333 lines
41 KiB
XML
333 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document id="72565BA0BA75EE396422FD116E845F4E" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5352660" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5352660" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630208527114" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Dunford, James C." docDate="2009" docId="03FC87C67B1CFF82FF6CFE75FD64DB4D" docLanguage="en" docName="0090.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2009 (90)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC.3:InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleId="6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Speyeria mormonia" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="46" masterDocId="FFC5FFBE7B32FFADFFACFFD0FFFED816" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic overview of the greater fritillary genus Speyeria Scudder and the atlantis - hesperis species complexes, with species accounts, type images, and relevant literature (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)" masterLastPageNumber="74" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1699186102529" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="39268AFADB77DE715848FA0CF118DD90">
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<mods:title id="0CAAEB64E5A622B407BC384B4F58C594">Taxonomic overview of the greater fritillary genus Speyeria Scudder and the atlantis - hesperis species complexes, with species accounts, type images, and relevant literature (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="76C8CF9268F54C7E782F81660EC9C53C">Dunford, James C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="D0C9B311DF7C427723BEF0E994E46D8B">Insecta Mundi</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F9C4F146CE05BD88B2CD18184A58A12A">
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<mods:date id="C24BED818BDF9A24F574E11F8449380A">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="168E7D5DB8D4FBFED902E3424B22D0FF">2009-09-26</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="78C27A747E61E128F6E4AD1CCAE2D1B5" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="6F7AD07C9A8C232E1AF7B7AB1786AD77">2009</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6EE82008BAC901D9636FE22C79A9380C">90</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="7485B75DC1688E749C5D15550325A73F">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="34619EF020CEC63FF310B99DB1482C93">74</mods:end>
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<mods:identifier id="4BA06955A5873039FB2B0682D29608A3" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5352660</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0A89B928A12C6E3C8C609D3BBDCFE8AF" type="ISSN">1942-1354</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03FC87C67B1CFF82FF6CFE75FD64DB4D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5450599" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5450599" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC87C67B1CFF82FF6CFE75FD64DB4D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FC87C67B1CFF82FF6CFE75FD64DB4D" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B1CFF83FF6CFE75FD4CD9AD" box="[192,690,419,444]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B1CFF83FF6CFE75FD4CD9AD" blockId="46.[192,690,419,475]" box="[192,690,419,444]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
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<heading id="D0A281BC7B1CFF83FF6CFE75FD4CD9AD" bold="true" box="[192,690,419,444]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" reason="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FF6CFE75FD4CD9AD" ID-CoL="4YKGM" authority="(Boisduval, 1869)" baseAuthorityName="Boisduval" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[192,690,419,444]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FF6CFE75FD4CD9AD" bold="true" box="[192,690,419,444]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FF6CFE75FE36D9AA" bold="true" box="[192,456,421,444]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Speyeria mormonia</emphasis>
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1CFF83FE78FE73FD54D9AD" author="Boisduval, J. B. A. D." box="[468,682,419,443]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" pagination="37 - 94" refId="ref34560" refString="Boisduval, J. B. A. D. 1869. Lepidopteres de la Californie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 12: 1 - 28, 37 - 94." type="journal article" year="1869">Boisduval, 1869</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B1CFF83FF6CFE13FE8AD9CD" box="[192,372,451,475]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B1CFF83FF6CFE13FE8AD9CD" blockId="46.[192,690,419,475]" box="[192,372,451,475]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
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(
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<figureCitation id="136E2A557B1CFF83FF64FE13FEBDD9CD" box="[200,323,451,475]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[200,284,862,884]" captionTargetBox="[192,1446,192,842]" captionTargetId="figure-241@12.[192,1447,192,843]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Habitus images of adult Speyeria spp., each image with dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view. A) Speyeria diana, male. B) Speyeria diana, female. C) Speyeria zerene gunderi (Comstock), male; Nevada. D) Speyeria callippe harmonia dos Passos and Grey, male; Nevada. E) Speyeria mormonia artonis (Edwards), male; Nevada. Images by James C. Dunford." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5352670" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5352670/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Figure 5E</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="136E2A557B1CFF83FEE1FE13FE95D9CD" box="[333,363,451,475]" captionStart="Figure 46-48" captionStartId="74.[192,276,1132,1154]" captionTargetBox="[190,1443,200,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-18@74.[190,1443,194,1095]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="Figure 46-48. Type images for Speyeria spp.; dorsal, ventral, and label images. 46) Speyeria hesperis capitanensis holotype, described as Speyeria atlantis capitanensis, male, AMNH. 47) Speyeria hydaspe lectotype, described as Argynnis Hydaspe, male, NMNH. 48) Speyeria mormonia lectotype, described as Argynnis Mormonia, male, NMNH. Image 46 by James C. Dunford; 47-48 by Robert Robbins." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5352688" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5352688/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">48</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B1CFF83FF6CFDD4FC5ADA2D" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B1CFF83FF6CFDD4FD4EDA0D" blockId="46.[192,932,515,571]" box="[192,688,515,539]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
