317 lines
41 KiB
XML
317 lines
41 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AAF6C9E0B92A6253E90118A7CE82E890">Notes on the nesting of three species of Megachilinae in the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, UAE</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AF68DF05FE37AAF39153BDC32875FB85">Gess, Sarah Kathleen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0D371E8F7D136534A39D53F7B48AA9C8">Albany Museum and Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6139 South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="CD8A421164C88D1B4E2833D207D9AC9C" type="email">s.gess@ru.ac.za</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="7BEAC48C3F4B6132AE2389446154B775">Roosenschoon, Peter Alexander</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6AF607111E21E9BEE2BC0063F197F470">Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve, Dubai, United Arab Emirates</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="6B29FBE6F5ED5EA238071D6D6BBA2DDF">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="00E248332D483613EE0973EA386DA709">2017-02-27</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="25A77401281D2DD0A3FE05724B8556B4">54</mods:number>
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<subSection id="861187B548BF29699709FC079E2E8687" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="results">
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<treatment id="EB99B19A3316D49962E22290A55E233B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154473308" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EB99B19A3316D49962E22290A55E233B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EB99B19A3316D49962E22290A55E233B" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" scope_subFamily="Megachilinae">
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<subSubSection id="03BC60A8895DB6C2FE55877C1D32DF52" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3FD7E085C9E23747EDB080D2F92082EC" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="E1AB935CE1F256CC4E36F7EB4F1F8145" ID-CoL="4NY74" LSID="EB99B19A-3316-D499-62E2-2290A55E233B" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="25E61974AE5E323F50DBA6ED7AF91A84" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="taxonomy">
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<paragraph id="ED06269021B3C0B35A37770083BD7248" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Taxonomy.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DF7C8FEC2C5E0689C0966482986D3CC4" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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The phylogenetic position of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="7EFD27F492D3763D0CCBD30238276F3C" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="70C70FD40DD6575DEF9323E23730C59F" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Pseudoheriades</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is debated. In a molecular phylogeny of the
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<taxonomicName id="60B887E7A48A14B34237A44520DD39D6" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rank="tribe" tribe="Osmiini">Osmiini</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="93D651611B761F51C95A89C4AB32625B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.005" author="Praz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="185 - 197" refId="B22" refString="Praz, CJ, Mueller, A, Danforth, BN, Griswold, TL, Widmer, A, Dorn, S, 2008. Phylogeny and biogeography of bees of the tribe Osmiini (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49: 185 - 197, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.005" title="Phylogeny and biogeography of bees of the tribe Osmiini (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.005" volume="49" year="2008">Praz et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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) this genus was allied with the genus
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<taxonomicName id="5612FBC0C7868B4901B27DB5CD045F43" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Afroheriades" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afroheriades" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="09B39E68F810134E61A3B2BCEAC2392C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Afroheriades</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Both genera were not closely related to the
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<taxonomicName id="0B36B1D25E7F56E63B3A6D193C83EF65" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rank="tribe" tribe="Osmiini">Osmiini</taxonomicName>
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but formed an isolated lineage with currently uncertain phylogenetic affinities. In contrast, in cladistic analyses of morphological characters, these two genera appeared within the
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<taxonomicName id="D6F86973C5CF32DE8BAF8056BB81CBBB" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1808" class="Hexapoda" family="Megachilidae" genus="Heriades" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heriades" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="395ABB59D5B1E88F8BAFF8F6C8281456" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Heriades</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-group of the
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<taxonomicName id="3A692A39A8A51A3F47254B61450D6207" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" lsidName="" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" rank="tribe" tribe="Osmiini">Osmiini</taxonomicName>
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although statistical support for this placement was low. Consequently, the phylogenetic placement of the
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<emphasis id="415FDB0A35DE8DD43106F0B7EAF2D556" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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<taxonomicName id="9F5FB6F0484B2FCA7D34FE8E1A7D0886" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pseudoheriades</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName id="4351650BFAA561FEA5140136D71F593B" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Afroheriades" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afroheriades" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afroheriades</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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lineage within the megachiline phylogeny remains unsettled (see also
