570 lines
69 KiB
XML
570 lines
69 KiB
XML
<document id="C39B0E80D748E8B39777E5A1CCC42076" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.177201" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b658f872-964f-45f5-ab35-6240fa61bddb" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="177201" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459853743278" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Pimenta, Bruno V. S. & Caramaschi, Ulisses" docDate="2007" docId="03BA4849FF82FFC686EDEB00D84CDA44" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01508p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1508" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Frostius erythrophthalmus Pimenta & Caramaschi, 2007, sp.nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="67" masterDocId="FF833031FF83FFC0867AE83ADA23D806" masterDocTitle="New species of toad, genus Frostius Cannatella, 1986, from the Atlantic Rain Forest of Bahia, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="61" pageNumber="62" updateTime="1698225506233" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="A8EDBA53AA1434645738B9109009A6B1" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="330670269479535A28D98E8D4E28032C">
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<mods:title id="6E6C389AA5F8AED826F1B10FE5A83F45">New species of toad, genus Frostius Cannatella, 1986, from the Atlantic Rain Forest of Bahia, Brazil (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="ADBEC069886EA795A10A64D4FFAE22C5" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="783B72B30035D453B2B369D06039276E">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9E01868236BA8C8E4A11EC96E16508F5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="88D623CE21A0F81B2A242F7B636E5313">Pimenta, Bruno V. S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="F5118C94ECBF5F8DF3F0CFB0905145AE" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="578176CB284A5390AF048E38A10DA55C">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3664CC477FD823931F1BD0F549CDD4BD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="A4D6D5EDEA35066571D8A43A9189E173">Caramaschi, Ulisses</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="E13F6FB3952449A974C6E196A0E405BA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="D0AC434C4B7CD73E912C44CA83527DDF" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="B2212F96B74C620A4056A4146CD37717">
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<mods:title id="EE48F309ACED95B18867355455CD4B84">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="5907E7D09F32B73A56D9C5A9A5C63554">
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<mods:date id="93ED204B78163EA83B310D7F35132150">2007</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="817D7B1B549E13FB199CD74824C44F56" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="E2B955FC0DCE4430EA6F8341EB50FD7C">1508</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="49895F0E0BDF352A80CC8F0C7BD270E5" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="83D6A44E9C2799A19FD52BF99CE34D81">61</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="846A6963E552A87B5B379B405B4C544A">68</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="98047BFFA0DC6531DD05FB9604304DA8">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="6622B77AF3F2191F30126FD839691C16" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.177201</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D67128631D2F77E89B4E0AB28223B13D" type="GBIF-Dataset">b658f872-964f-45f5-ab35-6240fa61bddb</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="74E3C92C2FCC4B486FE1B77C3102E607" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="57E92136C040ECFBE8F26CBE98650470" type="Zenodo-Dep">177201</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03BA4849FF82FFC686EDEB00D84CDA44" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5678527" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119362751" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5678527" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03BA4849FF82FFC686EDEB00D84CDA44" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA4849FF82FFC686EDEB00D84CDA44" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<subSubSection id="C309AAD4FF82FFC186EDEB00DB2FDB71" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF82FFC186EDEB00D81ADB52" blockId="1.[151,569,826,887]" box="[151,569,826,852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<heading id="D0E44E33FF82FFC186EDEB00D81ADB52" bold="true" box="[151,569,826,852]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B967254DFF82FFC186EDEB00D81ADB52" bold="true" box="[151,569,826,852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF82FFC186EDEB00DBFFDB52" ID-CoL="6K34L" box="[151,476,826,852]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrophthalmus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B967254DFF82FFC186EDEB00DBFFDB52" bold="true" box="[151,476,826,852]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Frostius erythrophthalmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2549836FF82FFC18799EB00D81ADB52" box="[483,569,826,852]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF82FFC186EDEB67DB2FDB71" blockId="1.[151,569,826,887]" box="[151,268,861,887]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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(
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<figureCitation id="1328E5DAFF82FFC186E5EB67DB20DB71" box="[159,259,861,887]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="2.[151,255,1516,1540]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox-0="[355,1232,997,1490]" captionTargetBox-1="[302,1285,210,1281]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[355,1232,997,1490]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[292,1295,194,1288]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Frostius erythrophthalmus sp. nov. (MNRJ 27245, holotype, SVL 25.6 mm), dorsal and ventral views." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Frostius erythrophthalmus sp. nov. (MNRJ 27245, holotype, SVL 25.6 mm). Dorsal and lateral views of head; ventral views of hand and foot; scale bars represent 5 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/177202/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/177203/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1–2</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C309AAD4FF82FFC186EDEB8AD9D2DD88" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF82FFC186EDEB8ADB15DC1C" blockId="1.[151,1437,941,2022]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="B967254DFF82FFC186EDEB8ADB33DBCC" bold="true" box="[151,272,944,970]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<typeStatus id="54A847FDFF82FFC186EDEB8ADB28DBCC" box="[151,267,944,970]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED02619AFF82FFC18766EB8ADB49DBCC" box="[284,362,944,970]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">MNRJ</collectionCode>
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27245, adult female, from Fazenda Caititu (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE279F98FF82FFC185F4EB8AD9CDDBCC" box="[910,1006,941,970]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" precision="925" value="-14.416667">14o25’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE279F98FF82FFC18584EB8ADE44DBCC" box="[1022,1127,941,970]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" precision="925" value="-39.066666">39o04’W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CEB54BAFF82FFC1820CEB8ADEE6DBCC" box="[1142,1221,944,970]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3599999999999999" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="136.0">136 m</quantity>
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above sea level), Municipality of Uruçuca, State of Bahia,
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<collectingCountry id="F304B9CFFF82FFC18401EBE2D8E6DBF4" box="[635,709,984,1010]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, collected by B.V.S. Pimenta and R.L. Vieira, between
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<date id="FFADDF9FFF82FFC18337EBE2DB12DC1C" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" value="2000-07-19" valueMax="2000-07-22" valueMin="2000-07-19">19 and 22 July 2000</date>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF82FFC186BFEC12D9D2DD88" blockId="1.[151,1437,941,2022]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="B967254DFF82FFC186BFEC12DB69DC44" bold="true" box="[197,330,1064,1090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<typeStatus id="54A847FDFF82FFC186BFEC12DB66DC44" box="[197,325,1064,1090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED02619AFF82FFC1872FEC12DB80DC44" box="[341,419,1064,1090]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">MNRJ</collectionCode>
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27246-27249, four adult females, collected with the
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<typeStatus id="54A847FDFF82FFC18248EC12DEBFDC44" box="[1074,1180,1064,1090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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;
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<collectionCode id="ED02619AFF82FFC182D6EC12DED9DC44" box="[1196,1274,1064,1090]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">MNRJ</collectionCode>
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27250, adult female, from Estação Ecológica Estadual (EEE) Nova Esperança (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE279F98FF82FFC185DEEC69DE20DC6B" box="[932,1027,1104,1133]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" precision="925" value="-13.6">13o36’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE279F98FF82FFC1826AEC69DE5BDC6B" box="[1040,1144,1104,1133]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" precision="925" value="-39.716667">39o43’W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CEB54BAFF82FFC182FFEC69DEECDC6B" box="[1157,1231,1107,1133]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.72" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="472.0">472 m</quantity>
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above sea level), Municipality of Wenceslau Guimarães, State of Bahia,
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<collectingCountry id="F304B9CFFF82FFC18552EC41D950DC93" box="[808,883,1147,1173]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, collected by B.V.S. Pimenta,
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<date id="FFADDF9FFF82FFC182A4EC41DFBBDC93" box="[1246,1432,1147,1173]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" value="2000-03-14">14 March 2000</date>
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;
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<collectionCode id="ED02619AFF82FFC186EDEC99DAC6DCBB" box="[151,229,1187,1213]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">MNRJ</collectionCode>
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35398-35400, one adult male and two adult females, from Parque Estadual (PE) Serra do Conduru, Setor Norte (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE279F98FF82FFC18748ECF4DBB1DCEE" box="[306,402,1227,1256]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" precision="925" value="-14.5">14o30’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE279F98FF82FFC187DAECF4D82BDCEE" box="[416,520,1227,1256]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" precision="925" value="-39.116665">39o07’W</geoCoordinate>
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||
,
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<quantity id="4CEB54BAFF82FFC1846CECF4D841DCEE" box="[534,610,1230,1256]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="320.0">320 m</quantity>
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above sea level), Municipality of Itacaré, State of Bahia,
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<collectingCountry id="F304B9CFFF82FFC1836CECF4DF42DCEE" box="[1302,1377,1230,1256]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, collected by B.V.S. Pimenta,
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<date id="FFADDF9FFF82FFC187AEECCCD89FDD16" box="[468,700,1270,1296]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" value="2004-03-25" valueMax="2004-03-26" valueMin="2004-03-25">25–26 March 2004</date>
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;
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<collectionCode id="ED02619AFF82FFC184B0ECCCD93BDD16" box="[714,792,1270,1296]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">MNRJ</collectionCode>
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44556-44558, two adult males and one adult female, from Serra do Timorante (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE279F98FF82FFC187A7ED1BD81FDD3D" box="[477,572,1310,1339]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" precision="925" value="-14.433333">14o26’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE279F98FF82FFC18437ED1BD895DD3D" box="[589,694,1310,1339]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" precision="925" value="-40.066666">40o04’W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CEB54BAFF82FFC184BCED1BD936DD3D" box="[710,789,1313,1339]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="650.0">650 m</quantity>
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above sea level) and from an unnamed forest patch (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE279F98FF82FFC186DAED76DADCDD60" box="[160,255,1353,1382]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" precision="925" value="-14.416667">14o25’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE279F98FF82FFC18777ED76DB55DD60" box="[269,374,1353,1382]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" precision="925" value="-40.116665">40o07’W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CEB54BAFF82FFC187F9ED76DBECDD60" box="[387,463,1356,1382]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="920.0">920 m</quantity>
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above sea level), both localities at the Municipality of Boa Nova, State of Bahia,
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<collectingCountry id="F304B9CFFF82FFC186EDED4EDAC1DD88" box="[151,226,1396,1422]" name="Brazil" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, collected by C. Canedo and F. Falcão,
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<date id="FFADDF9FFF82FFC184CBED4ED9CEDD88" box="[689,1005,1396,1422]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" value="2006-11-19" valueMax="2006-11-24" valueMin="2006-11-19">19 and 24 November 2006</date>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C309AAD4FF82FFC186BFEDA1DAD5DF40" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF82FFC186BFEDA1D92CDE28" blockId="1.[151,1437,941,2022]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<emphasis id="B967254DFF82FFC186BFEDA1DB67DDB3" bold="true" box="[197,324,1435,1461]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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The species is characterized by: (1) dorsal surfaces dark gray, almost black; (2) ventral surfaces black, except for the yellow ventral face of thighs in life; (3) iris red in life; (4) tympanum large (mean TD/ED 0.69), circular; (5) fingers and toes short, slender, with poorly developed apical discs; (6) dorsal skin rugose, with rounded warts; (7) parotid glands absent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF82FFC186BFEE06DAD5DF40" blockId="1.[151,1437,941,2022]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF82FFC186BFEE06DBDFDE53" box="[197,508,1596,1621]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrophthalmus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B967254DFF82FFC186BFEE06DBDFDE53" box="[197,508,1596,1621]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Frostius erythrophthalmus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B967254DFF82FFC1847FEE01D878DE53" bold="true" box="[517,603,1595,1621]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2549836FF82FFC1847FEE01D878DE53" box="[517,603,1595,1621]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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is readily distinguished from
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<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF82FFC185C4EE06DEB9DE53" box="[958,1178,1596,1621]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pernambucensis">
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<emphasis id="B967254DFF82FFC185C4EE06DEB9DE53" box="[958,1178,1596,1621]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">F. pernambucensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by its dorsal surfaces being dark gray, ventral surfaces black, iris red in life, digits looking short (proximal phalanges of fingers I and IV and of toes I, II, III, and V seem “embedded” into hand and foot), digits slender, with poorly developed apical discs, and tympanum large (mean TD/ED 0.69, range 0.54–0.90), circular. In
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<emphasis id="B967254DFF82FFC18216EE8EDF6EDECB" box="[1132,1357,1716,1741]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF82FFC18216EE8EDF69DECB" box="[1132,1354,1716,1741]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pernambucensis">F. pernambucensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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dorsal and ventral surfaces are brown to light brown, the iris is yellow in life, digits are long, laterally expanded, with developed apical discs, and the tympanum is small (mean TD/ED 0.54, range 0.34–0.66), vertically elliptical (
