treatments-xml/data/AF/BD/B5/AFBDB5C593D0E6C8CE0C5AA9AC5AC3CB.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489" ID-PMC="PMC4547026" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-55-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" ID-PubMed="26312044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576322" ModsDocID="1314-2003-55-1" checkinTime="1451251384199" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mitchell, John D. &amp; Daly, Douglas C." docDate="2015" docId="AFBDB5C593D0E6C8CE0C5AA9AC5AC3CB" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 55: 1-92" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 55" docPubDate="2015-08-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489" docTitle="Spondias purpurea L., Sp. pl., ed. 2, 1: 613. 1762." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" masterDocTitle="A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics" masterLastPageNumber="92" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1668141444944" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Mitchell, John D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458 - 5126</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">johndanmitchell@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart>Daly, Douglas C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458 - 5126</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:number>2015-08-05</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152026235" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AFBDB5C593D0E6C8CE0C5AA9AC5AC3CB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AFBDB5C593D0E6C8CE0C5AA9AC5AC3CB" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName LSID="AFBDB5C5-93D0-E6C8-CE0C-5AA9AC5AC3CB" authority="L., Sp. pl., ed. 2, 1: 613. 1762." authorityName="L., Sp. pl., ed. 2, 1: 613. 1762." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">Spondias purpurea L., Sp. pl., ed. 2, 1: 613. 1762.</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Leaflets of Spondias species, showing details of the margin (insets): Spondias dulcis (Ayala &amp; Criollo 3982, NY); Spondias macrocarpa (Thomas et al. 6823, NY); Spondias mombin (Acevedo 6037, NY); Spondias globosa (Neill &amp; Palacios 7079, NY); Spondias radlkoferi narrow-leaflet form (Crane 458, LL) and broad-leaflet form (Contreras 6976, LL); Spondias purpurea (Grijalva 770, NY); Spondias testudinis (Lao Magin 112, NY); Spondias tuberosa (Carvalho et al. 3767, NY); Spondias venulosa (Stehmann 20855, NY)." pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Figs 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leaf architecture of Spondias purpurea. A Concave-convex tooth B Intramarginal vein (from Madsen 63428, NY)." pageId="35" pageNumber="36">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Leaf architecture of Spondias purpurea (contd.). A Tooth B Intersecondary vein C Irregularly spaced, arcuate secondaries. (from Madsen 63428, NY)." pageId="35" pageNumber="36">, 4</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Flowers of Spondias purpurea. A Staminate flower at anthesis (left), and same with corolla removed B Disk, staminode, and stamen C Pistillate flower at anthesis (left), and same in longisection through center plus articulated pedicel. A-B from Sidwell et al. 589 (NY) C from Daly 137 (NY)." pageId="35" pageNumber="36">, 14</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Fruits of Neotropical Spondias. Spondias dulcis (dry fruit: Berlin 870, NY; and longisection: unvouchered photo), Spondias macrocarpa (dry fruit: Thomas et al. 6823, NY), Spondias expeditionaria (endocarp and fresh fruit: Lorenzi s. n., NY), Spondias mombin (dry fruit: Mostacedo 2941, NY; endocarp: Moraes 1046, NY), Spondias globosa (fresh fruit [top], dry fruit, and endocarp: Daly et al. 8472, NY), Spondias purpurea (fresh fruit: unvouchered photo; dry fruit: Moreno 2827, NY; endocarp: Magallanes 3887), Spondias admirabilis (dry fruit: Farney et al. 4046, NY), Spondias radlkoferi (dry fruit: Nee 6729, NY; endocarp: Moran 6291, NY), Spondias testudinis (fresh and dry fruit; Daly et al. 7559, NY), Spondias tuberosa (fresh fruit: from Morton, 1987; dry fruit: Mattos Silva 2299, NY), and Spondias venulosa (fresh fruit: from photo in Lorenzi, 1998; dry fruit: Araujo 7828, NY)." pageId="35" pageNumber="36">, 16</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Distribution of Spondias purpurea." pageId="35" pageNumber="36">, 22</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias myrobalanus" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrobalanus">Spondias myrobalanus</taxonomicName>
L., Fl. jamaic. 16. 1759, nom. illegit. (based on same type as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spondias purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, vide 
<bibRefCitation author="Jarvis, C" journalOrPublisher="Linnean Society of London / The Natural History Museum, London" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="B77" refString="Jarvis, C, 2007. Order out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types. Linnean Society of London/The Natural History Museum, London" title="Order out of Chaos: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types" year="2007">Jarvis 2007</bibRefCitation>
: 871; not homotypic with 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias myrobalanus" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrobalanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spondias myrobalanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L., Syst. nat., ed. 10, 2: 1036. 1759). Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spondias purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias myrobalanus" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="myrobalanus">Spondias myrobalanus</taxonomicName>
sensu Jacq., Select. stirp. amer. hist., 139, t. 88. 1763, non L., Fl. jamaic., 1759.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias cirouella" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cirouella">Spondias cirouella</taxonomicName>
sensu Tussac, Fl. Antill. 3: 37, t. 8. 1824, excl. synonyms of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. J. G. H. Kostermans" authorityYear="1991" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias jocote-amarillo" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jocote-amarillo">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spondias jocote-amarillo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kosterm., Kedondong, Ambarella, Amra - The 
<taxonomicName family="Anacardiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Spondioideae">Spondioideae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Anacardiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
) in Asia and the Pacific area: 27. 1991, nom. nov. based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias cirouella" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cirouella">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spondias cirouella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Tussac).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">Spondias purpurea</taxonomicName>
Type [icon]: Tussac, Fl. Antill. 3: 37, t. 8. 1824 (lectotype, designated by Kostermans, l.c.: 27).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Engl" authorityYear="1874" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Warmingia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Warmingia pauciflora" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pauciflora">Warmingia pauciflora</taxonomicName>
Engl. in Mart., Fl. bras. 12(2): 281, t. 57. 1874.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">Spondias purpurea</taxonomicName>
Type. Peru. Tarapoto (cult.), Jul 1855, Spruce 4093 (lectotype: K!, here designated; isolectotypes: C, GH!, P!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mexicana" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mexicana">Spondias mexicana</taxonomicName>
S. Watson, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 22: 403. 1887.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">Spondias purpurea</taxonomicName>