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||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB4511FE7B1CFF83FF6CFDD4FD4EDA0D" box="[192,688,515,539]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF410C17B1CFF83FF6CFDD4FD52DA0D" author="Boisduval, J. B. A. D." box="[192,684,515,539]" page="58" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" year="1869">
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FF6CFDD4FD52DA0D" ID-CoL="93QRP" authority="Boisduval, 1869: 58" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityPageNumber="58" authorityYear="1869" box="[192,684,515,539]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
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||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FF6CFDD4FE4BDA0D" box="[192,437,516,539]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Argynnis Mormonia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1CFF83FE17FDD3FD52DA0D" author="Boisduval, J. B. A. D." box="[443,684,515,539]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" pagination="37 - 94" refId="ref34560" refString="Boisduval, J. B. A. D. 1869. Lepidopteres de la Californie. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 12: 1 - 28, 37 - 94." type="journal article" year="1869">Boisduval, 1869: 58</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B1CFF83FF6CFDF4FC5ADA2D" blockId="46.[192,932,515,571]" box="[192,932,547,571]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FF6CFDF4FDC1DA2D" ID-CoL="4YKGM" authority="(Boisduval)" baseAuthorityName="Boisduval" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[192,575,547,571]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FF6CFDF4FE53DA2D" box="[192,429,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Speyeria mormonia</emphasis>
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(Boisduval)
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</taxonomicName>
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[
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1CFF83FDE0FDF3FC66DA2D" author="dos Passos C. F. & L. P. Grey" box="[588,920,547,571]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 29" refId="ref35825" refString="dos Passos C. F., and L. P. Grey. 1945 a. A genitalic survey of Argynninae (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). American Museum Novitates 1296: 1 - 29." type="journal article" year="1945">dos Passos and Grey 1945a</bibRefCitation>
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].
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B1CFF83FF6CFDB3FB86DA6D" box="[192,1144,611,635]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B1CFF83FF6CFDB3FB86DA6D" blockId="46.[192,1144,611,635]" box="[192,1144,611,635]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FF6CFDB3FE5CDA6D" bold="true" box="[192,418,611,635]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Common names.</emphasis>
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Mormon fritillary, mormonia fritillary, mountain fritillary.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34F655B7B1CFF82FF6CFD73FD64DB4D" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B1CFF83FF6CFD73FDE4DACD" blockId="46.[192,1440,675,731]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
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||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FF6CFD73FE65DAAD" bold="true" box="[192,411,675,699]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Type deposited.</emphasis>
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B3D3C8D7B1CFF83FE0EFD74FDE4DACD" location="National Museum of Natural History" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
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||
<typeStatus id="54EE88727B1CFF83FE0EFD74FDE5DAAA" box="[418,539,676,700]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
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(male) designated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1CFF83FC86FD73FB85DAAD" author="dos Passos C. F. & L. P. Grey" box="[810,1147,675,699]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref35903" refString="dos Passos C. F., and L. P. Grey. 1947. Systematic catalogue of Speyeria (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) with designations of types and fixations of the type localities. American Museum Novitates 1370: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1947">dos Passos and Grey (1947)</bibRefCitation>
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at
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<location id="8E8A600B7B1CFF83FB0FFD73FE7BDACD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FC87C67B1CFF82FF6CFE75FD64DB4D:8E8A600B7B1CFF83FB0FFD73FE7BDACD" name="National Museum of Natural History" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">National Museum of Natural History</location>
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||
(
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<figureCitation id="136E2A557B1CFF83FE3FFD13FDF3DACD" box="[403,525,707,731]" captionStart="Figure 46-48" captionStartId="74.[192,276,1132,1154]" captionTargetBox="[190,1443,200,1095]" captionTargetId="figure-18@74.[190,1443,194,1095]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="Figure 46-48. Type images for Speyeria spp.; dorsal, ventral, and label images. 46) Speyeria hesperis capitanensis holotype, described as Speyeria atlantis capitanensis, male, AMNH. 47) Speyeria hydaspe lectotype, described as Argynnis Hydaspe, male, NMNH. 48) Speyeria mormonia lectotype, described as Argynnis Mormonia, male, NMNH. Image 46 by James C. Dunford; 47-48 by Robert Robbins." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5352688" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5352688/files/figure.png" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Figure 48</figureCitation>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B1CFF83FF6CFCD3FACEDBCD" blockId="46.[192,1440,771,988]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