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<bibRefCitation id="9732F10C6DA2DC1D5EB52967E8FAFA3D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0365" author="Litman, JR" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="3593 - 3600" refId="B15" refString="Litman, JR, Danforth, BN, Eardley, CD, Praz, CJ, 2011. Why do leafcutter bees cut leaves? New insights into the early evolution of bees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 278: 3593 - 3600, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0365" title="Why do leafcutter bees cut leaves? New insights into the early evolution of bees." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0365" volume="278" year="2011">Litman et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="82863002016A9AE9031ECD67CEEB663D" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="9447CFED2FBFC43CC8DB1085EE8452F8" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3728953C8B5C9CF9EE48923AEC38B551" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Pakistan and India (
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<bibRefCitation id="86057D8AFD79C647EC3604FE795FAE82" author="Ungricht, S" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 253" refId="B25" refString="Ungricht, S, Mueller, A, Dorns, S, 2008. A taxonomic catalogue of the Palaearctic bees of the tribe Osmiini (Hymenoptera; Apoidea: Megachilinae). Zootaxa 1865: 1 - 253" title="A taxonomic catalogue of the Palaearctic bees of the tribe Osmiini (Hymenoptera; Apoidea: Megachilinae)." volume="1865" year="2008">Ungricht et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="D39378E5A200801F516E2972B6CF1420" author="Dathe, H" editor="van Harten, A" journalOrPublisher="2. Dar Al Ummah Printing, Publishing & Advertising, AbuDhabi" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="335 - 432" refId="B4" refString="Dathe, H, 2009. Order Hymenoptera, superfamily Apoidea. In: van Harten, A, Ed., Arthropod fauna of the UAE, vol. 2. Dar Al Ummah Printing, Publishing & Advertising, AbuDhabi: 335 - 432" title="Order Hymenoptera, superfamily Apoidea." volumeTitle="Arthropod fauna of the UAE, vol." year="2009">Dathe 2009</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="C8EB480D53CEEC0FBB7F18EDB60F4ADB" author="Ascher, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe Royale Entomologique d'Egypte" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" publicationUrl="http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species" refId="B2" refString="Ascher, J, Pickering, J, 2016. Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species" title="Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila)." url="http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species" year="2016">Ascher and Pickering 2016</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="77E9A4A51611C532E9E7A492E61B88ED" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="51" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" type="nesting">
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<paragraph id="FE581857C7B34255288ECDC778B9D53E" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Nesting.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="96FD27EFCDDC175C8E959D2B0D66583C" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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The only published information on nesting by
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<taxonomicName id="3569B768A28CCACECE77DD022ED7D368" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="CADCA6520297E29F31A252846F713648" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Pseudoheriades</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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appears to be a brief account of the nesting biology of
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<taxonomicName id="88D210CB43AE3B35B0A39DC335F979E2" baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades moricei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moricei">
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<emphasis id="3829358BECF4E9AF21D367310B0E8C34" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Pseudoheriades moricei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Friese) (
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<bibRefCitation id="329C1DACCBE69534BDB2D1BC61AEFE74" DOI="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.19" author="Krombein, KV" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology" pageId="10" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 18" refId="B13" refString="Krombein, KV, 1969. Life history notes on some Egyptian solitary wasps and bees and their associates (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 19: 1 - 18, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.19" title="Life history notes on some Egyptian solitary wasps and bees and their associates (Hymenoptera: Aculeata)." url="https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.19" volume="19" year="1969">Krombein 1969</bibRefCitation>
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; as
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<taxonomicName id="0F83C6EB6F8843F54EAE51CC2938FCA4" authorityName="Friese" authorityYear="1897" class="Hexapoda" family="Megachilidae" genus="Heriades" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heriades moricei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moricei">
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<emphasis id="3D41CDD8D9A48DE228FE176797B3C93E" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Heriades moricei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Friese) and notes on a nest of
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<taxonomicName id="9CB91D1A8332E7DB42CA8F9A33331E65" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
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<emphasis id="DB9BEBE9AAE487C47FC9488F1E8D428B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="4FF69AC7A24E45E4EAD9A38111D57407" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1206/3864.1" author="Rozen, J" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="11" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 46" refId="B23" refString="Rozen, J, Praz, CJ, 2016. Mature larvae and nesting biologies of bees currently assigned to the Osmiini (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). American Museum Novitates 3864: 1 - 46, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1206/3864.1" title="Mature larvae and nesting biologies of bees currently assigned to the Osmiini (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1206/3864.1" volume="3864" year="2016">Rozen and Praz 2016</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F11EEB484FBD85DFD225658CB4A6A73F" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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Krombein described the construction of four nests of
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<taxonomicName id="E45CEF136C7F41640B9EC7004B445CC7" baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades moricei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moricei">