Type. Mexico. Jalisco: Tequila, Aug-Sep 1886, E. Palmer 408 (lectotype: US-2 sheets!, here designated; isolectotypes: GH!, K!, NY!, PH!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea subsp. var. var. munita" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="purpurea" subSpecies="var." variety="munita">Spondias purpurea L. var. munita</taxonomicName>
I.M. Johnst., Sargentia 8: 182-183. 1949.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">Spondias purpurea</taxonomicName>
Type. Panama. San 
<normalizedToken originalValue="José">Jose</normalizedToken>
Island, Perlas Archipelago (55 mi. SSE of Balboa), 29 Mar 1945, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">I.M. Johnston 573</emphasis>
(lectotype: US!, here designated; isolectotype: GH!).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName authorityName="A. J. G. H. Kostermans" authorityYear="1991" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias negrosensis" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="negrosensis">Spondias negrosensis</taxonomicName>
Kosterm., Kedondong, Ambarella, Amra - The Spondiadeae (
<taxonomicName family="Anacardiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
) in Asia and the Pacific area: 27. 1991.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">Spondias purpurea</taxonomicName>
Type. Philippines, Luzon, Rov. Rizal, Panay, Merrill, Sp. blancoan. 639 (holotype: BO n.v.; isotypes: NY!, US!, W!).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="type">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Type</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
[icon]. &quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Myrobalanus minor folio fraxini alato, fructu purpureo</emphasis>
&quot; etc. (lectotype, designated by Bornstein in 
<bibRefCitation author="Howard, RA" journalOrPublisher="Fl. Lesser Antilles [R. A. Howard]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="B72" refString="Howard, RA, 1989. . Fl. Lesser Antilles [R. A. Howard] Vol. 5" volume="Vol. 5" year="1989">Howard 1989</bibRefCitation>
: Sloane, Voy. Jamaica 2: 126, t. 219, Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Leaf architecture of Spondias purpurea. A Concave-convex tooth B Intramarginal vein (from Madsen 63428, NY)." pageId="35" pageNumber="36">3</figureCitation>
- 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Leaf architecture of Spondias radlkoferi. A Intersecondary vein B Arcuate secondary C Area of highly branched sclereids (from Mitchell 120, NY)." pageId="35" pageNumber="36">5</figureCitation>
. 1725. (Typotype): herb. Sloane 7: 66 (BM-SL!)).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName genus="Dioecious" lsidName="Dioecious trees" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="trees">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Dioecious trees</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, sometimes shrubby and broadly branching, often deciduous for long periods, reproductive height 3-15 m.Trunk 10-50 cm diam, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">outer bark</emphasis>
pinkishgray to dark gray, smooth or ornamented with corky spinose projections to 6.2 cm long (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Johnston 964</emphasis>
, GH), sometimes with spinose short shoots; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">inner bark</emphasis>
whitish with brown striations. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Trichomes</emphasis>
of three types: uncinate to crispate (rarely erect) 0.1-0.2 mm long, erect bristles to 0.05 mm long (only sometimes on calyx), and capitate glandular hairs (when present, on bract margin, distally on pedicel, and on calyx). Often leafless for extended periods. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Leaves</emphasis>
2-13jugate, 6-28 cm long; petiole 2-5.2 cm long, rachis sometimes subalate, petiole and rachis glabrous or with dense uncinate hairs; lateral petiolules 1-4 mm long, the terminal one to 15 mm long, hairs as on rachis; basal leaflets 1.4-5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.9-2.6 cm, obovate, other laterals 3-6.8 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1-2.7 cm, elliptic, oblanceolate, or obovate, terminal leaflet 2.6-5.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
1.1-2.9 cm, obovate; leaflet apex obtuse to acute, occasionally retuse or slightly acuminate, the acumen to 5 mm long, apex tip mucronate and glandular, often breaking off; lateral lamina usually medially and basally asymmetric, the acroscopic side of base obtuse, the basiscopic side cuneate or attenuate, basal insertion symmetric and decurrent, leaflets chartaceous and dull; margin flat, entire to serrulate toward apex, the teeth irregularly spaced, concavo-convex, the tooth apex setose (setae often deciduous). 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Inflorescences</emphasis>
axillary and trees often ramiflorous, developing before or during leaf flush, staminate inflorescences 1-16 cm long, 2-3 mm diam near base with secondary axes to 1.4 cm long, the pistillate inflorescences 1-4.5 cm long with secondary axes to 8 mm long; axes glabrous or with sparse to dense uncinate hairs; bracts subtending inflorescences to 1.5 mm long, those subtending secondary axes to 1-2 mm long, bracteoles 0.6-0.8 mm long, lanceolate to ovate, apex acute; pedicel (0.5) 1.7-3.6 mm long, portion distal to articulation 0.3-1 mm long, the distal portion sometimes with capitate glandular hairs. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Calyx</emphasis>
1-1.6 mm long overall, aestivation quincuncial, lobes 0.7-1 mm long, rotund to broadly ovate, usually red to purple (Fonnegra &amp; Corral 1633, NY), abaxially with sparse to dense erect bristles to 0.05 mm, the margin ciliate; corolla aestivation quincuncial, petals 2.5-3(3.5) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.85-1.2 mm, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly ovate, apex acute, usually red to purple, sometimes yellow, cream, or white, glabrous, the margin ciliate with straight to curved whitish hairs to 0.1 mm, suberect at anthesis; in 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">staminate flowers</emphasis>
the stamens suberect, the antesepalous and antepetalous ones 2-2.35 and 1.45-1.7 mm long, respectively, the anthers 0.8-1 mm and 0.65-0.85 mm long, respectively, in dorsiventral view broadly oblong to ovate, in lateral view oblong, the disk 0.25-0.5 mm tall, 0.4-0.7 mm thick, summit rugose and outer margin crenellate, pink; pistillode consisting of (3)4-5 erect, awn-shaped, parenchymatous styles 0.6-1 mm long; in 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">pistillate flowers</emphasis>
the antesepalous and antepetalous staminodes 2.3-2.5 and 1.5-2 mm, respectively, the anthers 0.4-0.55 and 0.5-0.6 mm, respectively, in dorsiventral view broadly oblong (antesepalous ones) or ovate (antepetalous ones), in lateral view oblong; disk 0.4-0.6 mm tall, 0.25-0.5 mm thick, summit very slightly undulate and outer margin nearly entire; pistil 1-1.5 mm long, depressed-ovoid to subcylindrical overall, tinged red toward apex, divided less than half its length into thickly subulate, divergent styles ca. 0.3-0.8 mm long, shorter than the ovary and separated by the flat roof of the ovary, each terminating in a thin, introrse, obovate stigma. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fruits</emphasis>
2.5-5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
0.5-3 cm (dry), oblong to obovoid, maturing yellow to (reddish) orange or red, the surface smooth, often glossy; pyrene oblong, bony. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Seedlings</emphasis>
(Magallanes 3887, NY) with linear cotyledons (
<bibRefCitation author="Duke, JA" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="314 - 350" publicationUrl="10.2307/2394796" refId="B41" refString="Duke, JA, 1965. Keys for the identification of seedlings of some prominent woody species in eight forest types in Puerto Rico. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 52: 314 - 350, DOI: 10.2307/2394796" title="Keys for the identification of seedlings of some prominent woody species in eight forest types in Puerto Rico." url="10.2307/2394796" volume="52" year="1965">Duke 1965</bibRefCitation>