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<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FF6CFCD3FE83DB0D" bold="true" box="[192,381,771,795]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
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<typeStatus id="54EE88727B1CFF83FF6CFCD3FEFBDB0D" box="[192,261,771,795]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Type</typeStatus>
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locality.
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</emphasis>
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<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FE28FCD3FE1DDB0D" box="[388,483,771,795]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Oregon</collectingRegion>
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. Defined by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1CFF83FDD7FCD3FC31DB0D" author="dos Passos C. F. & L. P. Grey" box="[635,975,771,795]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref35903" refString="dos Passos C. F., and L. P. Grey. 1947. Systematic catalogue of Speyeria (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) with designations of types and fixations of the type localities. American Museum Novitates 1370: 1 - 30." type="journal article" year="1947">dos Passos and Grey (1947)</bibRefCitation>
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as Salt Lake City, Salt Lake County,
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<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FF6CFCF3FEFCDB2D" box="[192,258,803,827]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Utah</collectingRegion>
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. However,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1CFF83FE2EFCF3FDF6DB2D" author="Grey, L. P." box="[386,520,803,827]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref39593" refString="Grey, L. P. 1974. Variation in Speyeria mormonia, or, do subspecies exist? News of the Lepidopterists' Society 5: 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1974">Grey (1974</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1CFF83FDBEFCF3FDB3DB2D" author="Grey, L. P." box="[530,589,803,827]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref39623" refString="Grey, L. P. 1989. Sundry Argynninae concepts revisited (Nymphalidae). Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 43: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
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||
) discussed the possibility that fixation of the
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<typeStatus id="54EE88727B1CFF83FBCEFCF4FB69DB2A" box="[1122,1175,804,828]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
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locality as “Salt Lake” was a mistake and speculated the
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<typeStatus id="54EE88727B1CFF83FDCAFC94FD62DB4A" box="[614,668,836,860]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
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specimen may have been taken from somewhere in
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<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FAB7FC93FA63DB4D" box="[1307,1437,835,859]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">California</collectingRegion>
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. However, he felt it would be hard to prove given the subtle nuances in wing pattern and coloration of
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FF6CFC54FED5DB8D" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1872" box="[192,299,900,923]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FF6CFC54FED5DB8D" box="[192,299,900,923]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Speyeria</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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and also felt no present concepts are disturbed if the locality remains as defined.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1CFF83FAB2FC53FE9FDBAD" author="Miller, L. D. & F. M. Brown" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" refId="ref42869" refString="Miller, L. D., and F. M. Brown. 1981. A catalogue / checklist of the butterflies of America North of Mexico. Memoirs of the Lepidopterists' Society No. 2. 280 p." type="book" year="1981">Miller and Brown (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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||
later defined the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE88727B1CFF83FD9CFC74FD9BDBAA" box="[560,613,932,956]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
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||
locality to the vicinity of Pyramid Lake,
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<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FBEDFC73FB5CDBAD" box="[1089,1186,931,955]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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||
. Emmel et al. (1998a) further defined the
|
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<typeStatus id="54EE88727B1CFF83FE00FC14FE1FDBCA" box="[428,481,964,988]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality to Little Valley, W. of Washoe Lake, Washoe County,
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<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FB66FC13FAD2DBCD" box="[1226,1324,963,987]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Nevada</collectingRegion>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B1CFF83FF6CFBD3FC91DC2D" blockId="46.[192,1440,1027,1084]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
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||
<materialsCitation id="3B3D3C8D7B1CFF83FF6CFBD3FC95DC2D" collectionCode="EX" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FF6CFBD3FE68DC0D" bold="true" box="[192,406,1027,1051]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54EE88727B1CFF83FF6CFBD3FEFADC0D" box="[192,260,1027,1051]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Type</typeStatus>
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label data.