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<emphasis id="69DB3D18732E4A192623B7EBF7FDC68B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Pseudoheriades moricei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in trap-nests positioned variously on a vine-covered summer-house, a trellis and the trunk of a casuarina tree in gardens at three sites in Egypt. The cells, of the same diameter as the borings, were in linear series. The partitions capping the cells, dividing vestibular cells, and the closure of the nest were of resin or resin mixed with tiny pebbles.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B340B46485CF0212EE5C9EC10527D011" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
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The nest of
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<taxonomicName id="32F45BBA34C8C0084EC99F3A793BE5BA" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
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<emphasis id="B32CF9157EB68E15C2488B78A19731C1" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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described by Rozen and Praz is based on notes, nest fragments and cocoons pinned with adults from the UAE preserved at Logan, Utah. Their figures 64 and 65 show two adults, one a female pinned with a leaf covered nest cell and a male pinned with a petal covered nest cell from which they had emerged. It was recorded that cell partitions within the leaf covering and petal covering were constructed from resin. It was not clear whether the leaves and petals had been placed by the female
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<taxonomicName id="5C2C5CF3A79C0A1B318B36EACA2B3D5E" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
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<emphasis id="434C9E61F44E924320A5EE1290AB45FA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
or whether, as suggested by Praz, the trap-nest had been previously occupied by a different megachilid. The use of a pre-existing cavity, and the use of resin are the only similarities with the nest from the DDCR.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2528612B5DB05D9653CF496463B5927D" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The notes presented here on nesting by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5C86F1A3486E7ACD08D2F7DA6BB6A62" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="34865F7E6BDC1A16FCDBFB9FC4D131C0" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="49">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the DDCR provide the first detailed observations on nest structure for this species. The nest was constructed in a trap-nest of 9.5 mm bore, part of the bundle attached near the base of
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="94D4DBB9F68A957381B0BD88D4EBD092" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" start="start">the</pageBreakToken>
|
||
trunk of a date palm at the Camel Farm. It consisted of a cluster of cells constructed from a mixture of sand and resin. The cells free from the walls of the boring were ovoid, approximately 6 mm in length and at the widest point 3.5 mm in width with the wall approximately 1 mm in thickness. Those constructed against the Perspex cover were incompletely constructed, the Perspex forming part of the cell wall (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="343CC262747F051F977D6E164B5DCE2D" captionStart="Figures 17–19" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 17 - 19. 17 a-c Cells of Pseudoheriades grandiceps in trap-nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm 18 Nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps after emergence of imagines, visible trapped between their natal nest and a nest of Megachile maxillosa which usurped trap-nest 3 19 Pseudoheriades grandiceps, imago (actual approx. 7 mm) from nest." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures17-19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124073" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">17a-c</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="761547D8B85D41C95E4124F1F2B75251" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
||
That no leaves or petals formed part of the nests of either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="20A99AC90E662B01CD6D9D1D72E1E6E6" baseAuthorityName="Friese" baseAuthorityYear="1897" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades moricei" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="moricei">
|
||
<emphasis id="6F33B0E2E4C6BCF4858BA12FA57AD58A" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Pseudoheriades moricei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described by Krombein nor that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1A6C84441A9D1E02CEC42402B2135994" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="A9B196F93523578880AA7FBBE1883E96" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described in the present contribution confirms the suggestion that the leaves and petals present in the nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6E1EF26EDB98080A302E0932C3AF79C" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="5576BDF67051F1B92DC496CFA42B65F6" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nest described by Rozen and Praz were present in the trap nest before the female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="153D72EA0DF5978424668DF9EF56B629" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="0D55D83D47FF1CBDF68D5CA065B6C92B" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
started her nesting activities and that she had constructed her cells within the walls of cells of another megachilid that had previously occupied the cavity. Furthermore that the cells, composing the nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="47810F584FB4B186B6780E60DCAA6296" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="E6D17F2424201D110F89126C894AFA32" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
here described, were in a boring of larger diameter than the cells and that the cells were not constructed in linear series but were grouped to form a cluster suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EFA16A8162129BB3F176EC69297663FF" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="261FA3D10BB6B7E12A3228F2C0C9998F" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be found to nest in cavities other than straight borings.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E46B3F97AA70014217F2D3EB9914155E" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="500FC96451998BA4C228A777A6749F9C" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Nesting progress.</emphasis>
|
||