), first eophylls alternate and trifoliate, serrate, subsequent ones pinnate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Leaflet venation</emphasis>
: Fimbrial vein absent; secondary veins 5-10 pairs, usually arcuate, spacing decreasing toward apex and increasing toward base, angle acute and slightly irregular but increasing toward apex and decreasing toward base, insertion excurrent or decurrent; intersecondaries average &lt;1 per intercostal area, perpendicular to midvein and slightly acroflexed; epimedial tertiaries 1 per intercostal area, perpendicular to midvein; intercostal tertiary fabric irregular-reticulate and strongly admedially ramified; quaternaries irregular-reticulate and freely ramified, areolation at tertiary and quaternary ranks, FEVs highly branched, dendritic, with some terminal thickening; marginal ultimate venation mostly looped; on abaxial side the midvein and secondaries flat to prominulous, glabrous except midvein often sparsely pubescent toward the base, the surface sparsely to densely micro-pustulate, on adaxial side the midvein prominulous and secondaries flat to prominulous, glabrous except the midvein sparsely to densely pubescent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spondias purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
naturally grows in tropical deciduous forests from NW Mexico to Panama and possibly N Colombia; its cultivated distribution extends well beyond its native distribution, and its true range is complicated by its long association with humans. In some areas where the species has been assumed to be native, some evidence suggests that it has been introduced; for example, 
<bibRefCitation author="Janzen, DH" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="131 - 155" publicationUrl="10.1017/S0266467400000195" refId="B75" refString="Janzen, DH, 1985. Spondias mombin is culturally deprived in megafauna-free forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 1: 131 - 155, DOI: 10.1017/S0266467400000195" title="Spondias mombin is culturally deprived in megafauna-free forest." url="10.1017/S0266467400000195" volume="1" year="1985">Janzen (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported that 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spondias purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
co-occurred in Guanacaste Province in Costa Rica, but he observed that the former was usually found near roads and trails. Miller (
<bibRefCitation author="Miller, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="12801 - 12806" publicationUrl="10.1073/pnas.0505447102" refId="B117" refString="Miller, AJ, Schaal, B, 2005. Domestication of a Mesoamerican cultivated fruit tree, Spondias purpurea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (36): 12801 - 12806, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505447102" title="Domestication of a Mesoamerican cultivated fruit tree, Spondias purpurea." url="10.1073/pnas.0505447102" volume="102" year="2005">Miller and Schaal 2005</bibRefCitation>
) and others have noted that 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spondias purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
produces fruit parthenocarpically where it is not native, and it is known that the species is propagated asexually in many places, but the observations of Janzen and others suggests that it can reproduce sexually outside its native range.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Spondias purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
grows in highly seasonal tropical (semi-)deciduous forests (
<bibRefCitation author="Miller, AJ" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="1757 - 1767" publicationUrl="10.3732/ajb.93.12.1757" refId="B116" refString="Miller, AJ, Knouft, JH, 2006. GIS-based characterization of the wild and cultivated niches of a Mesoamerican fruit tree, Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae). American Journal of Botany 93: 1757 - 1767, DOI: 10.3732/ajb.93.12.1757" title="GIS-based characterization of the wild and cultivated niches of a Mesoamerican fruit tree, Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae)." url="10.3732/ajb.93.12.1757" volume="93" year="2006">Miller and Knouft 2006</bibRefCitation>
), and it appears to thrive best in dry conditions; for example, at Chamela Biological Reserve in Jalisco, Mexico, it was much less abundant in semi-deciduous forest than in adjacent deciduous forest (
<bibRefCitation author="Mandujano, S" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Biologia Tropical" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="107 - 114" refId="B107" refString="Mandujano, S, Gallina, S, Bullock, SH, 1994. Frugivory and dispersal of Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 42: 107 - 114" title="Frugivory and dispersal of Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico." volume="42" year="1994">Mandujano et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
), where it is sympatric with 
<taxonomicName class="Equisetopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Bursera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Bursera" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Bursera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Cyrtocarpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cyrtocarpa procera" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="procera">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Cyrtocarpa procera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="P.Browne" authorityYear="1756" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Comocladia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Comocladia" order="Sapindales" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Spermatophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Comocladia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<bibRefCitation author="Lott, EJ" editor="Noguera, F" journalOrPublisher="Instituto de Biologia, UNAM, Mexico City" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="99 - 136" refId="B99" refString="Lott, EJ, 2002. Lista anotada de las plantas vasculares de Chamela-Cuixmala. In: Noguera, F, Vega Rivera, J, Eds., Historia natural de Chamela. Instituto de Biologia, UNAM, Mexico City: 99 - 136" title="Lista anotada de las plantas vasculares de Chamela-Cuixmala." volumeTitle="Historia natural de Chamela." year="2002">Lott 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Still, it thrives in a broad range of habitats and soil types, and its cultivated range is primarily in more humid environments. It has been found (probably cultivated) at elevations up to 1200 m in both Mexico and Ecuador.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Given this 
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
broad distribution, its known phenology is broken down by region. Mexico: flowering Dec-Aug, fruiting May-Sep; Central America: flowering Dec-Sep, fruiting Mar-Oct; NW South America west of the Andes: flowering Feb-Oct; remainder of N South America: flowering (Jan) Sep-Nov.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Several studies in Mexico have shown that this species is markedly deciduous and flowers when leafless, while the fruits mature near the interface of the dry/leafless and 
<pageBreakToken pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="start">wetter</pageBreakToken>
/leafy seasons. In Sinaloa, the trees were leafless from Jan-May, flowering in Feb-Mar and fruiting in Jun, and in Puebla the trees were leafless Jan-Apr, flowering Dec-Jan and fruiting Apr-May (
<bibRefCitation author="Cuevas, JA" editor="Hernandez-Bermejo, JE" journalOrPublisher="FAO, Rome" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="111 - 115" refId="B35" refString="Cuevas, JA, 1994. Spanish plum, red mombin (Spondias purpurea). In: Hernandez-Bermejo, JE, Leon, J, Eds., Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Different Perspective. FAO, Rome: 111 - 115" title="Spanish plum, red mombin (Spondias purpurea)." volumeTitle="Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Different Perspective." year="1994">Cuevas 1994</bibRefCitation>
