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<document id="079980225BA1779CE157A6941C0C38D8" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1de00ca3-5304-4e29-af60-c3b439ae56ad" ModsDocID="z00564p001" checkinTime="1246978159058" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Jonathan S. Ready &amp; Sven O. Kullander" docDate="2004" docId="E17917AEBA31DF55CA42E68C4A8D2773" docLanguage="en" docName="2004_Ready_Kullander_gg2.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 564" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FFF1AC79-66B0-4010-8071-4331464D5CF4" docTitle="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander, 2004, new species" docType="treatment" docUuid="7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="309E433A06C328D18C42176CA0866A12" masterDocTitle="Apistogramma eremnopyge, a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Peru." masterLastPageNumber="10" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1701314004175" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="0E219FFE6F4981D2CAA207D92C141B0F">Apistogramma eremnopyge, a new species of cichlid fish (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Peru.</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="88DAB8862F9FA6978821DBCF69730BCB">Jonathan S. Ready</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="385DFBBCC1ABA75E9925D4DAB8F0D923">Sven O. Kullander</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="DE4CE7AD7A6995FDA3A201430B294AF5">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:date id="8028A0E2B5FB5201BE5D3FA66C6E0B17">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="3EDE9322273F777A5EC3896339E975E5">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="E17917AEBA31DF55CA42E68C4A8D2773" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6269466" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100124488" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6269466" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E17917AEBA31DF55CA42E68C4A8D2773" lastPageNumber="9" pageNumber="2">
<subSubSection id="434921B8C9A753CF7EE31B6D5FA1FFCD" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F4E1735687C14BFEBE5AA3B5DD07F174" pageNumber="2">
<taxonomicName id="1C2AF92D19C182C05F69868D6BEDE78C" ID-CoL="67NN6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">Apistogramma eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4A66B732D39E051F87F21BE1FBCFD32E" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
(Figs. 1-5)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0606EF28E14DD1C8D80897AAA69EF24A" pageNumber="2">
<materialsCitation id="C43F1FEE27118A99C73D34853665D721" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923890601" collectingDate="2002-07" collectionCode="MUSM" collectorName="O. Lucanus" country="Peru" location="Rio Itaya drainage, Rio Pintuyacu, 48 km on road from Iquitos to Nauta" specimenCode="MUSM 21214" stateProvince="Province Loreto" typeStatus="Holotype">
<typeStatus id="A74BBAA9FDACE546291F7AA791567D51">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
<specimenCode id="9665AAB8AF8EC8080DEB601A9155F970">
<collectionCode id="84720D85DBFB3F6F74733F590BF39048">MUSM</collectionCode>
21214
</specimenCode>
, adult female, 28.2 mm SL;
<collectingCountry id="FA63B7202519BA398239E1370FDE4298">Peru</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="3A4960BBCE01384936BA171F9CC21A71">Province Loreto</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="901D9DED2DB559A8CEF6A2A75AA1C728" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E17917AEBA31DF55CA42E68C4A8D2773:901D9DED2DB559A8CEF6A2A75AA1C728" country="Peru" name="Rio Itaya drainage, Rio Pintuyacu, 48 km on road from Iquitos to Nauta" stateProvince="Province Loreto">
<normalizedToken id="A53DF5D11C167AA44E21677A15A054DA" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Itaya drainage,
<normalizedToken id="EB9ABCF7BDC949FAE090248B03460C80" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Pintuyacu, 48 km on road from Iquitos to Nauta
</location>
;
<date id="75A18D2A540E86180DD731AB162CC99F" month="07" value="2002-07" year="2002">
<collectingDate id="CFCF7805F58FCE74EF1CFE6AE52A5287" month="07" value="2002-07" year="2002">Jul 2002</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<collectorName id="B0FE51655522B5F6DE9B4F4BEAEB8023">O. Lucanus</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9667AEA4FB7B83775563765323054266" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="A05677B398DB4D4EEC4103E54974CE44" country="Peru" pageNumber="3">
<materialsCitation id="4491270153A65CFBB4E6ACF541988244" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923890600" collectingDate="2002-07" collectionCode="NRM" collectorName="O. Lucanus" country="Peru" location="Rio Itaya drainage, Rio Pintuyacu, 48 km on road from Iquitos to Nauta" specimenCode="NRM 49446" stateProvince="Province Loreto" typeStatus="Paratypes">
<typeStatus id="AB74153538FC07DF603D638F699B4E9E">Paratypes</typeStatus>
.