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<figureCitation id="1328E5DAFF82FFC186E5EF16DAC5DF40" box="[159,230,1836,1862]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,1459,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[159,1429,1459,1867]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Female paratype (MNRJ 35399) of Frostius erythrophthalmus sp. nov. from Parque Estadual Serra do Conduru, Uruçuca, State of Bahia, Brazil (left) and male F. pernambucensis from Serra da Jibóia, Municipality of Santa Terezinha, State of Bahia, Brazil (right)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177204/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C309AAD4FF82FFC386BFEF69DE39DDD4" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF82FFC286BFEF69DB83DBAC" blockId="1.[151,1437,941,2022]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,938]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF82FFC186BFEF69DBD1DF6B" bold="true" box="[197,498,1875,1901]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A847FDFF82FFC187FAEF69DBCDDF6B" box="[384,494,1875,1901]" pageId="1" pageNumber="62" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Body robust, without clear subdivision between head and body in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1328E5DAFF82FFC186E5EF46DAC7DF90" box="[159,228,1916,1942]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1516,1540]" captionTargetBox="[355,1232,997,1490]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[355,1232,997,1490]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Frostius erythrophthalmus sp. nov. (MNRJ 27245, holotype, SVL 25.6 mm), dorsal and ventral views." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177202/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
); head as wide as long; snout truncate in dorsal view, protruding in profile (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1328E5DAFF82FFC18212EF46DE92DF90" box="[1128,1201,1916,1942]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox="[302,1285,210,1281]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[292,1295,194,1288]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Frostius erythrophthalmus sp. nov. (MNRJ 27245, holotype, SVL 25.6 mm). Dorsal and lateral views of head; ventral views of hand and foot; scale bars represent 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177203/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
); nostrils not protuberant, located slightly below the
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF82FFC18459EF9ED8C4DFBB" box="[547,743,1956,1981]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="62">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
|
||
, directed laterally; internarial distance smaller than eye-tonostril distance, eye diameter, and interorbital distance, about the same size of the upper eyelid width, and larger than the tympanum diameter; eye-to-nostril distance approximately equalling eye diameter and larger than the upper eyelid width; interorbital distance about twice the tympanum diameter; tympanum circular, with a weak supratympanic ridge; tympanum large, its diameter 69% of eye diameter; eyes slightly protuberant, upper eyelid width about 65% of interorbital distance; parotid glands and cranial crests absent;
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF81FFC2833BE92ADADAD957" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">canthus rostralis</emphasis>
|
||
straight; loreal region concave; choanae circular, large; tongue long, narrow, adherent by a small portion in front, extensively free behind. Forelimbs long, slender; forearms slightly more robust than arms. Hand (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1328E5DAFF81FFC286E5E9B2DAC4D9A4" box="[159,231,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox="[302,1285,210,1281]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[292,1295,194,1288]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Frostius erythrophthalmus sp. nov. (MNRJ 27245, holotype, SVL 25.6 mm). Dorsal and lateral views of head; ventral views of hand and foot; scale bars represent 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177203/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) large; fingers slender, not fringed nor webbed, with apical discs poorly developed; proximal phalanges of fingers I and IV and of toes I, II, III, and V “embedded” into hand, making fingers look short; relative lengths of fingers I<II<IV<III; finger I thickened at base; finger III with small dermal spines on inner margin; inner metacarpal tubercle large, round, at the base of finger I; outer metacarpal tubercle large, round, subdivided; subarticular tubercles single, round, larger on finger II; supernumerary tubercles present, small. Hindlimbs long, slender; thigh length slightly greater than tibia length, with tibia length about 94% of thigh length; sum of thigh and tibia lengths about 80% of snout-vent length. Foot (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1328E5DAFF81FFC285AAEA42DE34DA94" box="[976,1047,632,658]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1312,1336]" captionTargetBox="[302,1285,210,1281]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[292,1295,194,1288]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Frostius erythrophthalmus sp. nov. (MNRJ 27245, holotype, SVL 25.6 mm). Dorsal and lateral views of head; ventral views of hand and foot; scale bars represent 5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177203/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) large, tarsus-foot length greater than the sum of thigh and tibia lengths; toes slender, not fringed nor webbed, with apical discs poorly developed; proximal phalanges of toes I, II, III, and V “embedded” into foot, making toes look short; relative lengths of toes I<II<V<III<IV; inner metatarsal tubercle large, approximately elliptical; outer metatarsal tubercle half the size of inner tubercle, round; subarticular tubercles single, round; supernumerary tubercles present, approximately the same size as subarticular tubercles, but less protruding; tarsal ridge absent. Dorsum rugose, with scattered, rounded warts; dorsal surfaces of arms and tibiae covered by small tubercles; ventral surfaces finely rugose.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6CA9D7FF81FFC286EDEDD6DF42DE05" box="[151,1377,1516,1540]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177202/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[355,1232,997,1490]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF81FFC286EDEDD6DF42DE05" blockId="2.[151,1377,1516,1540]" box="[151,1377,1516,1540]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF81FFC286EDEDD6DB3ADE02" bold="true" box="[151,281,1516,1540]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF81FFC2875AEDD7D819DE02" box="[288,570,1517,1540]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrophthalmus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF81FFC2875AEDD7D819DE02" box="[288,570,1517,1540]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Frostius erythrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF81FFC28438EDD6D8B3DE02" bold="true" box="[578,656,1516,1540]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2549836FF81FFC28438EDD6D8B3DE02" box="[578,656,1516,1540]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(MNRJ 27245, holotype, SVL 25.6 mm), dorsal and ventral views.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF81FFC286BFEE0DDB8FDEF7" blockId="2.[151,1437,1591,2017]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF81FFC286BFEE0DDB46DE57" bold="true" box="[197,357,1591,1617]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Color in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsum uniformly dark gray, almost black; sides of body grayish-blue, with small yellow dots scattered but concentrated near the inguinal region; gular region, chest, and belly uniformly gray with small yellow scattered dots; ventral surface of thighs with a irregular, elongate, yellow marking. Iris red, with a thin longitudinal black stripe passing over the pupil. Fingers I and II, and toes I, II and III, yellow; outer fingers and toes dark gray.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF81FFC286BFEEC5D8F6DF47" blockId="2.[151,1437,1591,2017]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF81FFC286BFEEC5DBFFDF1F" bold="true" box="[197,476,1791,1817]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Color in preservative.</emphasis>
|
||
In preservative, dark colors are maintained almost as described in life. Yellow markings become cream. Iris becomes dark gray.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF81FFC286BFEF75D8EADF97" blockId="2.[151,1437,1591,2017]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF81FFC286BFEF75D835DF6F" bold="true" box="[197,534,1871,1897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
Measurements of
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A847FDFF81FFC287D9EF75D832DF6F" box="[419,529,1871,1897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
SVL 25.6; HW 8.5; HL 8.4;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F304B9CFFF81FFC28517EF75D982DF6F" box="[877,929,1871,1897]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">IND</collectingCountry>
|
||
2.1;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F304B9CFFF81FFC285A6EF75DE3BDF6F" box="[988,1048,1871,1897]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">END</collectingCountry>
|
||
2.2; ED 2.6; UEW 2.0; IOD 3.5; TD 1.8; HAL 5.5; THL 10.0; TL 9.7; TFL 13.4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF81FFC386BFEFA5D947D97C" blockId="2.[151,1437,1591,2017]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,378]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF81FFC286BFEFA5DB63DFBF" bold="true" box="[197,320,1951,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
There is little variation among the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A847FDFF81FFC2849EEFA5D935DFBF" box="[740,790,1951,1977]" pageId="2" pageNumber="63">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens. In MNRJ 27249 and MNRJ 35398-35400, the head is wider than long; in MNRJ 27247 and MNRJ 35398, the internarial distance is less than the upper eyelid width; the interorbital distance may reach up to two or three times the tympanum diameter; the tympanum diameter varies between 54 and 90% of eye diameter. Tibia length is slightly greater than thigh length in MNRJ 27248-27249; in the other specimens, tibia length varies from 91 to 97% of thigh length. Male specimens have single, subgular, poorly developed vocal sacs. No variation in life color other than the distribution of yellow dots is observed. Females are slightly larger than males. Range, mean, and standard deviation of measurements of females and males are presented in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C691CCE4FF80FFC3857CE95AD97DD97C" box="[774,862,352,378]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,431,455]" captionTargetBox="[159,1386,522,1143]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Range, mean, and standard deviation (SD) of the measurements of Frostius erythrophthalmus sp. nov. (n, number of specimens)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6CA9D7FF80FFC386EDE995DBA8D9EF" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" tableUuid="DF6CA9D7FF80FFC386EDE995DBA8D9EF">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF6CA9D7FF80FFC386EDE995DBA8D9EF" ID-Table-UUID="DF6CA9D7FF80FFC386EDE995DBA8D9EF" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6CA9D7FF80FFC386EDE995DBA8D9EF" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" targetBox="[159,1386,522,1143]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF80FFC386EDE995DBA8D9EF" blockId="3.[151,1436,431,489]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC386EDE995DB28D9C1" bold="true" box="[151,267,431,455]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Range, mean, and standard deviation (SD) of the measurements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF80FFC38582E98ADF36D9C1" box="[1016,1301,432,455]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrophthalmus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC38582E98ADF36D9C1" box="[1016,1301,432,455]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Frostius erythrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC38364E995DF55D9C1" bold="true" box="[1310,1398,431,455]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2549836FF80FFC38364E995DF55D9C1" box="[1310,1398,431,455]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(n, number of specimens).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF80FFC387A9EA30DF49DC71" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<table id="F9130BFFFF80003F86E5EA30DF49DC71" box="[159,1386,522,1143]" gridcols="6" gridrows="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EA30DF49DA27" box="[159,1386,522,545]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EA30D840DA27" box="[467,611,522,545]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Males (n = 3)</th>
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEA30DEC0DA27" box="[965,1251,522,545]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Females (n = 9)</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EA0FDF49DA4A" box="[159,1386,565,588]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EA0FDB32DA4A" box="[159,273,565,588]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Characters</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EA0FD840DA4A" box="[467,611,565,588]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Range</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EA0FD8D3DA4A" box="[691,752,565,588]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Mean</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EA0FD954DA4A" box="[840,887,565,588]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">SD</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEA0FDEC0DA4A" box="[965,1251,565,588]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Range Mean</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EA0FDF49DA4A" box="[1339,1386,565,588]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">SD</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EA5ADF49DA71" box="[159,1386,608,631]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EA5ADB32DA71" box="[159,273,608,631]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">SVL</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EA5AD840DA71" box="[467,611,608,631]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">20.1–20.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EA5AD8D3DA71" box="[691,752,608,631]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">20.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EA5AD954DA71" box="[840,887,608,631]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.32</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEA5ADEC0DA71" box="[965,1251,608,631]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">21.2–25.6 23.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EA5ADF49DA71" box="[1339,1386,608,631]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">1.54</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EAB0DF49DAA7" box="[159,1386,650,673]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EAB0DB32DAA7" box="[159,273,650,673]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">HW</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EAB0D840DAA7" box="[467,611,650,673]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">7.3–7.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EAB0D8D3DAA7" box="[691,752,650,673]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">7.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EAB0D954DAA7" box="[840,887,650,673]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.15</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEAB0DEC0DAA7" box="[965,1251,650,673]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">7.8–8.8 8.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EAB0DF49DAA7" box="[1339,1386,650,673]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.39</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EA8FDF49DACA" box="[159,1386,693,716]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EA8FDB32DACA" box="[159,273,693,716]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">HL</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EA8FD840DACA" box="[467,611,693,716]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">6.7–7.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EA8FD8D3DACA" box="[691,752,693,716]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">7.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EA8FD954DACA" box="[840,887,693,716]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.51</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEA8FDEC0DACA" box="[965,1251,693,716]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">7.4–8.6 8.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EA8FDF49DACA" box="[1339,1386,693,716]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.43</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EADADF49DAF1" box="[159,1386,736,759]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EADADB32DAF1" box="[159,273,736,759]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">IND</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EADAD840DAF1" box="[467,611,736,759]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">1.6–2.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EADAD8D3DAF1" box="[691,752,736,759]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">1.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EADAD954DAF1" box="[840,887,736,759]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.21</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEADADEC0DAF1" box="[965,1251,736,759]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">1.8–2.3 2.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EADADF49DAF1" box="[1339,1386,736,759]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EB30DF49DB27" box="[159,1386,778,801]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EB30DB32DB27" box="[159,273,778,801]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">END</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EB30D840DB27" box="[467,611,778,801]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">2.1–3.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EB30D8D3DB27" box="[691,752,778,801]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">2.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EB30D954DB27" box="[840,887,778,801]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.45</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEB30DEC0DB27" box="[965,1251,778,801]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">2.0–2.5 2.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EB30DF49DB27" box="[1339,1386,778,801]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.19</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EB0FDF49DB4A" box="[159,1386,821,844]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EB0FDB32DB4A" box="[159,273,821,844]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">ED</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EB0FD840DB4A" box="[467,611,821,844]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">1.9–2.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EB0FD8D3DB4A" box="[691,752,821,844]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">2.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EB0FD954DB4A" box="[840,887,821,844]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.12</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEB0FDEC0DB4A" box="[965,1251,821,844]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">1.9–2.7 2.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EB0FDF49DB4A" box="[1339,1386,821,844]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.26</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EB5ADF49DB71" box="[159,1386,864,887]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EB5ADB32DB71" box="[159,273,864,887]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">UEW</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EB5AD840DB71" box="[467,611,864,887]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">1.7–2.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EB5AD8D3DB71" box="[691,752,864,887]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">2.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EB5AD954DB71" box="[840,887,864,887]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.25</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEB5ADEC0DB71" box="[965,1251,864,887]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">1.7–2.4 2.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EB5ADF49DB71" box="[1339,1386,864,887]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.25</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EBB0DF49DBA7" box="[159,1386,906,929]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EBB0DB32DBA7" box="[159,273,906,929]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">IOD</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EBB0D840DBA7" box="[467,611,906,929]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">2.7–3.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EBB0D8D3DBA7" box="[691,752,906,929]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">3.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EBB0D954DBA7" box="[840,887,906,929]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.49</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEBB0DEC0DBA7" box="[965,1251,906,929]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">2.9–4.1 3.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EBB0DF49DBA7" box="[1339,1386,906,929]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.35</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EB8FDF49DBCA" box="[159,1386,949,972]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EB8FDB32DBCA" box="[159,273,949,972]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">TD</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EB8FD840DBCA" box="[467,611,949,972]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">1.4–1.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EB8FD8D3DBCA" box="[691,752,949,972]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">1.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EB8FD954DBCA" box="[840,887,949,972]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.25</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEB8FDEC0DBCA" box="[965,1251,949,972]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">1.2–1.8 1.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EB8FDF49DBCA" box="[1339,1386,949,972]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.24</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EBDADF49DBF1" box="[159,1386,992,1015]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EBDADB32DBF1" box="[159,273,992,1015]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">HAL</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EBDAD840DBF1" box="[467,611,992,1015]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">4.5–5.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EBDAD8D3DBF1" box="[691,752,992,1015]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">5.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EBDAD954DBF1" box="[840,887,992,1015]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.56</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEBDADEC0DBF1" box="[965,1251,992,1015]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">4.9–5.7 5.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EBDADF49DBF1" box="[1339,1386,992,1015]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.29</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EC30DF49DC27" box="[159,1386,1034,1057]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EC30DB32DC27" box="[159,273,1034,1057]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">THL</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EC30D840DC27" box="[467,611,1034,1057]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">8.4–9.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EC30D8D3DC27" box="[691,752,1034,1057]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">8.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EC30D954DC27" box="[840,887,1034,1057]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.40</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEC30DEC0DC27" box="[965,1251,1034,1057]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">8.8–10.2 9.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EC30DF49DC27" box="[1339,1386,1034,1057]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.51</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EC0FDF49DC4A" box="[159,1386,1077,1100]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EC0FDB32DC4A" box="[159,273,1077,1100]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">TL</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EC0FD840DC4A" box="[467,611,1077,1100]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">7.1–8.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EC0FD8D3DC4A" box="[691,752,1077,1100]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">7.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EC0FD954DC4A" box="[840,887,1077,1100]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.55</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEC0FDEC0DC4A" box="[965,1251,1077,1100]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">8.5–9.7 9.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EC0FDF49DC4A" box="[1339,1386,1077,1100]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.44</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3523FB1DFF80003F86E5EC5ADF49DC71" box="[159,1386,1120,1143]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<th id="76F29261FF80003F86E5EC5ADB32DC71" box="[159,273,1120,1143]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">TFL</th>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F87A9EC5AD840DC71" box="[467,611,1120,1143]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">10.1–11.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F84C9EC5AD8D3DC71" box="[691,752,1120,1143]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">11.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8532EC5AD954DC71" box="[840,887,1120,1143]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.92</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F85BFEC5ADEC0DC71" box="[965,1251,1120,1143]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">12.0–13.7 13.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76F29261FF80003F8341EC5ADF49DC71" box="[1339,1386,1120,1143]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">0.51</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF80FFC386BFECFDDE39DDD4" blockId="3.[151,1437,1223,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC386BFECFDDBAEDCE7" bold="true" box="[197,397,1223,1249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF80FFC387EFECF2D8EEDCE7" box="[405,717,1224,1249]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrophthalmus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC387EFECF2D8EEDCE7" box="[405,717,1224,1249]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Frostius erythrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC384ACECFDD90FDCE7" bold="true" box="[726,812,1223,1249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2549836FF80FFC384ACECFDD90FDCE7" box="[726,812,1223,1249]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
occurs in primary or slightly disturbed fragments of the hygrophilous forests of southern Bahia. Fragments at the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A847FDFF80FFC38505ECCAD991DD0C" box="[895,946,1264,1290]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, in the contiguous forests of PE Serra do Conduru, and in the EEE Nova Esperança are well preserved patches of ombrophilous forests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF80FFC386E4ED7ADB1ADD5C" author="Jardim" box="[158,313,1344,1370]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Jardim, J. G. (2003) Uma caracterizacao parcial da vegetacao na regiao sul da Bahia, Brasil. In: Prado, P. I., Landau, E. C., Moura, R. T., Pinto, L. P. S., Fonseca, G. A. B. & Alger, K. (orgs.), Corredor de Biodiversidade na Mata Atlantica do Sul da Bahia. IESB / CI / CABS / UFMG / UNICAMP, Ilheus, CD-ROM." type="book" year="2003">Jardim 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Specimens were found during the night in leaf litter or sitting on the leaves of bushes or bromeliads,
|
||
<quantity id="4CEB54BAFF80FFC38778ED52DBB6DD84" box="[258,405,1384,1410]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9999999999999996" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="0.39999999999999997" valueMax="0.7" valueMin="0.1">0.1 to 0.7 m</quantity>
|
||
above ground. One male was found at
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC38517ED52D9B3DD87" box="[877,912,1384,1409]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CEB54BAFF80FFC385E3ED52D9FEDD84" box="[921,989,1384,1410]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="1.3">1.3 m</quantity>
|
||
above ground climbing on an almost vertical tree trunk. All specimens were found away from water bodies, suggesting an association with bromeliads, as previously observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF80FFC38475ED82DE35DDD4" authority="Cruz and Peixoto 1982" authorityName="Cruz and Peixoto" authorityYear="1982" box="[527,1046,1464,1490]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pernambucensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC38475ED82D8C9DDD7" box="[527,746,1464,1489]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">F. pernambucensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF80FFC38483ED82DE2EDDD4" author="Cruz" box="[761,1037,1464,1490]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Cruz, C. A. G. & Peixoto, O. L. (1982) Sobre a biologia de Atelopus pernambucensis Bokermann, 1962 (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 42, 627 - 629." type="journal article" year="1982">Cruz and Peixoto 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C309AAD4FF80FFC386BFEDE5D99DDE24" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF80FFC386BFEDE5D99DDE24" blockId="3.[151,1437,1223,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC386BFEDE5DB72DDFF" bold="true" box="[197,337,1503,1529]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The name of the species is composed by the Greek words “
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC38273EDDADE49DDFF" box="[1033,1130,1504,1529]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">erythros</emphasis>
|
||
” (“red”, an adjective) and “
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC386DEEE32DB0EDE27" box="[164,301,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">ophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
” (“eye”, a substantive), in allusion to the red iris in life.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C309AAD4FF80FFC386BFEE15DB16DFDC" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF80FFC386BFEE15D9DADF14" blockId="3.[151,1437,1223,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC386BFEE15DB46DE4F" bold="true" box="[197,357,1583,1609]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF80FFC38716EE0AD880DE4F" box="[364,675,1584,1609]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrophthalmus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC38716EE0AD880DE4F" box="[364,675,1584,1609]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Frostius erythrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC384D1EE15D922DE4F" bold="true" box="[683,769,1583,1609]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2549836FF80FFC384D1EE15D922DE4F" box="[683,769,1583,1609]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is known from four localities in the Atlantic Rain Forest Domain in southern Bahia, at altitudes between 140 and
|
||
<quantity id="4CEB54BAFF80FFC3854CEE62D9A2DE74" box="[822,897,1624,1650]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="920.0">920 m</quantity>
|
||
above sea level. It extends the distribution of the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC3876AEEBADB10DE9F" box="[272,307,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">ca.</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4CEB54BAFF80FFC38746EEBADBB4DE9C" box="[316,407,1664,1690]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="km" value="190.0">190 km</quantity>
|
||
southwards to the Municipality of Boa Nova in the State of Bahia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1328E5DAFF80FFC382BAEEBADF2ADE9C" box="[1216,1289,1664,1690]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,1459,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[159,1429,1459,1867]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Female paratype (MNRJ 35399) of Frostius erythrophthalmus sp. nov. from Parque Estadual Serra do Conduru, Uruçuca, State of Bahia, Brazil (left) and male F. pernambucensis from Serra da Jibóia, Municipality of Santa Terezinha, State of Bahia, Brazil (right)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177204/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendix). The northernmost locality known for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF80FFC38419EE92D970DEC7" box="[611,851,1704,1729]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrophthalmus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC38419EE92D970DEC7" box="[611,851,1704,1729]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">F. erythrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC38524EE9DD996DEC7" bold="true" box="[862,949,1703,1729]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2549836FF80FFC38524EE9DD996DEC7" box="[862,949,1703,1729]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(EEE Nova Esperança, Municipality of Wenceslau Guimarães) is only
|
||
<quantity id="4CEB54BAFF80FFC3846AEEEAD87CDEEC" box="[528,607,1744,1770]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="km" value="88.0">88 km</quantity>
|
||
distant from the southernmost known locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF80FFC382C7EEEADFBFDEEF" box="[1213,1436,1744,1769]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pernambucensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC382C7EEEADFBFDEEF" box="[1213,1436,1744,1769]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">F. pernambucensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Serra da Jibóia, Municipality of Santa Terezinha;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF80FFC3849DEEC2D9CFDF14" author="Junca" box="[743,1004,1784,1810]" pageId="3" pageNumber="68" refString="Junca, F. A. & Freitas, M. A. (2001) Geographic distribution. Frostius pernambucensis. Herpetological Review, 32, 270 - 271." type="journal article" year="2001">Juncá & Freitas, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF80FFC386BFEF1ADB16DFDC" blockId="3.[151,1437,1223,2010]" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">
|
||
During the comparative analysis, we found in MNRJ a young specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF80FFC38234EF1ADF08DF3F" box="[1102,1323,1824,1849]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pernambucensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC38234EF1ADF08DF3F" box="[1102,1323,1824,1849]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">F. pernambucensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Municipality of João Pessoa, State of Paraíba, northeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F304B9CFFF80FFC38515EF72D99ADF64" box="[879,953,1864,1890]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, extending the distribution range of the genus
|
||
<quantity id="4CEB54BAFF80FFC3869EEF4ADB1CDF8C" box="[228,319,1904,1930]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="3" pageNumber="64" unit="km" value="105.0">105 km</quantity>
|
||
airline northwards (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1328E5DAFF80FFC3844AEF4AD85ADF8C" box="[560,633,1904,1930]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1891,1915]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,1459,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[159,1429,1459,1867]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Female paratype (MNRJ 35399) of Frostius erythrophthalmus sp. nov. from Parque Estadual Serra do Conduru, Uruçuca, State of Bahia, Brazil (left) and male F. pernambucensis from Serra da Jibóia, Municipality of Santa Terezinha, State of Bahia, Brazil (right)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177204/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
; Appendix). Although it was a young specimen, it could readily be identified by its small, vertically elliptical tympanum, which we find to be a diagnostic character for
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF80FFC38337EFA2DB0DDFDF" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="64">F. p e r - nambucensis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF6CA9D7FF87FFC486EDED1AD965DD5C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177203/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[302,1285,210,1281]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF87FFC486EDED1AD965DD5C" blockId="4.[151,1436,1312,1370]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF87FFC486EDED1ADB38DD3E" bold="true" box="[151,283,1312,1336]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF87FFC4875FED1BD860DD3E" box="[293,579,1313,1336]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrophthalmus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF87FFC4875FED1BD860DD3E" box="[293,579,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Frostius erythrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF87FFC48436ED1AD8B8DD3E" bold="true" box="[588,667,1312,1336]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2549836FF87FFC48436ED1AD8B8DD3E" box="[588,667,1312,1336]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(MNRJ 27245, holotype, SVL 25.6 mm). Dorsal and lateral views of head; ventral views of hand and foot; scale bars represent 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6CA9D7FF87FFC486EDEF59D867DFC6" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177204/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[159,1428,1459,1866]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF87FFC486EDEF59D867DFC6" blockId="4.[151,1436,1891,1984]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF87FFC486EDEF59DB3ADF7D" bold="true" box="[151,281,1891,1915]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Female paratype (MNRJ 35399) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF87FFC484E5EF5ED999DF7D" box="[671,954,1892,1915]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrophthalmus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF87FFC484E5EF5ED999DF7D" box="[671,954,1892,1915]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">Frostius erythrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF87FFC485B8EF59DE33DF7D" bold="true" box="[962,1040,1891,1915]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2549836FF87FFC485B8EF59DE33DF7D" box="[962,1040,1891,1915]" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from Parque Estadual Serra do Conduru, Uruçuca, State of Bahia, Brazil (left) and male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF87FFC4849DEFBDD992DF98" box="[743,945,1927,1950]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="65" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pernambucensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF87FFC4849DEFBDD992DF98" box="[743,945,1927,1950]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="65">F. pernambucensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Serra da Jibóia, Municipality of Santa Terezinha, State of Bahia, Brazil (right).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF6CA9D7FF86FFC586EDECC9DB08DD56" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/177205/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[180,1422,218,1218]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF86FFC586EDECC9DB08DD56" blockId="5.[151,1436,1267,1360]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF86FFC586EDECC9DB38DD0D" bold="true" box="[151,283,1267,1291]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Geographic distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF86FFC58437ECC9D949DD0C" box="[589,874,1267,1290]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythrophthalmus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF86FFC58437ECC9D949DD0C" box="[589,874,1267,1290]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Frostius erythrophthalmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF86FFC5850EECC9D9E1DD0D" bold="true" box="[884,962,1267,1291]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2549836FF86FFC5850EECC9D9E1DD0D" box="[884,962,1267,1291]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(dots) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF86FFC58238ECC9DF73DD0C" box="[1090,1360,1267,1290]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pernambucensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF86FFC58238ECC9DF73DD0C" box="[1090,1360,1267,1290]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Frostius pernambucensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(triangles); (PB) State of Paraíba, (PE) State of Pernambuco, (AL) State of Alagoas, (SE) State of Sergipe, and (BA) State of Bahia, Brazil.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C309AAD4FF86FFC686BFEDB9D84CDA44" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF86FFC586BFEDB9DBC4DEDB" blockId="5.[151,1437,1411,2037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF86FFC586BFEDB9DB1DDD9B" bold="true" box="[197,318,1411,1437]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
In describing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF86FFC5879DEDBEDE23DD9B" authority="Bokermann (1962)" authorityName="Bokermann" authorityYear="1962" box="[487,1024,1411,1437]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pernambucensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF86FFC5879DEDBED930DD9B" box="[487,787,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Atelopus pernambucensis</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF86FFC58558EDB9DE23DD9B" author="Bokermann" box="[802,1024,1411,1437]" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" refString="Bokermann, W. C. A. (1962) Una nueva especie de Atelopus del nordeste de Brasil (Amphibia, Salientia, Brachycephalidae). Neotropica, 8, 42 - 44." type="journal article" year="1962">Bokermann (1962)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported that it was not possible to relate it to other species then included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF86FFC584F3ED96D8D3DDC3" box="[649,752,1452,1477]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF86FFC584F3ED96D8D3DDC3" box="[649,752,1452,1477]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Atelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and that its small size and absence of color pattern were unique.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF86FFC5868DEDE9D838DDEB" author="Cruz" box="[247,539,1491,1517]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="Cruz, C. A. G. & Peixoto, O. L. (1982) Sobre a biologia de Atelopus pernambucensis Bokermann, 1962 (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 42, 627 - 629." type="journal article" year="1982">Cruz and Peixoto (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later described the tadpole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF86FFC585FFEDEEDE46DDEB" box="[901,1125,1492,1517]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pernambucensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF86FFC585FFEDEEDE46DDEB" box="[901,1125,1492,1517]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">A. pernambucensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and, based on data on the biology and larval characters, affirmed that the species probably deserved a different generic status.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF86FFC5833DEDC1DB03DE3B" author="Cannatella" pageId="5" pageNumber="67" refString="Cannatella, D. C. (1986) A new genus of bufonid (Anura) from South America, and phylogenetic relationships of the Neotropical genera. Herpetologica, 42, 197 - 205." type="journal article" year="1986">Cannatella (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that the species was unique by having an external tympanum and proposed the new genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF86FFC58699EE76DB67DE63" box="[227,324,1612,1637]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF86FFC58699EE76DB67DE63" box="[227,324,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Frostius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for it. The new genus was considered a sister-group to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF86FFC585AEEE76DF13DE63" authority="Dumeril and Bibron" authorityName="Dumeril and Bibron" box="[980,1328,1611,1637]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF86FFC585AEEE76DE19DE63" box="[980,1082,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Atelopus</emphasis>