), while in Chamela (Jalisco) the trees were leafless Nov-Jun, flowering in Feb and the fruits maturing in May (
<bibRefCitation author="Bullock, SH" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="22 - 35" publicationUrl="10.2307/2388716" refId="B25" refString="Bullock, SH, Solis-Magallanes, A, 1990. Phenology of canopy trees of a deciduous forest in Mexico. Biotropica 22: 22 - 35, DOI: 10.2307/2388716" title="Phenology of canopy trees of a deciduous forest in Mexico." url="10.2307/2388716" volume="22" year="1990">
Bullock and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Solís-Magallanes">Solis-Magallanes</normalizedToken>
1990
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Spondias purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
dispersal was studied in detail by 
<bibRefCitation author="Mandujano, S" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Biologia Tropical" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="107 - 114" refId="B107" refString="Mandujano, S, Gallina, S, Bullock, SH, 1994. Frugivory and dispersal of Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 42: 107 - 114" title="Frugivory and dispersal of Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) in a tropical deciduous forest in Mexico." volume="42" year="1994">Mandujano et al. (1994)</bibRefCitation>
in a deciduous forest in Chamela, Mexico. They found that the major dispersers were white-tailed deer, collared peccaries (see also 
<bibRefCitation author="Martinez-Romero, LE" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Mexicana" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 20" refId="B111" refString="Martinez-Romero, LE, Mandujano, S, 1995. Habitos alimentarios del pecari de collar (Pecari tajacu) en un bosque tropical caducifolio de Jalisco, Mexico. Acta Zoologica Mexicana 64: 1 - 20" title="Habitos alimentarios del pecari de collar (Pecari tajacu) en un bosque tropical caducifolio de Jalisco, Mexico." volume="64" year="1995">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martínez-Romero">Martinez-Romero</normalizedToken>
and Mandujano 1995
</bibRefCitation>
), coatis, gray foxes, chachalacas, orioles, and ctenosaurs. At Chamela there was no evidence of bat dispersal, although 
<bibRefCitation author="Lobova, TA" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="1 - 471" refId="B95" refString="Lobova, TA, Geiselman, CK, Mori, SA, 2009. Seed Dispersal by Bats in the Neotropics. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 101: 1 - 471" title="Seed Dispersal by Bats in the Neotropics." volume="101" year="2009">Lobova et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
cite references containing observations of this species being dispersed by several species of bats. White-faced capuchin monkeys were observed dispersing fruits of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Spondias purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at Santa Rosa National Park in Costa Rica (
<bibRefCitation author="Freese, C" journalOrPublisher="Brenesia" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="43 - 56" refId="B53" refString="Freese, C, 1977. Food habits of the white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus L.) (Primates - Cebidae) in Santa Rosa National Park Costa Rica. Brenesia 10-11: 43 - 56" title="Food habits of the white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus L.) (Primates - Cebidae) in Santa Rosa National Park Costa Rica." volume="10 - 11" year="1977">Freese 1977</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
This species has been recorded as being called ciruela or ciruelo in Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico (Jalisco), Puerto Rico, Brazil (as ciriguela), Ecuador, Panama, Honduras, and Bolivia, and called jocote in Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Belize, Panama, Honduras, and El Salvador. Other common names include the following: Bahamas: Hog plum (Howard &amp; Howard 10049, NY); Belize: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="ab-úl">ab-ul</normalizedToken>
(Maya, Balick et al. 2467, NY), huhun (Maya, Lentz et al. 2436, NY), mombin, golden plum, hog plum (Riesema &amp; Beveridge 52208, NY); Colombia, Antioquia: hobo colorado, jobo colorado (Fonnegra G. &amp; Corral 1633, NY); Costa Rica: jocote invierno (Miller &amp; Paschke 206, NY); Dominican Republic: jobo (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Peláez">Pelaez</normalizedToken>
F. 1230, NY); El Salvador: jocote de iguana (Rosales 2198, NY); jocote de pava (Rosales 297, NY; Sandoval 1210, MO); French West Indies: monbin cirouellier (Tussac 3: 37, t. 8. 1824); French Guiana: mope, puune (
<normalizedToken originalValue="Boní">Boni</normalizedToken>
; Fleury 729, NY); sewal (Haitian; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Prévost">Prevost</normalizedToken>
1988, NY); Grenada: Chili plum (Broadway s.n., NY); Guatemala: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="té-pah">te-pah</normalizedToken>
pom, jocote de coche (Castillo &amp; Castillo 1792, NY); Guyana: Surinam plum (Omawale &amp; Persaud 118, NY); Honduras: jocote rojo, tronadora (Miller et al. 149, NY), jobo de chancho (Molina &amp; Molina 35164, NY); Jamaica: plum (Yuncker 18612, NY); Martinique: prune 
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Espagne">d'Espagne</normalizedToken>
(Duss 326, NY); Mexico, Chiapas: xo-ko (Nahuatl, Miller et al. 324, NY); jobo (Miller et al. 327, NY); pitch-kuhl (Popoluca, Miller et al. 323, NY); Guerrero: ciruelo de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="jardín">jardin</normalizedToken>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Germán">German</normalizedToken>
et al. 239, NY); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
: ciruelo del zorro (Hinton 3217, NY); Oaxaca: cuachalalate (Flores M. 1218, NY); Sinaloa: ciruelo de coyote (Gentry 7108, NY); Puebla: guajite (Nahuatl, Mendoza &amp; Amith 1447, NY), ciruela 
<normalizedToken originalValue="simarrón">simarron</normalizedToken>
(Spanish, Mendoza &amp; Amith 1447, NY); Veracruz: ciruelo natural (Miller et al. 314, NY); Nicaragua: walak (Ulwa, Coe 2959, MO) Puerto Rico: jobillo (Little, Jr. 16442, NY); Panama: ciruela san juanero (Miller et al. 294, NY), ciruela morada (Miller et al. 237, NY), jobito (Miller et al. 258, NY), ciruela traqueadora (Miller et al. 241, NY); ciruela amarilla (Miller et al. 252, NY); ciruela de casa (Miller et al. 255, NY); Peru. San Martin: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="ushún">ushun</normalizedToken>
(Schunke Vigo 14495, NY).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="economic botany">
<paragraph pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Economic botany.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
Some cultivated populations preserve genetic diversity of the species which may have been lost from wild populations (
<bibRefCitation author="Miller, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="12801 - 12806" publicationUrl="10.1073/pnas.0505447102" refId="B117" refString="Miller, AJ, Schaal, B, 2005. Domestication of a Mesoamerican cultivated fruit tree, Spondias purpurea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (36): 12801 - 12806, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505447102" title="Domestication of a Mesoamerican cultivated fruit tree, Spondias purpurea." url="10.1073/pnas.0505447102" volume="102" year="2005">Miller and Schaal 2005</bibRefCitation>
); this is due to the highly fragmented and reduced extent of tropical dry forests in Mexico 
<pageBreakToken pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
Central America (
<bibRefCitation author="Mooney, HA" editor="Bullock, SH" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 22" refId="B126" refString="Mooney, HA, Bullock, SH, Medina, E, 1995. Introduction. In: Bullock, SH, Mooney, HA, Medina, A, Eds., Seasonally tropical dry forests. Cambridge University Press: 1 - 22" title="Introduction." volumeTitle="Seasonally tropical dry forests." year="1995">Mooney et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
). In addition to being introduced and possibly naturalized in tropical America, it has also been introduced in the Paleotropics, especially in the Philippines (not coincidentally a former Spanish colony).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
Most cultivated populations of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Spondias purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are apparently parthenocarpic (
<bibRefCitation author="Juliano, JB" journalOrPublisher="Philippine Agriculture" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="15 - 24" refId="B78" refString="Juliano, JB, 1932. The cause of sterility of Spondias purpurea Linn. [sic]. Philippine Agriculture 21: 15 - 24" title="The cause of sterility of Spondias purpurea Linn. [sic]" volume="21" year="1932">Juliano 1932</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Miller, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="12801 - 12806" publicationUrl="10.1073/pnas.0505447102" refId="B117" refString="Miller, AJ, Schaal, B, 2005. Domestication of a Mesoamerican cultivated fruit tree, Spondias purpurea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (36): 12801 - 12806, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505447102" title="Domestication of a Mesoamerican cultivated fruit tree, Spondias purpurea." url="10.1073/pnas.0505447102" volume="102" year="2005">Miller and Schaal 2005</bibRefCitation>
); the major means of propagation is by stem cuttings (
<bibRefCitation author="Cuevas, JA" editor="Hernandez-Bermejo, JE" journalOrPublisher="FAO, Rome" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="111 - 115" refId="B35" refString="Cuevas, JA, 1994. Spanish plum, red mombin (Spondias purpurea). In: Hernandez-Bermejo, JE, Leon, J, Eds., Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Different Perspective. FAO, Rome: 111 - 115" title="Spanish plum, red mombin (Spondias purpurea)." volumeTitle="Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Different Perspective." year="1994">Cuevas 1994</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Macia-Barco, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="449 - 458" publicationUrl="10.1007/BF02866544" refId="B105" refString="Macia-Barco, MJ, Barfod, AS, 2000. Economic botany of Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) in Ecuador. Economic Botany 54: 449 - 458, DOI: 10.1007/BF02866544" title="Economic botany of Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) in Ecuador." url="10.1007/BF02866544" volume="54" year="2000">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Macía-Barco">Macia-Barco</normalizedToken>
and Barfod 2000
</bibRefCitation>
). The species is sometimes grown in large orchards, but it is most commonly planted as a living fence or as individual fruit trees in home gardens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
The primary use is for its fruits, which are eaten raw or made into juices, alcoholic beverages (for flavoring or fermented), or less often preserves (
<bibRefCitation author="Morton, JF" journalOrPublisher="Miami" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" refId="B128" refString="Morton, JF, 1987. Fruits of Warm Climates. Miami" title="Fruits of Warm Climates" year="1987">Morton 1987</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Cuevas, JA" editor="Hernandez-Bermejo, JE" journalOrPublisher="FAO, Rome" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="111 - 115" refId="B35" refString="Cuevas, JA, 1994. Spanish plum, red mombin (Spondias purpurea). In: Hernandez-Bermejo, JE, Leon, J, Eds., Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Different Perspective. FAO, Rome: 111 - 115" title="Spanish plum, red mombin (Spondias purpurea)." volumeTitle="Neglected Crops: 1492 from a Different Perspective." year="1994">Cuevas 1994</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Macia-Barco, MJ" editor="Rios, M" journalOrPublisher="Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito, Ecuador" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" pagination="271 - 281" refId="B104" refString="Macia-Barco, MJ, 1997. El &quot;ovo&quot; (Spondias purpurea L., Anacardiaceae) un arbol frutal con posibilidades socioeconomicas en Ecuador. In: Rios, M, Pedersen, HB, Eds., Uso y Manejo de Recursos Vegetales. Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito, Ecuador: 271 - 281" title="El &quot; ovo &quot; (Spondias purpurea L., Anacardiaceae) un arbol frutal con posibilidades socioeconomicas en Ecuador." volumeTitle="Uso y Manejo de Recursos Vegetales." year="1997">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Macía-Barco">Macia-Barco</normalizedToken>
1997
</bibRefCitation>
). The fruits are reportedly high in vitamin C (
<bibRefCitation author="Koziol, MJ" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="373 - 380" publicationUrl="10.1007/BF02862067" refId="B87" refString="Koziol, MJ, Macia-Barco, MJ, 1998. Chemical composition, nutritional evaluation, and economic prospects of Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae). Economic Botany 52: 373 - 380, DOI: 10.1007/BF02862067" title="Chemical composition, nutritional evaluation, and economic prospects of Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae)." url="10.1007/BF02862067" volume="52" year="1998">
Kolzio and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Macía-Barco">Macia-Barco</normalizedToken>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
). The fruits of cultivated varieties range in color from red, orange, green, or purple; the pulp (mesocarp) is usually thicker, sweeter and less acid than that of wild populations. The leaves and young shoots have been boiled or used in salads (
<bibRefCitation author="Lim, TK" journalOrPublisher="Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="B89" refString="Lim, TK, 2012. . Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants Vol. I. Fruits" volume="Vol. I. Fruits" year="2012">Lim 2012</bibRefCitation>
). Phylogeographic evidence suggests multiple domestications of the species (
<bibRefCitation author="Miller, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="12801 - 12806" publicationUrl="10.1073/pnas.0505447102" refId="B117" refString="Miller, AJ, Schaal, B, 2005. Domestication of a Mesoamerican cultivated fruit tree, Spondias purpurea. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (36): 12801 - 12806, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505447102" title="Domestication of a Mesoamerican cultivated fruit tree, Spondias purpurea." url="10.1073/pnas.0505447102" volume="102" year="2005">Miller and Schaal 2005</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Miller, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="1467 - 1480" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02834.x" refId="B118" refString="Miller, AJ, Schaal, B, 2006. Domestication and the distribution of genetic variation in wild and cultivated populations of the Mesoamerican fruit tree Spondias purpurea L. (Anacardiaceae). Molecular Ecology 15: 1467 - 1480, DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02834.x" title="Domestication and the distribution of genetic variation in wild and cultivated populations of the Mesoamerican fruit tree Spondias purpurea L. (Anacardiaceae)." url="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02834.x" volume="15" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Miller, AJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="463 - 474" publicationUrl="10.3159/08-RA-020R.1" refId="B115" refString="Miller, AJ, 2008. Characterization of a domesticated tree lineage (Spondias purpurea, Anacardiaceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 135: 463 - 474, DOI: 10.3159/08-RA-020R.1" title="Characterization of a domesticated tree lineage (Spondias purpurea, Anacardiaceae) based on nuclear and chloroplast sequence data." url="10.3159/08-RA-020R.1" volume="135" year="2008">Miller 2008</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
A limited number of medicinal uses for the species have been recorded. In French Guiana it has been used to purify the blood (&quot;clarifie le sang,&quot; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Prévost">Prevost</normalizedToken>