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</emphasis>
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“
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<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FE0AFBD3FD4DDC0D" authority="Bd. Lac Sal" authorityName="Bd. Lac Sal" box="[422,691,1027,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">Mormonia Bd. Lac Sal</taxonomicName>
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;
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED44AE157B1CFF83FD11FBD4FD1DDC0D" box="[701,739,1028,1051]" country="Slovenia" name="The Culture Collection of Extremophilic Fungi" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">EX</collectionCode>
|
||
MUSAEO Dris. BOISDUVAL;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FBF7FBD3FAB0DC0D" authorityName="Boisduval" authorityYear="1869" box="[1115,1358,1027,1051]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Argynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">Argynnis Mormonia</taxonomicName>
|
||
[male] Bdv. ex typ. sp.; Oberthur Collection; Barnes Collection”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B1CFF83FF6CFBB3FDC4DEED" blockId="46.[192,1441,1123,1787]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FF6CFBB3FD13DC6D" bold="true" box="[192,749,1123,1147]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Identification, taxonomy, and variation.</emphasis>
|
||
There are approximately 10 described subspecies in the mormonia complex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FE18FB54FD5FDC8D" box="[436,673,1156,1179]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FE18FB54FD5FDC8D" box="[436,673,1156,1179]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Speyeria mormonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be identified by the smaller size (wingspan
|
||
<quantity id="4CAD9B357B1CFF83FB73FB53FAA7DC8D" box="[1247,1369,1155,1179]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" unit="mm" value="49.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="38.0">38-60 mm</quantity>
|
||
) compared to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FED1FB74FE16DCAD" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1872" box="[381,488,1188,1211]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FED1FB74FE16DCAD" box="[381,488,1188,1211]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Speyeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; on average it is the smallest species in the genus. The antennal clubs are relatively expanded compared to other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FD3AFB14FC9ADCCD" box="[662,868,1219,1243]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FD3AFB14FCFEDCCD" box="[662,768,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Speyeria</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1CFF83FCC5FB14FB7CDCCD" author="Penz, C. M. & D. Peggie" box="[873,1154,1219,1243]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" pagination="451 - 479" refId="ref43772" refString="Penz, C. M. and D. Peggie. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among Heliconiinae genera based on morphology (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Systematic Entomology 28: 451 - 479." type="journal article" year="2003">Penz and Peggie (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FA2BFB14FEC0DCED" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FA2BFB14FEC0DCED" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">S. mormonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had an accessory bursal sac, but this has not been reported previously nor observed in recent dissections I have made. The forewings are short and rounded and there is usually some basal darkening. The dorsal wing surface does not have black scaling on veins but does have a complex pattern of black spots, bars, and chevrons with a black border. The ventral surface of the hindwing disc is pale yellow to pale brown, occasionally greenish in hue (in the Cascades of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FC38FAB3FBD2DD6D" box="[916,1068,1379,1403]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
), but otherwise similar in color to ventral forewing. Black Hills,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FDE7FA53FD0ADD8D" box="[587,756,1411,1435]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
populations have a dark brown disc. The silvering of the ventral hindwing spots is variable within and among populations (spots are partially silvered in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FF6CFA13FEC4DDCD" box="[192,314,1475,1499]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
Sierra
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FE3CFA13FE13DDCD" box="[400,493,1475,1499]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
Mountains or primarily yellow in the Great Basin), and spots tend to be smaller than on most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FECFFA34FE33DDED" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1872" box="[355,461,1508,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FECFFA34FE33DDED" box="[355,461,1508,1531]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Speyeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Populations occur in northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FCEAFA33FC5ADDED" box="[838,932,1507,1531]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
and southeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FB2EFA33FB25DDED" box="[1154,1243,1507,1531]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
where individuals are unsilvered ventrally with a yellow ground color and little pattern. A subspecies isolated in the White Mountains of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FE1FF9F3FDEBDE2D" box="[435,533,1571,1595]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FDB3F9F4FBB7DE2D" authority="(Barnes and McDunnough)" baseAuthorityName="Barnes and McDunnough" box="[543,1097,1571,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mormonia" subSpecies="luski">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FDB3F9F4FD02DE2D" box="[543,764,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">S. mormonia luski</emphasis>
|
||
(Barnes and McDunnough)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is unlike other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FAA9F9F4FA5EDE2D" box="[1285,1440,1572,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FAA9F9F4FA5EDE2D" box="[1285,1440,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">S. mormonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in appearance and bears white, ‘unsilvered’ hindwing spots rather than the usual ‘unsilvered’ condition of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FF6CF9B4FEA0DE6D" box="[192,350,1636,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FF6CF9B4FEA0DE6D" box="[192,350,1636,1659]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">S. mormonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms that have spots filled with brown. Eggs are small and tan-colored (may be yellowish when oviposited and become purplish-tan later). Larvae are brown to gray, or yellowish to orange with black spots and lines. Spines are short and paler at the base. Larval coloration is likely variable throughout the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FE38F914FDC8DECD" box="[404,566,1732,1755]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FE38F914FDC8DECD" box="[404,566,1732,1755]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">S. mormonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to local climatic conditions. See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1CFF83FBA1F913FB5EDECD" author="Grey, L. P." box="[1037,1184,1731,1755]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref39593" refString="Grey, L. P. 1974. Variation in Speyeria mormonia, or, do subspecies exist? News of the Lepidopterists' Society 5: 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1974">Grey (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for discussion on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FA2BF914FEC0DEED" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FA2BF914FEC0DEED" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">S. mormonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subspecies concepts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B1CFF82FF6CF8F3FB26D8ED" blockId="46.[192,1440,1827,1915]" lastBlockId="47.[192,1440,195,251]" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="46" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FF6CF8F3FEE0DF2D" bold="true" box="[192,286,1827,1851]" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Range.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1CFF83FE8FF8F4FDF2DF2D" box="[291,524,1828,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="46" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1CFF83FE8FF8F4FDF2DF2D" box="[291,524,1828,1851]" italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Speyeria mormonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs along the mountainous regions of western North America, from southcentral
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FEB6F893FE90DF4D" box="[282,366,1859,1883]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
south to central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FD9FF893FD53DF4D" box="[563,685,1859,1883]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
in the Sierras, east-central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FC5AF893FBA6DF4D" box="[1014,1112,1859,1883]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
, north-central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FAABF894FA62DF4D" box="[1287,1436,1859,1883]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
, extending east to southwestern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1CFF83FDE6F8B3FD3FDF6D" box="[586,705,1891,1915]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="46" pageNumber="45">Manitoba</collectingRegion>
|
||
and the Dakotas. It occurs at higher elevations and further north than most other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1DFF82FE63FF14FDC6D8CD" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1872" box="[463,568,196,219]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FE63FF14FDC6D8CD" box="[463,568,196,219]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Speyeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1DFF82FDE9FF13FCA0D8CD" author="Opler, P. A. & A. B. Wright" box="[581,862,195,219]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" refId="ref43436" refString="Opler, P. A., and A. B. Wright. 1999. A field guide to Western butterflies. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Company; Boston, Massachusetts. 540 p." type="book" year="1999">Opler and Wright 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; also see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1DFF82FC65FF13FB93D8CD" author="Eriksen, C. H." box="[969,1133,195,219]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="89 - 93" refId="ref38057" refString="Eriksen, C. H. 1962. Further evidence of the distribution of some boreal Lepidoptera in the Sierra Nevada. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 1: 89 - 93." type="journal article" year="1962">Eriksen 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1DFF82FBDBFF13FAF7D8CD" author="Kozial, J." box="[1143,1289,195,219]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="3" refId="ref41833" refString="Kozial, J. 1994. Some unusual fritillaries from Saskatchewan. News of the Lepidopterists' Society 1: 3." type="journal article" year="1994">Kozial 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It occurs at sea level in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1DFF82FEE1FF33FE58D8ED" box="[333,422,227,251]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the sagelands of the Great Basin, and the plains of the Black Hills.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B1DFF82FF6CFEF3FEBADA8D" blockId="47.[192,1440,291,667]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FF6CFEF3FE95D92D" bold="true" box="[192,363,291,315]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Life history.</emphasis>
|
||
Known to occur in mostly subalpine habitat, including Canadian to lower Alpine Zone meadows, moist prairie valleys/meadows, and openings in subarctic forests.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1DFF82FBCAFE94FAA8D94D" box="[1126,1366,324,347]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FBCAFE94FAA8D94D" box="[1126,1366,324,347]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Speyeria mormonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most likely member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1DFF82FE79FEB4FDBED96D" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1872" box="[469,576,356,379]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FE79FEB4FDBED96D" box="[469,576,356,379]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Speyeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to occur in high mountain habitats. Males patrol all day just above the ground in open vegetated areas and in meadows at lower elevations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1DFF82FC5EFE53FB8DD98D" author="Scott, J. A." box="[1010,1139,387,411]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref44669" refString="Scott, J. A. 1975. Mate-locating behavior of western North American butterflies. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 14: 1 - 40." type="journal article" year="1975">Scott 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females lay eggs singly and haphazardly near host plants. Unfed first instar larvae hibernate. Flight period is mid July through October in the southern part of its range, July through August in the northern part. Adults can fly great distances, especially females, and can stray into foothills or the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4991F8327B1DFF82FC64FE33FBC9D9ED" box="[968,1079,483,507]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
plains.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1DFF82FB39FE34FAD3D9ED" author="Boggs, C. L." box="[1173,1325,483,508]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="7 - 15" refId="ref34230" refString="Boggs, C. L. 1986. Reproductive strategies of female butterflies: Variation in and constraints on fecundity. Ecological Entomology 11: 7 - 15." type="journal article" year="1986">Boggs (1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1DFF82FA9BFE33FA78D9ED" author="Boggs, C. L." box="[1335,1414,483,507]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="94 - 97" refId="ref34259" refString="Boggs, C. L. 1987 a. Demography of the unsilvered morph of Speyeria mormonia in Colorado. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 41: 94 - 97." type="journal article" year="1987">1987a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,b, 1988, 1997a,b),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1DFF82FE2CFDD4FD43DA0D" author="Boggs, C. L. & L. A. Jackson" box="[384,701,515,540]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="123 - 127" refId="ref34415" refString="Boggs, C. L. and L. A. Jackson. 1991. Mud puddling by butterflies is not a simple matter. Ecological Entomology 16: 123 - 127." type="journal article" year="1991">Boggs and Jackson (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1DFF82FD50FDD4FBF3DA0D" author="Boggs, C. L. & C. L. Ross" box="[764,1037,515,540]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="433 - 441" refId="ref34488" refString="Boggs, C. L., and C. L. Ross. 1993. The effect of adult food limitations on life history traits in Speyeria mormonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Ecology 74: 433 - 441." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Boggs and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1DFF82FC2CFDD4FBF3DA0D" authority="Dunford, 2009" authorityName="Dunford" authorityYear="2009" box="[896,1037,515,539]" genus="Ross" pageId="47" pageNumber="60" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Ross (1993)</taxonomicName>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provide numerous studies on the ecology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1DFF82FE9AFDF4FE31DA2D" box="[310,463,548,571]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FE9AFDF4FE31DA2D" box="[310,463,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">S. mormonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1DFF82FE77FDF4FCF5DA2D" author="Boggs, C. L. & D. D. Murphy" box="[475,779,547,572]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" pagination="39 - 48" refId="ref34448" refString="Boggs, C. L., and D. D. Murphy. 1997. Community composition in mountain ecosystems: Climatic determinants of montane butterfly distributions. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 6: 39 - 48." type="journal article" year="1997">Boggs and Murphy (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discussed how climate change might affect