The first cell had been constructed by 27 April and by 2 May five cells had been constructed. Sometime later the boring was usurped for nesting by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="96534A8D4818470581467E431D4AF0CD" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="FCF653224ADF2F5CD4E0702E43FA5A42" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="DC4F310CB899BFC9F6180BFD77D6CBF1" captionStart="Figures 8–15" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 8 - 15. 8 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing Megachile maxillosa initiating a cell 9 Trap-nest 1 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing two closed cells of Megachile maxillosa followed by leaf pieces, presumed to be those of a leaf cutting Megachile sp. 10 Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 28 April 2015, showing first cell being provisioned by the builder, Megachile maxillosa 11 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 27 April, showing one open cell being provisioned by Megachile maxillosa 12 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 28 April 2016, showing two closed provisioned cells with Megachile maxillosa initiating a third cell 13 Trap nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps at inner end followed by three-celled nest of Megachile maxillosa 14 Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing final seal of nest of Megachile maxillosa 15 Megachile maxillosa female imago (actual length approx. 22 mm) with open cocoon." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures8-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124071" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">13</figureCitation>
|
||
). When the nest was inspected in early April 2016 no imagines had emerged but by May imagines had emerged from all of the cells (Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="7F3B837793ACFE07B34256EC02A3867D" captionStart="Figures 17–19" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 17 - 19. 17 a-c Cells of Pseudoheriades grandiceps in trap-nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm 18 Nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps after emergence of imagines, visible trapped between their natal nest and a nest of Megachile maxillosa which usurped trap-nest 3 19 Pseudoheriades grandiceps, imago (actual approx. 7 mm) from nest." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures17-19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124073" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">18</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="EDB2A2BB94B5EB0B9E21AAFE3D9A1BB0" captionStart="Figures 17–19" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 17 - 19. 17 a-c Cells of Pseudoheriades grandiceps in trap-nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm 18 Nest of Pseudoheriades grandiceps after emergence of imagines, visible trapped between their natal nest and a nest of Megachile maxillosa which usurped trap-nest 3 19 Pseudoheriades grandiceps, imago (actual approx. 7 mm) from nest." figureDoi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures17-19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124073" pageId="7" pageNumber="50">19</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="092419461C0EF100E092BB36554BC3AF" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6365BDECD3AE30869BF9F32417D6928" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="BBC7D12146DCC6715D149514FB432101" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" start="start">Provision</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The identity of the pollen used in provisioning was not established. In order not to damage the cells the Perspex sheet was not removed until after the imagines had emerged.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="62A594D907E05C1F067AA4C4DBE37845" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" type="associates">
|
||
<paragraph id="1F1671F563F20BDBA43BD804E187A185" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Associates.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4C5AF143FA3856501075D3F7906A26C2" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Three specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="85AE123BEC29712704C55D6C1816F28F" class="Hexapoda" genus="Zonitoschema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Zonitoschema iranica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iranica">
|
||
<emphasis id="14CB5DBB3F0E0E059007C0A77F8676AD" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Zonitoschema iranica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Kasab, 1959 (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="18422771F49F563E3DB263033F997EAA" authorityName="Gyllenhaal" authorityYear="1810" class="Hexapoda" family="Meloidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Meloidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from Ras al-Khaymah in the United Arab Emirates were recorded as having been reared from a nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08F87DED64934607E5CBC4B97A7FF96E" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="22C56D4D8199A6E5F1F4AAE0BF2DFDD2" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5755B17B50F0AAEE12AFE33A82834CA9" author="Batelka, J" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Prague" pageId="9" pageNumber="52" pagination="241 - 268" refId="B3" refString="Batelka, J, Bologna, AA, 2014. A review of the Saharo-Sindian species of the genus Zonitoschema (Coleoptera: Meloidae), with descriptions of new species from Tunisia, Yemen and Socotra Island. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Prague 54: 241 - 268" title="A review of the Saharo-Sindian species of the genus Zonitoschema (Coleoptera: Meloidae), with descriptions of new species from Tunisia, Yemen and Socotra Island." volume="54" year="2014">Batelka and Bologna 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C750BAAC6BBDEEF7107C1CA4D65E1C36" ID-Zenodo-Dep="989093" doi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures8-15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124071" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" start="Figures 8–15" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph id="1479F0C1BE41DDADFA2F510F1094EF87" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="579115E27AE1FCB5AD97EBF29647C566" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Figures 8-15.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="F6C7FB41182A8EC12CDE69025B708C15" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">8</emphasis>
|
||
Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCED6F29EF72EE994A1A8F4729573D00" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="8732CB30C42ECBC7EF6407063EDFB862" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
initiating a cell
|
||
<emphasis id="E718B851E7A0CB251E989138FD7FE0B0" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">9</emphasis>
|
||
Trap-nest 1 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 27 April 2015, showing two closed cells of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="497156C359388F7606D6B881B1DD609D" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="623B62CED6D92136F2F32BE2430D5B75" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
followed by leaf pieces, presumed to be those of a leaf cutting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AAD4496D5EA63513EDADA5D6E499D0C5" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2894CFCE873B185B96C177A5ED9E06A8" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Megachile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<emphasis id="5D31E806F1B91D0B7DF065E009FD0DCC" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">10</emphasis>
|
||
Trap-nest 2 of trap-nest bundle at Tawi Ruwayyan on 28 April 2015, showing first cell being provisioned by the builder,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2E0DCDEB89CEA5D849EE501F8B9B5FCA" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B8A1722E7919C9BCDC0FD6EACBB9EA5D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="E706B55A459B8C2AEFD56F613C84D6FC" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">11</emphasis>
|
||
Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 27 April, showing one open cell being provisioned by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1B2CE88DEC7AB4A4BD0AE19ACCAB8DAE" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0B38283DBC138C2E1A511C6C86442373" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B6F027A0969349463ABD1DEAB1FA189F" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">12</emphasis>
|
||
Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm on 28 April 2016, showing two closed provisioned cells with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D44939DCC750FDB196B932DC57B5AA4A" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="55D9C01859E2FA7F720763EC7952D27E" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
initiating a third cell
|
||
<emphasis id="93ED5F9998C2C1A099E9117A51A5743A" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">13</emphasis>
|
||
Trap nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="393CC66EF7C5ECFE030AE91B5AAA6FE6" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="0972BF0C2D94676571F6BA2C95FDE11D" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at inner end followed by three-celled nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14491886B82E6966788B10613BCC3F92" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBEC14DCD151D0BE09EA006945578911" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="4150275063E17F1D1079B12CA51576A8" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">14</emphasis>
|
||
Trap-nest 4 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm showing final seal of nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="631DC321CCA4D76EC0787B057BA5993D" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6DC173B845BB99F5FA2039296016BE1" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="CB63974861772E1344D58B8008302B70" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">15</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD748BD664D0DC218F284E7B7679C260" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="FD173E03D9B8188E9C9D78E22391EDE0" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
female imago (actual length approx. 22 mm) with open cocoon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="A8761284E1B02702CBA274711425C241" ID-Zenodo-Dep="989095" doi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124072" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" start="Figure 16" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph id="203F7A5AD4A93438FC8B51744A90F340" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECE18D1EDCB8D5AEE8B87D7D7BD2D5AB" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Figure 16.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F6261FAD006456D422D446848B775DFE" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile patellimana" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="patellimana">
|
||
<emphasis id="CE3DC48426BC6648B33CF6C29919A928" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Megachile patellimana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: female (actual length approx. 16 mm) with a leaf piece (green and fresh when collected) and female (actual length approx. 16 mm) with cut lengths of plastic, one from female and the rest from her nesting burrow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="6A2B41908EDE1C0492630E3DF07552EF" ID-Zenodo-Dep="989097" doi="10.3897/jhr.54.11290.figures17-19" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/124073" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" start="Figures 17–19" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8D5973C59A78E6E7D7AB10D7EDF4E4D1" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="F9829C11B6ACACAB6527A249C75931A6" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Figures 17-19.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="C7AA191D406D6697E09CB4185ECD1CC1" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">17a-c</emphasis>
|
||
Cells of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6042DDA9E38DDBF9D26357892E317055" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="3319884E641D53AE664AC3A99EC8BAF2" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in trap-nest 3 of trap-nest bundle at the Camel Farm
|
||
<emphasis id="556FA6402A145E17A87EAF6215E753E8" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">18</emphasis>
|
||
Nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EBDEFE0E1DB88886FF384129B30AE9AA" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="0020FD5B2FC7426AE43BDFFC06CAF997" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
after emergence of imagines, visible trapped between their natal nest and a nest of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DFA9EF3220FB54C8B6E537791B395BB4" class="Insecta" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Megachile" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Megachile maxillosa" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maxillosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CC8563FD10D01C72603C32D9F10D34E1" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Megachile maxillosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which usurped trap-nest 3
|
||
<emphasis id="DB63C03F251ADD4711D3E91D5C23AB6C" bold="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">19</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D797695AD135E714D305DC60A23EDE16" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Megachilidae" genus="Pseudoheriades" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pseudoheriades grandiceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="679B89F0C0F2228B13851D54FA3DAD40" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="51">Pseudoheriades grandiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, imago (actual approx.7mm) from nest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |