treatments-xml/data/03/F8/1F/03F81F34FFFD7031E089FEFBFC5FFC2A.xml

<document id="902B9AC651A2B88572375B7A9170A2EB" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad173" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10605939" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.tables_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1706632895166" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Acosta, Riuler C., Ruschel, Tatiana P. &amp; Kaminski, Lucas A." docDate="2023" docId="03F81F34FFFD7031E089FEFBFC5FFC2A" docLanguage="en" docName="zlad173.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society XX" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.5:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Guaranisaria llanoi Torres 1964" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFC1674CFFFE7032E335FFFCFFB1FFB2" masterDocTitle="Flying singers: spatio-temporal distribution and acoustic dynamics of two species of Carinetini (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) cicadas in sympatry" masterLastPageNumber="12" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1706795599480" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="AEF29E93718BC3BF38D924AB01851B09">Flying singers: spatio-temporal distribution and acoustic dynamics of two species of Carinetini (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) cicadas in sympatry</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BCB26E1AB5444A90116E6D176F83A58E">Acosta, Riuler C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="D57BEC0FAC41B1326700825F33CD4416">PPG-Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil &amp; Present address: Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="63DB6C930C4698F4958C5715D7776BAE">Ruschel, Tatiana P.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="F8ACE5DDEA7999DDD317C25B57A129BE">PPG-Biodiversidade Animal, Departamento de Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil; Plazi, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="2E70C6166B3F0CDE029B393FB516C39A">Kaminski, Lucas A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="E5726E1BED6C8044F516248C2CBBE821">PPG-Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil &amp; Núcleo de Ecologia e Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Básicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03F81F34FFFD7031E089FEFBFC5FFC2A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10605892" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10605892" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F81F34FFFD7031E089FEFBFC5FFC2A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F81F34FFFD7031E089FEFBFC5FFC2A" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection id="C34BFDA9FFFD7031E089FEFBFA90FE92" box="[956,1313,262,289]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEEAE22FFFD7031E089FEFBFA90FE92" blockId="3.[810,1460,262,920]" box="[956,1313,262,289]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFD7031E089FEFBFA90FE92" box="[956,1313,262,289]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFD7031E089FEFBFB39FE92" ID-CoL="9GB87" authorityName="Torres" authorityYear="1964" box="[956,1160,262,289]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Guaranisaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="llanoi">Guaranisaria llanoi</taxonomicName>
(eryngo-cicada)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34BFDA9FFFD7031E01FFED1FC5FFC2A" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BEEAE22FFFD7031E01FFED1FC5FFC2A" blockId="3.[810,1460,262,920]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The eryngo-cicada has a low flight compared to colourful-cicada, flying at heights up to 
<quantity id="4CA903C7FFFD7031E720FEB0FB8EFED1" box="[1045,1087,332,356]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
from the ground, with the environment temperature varying between 16°C and 21°C. Copulation was observed within the rosette of Gravatá (
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFD7031E7C5FE77FCC5FE70" authority="Malme" authorityName="Malme" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Eryngium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="horridum">
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFD7031E7C5FE77FA02FE11" box="[1264,1459,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Eryngium horridum</emphasis>
Malme
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFD7031E04AFE56FC6EFE70" box="[895,991,426,450]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="136AB2A7FFFD7031E0CDFE56FBD2FE70" box="[1016,1123,426,450]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1152,1176]" captionTargetBox="[116,1455,146,1121]" captionTargetId="figure-432@5.[114,1458,144,1124]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Habitat and adults of Guaranisaria llanoi (Cicadidae: Carinetini) in southern Brazil.A, general view of habitat. B, female resting inside the rosette of Gravatá’ Eryngo Eryngium horridum (Apiaceae). C, copulation in the side-to-side position. Male seen dorsally and female fixed on the leaf thorns.D, oviposition of G. llanoi in the inflorescence axis of E. horridum. Photo (D) by A. P. S. Carvalho ©." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10605945" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10605945/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2A–C</figureCitation>
). Adult cicadas from both sexes use this thorny rosette plant as a shelter, remaining protected among the thorns (
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFD7031E0DAFE15FBB3FDB2" box="[1007,1026,489,512]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">N</emphasis>
= 30 individuals). A female laying eggs on the stem that supports the inflorescences was observed by citizen scientists (
<figureCitation id="136AB2A7FFFD7031E0AFFDDBFC59FD8D" box="[922,1000,551,575]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="5.[113,178,1152,1176]" captionTargetBox="[116,1455,146,1121]" captionTargetId="figure-432@5.[114,1458,144,1124]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 2. Habitat and adults of Guaranisaria llanoi (Cicadidae: Carinetini) in southern Brazil.A, general view of habitat. B, female resting inside the rosette of Gravatá’ Eryngo Eryngium horridum (Apiaceae). C, copulation in the side-to-side position. Male seen dorsally and female fixed on the leaf thorns.D, oviposition of G. llanoi in the inflorescence axis of E. horridum. Photo (D) by A. P. S. Carvalho ©." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10605945" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10605945/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0D3D3FFFD7031E0CDFDDBFB22FD8D" author="Carvalho" box="[1016,1171,551,575]" firstAuthor="Carvalho" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref7889" refString="Carvalho APS. Guaranisaria llanoi, 2018. https: // www. inaturalist. org / observations / 17963190 (01 February 2023, date last accessed)." type="url" year="2018">Carvalho 2018</bibRefCitation>
), suggesting that immature stages are also specialized on this abundant host plant. During courtship the female remains fixed on the thorns of the Gravatá, and the male emits courtship signals along with numerous attempts of copulation. During the courtship, the female responds to the male with a wing-flick (see Supporting Information, Video Clips S1 and S2), which also probably indicates the female’s location. During the only copulation observed, individuals were positioned laterally. The copulation lasted 2 min. In contrast to colourful-cicada, 
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFD7031E0EAFCBEFB86FCEB" authorityName="Torres" authorityYear="1964" box="[991,1079,833,857]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Guaranisaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="llanoi">
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFD7031E0EAFCBEFB86FCEB" box="[991,1079,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. llanoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presents a high specificity on plant species, being found resting, flying, and singing only in association with Gravatá.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34BFDA9FFFD7031E070FA68FB37F896" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEEAE22FFFD7031E070FA68FB37F896" blockId="3.[810,1460,951,1829]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
The 
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFD7031E042FA69FC7EFA1E" authorityName="Torres" authorityYear="1964" box="[887,975,1428,1452]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Guaranisaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="llanoi">
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFD7031E042FA69FC7EFA1E" box="[887,975,1428,1452]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">G. llanoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from Pronunciamiento (
<collectingRegion id="499560C0FFFD7031E642FA69FCEBFA7E" country="Argentina" name="Entre Rios" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Entre Rios</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F346EEB2FFFD7031E053FA48FC7EFA7E" box="[870,975,1460,1484]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Argentina</collectingCountry>
) and has records in 
<collectingCountry id="F346EEB2FFFD7031E792FA48FABDFA7E" box="[1191,1292,1460,1484]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Argentina</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="499560C0FFFD7031E629FA48FA1DFA7E" box="[1308,1452,1460,1484]" country="Argentina" name="Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Buenos Aires</collectingRegion>
) and southern 
<collectingCountry id="F346EEB2FFFD7031E082FA2FFC43FA59" box="[951,1010,1491,1515]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="499560C0FFFD7031E0CBFA2FFB72FA59" box="[1022,1219,1491,1515]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFD7031E0CBFA2FFBCBFA59" box="[1022,1146,1491,1515]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Rio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grande">Rio Grande</taxonomicName>
do Sul
</collectingRegion>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0D3D3FFFD7031E7EFFA28FAE7FA59" author="Torres" box="[1242,1366,1491,1515]" firstAuthor="Torres" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="143 - 52" refId="ref10966" refString="Torres BA. Estudio del genero Guaranisaria Distant. Guaranisaria llanoi una nueva especie (Homoptera: Cicadidae). Anais Do II Congresso Latino-Americano de Zoologia (S. Paulo 1962) 1964; 1: 143 - 52." type="journal article" year="1964">Torres 1964</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0D3D3FFFD7031E654FA2FFC25F9B8" author="Lenicov" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Lenicov" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="301 - 27" refId="ref8578" refString="Lenicov AMMR, Macia A, Pianzola B. Cicadidae types (Hemiptera- Cicadomorpha) housed at the Museo de La Plata entomological collection (Argentina). Zootaxa 2015; 3974: 301 - 27." type="journal article" year="2015">
Lenicov 
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFD7031E01FFA0FFCEBF9B8" box="[810,858,1522,1546]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC0D3D3FFFD7031E095FA0EFB91F9B9" author="Cioato" box="[928,1056,1522,1547]" firstAuthor="Cioato" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" refId="ref7919" refString="Cioato A. Guia Ilustrado das Especies de Cigarras do Rio Grande do Sul e Chave Ilustrada das Tribos de Cicadinae (Hemiptera, Auchenorryncha, Cicadidae), 2017. https: // www. lume. ufrgs. br / handle / 10183 / 231047 (01 February 2023, date last accessed)." type="url" year="2017">Cioato 2017</bibRefCitation>
) (
<figureCitation id="136AB2A7FFFD7031E709FA0EFB31F9B9" box="[1084,1152,1522,1547]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="6.[129,194,1836,1860]" captionTargetBox="[147,1454,146,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-6@6.[145,1457,144,1808]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 3. Spatial distribution of Carineta diardi and Guaranisaria llanoi (Cicadidae:Carinetini) at regional and local scale in the South America. A, map of the Atlantic Forest and Pampa biomes showing the distribution of C. diardi (blue circles) and G. llanoi (orange circles).B, schematic illustration of the flying trajectory and use of stratum by males of C. diardi (solid blue line) along the forest canopy and edge, and G. llanoi (solid orange line) between Eryngium horridum (Apiaceae) plants in the open habitats." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10605947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10605947/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig 3A</figureCitation>
). Adults have been registered in the spring, from September to December (
<figureCitation id="136AB2A7FFFD7031E7C6F9EEFA88F998" box="[1267,1337,1554,1578]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="7.[113,178,801,825]" captionTargetBox="[116,1455,147,770]" captionTargetId="figure-228@7.[114,1459,144,773]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 4. Occurrence of Carineta diardi and Guaranisaria llanoi (Cicadidae: Carinetini) adults throughout the year. A, C. diardi (N = 336). B, G.llanoi (N = 10). Observations by iNaturalist with Research Grade filter." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10605949" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10605949/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). The mean vector (µ) of phenology obtained from the two cicada species coincided in the early October (r = 0.82, 
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFD7031E7FAF9ADFB6CF9DA" box="[1231,1245,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P</emphasis>
&lt;.04) for colourful-cicada, and (r = 0.9, 
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFD7031E0CAF98DFBBCF93A" box="[1023,1037,1649,1672]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P</emphasis>
&lt;.05) for eryngo-cicada. The high value of r obtained indicates a strong concentration of these data in similar periods, indicating the coexistence of these two cicada species during a short time interval. The Rayleigh test (z) returned values of 2.7 (
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFD7031E73DF912FBA7F8B7" box="[1032,1046,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P</emphasis>
=.05) for the eryngo-cicada, and 268.7 (
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFD7031E000F8F1FCF2F896" box="[821,835,1805,1828]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">P</emphasis>
&lt;.05) for the colourful-cicada.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34BFDA9FFFA7036E0FEFA61FA80FA05" box="[971,1329,1437,1463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BEEAE22FFFA7036E0FEFA61FA80FA05" blockId="4.[825,1475,1437,1969]" box="[971,1329,1437,1463]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFA7036E0FEFA61FA80FA05" box="[971,1329,1437,1463]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFA7036E0FEFA61FB29FA05" authorityName="Torres" authorityYear="1964" box="[971,1176,1437,1463]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Guaranisaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="llanoi">Guaranisaria llanoi</taxonomicName>
(eryngo-cicada)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34BFDA9FFFA7037E00CFA3FFC58FA66" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BEEAE22FFFA7036E00CFA3FFB6CF9CA" blockId="4.[825,1475,1437,1969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The species has a rich and diverse repertoire (
<figureCitation id="136AB2A7FFFA7036E608FA3FFACDFA69" box="[1341,1404,1475,1499]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1560,1584]" captionTargetBox="[131,1470,934,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-427@8.[129,1473,932,1532]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Acoustic repertoire of the Guaranisaria llanoi (Cicadidae: Carinetini). A, flying song.B, calling song. C, illustrated flying song part, demonstrating the echeme.D, parts A and B of the calling song illustrated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10605953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10605953/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), presenting four signals, namely the flying song (
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFA7036E7CDFA1FFABAFA48" box="[1272,1291,1507,1530]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N</emphasis>
= 6), calling song (
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFA7036E071F9FEFCE6F9AB" box="[836,855,1538,1561]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N</emphasis>
= 6), courtship song (
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFA7036E77EF9FEFBEFF9AB" box="[1099,1118,1538,1561]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N</emphasis>
= 2), and wing-flick (
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFA7036E67FF9FEFAECF9AB" box="[1354,1373,1538,1561]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">N</emphasis>
= 2), the last emitted by females. The species has a period of activity between 10 a.m. and 
<specimenCount id="9D5765ABFFFA7036E0CFF9BDFB91F9EA" box="[1018,1056,1601,1625]" count="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="generic">2 p.</specimenCount>
m., when the environmental temperature is at the highest, between 20°C and 21°C.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEAE22FFFA7036E060F983FC52F8A6" blockId="4.[825,1475,1437,1969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The flying song (
<figureCitation id="136AB2A7FFFA7036E736F983FBFDF925" box="[1027,1100,1663,1687]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1560,1584]" captionTargetBox="[131,1470,934,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-427@8.[129,1473,932,1532]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Acoustic repertoire of the Guaranisaria llanoi (Cicadidae: Carinetini). A, flying song.B, calling song. C, illustrated flying song part, demonstrating the echeme.D, parts A and B of the calling song illustrated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10605953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10605953/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 6A</figureCitation>
) is composed, on average, by a train of 23 ± 3 (16–28) clicks. During the emission of this signal, the males perform a low and fast flight, less than 
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high. The interval between syllables presents values of 0.173 ± 
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(
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s)
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEAE22FFFA7037E060F8E0FD4BFAC4" blockId="4.[825,1475,1437,1969]" lastBlockId="5.[113,763,1280,1962]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
The calling song (
<figureCitation id="136AB2A7FFFA7036E733F8E0FBFBF886" box="[1030,1098,1820,1844]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[129,194,1560,1584]" captionTargetBox="[131,1470,934,1529]" captionTargetId="figure-427@8.[129,1473,932,1532]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Acoustic repertoire of the Guaranisaria llanoi (Cicadidae: Carinetini). A, flying song.B, calling song. C, illustrated flying song part, demonstrating the echeme.D, parts A and B of the calling song illustrated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10605953" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10605953/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 6B</figureCitation>
) is produced when the male lands on a Gravatá that does not have a female. This signal can be divided into two parts. The first part of the signal, called ‘part A’, consists of a single echeme, lasting 0.035 ± 
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="EE65C8E5FFFA7036E625F886FAE6F820" box="[1296,1367,1914,1938]" degrees="0.043" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="55" value="-0.043">–0.043</geoCoordinate>
s), spaced by a brief interval from the next part. The second part of the signal, ‘part B’, is an echeme with a series of syllables, lasting 0.104 ± 
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(
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s) (
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). The last syllables have a higher emission rate and amplitude, and no differences were found between different sessions of this signal (Mann–Whitney test, U = 33, 
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFB7037E196FAA3FD00FAC4" box="[675,689,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P</emphasis>
&gt;.05).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF2EFEAAFFFB7037E344FB7CFB4FFB62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10605945" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10605945" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10605945/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[113,178,1152,1176]" targetBox="[116,1455,146,1121]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BEEAE22FFFB7037E344FB7CFB4FFB62" blockId="5.[113,1440,1152,1233]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFB7037E344FB7CFF78FB2A" bold="true" box="[113,201,1152,1176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Habitat and adults of 
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFB7037E2ADFB7DFDF8FB2A" authorityName="Torres" authorityYear="1964" box="[408,585,1152,1176]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Guaranisaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="llanoi">
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFB7037E2ADFB7DFDF8FB2A" box="[408,585,1152,1176]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Guaranisaria llanoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFB7037E161FB7CFD0BFB2A" box="[596,698,1152,1176]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cicadidae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFB7037E1F7FB7CFC97FB2A" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1905" box="[706,806,1152,1176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="tribe" tribe="Carinetini">Carinetini</taxonomicName>
) in southern Brazil. A, general view of habitat. B, female resting inside the rosette of Gravatá’ Eryngo 
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFB7037E2F8FB61FD30FB06" box="[461,641,1180,1204]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Eryngium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="horridum">
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFB7037E2F8FB61FD30FB06" box="[461,641,1180,1204]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Eryngium horridum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFB7037E1B9FB60FD5BFB06" box="[652,746,1180,1204]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