1988, NY; plant part and preparation not specified). In Panama, a leaf infusion has been used for skin problems (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Miller et al. 260</emphasis>
, NY). In Sinaloa, Mexico, the leaves are eaten raw (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">H. S. Gentry 7108</emphasis>
, NY). In Nicaragua, a decoction of the bark and leaves is used as an abortifacient and to treat fever, malaria, diarrhea (Coe 2959, MO).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="selected specimens examined">
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">BAHAMAS</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Andros</emphasis>
: Mangrove Cay, along ridge road in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Grant’s">Grant's</normalizedToken>
Town, 23 July 1978, Correll 50042 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">BELIZE</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Cayo District</emphasis>
: Arenal Village, on Guatemalan border near Benque Viejo del Carmen, 17 Aug 1981, Ratter R4669 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">BOLIVIA</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Santa Cruz</emphasis>
: Prov. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Andrés">Andres</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ibánez">Ibanez</normalizedToken>
, 8-10 km S of center of Santa Cruz city, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="south" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-17.866667">17°52'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="63" direction="west" minutes="10" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-63.166668">63°10'W</geoCoordinate>
, 1 Jan 1992, B. Mostacedo 237 (MO); Prov. Velasco, Parque Nacional Noel Kempff M., Campamento La Torre, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="38" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="24" value="-13.64">13°38'24&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="60" direction="west" minutes="47" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-60.795834">60°47'45&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 23 Nov 1993, Quevedo et al. 2548 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">BRAZIL</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Acre</emphasis>
: Mun. Rio Branco, Fazenda Experimental Catuaba, off km 22 of BR-364 (Rio Branco-Porto Velho), 500 m from highway by house along un paved road leading to station, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="south" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-10.1">10°06'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="67" direction="west" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-67.6">67°36'W</geoCoordinate>
, 23 Sep, Daly 13105 (HUFAC, NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Amazonas</emphasis>
: Manaus, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chapéu">Chapeu</normalizedToken>
de Palha, Vila Municipal (cultivated), 22 Dec 1973, Prance &amp; Steward 20105 (NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Bahia</emphasis>
: Mun. Juazeiro, 7 km S of Juazeiro along BR407, grounds of Pousada Juazeiro (cultivated), 
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="south" minutes="25" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-9.416667">9°25'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="40" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-40.583332">40°35'W</geoCoordinate>
, 23 Jan 1993, Thomas et al. 9567 (NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Mato Grosso do Sul</emphasis>
: Mun. Jardim, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Boqueirão">Boqueirao</normalizedToken>
, (cultivated), 14 Mar 2004, Hatschbach et al. 77113 (US). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">COLOMBIA</emphasis>
. Antioquia: Mpio. de Venecia, 4.2 km E of Bolombolo on road to Venecia, Hacienda La Plata (cultivated), 
<geoCoordinate degrees="6" direction="north" minutes="01" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="6.016667">6°01'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="75" direction="west" minutes="48" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-75.8">75°48'W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 920 m, 12 Mar 1987, Zarucchi &amp; Echeverry 4665 (MO, NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Riosucio, Sautata, Parque Nacional Las Katios, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="north" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="7.8333335">7°50'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-77.1">77°06'W</geoCoordinate>
, 90 m, 11 Feb 1992, Palacio 25 (MEDEL); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Huila</emphasis>
: outskirts of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Garzón">Garzon</normalizedToken>
town, near 
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="11" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="57" value="2.1991668">2°11'57&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="75" direction="west" minutes="38" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="59" value="-75.64972">75°38'59&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. ca. 780 m, 23 Oct 2010, (cult.) Daly et al. 13968 (COAH, NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Santa Marta</emphasis>
: Masinga, elev. 250 ft., 27 Mar 1898, H. H. Smith 1746 (GH, NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">COSTA RICA</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Guanacaste</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cantón">Canton</normalizedToken>
Bagaces, Valle del Tempisque, Sen 
<pageBreakToken pageId="38" pageNumber="39" start="start">dero</pageBreakToken>
La Venada y Sendero Guayacancito, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="10.35">10°21'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="85" direction="west" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-85.35">85°21'W</geoCoordinate>
, 24 May 1994, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chavarría">Chavarria</normalizedToken>
958 (NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Puntarenas</emphasis>
: Cabo Blanco Nature Reserve, 0-200 m, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="35" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="9.583333">9°35'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="85" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-85.1">85°06'W</geoCoordinate>
, 1-7 Dec 1969, Burger &amp; Liesner 6667 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">CUBA</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Camaguey</emphasis>
: Cayo Ballenato Grande (cultivated), 22 Mar 1909, Shafer 1035a (NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
Pinar del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Guayabal, 24 Feb. 1911, Britton et al. 9592 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">DOMINICAN REPUBLIC</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">La Vega</emphasis>
: 2-3 km from Higuero (de Bayacanes) toward Jagua Gorda, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="19" direction="north" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="19.25">19°15'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="70" direction="west" minutes="36" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-70.6">70°36'W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 280 m, 29 Sep 1981, Zanoni et al. 16840 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ECUADOR</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Esmeraldas</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Borbón">Borbon</normalizedToken>
, edge of town (
<normalizedToken originalValue="“planted?”">&quot;planted?&quot;</normalizedToken>
), 25 Apr 1943, Little 6366 (NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Guayas</emphasis>
: Isla 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Puná">Puna</normalizedToken>
, path from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Puná">Puna</normalizedToken>