<specimenCode id="CCC46DC334386A08E6F1DEB4DF54ADFC">
<collectionCode id="A132A950326CB016A9300E86FB997BBD">NRM</collectionCode>
49446
</specimenCode>
, 4, 1 adult male, 34.4 mm SL, 3 adult females, 26.1-26.9 mm SL; Same data as holotype
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FD91AAE856CFDD2E3A9C39CC890734DC" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="ECC5DD0D651E3A064F6FC1C77B3A705C" pageNumber="3">
Comparative Material.
<taxonomicName id="9D64EB9AC6EFDA027FDAC9612B829C5A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:028A60C9-49F1-4461-82C7-ABA0E66465B1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma pertense bitaeniata Pellegrin 1936:56" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitaeniata">Apistogramma bitaeniata</taxonomicName>
,
<collectionCode id="3807F771D0FFE364D68F3CA960024C9D" collectionName="NRM">NRM</collectionCode>
12345, 12346, 12347, Peru;
<taxonomicName id="3355610C2D6887975F83F5A4A247A7D1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="commbrae">A. commbrae</taxonomicName>
,
<collectionCode id="FABF86D48FDBD8812BEBFB77AA58C043" collectionName="NRM">NRM</collectionCode>
19104, 19108, Brazil;
<taxonomicName id="FCEF145518C0E7F7805D18E1E330E53B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2E8B97EB-29F3-4D3E-B2AB-37449F4CD07B" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander 1987:259" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplotaenia">A. diplotaenia</taxonomicName>
,
<collectionCode id="76EEBF410C4EDE3F2234470A4DB539EB" collectionName="NRM">NRM</collectionCode>
12345, Brazil;
<taxonomicName id="90FA8F48C29DF49FF923A9A4471B1EEB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B8E9A24-B5B2-41E9-BF15-3CC41B983B6F" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken 1969:91" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbiceps">A. gibbiceps</taxonomicName>
,
<collectionCode id="A2160DC9F5A5811179F81964F7C63B4B" collectionName="NRM">NRM</collectionCode>
13441, 13453, 14359, Brazil;
<taxonomicName id="AF46FA4ED2317FF88F9779CB6F923243" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D39BB30E-1265-41A0-9739-28683A309598" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma inconspicua Kullander 1983:307" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicua">A.inconspicua</taxonomicName>
,
<collectionCode id="7B8760E470CE48F5F7295747B49D5265" collectionName="NRM">NRM</collectionCode>
17800, Brazil,
<collectionCode id="BD742F419BA35BCE44818AA44978CB75" collectionName="NRM">NRM</collectionCode>
17802, Bolivia;
<taxonomicName id="4FA6A5C40644726803ADDED3EFD837C6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57641704-3590-403E-B3C5-DCD2B5871F3A" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma linkei Koslowski 1985:151" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="linkei">A. linkei</taxonomicName>
,
<collectionCode id="70C041445C7844D0ACC4F606ACB08637" collectionName="NRM">NRM</collectionCode>
17804, 17805, 17806, Bolivia; and
<taxonomicName id="6839FAB6CCF1AC655EE4EB1E52CA91BD" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:26ED8DD3-E12E-45DE-AFE0-E6EAD01ADAB6" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma paucisquamis Kullander &amp; Staeck 1988:190" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucisquamis">A. paucisquamis</taxonomicName>
,
<collectionCode id="24CEF9A2F4FC130697616C6C18C9F382" collectionName="NRM">NRM</collectionCode>
16500, 16670, 16671, Brazil.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A9B1167652205B605A314CCDFFA7DC98" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="5F6DC9A29EB2AF4B8083C80E0EA50445" pageNumber="3">
Diagnosis.