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1DFF82FAABFDF4FA5EDA2D" box="[1287,1440,548,571]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FAABFDF4FA5EDA2D" box="[1287,1440,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">S. mormonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals by reducing available nectar sources, with consequent effects on individual reproduction and survival. Montane species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1DFF82FDCEFDB4FCFEDA6D" box="[610,768,612,635]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Speyeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mormonia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FDCEFDB4FCFEDA6D" box="[610,768,612,635]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">S. mormonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be negatively affected by long-term climate warming trends.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B1DFF82FF6CFD13FD98DAED" blockId="47.[192,1440,707,763]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FF6CFD13FE41DACD" bold="true" box="[192,447,707,731]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Larval host plants.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1DFF82FE69FD13FD8FDACD" box="[453,625,707,731]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nuttallii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FE69FD13FD8FDACD" box="[453,625,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Viola nuttallii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1DFF82FDD2FD14FCF2DACD" box="[638,780,707,731]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="palustris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FDD2FD14FCF2DACD" box="[638,780,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">V. palustris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1DFF82FCB5FD14FC6ADACD" box="[793,916,707,731]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="adunca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FCB5FD14FC6ADACD" box="[793,916,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">V. adunca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1DFF82FC0DFD14FBE5DACD" box="[929,1051,707,731]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="adunca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FC0DFD14FBE5DACD" box="[929,1051,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">V. adunca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
variation
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FB3BFD13FAE3DACD" box="[1175,1309,707,731]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">bellidifolia</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C554D537B1DFF82FA86FD14FA5EDACD" box="[1322,1440,708,731]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Violaceae" genus="Viola" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sororia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FA86FD14FA5EDACD" box="[1322,1440,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">V. sororia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1DFF82FF64FD33FEA7DAED" author="Scott, J. A." box="[200,345,739,763]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" refId="ref44819" refString="Scott, J. A. 1986 b. The butterflies of North America: A natural history and field guide. Stanford University Press; Stanford, California. 583 p." type="book" year="1986">Scott 1986b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1DFF82FECFFD33FDA4DAED" author="Robinson, G. S. & P. R. Ackery & I. J. Kitching & G. W. Beccaloni & L. M. Hernandez" box="[355,602,739,763]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" refId="ref44274" refString="Robinson, G. S., P. R. Ackery, I. J. Kitching, G. W. Beccaloni, and L. M. Hernandez. 2002. Hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of America north of Mexico. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute Vol. 69. 824 p." type="book" year="2002">Robinson et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEA36D07B1DFF82FF6CFCF3FD64DB4D" blockId="47.[192,1440,803,859]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">
|
||
<emphasis id="B921EAC27B1DFF82FF6CFCF3FE17DB2D" bold="true" box="[192,489,803,827]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">Adult food resources.</emphasis>
|
||
Sagebrush, rabbitbrush, mud (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1DFF82FCC1FCF3FBFDDB2D" author="Scott, J. A." box="[877,1027,803,827]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" refId="ref44819" refString="Scott, J. A. 1986 b. The butterflies of North America: A natural history and field guide. Stanford University Press; Stanford, California. 583 p." type="book" year="1986">Scott 1986b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC44B217B1DFF82FBA2FCF3FB75DB2D" author="Pyle, R. M." box="[1038,1163,803,827]" pageId="47" pageNumber="46" refId="ref43836" refString="Pyle, R. M. 1995. Field guide to North American butterflies. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.; New York, New York. 924 p." type="book" year="1995">Pyle 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), alpine fleabanes and other composites (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED44AE157B1DFF82FE33FC93FE4ADB4D" box="[415,436,835,859]" name="Tavera, Department of Geology and Geophysics" pageId="47" pageNumber="46">T</collectionCode>
|
||
. C. Emmel in litt.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |