRefCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C01055490E63C176FCBEFCBDE871B4A9" blockId="3.[826,1442,503,1903]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">
Among the four described species,
<taxonomicName id="07AF2ECA0E63C176FB04FCBDE97CB277" authorityName="EDWARDS" authorityYear="1926" box="[1257,1364,810,831]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FB04FCBDE97CB277" box="[1257,1364,810,831]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">P. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, originally described from
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FBD8FCDEE8ADB216" box="[1077,1157,841,862]" name="Samoa" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Samoa</collectingCountry>
, is the most widely distributed, ranging from
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FBA6FCF0E8B9B234" box="[1099,1169,871,892]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Japan</collectingCountry>
in the north Pacific to the Republic of the
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FBDDFC11E8BFB2D4" box="[1072,1175,902,924]" name="Maldives" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Maldives</collectingCountry>
in the Indian Ocean.
<taxonomicName id="07AF2ECA0E63C176FCD7FC32E83FB2F1" authorityName="TOKUNAGA" authorityYear="1932" box="[826,1047,932,954]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FCD7FC32E83FB2F1" box="[826,1047,932,954]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Pontomyia pacifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described from
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FB09FC32E905B2F2" box="[1252,1325,933,954]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Japan</collectingCountry>
, is so far known only from the Pacific. It has been collected from
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FC6DFC75EFE1B2BF" box="[896,969,994,1015]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FC33FC76E87CB2BF" box="[990,1108,993,1015]" name="Singapore" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, Saipan,
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FB22FC76E93CB2BF" box="[1231,1300,993,1015]" name="Palau" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Palau</collectingCountry>
, and three islands off
<collectingRegion id="026B9BAB0E63C176FC5AFB97E869B55E" box="[951,1089,1024,1046]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Queensland</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FBA1FB97E893B55E" box="[1100,1211,1024,1046]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Australia</collectingCountry>
. Although
<taxonomicName id="07AF2ECA0E63C176FADAFB96E989B55E" authorityName="TOKUNAGA" authorityYear="1964" box="[1335,1441,1025,1046]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oceana">
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FADAFB96E989B55E" box="[1335,1441,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">P. oceana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from Babelthuap Island in
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FAC0FB88E95AB57D" box="[1325,1394,1055,1077]" name="Palau" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Palau</collectingCountry>
, we did not find it in the neighbouring islands of the archipelago. It was, however, found in
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FAF8FBCBE941B53A" box="[1301,1385,1116,1138]" name="Taiwan" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and Heron Island,
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FC32FBEDE866B5D8" box="[991,1102,1146,1168]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Australia</collectingCountry>
.
<taxonomicName id="07AF2ECA0E63C176FBB7FBECE90FB5D8" authorityName="WOMERSLEY" authorityYear="1937" box="[1114,1319,1147,1168]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cottoni">
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FBB7FBECE90FB5D8" box="[1114,1319,1147,1168]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Pontomyia cottoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has so far been collected only from the coast of
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FB32FB0EE966B5E7" box="[1247,1358,1177,1199]" name="Australia" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Australia</collectingCountry>
. It was originally found skipping on sand close to the waters edge, and was thought to breed in upper tidal rock pools. It is interesting to note that in southern
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FCD7FA84EFA6B461" box="[826,910,1299,1321]" name="Taiwan" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="07AF2ECA0E63C176FC74FA83E82EB461" authorityName="EDWARDS" authorityYear="1926" box="[921,1030,1300,1321]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FC74FA83E82EB461" box="[921,1030,1300,1321]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">P. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="07AF2ECA0E63C176FBABFA83E89AB461" authorityName="TOKUNAGA" authorityYear="1964" box="[1094,1202,1300,1321]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oceana">
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FBABFA83E89AB461" box="[1094,1202,1300,1321]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">P. oceana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been found at the same location, but living in different microhabitats:
<taxonomicName id="07AF2ECA0E63C176FC9BFAC6EFC9B42E" authorityName="EDWARDS" authorityYear="1926" box="[886,993,1361,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FC9BFAC6EFC9B42E" box="[886,993,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">P. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in sublittoral tide pools and
<taxonomicName id="07AF2ECA0E63C176FADBFAC6E989B42E" authorityName="TOKUNAGA" authorityYear="1964" box="[1334,1441,1361,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oceana">
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FADBFAC6E989B42E" box="[1334,1441,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">P. oceana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in coastal tide pools (
<bibRefCitation id="A43E28B80E63C176FBC7FAF8E979B4CD" author="Lee JD &amp; Chen GF &amp; Cheng CS" box="[1066,1361,1391,1413]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" pagination="253 - 254" refId="ref10044" refString="Lee JD, Chen GF, Cheng CS. 1995. Occurrence of two marine midges Pontomyia spp. (Diptera, Chironomidae) in Taiwan. Pan-Pacific Entomology 71: 253 - 254." type="journal article" year="1995">Lee, Chen &amp; Cheng, 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A43E28B80E63C176FAB0FAF8EF96B4EC" author="Soong K &amp; Chen GF &amp; Cao JR" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" pagination="466 - 473" refId="ref10620" refString="Soong K, Chen GF, Cao JR. 1999. Life history studies of the flightless marine midges Pontomyia spp. (Diptera: Chironomidae). Zoological Studies 38: 466 - 473." type="journal article" year="1999">
Soong
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FCD7FA19EF43B4EB" box="[826,875,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">et al</emphasis>
., 1999
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="07AF2ECA0E63C176FC38FA19E88FB4EB" authorityName="EDWARDS" authorityYear="1926" box="[981,1191,1422,1443]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FC38FA19E88FB4EB" box="[981,1191,1422,1443]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Pontomyia natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens have also been found to co-occur with
<taxonomicName id="07AF2ECA0E63C176FB92FA3AE8DBB489" authorityName="TOKUNAGA" authorityYear="1932" box="[1151,1267,1452,1474]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FB92FA3AE8DBB489" box="[1151,1267,1452,1474]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">P. pacifica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Shirahama,
<collectingCountry id="B8B815D90E63C176FCD7FA5CEFA8B4A8" box="[826,896,1483,1504]" name="Japan" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A43E28B80E63C176FC7FFA5CE865B4A9" author="Tokunaga M" box="[914,1101,1483,1505]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" pagination="1357 - 1364" refId="ref10878" refString="Tokunaga M. 1934. The genus Pontomyia Edwards. Shokubutsu Oyobi Dobutsu 2: 1357 - 1364." type="journal article" year="1934">Tokunaga, 1934</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C01055490E63C176FCBEFA7DEF56B627" blockId="3.[826,1442,503,1903]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">
The undescribed species of
<taxonomicName id="07AF2ECA0E63C176FB40FA7DE90EB4B7" box="[1197,1318,1514,1535]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FB40FA7DE90EB4B7" box="[1197,1318,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">Pontomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Atlantic and the Caribbean were represented only by larvae, pupal skins, and a few females (
<bibRefCitation id="A43E28B80E63C176FACBF9B0EFE1B714" author="Scharer M &amp; Epler JH" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" pagination="273 - 277" refId="ref10504" refString="Scharer M, Epler JH. 2007. Long-range dispersal possibilities via sea turtle - a case for Clunio and Pontomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Puerto Rico. Entomological News 118: 273 - 277." type="journal article" year="2007">Schärer &amp; Epler, 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Despite repeated attempts, no adult males have ever been collected for specific identification. As larvae of all stages as well as pupal skins and females were present in his samples,
<bibRefCitation id="A43E28B80E63C176FAC3F936EFAAB79E" author="Bretschko G" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" pagination="381 - 385" refId="ref8735" refString="Bretschko G. 1982. Pontomyia Edwards (Diptera: Chironomidae), a member of the coral reef community at Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Smithsonian Contributions to Marine Science 12: 381 - 385." type="journal article" year="1982">Bretschko (1982)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that perhaps it is a parthenogenetic population of
<taxonomicName id="07AF2ECA0E63C176FC05F948E872B7BC" authorityName="EDWARDS" authorityYear="1926" box="[1000,1114,1759,1780]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="natans">
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FC05F948E872B7BC" box="[1000,1114,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">P. natans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or a very similar species (
<bibRefCitation id="A43E28B80E63C176FCAFF96AE81CB65B" author="Armitage PD &amp; Cranston PS &amp; Pinder LCV" box="[834,1076,1789,1811]" pageId="3" pageNumber="446" refId="ref8625" refString="Armitage PD, Cranston PS, Pinder LCV. 1995. The Chironomidae: the biology and ecology of non-biting midges. London: Chapman &amp; Hall." type="book" year="1995">
Armitage
<emphasis id="F2DB895B0E63C176FC59F969EFCDB65A" box="[948,997,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="446">et al</emphasis>
., 1995
</bibRefCitation>
). Molecular sequences may help to elucidate the origin of this species. Unfortunately, we were unable to obtain any specimens for this study.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>