<taxonomicName id="9D73648EBE61E13C228AF7AFA9ACF7DB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">Apistogramma eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
is the only
<taxonomicName id="0169B1641FB54DC9518734F887285928" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9152EB49-E410-440D-8E4A-B85D3AD54F42" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma Regan 1913:282" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apistogramma</taxonomicName>
species with a prominent dark blotch on the lower caudal peduncle (Figs. 1 &amp; 2), present in both males and females. It is further characterized by a narrow lateral band, absence of lateral spot, presence of caudal spot, four dentary lateralis openings, and two post-lachrymal infraorbital lateralis openings. Males with produced anterior dorsal fin lappets, and produced rays dorsally and ventrally in caudal fin.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="692356ACB7796A4696FA65590A4DD87C" type="description">
<paragraph id="A4529BBBFB2A6D70EE0D6E2B06DEF73E" pageNumber="3">Description. Based on the holotype, 28.2 mm SL, representing adult females, with comments on variation. Refer to Figs. 1 &amp; 2 for general aspect and Table 1 for measurements. The type series (fixed in alcohol) consists of specimens kept in aquaria and are generally not well preserved. Further material could not be located.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="32EB6AFC7F46BF312C314CBC335AE01B" pageNumber="4">Relatively slender body, dorsal and ventral contours about equally arched (dorsal contour more arched than ventral in male), laterally compressed. Snout short, triangular in lateral aspect, rounded in dorsal aspect. Predorsal contour straight ascending (in male only to above middle of orbit, nape slightly elevated, curved); dorsal fin base slightly arched, sloping. Prepelvic contour slightly curved, as steep as predorsal contour (in male predorsal contour steeper). Interorbital area flat; nape compressed; chest narrowly rounded. Orbit entirely in anterior and mainly in dorsal half of head. Maxilla extending to slightly beyond vertical from anterior margin of orbit. No head bones serrated.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A541AF061EA51C740DF78FB2CEA6E1C4" pageNumber="4">Lateralis pores on head include four dentary, two anguloarticular, six preopercular, four lachrymal, two post-lachrymal infraorbital, five naso-frontal pores, and a coronalis pore (Fig. 3).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="72CC6787CFAD9C0F5D0C2EC23E2A5940" pageNumber="4">Scales in E1 row 22 (3), 23 (2); predorsal scales 8-11, prepelvic scales 5-9. Scales ctenoid on flanks, cycloid predorsally and on side of head (larger posterodorsal cheek and opercular scales feebly ctenoid). Chest fully scaled in male; in females naked anteriorly. Cheek naked on anteroventral 2/3, otherwise 1 (4), or 2 (1) rows of scales. Caudal fin scales ctenoid, squamation with straight vertical hind margin and covering nearly 1/6 of fin length. Upper lateral line with 11-12 tubed and 1-3 pored scales, lower lateral line with 2-4 pored and 3-6 tubed scales, 0-1 tubed scale on caudal fin; total counts of lateral line scales 13/6(1), 14/9 (1), 15/7 (2), 15/8 (1). Scales separating upper lateral line and dorsal fin 2 anteriorly, 1/2 posteriorly.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5CAC130B8C9501C3E47DFDBCA95D18D8" pageNumber="5">
D. XVI.7 (5). Dorsal fin spines increasing in length rapidly to 4th, beyond slowly to last; first spine 2/5 length of last. In females, anterior 6 dorsal spines with pointed lappets, posteriorly rounded, short; soft dorsal fin rounded, reaching little beyond caudal fin base. In male, dorsal spines 3-9 with long lappets, up to same length as spines; soft dorsal fin pointed, 2nd ray longest. Caudal fin subtruncate in females, in male with dorsal and ventral prolongations with rays D4 and
<date id="B0DF4A88F3820C4B281E37E7D7C99890" day="03" month="05">V3</date>
longest. A.