). C, copulation in the side-to-side position. Male seen dorsally and female fixed on the leaf thorns. D, oviposition of 
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFB7037E2C2FB45FDF5FB62" authorityName="Torres" authorityYear="1964" box="[503,580,1208,1232]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Guaranisaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="llanoi">
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFB7037E2C2FB45FDF5FB62" box="[503,580,1208,1232]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. llanoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the inflorescence axis of 
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFB7037E073FB45FC05FB62" box="[838,948,1208,1232]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Eryngium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Apiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="horridum">
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFB7037E073FB45FC05FB62" box="[838,948,1208,1232]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">E. horridum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Photo (D) by A. P. S. Carvalho ©.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BEEAE22FFFB7037E3B8FA81FD83F91D" blockId="5.[113,763,1280,1962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
The courtship song is emitted when the male lands on a Gravatá with a female. This signal, similar to the calling song, also has two parts. The first, ‘part A’, has two or three echemes, with two or three syllables, lasting 0.041 ± 
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(
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s), spaced by a brief interval. The ‘part B’ has larger notes, lasting 0.082 ± 
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(
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s), as well as a greater number of syllables. This part, similar to part B of the calling song, also has a higher emission rate in the final syllables. Significant differences were found between the different sessions of the courtship song (Mann–Whitney test, U = 2238.5, 
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFB7037E2E2F964FE54F91D" box="[471,485,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P</emphasis>
&lt;.05).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEAE22FFFB7037E3B8F94BFE08F818" blockId="5.[113,763,1280,1962]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">During courtship, there are times when the male moves away and approaches the female. Female responds positively to the male, emitting a series of wing-flicks, which are brief clicks with the wings, totalling two syllables, while the male approaches the female again. When the male is close, the female stops emitting this signal. A female emitted this sound after an involuntary mechanical stimulus on the Gravatá, suggesting a relevant female role in acoustic communication.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEEAE22FFFB7037E070FAFCFC58FA66" blockId="5.[810,1459,1280,1492]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
When comparing signals from the 
<taxonomicName id="4C51D5A1FFFB7037E78BFAFCFAA6FAAA" authorityName="Torres" authorityYear="1964" box="[1214,1303,1280,1304]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Guaranisaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="llanoi">
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFB7037E78BFAFCFAA6FAAA" box="[1214,1303,1280,1304]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. llanoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
repertoire, we obtained significant differences when comparing peak frequencies (ANOVA, one-way, F = 99.43, 
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFB7037E7E3FAC3FB55FAE4" box="[1238,1252,1343,1366]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P</emphasis>
&lt;.05) and echeme duration (ANOVA, one-way, F = 145.3, 
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFB7037E7DAFAA3FB4CFAC4" box="[1263,1277,1375,1398]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P</emphasis>
&lt;.05). We also found significant differences between all comparisons using the Mann–Whitney test (
<emphasis id="B9257230FFFB7037E776FA61FBE0FA06" box="[1091,1105,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P</emphasis>
&lt;.05) (Supporting Information, 
<tableCitation id="C6D39B99FFFB7037E01FFA40FC3DFA66" box="[810,908,1468,1492]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="2.[129,184,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Table 1. Neotropical cicadas with recorded sound, including type of song (call and chorus), country and references. Countries: AR = Argentina.BR = Brazil. CH = Chile. CR = Costa Rica. FG = French Guiana. MX = Mexico.*Species that emit acoustic signals during the flight." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2EFEAAFFFC7030E3B4FF73FF6DFF6D" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" tableUuid="DF2EFEAAFFFC7030E3B4FF73FF6DFF6D">Tables S1</tableCitation>
and S 
<tableCitation id="C6D39B99FFFB7037E0F8FA40FC6DFA66" box="[973,988,1468,1492]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="8.[129,184,143,167]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Table 2. Acoustics parameters of sympatric populations of Carineta diardi and Guaranisaria llanoi (Cicadidae: Carinetini) in southern Brazil. Values are presented as mean ± SD (minimum–maximum)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2EFEAAFFF6703AE3B4FF73FD02FF71" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" tableUuid="DF2EFEAAFFF6703AE3B4FF73FD02FF71">2</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>