Nueva to Las Pozas, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="south" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-2.75">2°45'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-79.9">79°54'W</geoCoordinate>
, 28 May 1987, J. Madsen 63428 (NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Loja</emphasis>
: Bosque Petrificado de Puyango on Loja side of river, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="south" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-3.9">3°54'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="80" direction="west" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-80.9">80°54'W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 380 m, 24 Aug 1996, Lewis 2520 (MO). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
EL SALVADOR. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ahuachapán">Ahuachapan</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Paz, along Canaleto Road, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="north" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="02" value="13.900556">13°54'02&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 90°01'96&quot;W, elev. 101 m, 6 Mar 2002, Monro et al. 3624 (MO). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FRENCH GUIANA</emphasis>
: Bourg de Maripasoula, basin of Maroni River (cultivated), 
<geoCoordinate degrees="3" direction="north" minutes="37" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="3.6166668">3°37'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="54" direction="west" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-54.083332">54°05'W</geoCoordinate>
, 9 Dec 1988, Fleury 729 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">GRENADA</emphasis>
: St. Patrick, River Sallee, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="12.2">12°12'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="37" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-61.616665">61°37'W</geoCoordinate>
, 15 June 2001, Hawthorne et al. 519 (FHO, NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">GUATEMALA</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Alta Verapaz</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kobán">Koban</normalizedToken>
, elev. 1350 m, 1907, von 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Türckheim">Tuerckheim</normalizedToken>
II=1778 (GH); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Izabal</emphasis>
: Puerto Barrios, ca. 20 km from town on road to Machacas (cultivated), 
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="46" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="15.766666">15°46'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="88" direction="west" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-88.53333">88°32'W</geoCoordinate>
, 9 Mar 1988, Marshall et al. 356 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">GUYANA</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Demerara</emphasis>
: east coast, Nabaclis (cultivated), 30 Jun 1970, Omawale &amp; Persaud 118 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">HONDURAS</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Comayagua</emphasis>
: 75 mi. SW of Salitron, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="58" value="15.016111">15°00'58&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="87" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="14" value="-87.58723">87°35'14&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 15 May 1981, Meigs 1197 (BRIT). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">JAMAICA</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Manchester</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Marshall’s">Marshall's</normalizedToken>
Pen, 2.25 map miles NW of Mandeville, 2300 ft, 8 Jun 1976, Thorne &amp; Proctor 48066 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">MARTINIQUE</emphasis>
: SaintPierre (cultivated), 1879, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Père">Pere</normalizedToken>
Duss 326 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">MEXICO</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Campeche</emphasis>
: Mpio. Calakmul, Zoh-Laguna, elev. 290 m, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="35" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="39" value="18.594168">18°35'39&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="89" direction="west" minutes="24" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="48" value="-89.41334">89°24'48&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 19 May 1997 (MO). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Chiapas</emphasis>
: San Miguel Chimalapa, old road to Sta. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="María">Maria</normalizedToken>
Chimalapa y Cofraclia, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="20" value="16.705557">16°42'20&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="93" direction="west" minutes="31" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="56" value="-93.53223">93°31'56&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 652 m, 14 Jun 2002, Miller et al. 323 (NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Colima</emphasis>
: Manzanillo, 1-31 Dec 1890, Palmer 998 (GH, NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Guerrero</emphasis>
: Mun. Eduardo Neri (Zumpango del 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
), Amyaltepec, between there and Xalitla, Puerto el Rancho, hill E of intersection of roads to Amyaltepec, Xalitle, San Juan, toward 
<normalizedToken originalValue="río">rio</normalizedToken>
Tepecuacuilco, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="58" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="00" value="17.966667">17°58'00&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="west" minutes="31" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="50" value="-99.530556">99°31'50&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 900 m, 4 Oct 2001, Amith &amp; Hall 241 (NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Jalisco</emphasis>
: Chamela: Mpio. La Huerta, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Estación">Estacion</normalizedToken>
de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Biología">Biologia</normalizedToken>
, Chamela (UNAM), 12 Dec 1982, Bullock 1061 (MO); San Francisco de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ixcatán">Ixcatan</normalizedToken>
, Paso de Guadalupe (cult. from wild-collected seed), elev. 934 m, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="20" direction="north" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="16" value="20.837778">20°50'16&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="103" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="37" value="-103.32694">103°19'37&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 23 May 2002, Miller et al. 275 (NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<normalizedToken originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Dto. Temascaltepec, Tejupilco, elev. 1340 m, 27 Jan 1933, Hinton 3217 (A, NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Michoacán">Michoacan</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Mun. Apatzingan, Chiquihuitillo, ca. 5 km SE of Apatzingan along road to Nueva Italia (cultivated), 257 m, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="19" direction="north" minutes="00" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="31" value="19.008612">19°00'31&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="102" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="16" value="-102.33778">102°20'16&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 2 Jun 2002, Miller &amp; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Avila-Días">Avila-Dias</normalizedToken>
306 (NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Nayarit</emphasis>
: Mun. Tepic, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guadalajara-Mazatlán">Guadalajara-Mazatlan</normalizedToken>
highway, elev. 632 m, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="21" direction="north" minutes="37" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="02" value="21.617222">21°37'02&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="104" direction="west" minutes="58" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="03" value="-104.9675">104°58'03&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 24 May 2002, Miller et al. 279 (MO, NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Oaxaca</emphasis>
: Mpio. San Miguel Chimalapa, old trail to Sta. Maria Chimalapa y Coraclia (cultivated), 
<geoCoordinate degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="52" value="16.714445">16°42'52&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="94" direction="west" minutes="14" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="53" value="-94.248055">94°14'53&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 125 m, 13 Jun 2002, Miller et al. 322; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Sinaloa</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Culiacán">Culiacan</normalizedToken>
and vicinity, Laguna Colorado, 21 Oct 1944, H. Gentry 7108 (GH, NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Sonora</emphasis>
: Quirosoba, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Fuerte 17 Mar 1935, Gentry 1435 (A); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Veracruz</emphasis>
: km 28 of Tuxtepec-Valle Nacional road (cultivated), elev. 684 m, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="37" value="17.876945">17°52'37&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="96" direction="west" minutes="12" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="04" value="-96.20111">96°12'04&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 10 
<pageBreakToken pageId="39" pageNumber="40" start="start">Jun</pageBreakToken>
2002, Miller et al. 314 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">NICARAGUA</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Boaco</emphasis>
: N slope of Cerro Mombachito and adjacent plain, between Cerro and main road (Boaco-Camoapa), ca. 
<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="24" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="12.4">12°24'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="85" direction="west" minutes="32" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-85.53333">85°32'W</geoCoordinate>
, 8 Oct 1979, Stevens &amp; Grijalva 14724 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">PANAMA</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Bocas del Toro</emphasis>
: Punta 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Peña">Pena</normalizedToken>
(cultivated), 
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="54" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="52" value="8.914444">8°54'52&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="82" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="10" value="-82.18611">82°11'10&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 90 m, 30 Aug 2001, Miller et al. 258 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Darién">Darien</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Mamey Village, 8 Mar 1982, Whitefoord &amp; Eddy 434 (BM). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">PERU</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Cusco</emphasis>
: La 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Convención">Convencion</normalizedToken>
, Dist. Echarate, Papelpata, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="south" minutes="45" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="45" value="-12.7625">12°45'45&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="03" value="-72.58417">72°35'03&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 320 m, 28 Feb 2008, Suclli et al. 2926 (MO); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Loreto</emphasis>
: Yurimaguas, lower 
<normalizedToken originalValue="río">rio</normalizedToken>
Huallaga, elev. 135 m, 22 Aug-9 Sep 1929, Killip &amp; Smith 27661 (NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Cajamarca</emphasis>
: San Ignacio, San 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martín">Martin</normalizedToken>
del Chinchipe, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="5" direction="south" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="16" value="-5.321111">5°19'16&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="78" direction="west" minutes="41" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="55" value="-78.69861">78°41'55&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 1000 m, 15 Sep 1999, Flores et al. 151 (MO); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Cusco</emphasis>
: La 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Convención">Convencion</normalizedToken>
, Dist. Huayopata, Abra de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Málaga">Malaga</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="20" value="-13.138888">13°08'20&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="72" direction="west" minutes="18" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="16" value="-72.30445">72°18'16&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 370 m, 3 Dec 2003, Valenzuela et al. 2457 (NY); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
San 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Martín">Martin</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
: Pongo de Cainarachi, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="río">rio</normalizedToken>
Cainarachi, tributary of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="río">rio</normalizedToken>
Huallaga, elev. 230 m, Sep-Oct 1932, Klug 2610 (A, NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">PUERTO RICO</emphasis>
: Mun. Ciales, Reserva Tres Picachos, N of Road 533 at km marker 3.5, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="18.232705" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="18.232704">18.232705° N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="66.540775" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-66.54077">66.540775°W</geoCoordinate>
, elev. 630 m, 20 Aug 2008, Atha et al. 6690 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ST THOMAS</emphasis>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bluebeard’s">Bluebeard's</normalizedToken>
Castle (cultivated), 1-9 Mar 1924, Britton &amp; Britton 218 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">TRINIDAD</emphasis>
: Tahaquite, 30 Oct 1918, Broadway s.n. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">UNITED STATES</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Florida</emphasis>
. Miami: in pinelands, 1-30 Nov 1904, Small 2283 (NY). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">VENEZUELA</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Aragua</emphasis>
: Tovar, valley of Macarao, elev. 1000 m, 1854-55, Fendler 1308 (GH); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">D.F.</emphasis>
: Caracas and vicinity, elev. 3000-3500 ft., 20 Jan 1921, Bailey &amp; Bailey s.n. (NY).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Although this species often occurs in dry forests and although local populations may be threatened, we consider this species to be of Least Concern because it has a relatively broad range, moreover it is widely cultivated.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias purpurea" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpurea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Spondias purpurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most distinctive of the species occurring in the Neotropics. It is strictly dioecious and often ramiflorous, the inflorescence a pseudoracemose panicle or botryoid (versus a much-branched panicle), the calyx red, the petals petals red to purple (yellow in one cultivar), spreading to suberect at anthesis (vs. white to cream to greenish-yellow and reflexed), the disk often pink, and styles much less than half the length of the pistil. Moreover, it usually flowers before (not during or after) leaf flush, the sepals are slightly imbricate at base and rotund to ovate vs. apert and deltate or less often triangular, and the stigmas are slightly introrse to capitate (vs. extrorse) as the ovary develops.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>