<date id="0326ABD083AEAB821432E0B7D6867D36" day="06" month="03">III.6</date>
(3),
<date id="30A56FC79C744BA11A3CF6D22A1F430A" day="07" month="03">III.7</date>
(2). Anal fin rounded or subacuminate in females, reaching little beyond caudal fin base; in male, anal fin pointed, 3rd ray longest, filamentously extended to near end of caudal fin. P. 11 (2), 12 (3). Pectoral fin rounded, rays 5-6 longest, extending to anterior of genital papilla; Pelvic fin in females pointed, first ray longest, reaching to genital papilla or shorter; in male, pelvic fin pointed, first ray with filamentous extension reaching to posterior of genital papilla.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C3304977A354A286700EB66C91F618F0" pageNumber="5">Gill rakers externally on first gill arch, 4 on lobe, 1 in angle, and 1 (5) on ceratobranchial; on lateral margin of lower pharyngeal jaw, 11 (2), 12 (1), 13 (1).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="09516AF5F5F3AC1C660567F3A2173941" pageNumber="5">Premaxilla has one long tooth row along rim of entire jaw with teeth in one hemiseries 17 (1), 20 (1), 23 (1), 24 (1) and one short inner row along anterior half of jaw rim. Dentary has one long tooth row with 20 (1), 24 (1), 25 (2) teeth in one hemiseries, and one inner series anteriorly (in male an additional short inner row anteriorly). All teeth unicuspid, pointed, strongly curved linguad.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7800CD168D01C2CD097A7815B87E4D27" pageNumber="6">Lower pharyngeal jaw in 26.1 mm specimen (Fig. 4) wider than long, dorsoventrally compressed. Teeth sparse, but several teeth about to emerge. Posteromedial teeth larger than rest, with posterior antrorse cusp and anterior shelf, mostly abraded apically; teeth in 4-5 irregular rows, gradually smaller caudolaterally, slightly compressed laterally, bicuspid with posterior antrorse pointed cusp and anterior blunt projection; anterior teeth slender, unicuspid, subconical, inclined laterad.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2B0F1702751F010D886DD61612D1A794" pageNumber="6">Vertebrae 12+13=25 (5).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="994BC29082B358F90B59D57B099264C7" pageNumber="6">Colour pattern in alcohol. Holotype (Fig. 1), an adult female with whitish ground colour, slightly darker, brownish, dorsally. Lateral band most prominent flank marking, consisting of a melanic blotch basal on each E1 row scale. Vertical bars absent. Indistinctly delimited dark grey blotch on caudal peduncle covering scales in rows H1 and H2, but also parts of adjacent scales.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D14F5A7DE5B00F06FA481005B5C2BB6B" pageNumber="6">Supraorbital stripe in females only, light brown, starting at about 1400h position of orbit, extremely short, not attaining dorsal midline. Postorbital stripe fading before joining lateral band at posterodorsal margin of opercle. Indistinct, short suborbital stripe extending ventrally onto adjacent margins of subopercle and interopercle. Preorbital stripe very faint, light brownish, not contrasted. No markings on opercle. No midventral markings.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D40FEF73825584CAE211050C85F70C41" pageNumber="6">Two anteriormost dorsal fin membranes blackish, rest of fin without distinct colour pattern except for three faint vertical stripes in soft-rayed portion of fin. Caudal fin with indistinct dark midbasal blotch and indistinct pigment distally. Anal fin hyaline. Pelvic fin lightly pigmented along anterior margin. Minute blackish blotch dorsally on pectoral fin base.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E21020E833DE80D36ED2731C87E87D6D" pageNumber="6">Male (Fig. 2) with lateral band consisting of dark pigment limited to E1 scales. Head with brown preorbital stripe, supraorbital stripe absent, and faint brown suborbital stripe from posteroventral orbital margin to preopercle just above angle. Postorbital stripe joining lateral band. Chin and adjacent lower lip black.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D05E56CD5E2960973096A8F86B6B2E44" pageNumber="6">Dorsal fin smoky, with anteriormost two membranes black; produced lappets white. Anal fin smoky; posterior interradial membranes greyish with no pattern. Caudal fin smoky with about six faint vertical lines; caudal spot black, midbasal, distinct. Pelvic fin light brownish, anterior margin white.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BA2A0915734EE1761F3A4AE583EC50BF" pageNumber="6">Live colors. Based on photographs provided by O. Lucanus. Male with light brown dorsum, an iridescent broad band along middle of flank, ventral flanks whitish; scale margins blackish on flanks. Lateral band and caudal peduncle blotch blackish. Gill cover and cheek with iridescent blue spots and lines alternating with red spots and lines. Base of dorsal fin maroon; produced dorsal fin lappets orange; rest of dorsal fin bluish.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A428320B52306DCC1276494B4D4FB577" pageNumber="6">Red pigmentation was still observed on the caudal margin of some flank scales of the male specimen of the type series. These were predominantly in scale rows E3, 0 and H1.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E6984881A2FA1B1FA32C05B239509739" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="73055ECF9698C65B2ADEE305CA50B332" pageNumber="6">
Distribution. The type locality is in the
<normalizedToken id="4ABE43ABAE1DFB27D65CBE384099FAA5" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Pintuyacu, a tributary of the
<normalizedToken id="BAFCC1CD6F22934300A80C355F146B3D" originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Itaya, close to Iquitos (Fig. 5). We have no further information on the habitat or associated fauna.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="33BB5B712A193B0A4B0D9A280C77DAF3" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="CE511EA2378F47FC27662D14D5E2C483" pageNumber="7">Etymology. The species is named with reference to the identifying mark of a dark blotch on the lower caudal peduncle. The name is a noun in apposition composed of the Greek words eremnoz (eremnos) meaning black, swarthy or dark, and pugh (pyge) meaning rump or buttocks.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D8AC6F6651668E61C99F7DC897F26179" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="FA4DE4B1ED0622FCB5674E1DD34B9ED1" pageNumber="8">Discussion</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C7F79532BB7A35DB5D1594907191B929" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="DB0A70F9B485732D86C5FB29FFD68D8D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">Apistogramma eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C19B84E651B097396CA32EBFA383EBCD" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:028A60C9-49F1-4461-82C7-ABA0E66465B1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma pertense bitaeniata Pellegrin 1936:56" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitaeniata">A. bitaeniata Pellegrin</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="5C3A44F6DE432264CD70BB874EAA7772" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B8E9A24-B5B2-41E9-BF15-3CC41B983B6F" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken 1969:91" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbiceps">A. gibbiceps Meinken</taxonomicName>
are the only three species in the genus to share in combination the characters of: male fin morphology (produced anterior dorsal fin lappets and produced dorsal and ventral caudal fin rays); a low number of infraorbital pores (2 openings posterior to that shared with lachrymal); and a low number of dental lateralis pores (4 openings). Each of these character states occur in other
<taxonomicName id="7E713A5A01385A47623573FBF8D1E440" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9152EB49-E410-440D-8E4A-B85D3AD54F42" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma Regan 1913:282" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apistogramma</taxonomicName>
species, but the combination is unique for these three species.
<taxonomicName id="E6F2B272E62004E06E329F18E1359B4B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B8E9A24-B5B2-41E9-BF15-3CC41B983B6F" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken 1969:91" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbiceps">Apistogramma gibbiceps</taxonomicName>
occurs in the Rio Negro drainage in Brazil;
<taxonomicName id="E47D4B85A9FB8AD45DF86AE81F7B15A8" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:028A60C9-49F1-4461-82C7-ABA0E66465B1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma pertense bitaeniata Pellegrin 1936:56" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitaeniata">A. bitaeniata</taxonomicName>
inhabits northeastern Peruvian blackwaters and adjacent Colombia and Brazil eastward to the lower Rio
<normalizedToken id="3C757C66F10A6DC1AABF606807DA79A8" originalValue="Tefé">Tefe</normalizedToken>
(Kullander, 1986).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="283373D8CA8A3FAF76EAD5BF27B047B0" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="7DFFECD2476E888498BF9BC8DF98239E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B8E9A24-B5B2-41E9-BF15-3CC41B983B6F" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken 1969:91" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbiceps">Apistogramma gibbiceps</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="5AC7D4966904469F085C63EFDFEC07C5" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">A. eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
by the presence of a fully scaled cheek, a wide lateral band more than one scale deep, a series of dark blotches along the abdominal flank, a prominent dark suborbital stripe, and absence of a dark blotch at the caudal fin base.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E18ADF954C99F77AE5D39B670CB86E7D" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="E5716A32B90355618C83B8B08E2A3F4A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:028A60C9-49F1-4461-82C7-ABA0E66465B1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma pertense bitaeniata Pellegrin 1936:56" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitaeniata">Apistogramma bitaeniata</taxonomicName>
is similar to
<taxonomicName id="93A0424A732A374468A2386F12708C8D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">A. eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
in absence of scales anteriorly on the cheek, faint suborbital stripe, and presence of a dark spot at the caudal fin base. It differs from
<taxonomicName id="71BA36A4FE823F9A83FDC6A2860B6ED7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">A. eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
by a wide lateral band covering the E1 scales and parts of adjacent scales, whereas that of
<taxonomicName id="461B8920AE77474FFEE6511CC7958AC3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">A. eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
is at most only one scale row in height; and in having a distinct horizontal stripe along the abdominal side caudad onto the caudal peduncle. Both
<taxonomicName id="BEC4A0C82DCEB1D9EA5E00641BFF0E70" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9B8E9A24-B5B2-41E9-BF15-3CC41B983B6F" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma gibbiceps Meinken 1969:91" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gibbiceps">A. gibbiceps</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="EBFA98B3E0FB174A386E53D8683E3382" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:028A60C9-49F1-4461-82C7-ABA0E66465B1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma pertense bitaeniata Pellegrin 1936:56" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitaeniata">A. bitaeniata</taxonomicName>
possess a lateral spot, i.e., a dark blotch in anteriorly on the side and crossed by the lateral band, but not
<taxonomicName id="E39988B5C868F18DB7B8DE30757092C3" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">A. eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
. A lateral spot is absent in
<taxonomicName id="2221A4EBC7B939A34F325F51C474D64F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:12B2F6C4-4D3F-4BE4-8D08-0D193E0A0CC0" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma regani Kullander 1980:65" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="regani">A. regani</taxonomicName>
group species, but is typically present in all other
<taxonomicName id="7E6E911676F52200EF263873B5EF975D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9152EB49-E410-440D-8E4A-B85D3AD54F42" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma Regan 1913:282" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apistogramma</taxonomicName>
species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C52B84CFE2B05AFDEC55779A0BD7748F" pageNumber="8">
We homologize the diagnostic caudal peduncle marking in
<taxonomicName id="50F31D87E0248E51BA59F7690959ADE6" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">A. eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
(present on caudal peduncle scale rows H1 and H2, pigmentation on H2 more distinct in males) with the ventral lateral band diagnostic of
<taxonomicName id="342DFB65DA3DFEB03A335040B64BD33D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:028A60C9-49F1-4461-82C7-ABA0E66465B1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma pertense bitaeniata Pellegrin 1936:56" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitaeniata">A. bitaeniata</taxonomicName>
(on scale rows H1 and H2, H2 pigmentation more distinct). The caudal peduncle marking differs from that of
<taxonomicName id="C99885EE3C9B786E121997B60B02525E" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="commbrae">A. commbrae (Regan)</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C0877589E188003FC3692B6309A2F1A9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D39BB30E-1265-41A0-9739-28683A309598" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma inconspicua Kullander 1983:307" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inconspicua">A. inconspicua Kullander</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="F9DBFED327DFED0C73DB03FF09E38451" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:57641704-3590-403E-B3C5-DCD2B5871F3A" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma linkei Koslowski 1985:151" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="linkei">A. linkei Koslowski</taxonomicName>
, which possess a dark spot on the caudal peduncle confluent with the caudal base spot and situated in the middle of the caudal peduncle (Kullander, 1982) instead of separate from the caudal spot and situated ventrally with a distinct space separating it from the lateral band as in
<taxonomicName id="CAA7BCC795ED59D29EE24DD4BC45652D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">A. eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="7990B6BC2E3F1CA424414386A9BF8517" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:028A60C9-49F1-4461-82C7-ABA0E66465B1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma pertense bitaeniata Pellegrin 1936:56" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitaeniata">A. bitaeniata</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0BDA1F36DB69AFB268DB882D34DD19EA" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="B72DA88897BDB96E7EAA7DC461513B0A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9152EB49-E410-440D-8E4A-B85D3AD54F42" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma Regan 1913:282" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apistogramma</taxonomicName>
species with a second dark lateral band ventral to the midaxial lateral band include, besides
<taxonomicName id="8D0F8C5135FE20C188F654EBE6FFF884" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:028A60C9-49F1-4461-82C7-ABA0E66465B1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma pertense bitaeniata Pellegrin 1936:56" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitaeniata">A. bitaeniata</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="350FA2C6EFFBDA55D1B9D3005573B9C2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:26ED8DD3-E12E-45DE-AFE0-E6EAD01ADAB6" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma paucisquamis Kullander &amp; Staeck 1988:190" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucisquamis">A. paucisquamis Kullander &amp; Staeck</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="CAA626D42026DBF4453C0B874CD5F0D5" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2E8B97EB-29F3-4D3E-B2AB-37449F4CD07B" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander 1987:259" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplotaenia">A. diplotaenia Kullander</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="33CB0412CB1FE2F848E089EC11496F4D" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName id="853ACB8FDE32FAD02229A893FDC9E9AE" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:26ED8DD3-E12E-45DE-AFE0-E6EAD01ADAB6" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma paucisquamis Kullander &amp; Staeck 1988:190" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucisquamis">Apistogramma paucisquamis</taxonomicName>
differs from both
<taxonomicName id="4972AC6C47C4F09E62EA123F9B6D766C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:028A60C9-49F1-4461-82C7-ABA0E66465B1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma pertense bitaeniata Pellegrin 1936:56" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitaeniata">A. bitaeniata</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BF660D4A4EBD20E10FB9AACF622D158D" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">A. eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
in possessing only 12 vs. 16 circumpeduncular scales, short dorsal fin lappets in males, a large mouth with pronounced positive size allometry shared exclusively with
<taxonomicName id="65DFA394CDDF4C3675865C4D68148DCB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8CAE3527-E695-442A-A162-802A5A375EC3" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma cacatuoides Hoedeman 1951:1" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cacatuoides">A. cacatuoides</taxonomicName>
group species vs. normal sized mouth for the genus, and a unique wide branchiostegal membrane correlated with short gill cover (Kullander &amp; Staeck, 1988).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6896259538136033E370854B83E72C5A" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="C3FFF4658AAB614BBDCE05A1A83F343A" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2E8B97EB-29F3-4D3E-B2AB-37449F4CD07B" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander 1987:259" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplotaenia">Apistogramma diplotaenia</taxonomicName>
has a low dorsal fin and rounded caudal fin, scaleless anterior chest region, and serrated posttemporal, supracleithrum and preopercle (Kullander, 1987), distinguishing it from both
<taxonomicName id="34CB5AA99299E2D09F6326767C1A0A1E" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">A. eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="481B3D2B2993BA027DD4DA9C75DE69EA" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:028A60C9-49F1-4461-82C7-ABA0E66465B1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma pertense bitaeniata Pellegrin 1936:56" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitaeniata">A. bitaeniata</taxonomicName>
. In
<taxonomicName id="21685A3F5039D93806441444FDD032BF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2E8B97EB-29F3-4D3E-B2AB-37449F4CD07B" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma diplotaenia Kullander 1987:259" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diplotaenia">A. diplotaenia</taxonomicName>
the lower lateral band is not distinct from the principal band, but confluent with it anteriorly and posteriorly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CB2275024A1C8014A72C2D065CFF96A4" pageNumber="9">
Kullander (1980, 1986, 2003) synonymized
<taxonomicName id="26FD096A20CC2DD8FC689D3D7DA4BAB9" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0338A4BD-EA7B-4B70-8BA6-420E0CC4E131" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma kleei Meinken 1964:293" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kleei">A. kleei Meinken</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="D2F6662C32CE02C492737FB2C1F61505" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3EE1D403-FC55-40FD-9BAA-A7D078119B9E" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma klausewitzi Meinken 1962:138" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klausewitzi">A. klausewitzi Meinken</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="980D4973B3867D8B35D89EA0766E14D7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BAD9E92B-CD0E-4595-BF11-5AE315BF861A" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma sweglesi Meinken 1961:136" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sweglesi">A. sweglesi Meinken</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="37B05D6E411EC1DF43DC070EA486E2B7" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:028A60C9-49F1-4461-82C7-ABA0E66465B1" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma pertense bitaeniata Pellegrin 1936:56" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitaeniata">A. bitaeniata</taxonomicName>
. Except
<taxonomicName id="ACDD31B1F559D50DB1545F774AE844F1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3EE1D403-FC55-40FD-9BAA-A7D078119B9E" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma klausewitzi Meinken 1962:138" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klausewitzi">A. klausewitzi</taxonomicName>
(from the
<normalizedToken id="35F18E68965B7DB0BCB87EC7400FF5AD" originalValue="Igarapé">Igarape</normalizedToken>
Preto, upper Rio
<normalizedToken id="BC383E62CC67B378806200B3445EF7A2" originalValue="Solimões">Solimoes</normalizedToken>
, Brazil) all those species were described on the basis of aquarium material of uncertain origin. The type material of
<taxonomicName id="6E25ACEE8193CBFFDA04D45B08B1B658" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BAD9E92B-CD0E-4595-BF11-5AE315BF861A" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma sweglesi Meinken 1961:136" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sweglesi">A. sweglesi</taxonomicName>
is lost. Original descriptions and accompanying figures show that none of these taxa display the characteristic coloration of
<taxonomicName id="A140F489D069D1BE5C5402472E55FF02" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">A. eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
, but instead have a broad lateral band and a continuous dark stripe along the abdominal side.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="50D23B662682B2083FEC26B6857E1EE8" pageNumber="9">
The area near Iquitos contains some of the ichthyologically best known rivers in Peru (Kullander 1986: 15), yet it is still possible to find new species there with quite distinct patterns. Many lakes exist in this area, though most are seasonally flooded allowing fish to mix (Kullander 1986: 15). Similar habitats exist over much of the range of the genus
<taxonomicName id="CE347AC480162F2488565D400F32B465" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9152EB49-E410-440D-8E4A-B85D3AD54F42" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma Regan 1913:282" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apistogramma</taxonomicName>
, but many of these areas have yet to be explored. As such the species richness of this genus is likely to continue to rise as more material is made available. There were previously 11 species of
<taxonomicName id="77E10E1EE179C375D25B9ACE879FFF7F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9152EB49-E410-440D-8E4A-B85D3AD54F42" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma Regan 1913:282" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apistogramma</taxonomicName>
described from Peru, the addition of
<taxonomicName id="8C37A7287393E2B98075B2E27DECBF0C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7CFA4993-8E99-49CD-B443-E996E33F538C" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma eremnopyge Ready &amp; Kullander 2004:2" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eremnopyge">A. eremnopyge</taxonomicName>
makes this 12. The valid number of species in the genus is therefore now 53. As such, Peruvian species account for more than 20 percent of all
<taxonomicName id="6CE783A8E848465A3A82853A3E7EE770" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9152EB49-E410-440D-8E4A-B85D3AD54F42" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma Regan 1913:282" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apistogramma</taxonomicName>
. The combined area of the Ucayali,
<normalizedToken id="E822021B0BD631D4F5A810BE14ADBFEA" originalValue="Içá-Putumayo">Ica-Putumayo</normalizedToken>
and
<normalizedToken id="5C70F235A828DC2EF96568CDA8F23379" originalValue="Marañón">Maranon</normalizedToken>
sub-basins found in Peru is approximately 874,565 square kilometers, while the combined area of the Amazon and Orinoco watersheds is 7,098,325 square kilometers (Revenga et al., 1998). The Peruvian distribution accounts for just over 12.3 percent of this area. However, the distribution of
<taxonomicName id="CC463E2E1F186B8A96E0C9D080836254" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:9152EB49-E410-440D-8E4A-B85D3AD54F42" family="Cichlidae" genus="Apistogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apistogramma Regan 1913:282" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apistogramma</taxonomicName>
is larger than the Amazon and Orinoco watersheds. Therefore over 20 percent of species in the genus are described from roughly 10 percent of its geographical distribution. This relatively high species richness may be representative of true biological diversity in the region, or may represent a collection deficit in regions elsewhere which are more remote. The Andean Amazon has been recognized as the number one hotspot for terrestrial biodiversity with 20,000 endemic plant species (Mittermeier et al., 1998). The region may also be a major hotspot for freshwater biodiversity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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