|
||
Duméril and Bibron
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or, alternatively, the sister-group to
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF86FFC587A5EE4ED932DE8B" box="[479,785,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF86FFC587A5EE4ED865DE8B" box="[479,582,1652,1677]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Atelopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Atelopus</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF86FFC58412EE4ED932DE8B" authority="Ruiz-Carranza and Hernandez-Camacho. The" authorityName="Ruiz-Carranza and Hernandez-Camacho. The" box="[616,785,1652,1677]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Osornophryne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Osornophryne</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho. The relationships still remain unsolved, since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1382DCFF86FFC58441EEA6D8BFDEB3" box="[571,668,1692,1717]" class="Amphibia" family="Bufonidae" genus="Frostius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF86FFC58441EEA6D8BFDEB3" box="[571,668,1692,1717]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Frostius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not included in the phylogenetic approaches of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF86FFC5834BEEA1DAC6DEDB" author="Graybeal" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="Graybeal, A. (1997) Phylogenetic relationships of bufonid frogs and tests of alternate macroevolutionary hypotheses characterizing their radiation. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 119, 297 - 338." type="journal article" year="1997">Graybeal (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
or Frost
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF86FFC58735EEFEDBA9DEDB" box="[335,394,1732,1757]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF86FFC686BFEED1DF18D954" blockId="5.[151,1437,1411,2037]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,578]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Anuran communities in southern Bahia have been studied since the first expeditions of European naturalists to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F304B9CFFF86FFC58691EF29DB15DF2B" box="[235,310,1811,1837]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, like Wied (1821, 1824) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF86FFC584D8EF29D915DF2B" author="Spix" box="[674,822,1811,1837]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="Spix, J. B. (1824) Animalia nova sive species novae Testudinum et Ranarum, quas in itinere per Brasiliam annis MDC- CCXVII - MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis, Typis Franc. Seraph. Hubschmanni, Monachii, XXXIX + 53 pp." type="book" year="1824">Spix (1824)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. These collections, although limited in geographic range, launched the basis for the taxonomic studies of many Brazilian anurans, some of them described from Bahia. After that, further studies at some localities in the Atlantic Rain Forest of southern Bahia were sporadically carried out only between the 1970’s to the 1990’s. In this period, 12 species were described from this region (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF86FFC58759EF89DB87DFCB" author="SBH" box="[291,420,1971,1997]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" refString="SBH. (2005) Lista de especies de anfibios do Brasil, Sociedade Brasileira de Herpetologia (SBH), Curitiba. Available from http: // www. sbherpetologia. org. br / checklist / anfibios. htm (accessed 10 October 2006)." type="journal article" year="2005">SBH 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Frost 2006). Regular investigations of these communities started only in the 2000’s. From
|
||
<date id="FFADDF9FFF86FFC5869AEFE1DBA0DFF3" box="[224,387,2011,2037]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" value="2000" valueMax="2005">2000 to 2005</date>
|
||
, these inventories expanded the geographic ranges of 16 species to include the State of Bahia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF85FFC68690E8A2DBA0D8B4" author="Argolo" box="[234,387,152,178]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" refString="Argolo, A. J. S. (2000) Geographic distribution. Aparasphenodon brunoi. Herpetological Review, 31, 108." type="journal article" year="2000">Argôlo 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Pimenta & Silvano 2001a, b, c; Silvano & Pimenta 2001a, b, c, d; Pimenta & Cruz 2004;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF85FFC686EDE8FADBA7D8DC" author="Pimenta" box="[151,388,192,218]" pageId="6" pageNumber="68" refString="Pimenta, B. V. S., Haddad, C. F. B., Nascimento, L. B., Cruz, C. A. G., Pombal-Jr., J. P. (2005) Comments on " Status and Trends of Amphibian Declines and Extinctions Worldwide ". Science, 309, 1999." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Pimenta
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF85FFC6877AE8FADB1ED8DF" box="[256,317,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see also Frost 2006) and four species previously known only from their
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A847FDFF85FFC6828CE8FADF0AD8DC" box="[1270,1321,192,218]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">type</typeStatus>
|
||
localities were found elsewhere (see Frost 2006). From
|
||
<date id="FFADDF9FFF85FFC684C3E8D2D97BD904" box="[697,856,232,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" value="2003" valueMax="2005">2003 to 2005</date>
|
||
, ten new species were described (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF85FFC68362E8D2DFB4D904" author="SBH" box="[1304,1431,232,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="68" refString="SBH. (2005) Lista de especies de anfibios do Brasil, Sociedade Brasileira de Herpetologia (SBH), Curitiba. Available from http: // www. sbherpetologia. org. br / checklist / anfibios. htm (accessed 10 October 2006)." type="journal article" year="2005">SBH 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Frost, 2006), and three species were rediscovered (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF85FFC68483E92AD99FD92C" author="Feio" box="[761,956,272,298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="68" refString="Feio, R. N., Pimenta, B. V. S. & Silvano, D. L. (2003) Rediscovery and biology of Rhamphophryne proboscidea Boulenger (1882) (Anura, Bufonidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 24, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Feio
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF85FFC68542E92AD956D92F" box="[824,885,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF85FFC685B0E92ADEC1D92C" author="Caramaschi" box="[970,1250,272,298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="68" refString="Caramaschi, U.; Peixoto, O. L. & Rodrigues, M. T. (2004) Revalidation and redescription of Phyllodytes wuchereri (Peters, 1873) (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae). Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 62,185 - 191." type="book chapter" year="2004">
|
||
Caramaschi
|
||
<emphasis id="B967254DFF85FFC68224E92ADEB8D92F" box="[1118,1179,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8284AEFF85FFC6828BE92ADF56D92C" author="Dixo" box="[1265,1397,272,298]" pageId="6" pageNumber="68" refString="Dixo, M. (2004) Rediscovery of Hyophryne histrio (Anura, Microhylidae) in Atlantic forest remnants of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Phyllomedusa, 3, 77 - 79." type="journal article" year="2004">Dixo 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It clearly shows that this virtually unexplored region holds a huge, but poorly sampled anuran diversity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BACF95FFF85FFC686BFE95AD84CDA44" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Although the amount of data regarding the taxonomy, composition, and distribution patterns of the anuran fauna of southern Bahia has been rapidly improved in the last six years, much work is still to be done. Mountainous areas have been poorly investigated when compared to lowlands, and these altitudinal forest patches are better preserved due to the difficult access, inhibiting, for the moment, timber exploitation and occupation by crops or cattle. Further inventories in these areas would certainly lead to the discovery of other unknown species and new patterns of distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |