1491 lines
226 KiB
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1491 lines
226 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="80FB44E2644410BC6FC836E5E309D312">Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CE75FE76BFB5506D6F4815477B4A0EEC">Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EE2122E39955CD75553F1A1EB671D7D6">Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia. & Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras - Invemar, Calle 25 No. 2 - 55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia. & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - STRI, BOX 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Panama.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="3036FB3748B8F4FA72246EE23EB21F32">Solís-Marín, Francisco A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="F50A0F004D24E466A906B40A9C0C2DF8">Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México.</mods:affiliation>
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<heading id="2B69130BB7423268FDBDF900BE682CA1" box="[522,1066,1751,1778]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7423268FDBDF900BE682CA1" ID-CoL="6MZDT" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[522,1066,1751,1778]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
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<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FDBDF900B9C62CA2" bold="true" box="[522,900,1751,1778]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Isostichopus macroparentheses</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FC23F900BE632CA1" author="Clark H. L." box="[916,1057,1751,1777]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB7423268FE00F92EBE3F2D43" box="[439,1149,1785,1812]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7021A467B7423268FE00F92EBE3F2D43" blockId="71.[439,1149,1751,1812]" box="[439,1149,1785,1812]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7423268FE00F92EBBBE2D43" box="[439,508,1785,1811]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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P’–Q’, 3A–D, 4E, 5B,
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<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B7423268FCBBF92EB91E2D43" box="[780,860,1785,1811]" degrees="9, 10" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" precision="555" value="9.1">9, 10E</geoCoordinate>
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, 11E, 22–24;
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<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB7423268FC4AF92EBE3F2D43" box="[1021,1149,1785,1811]" captionStart-0="Table 1" captionStart-1="Table 2" captionStart-2="Table 3" captionStartId-0="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionStartId-1="14.[189,258,265,291]" captionStartId-2="17.[185,254,563,591]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionText-0="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." captionText-1="Table 2. Average Kimura (1980) 2 parameter distances (%) between and within species and subespecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. COI-Fr1 and COI-Fr2 (in parentheses) distances are below diagonal and 16S distances above. Within-species distances along the diagonal are shown as COI-Fr1 (COI- Fr2) / 16S. “nc”: not calculated because only one sequence was available." captionText-2="Table 3 (continued on next page). Characters distinguishing species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB70B3221FF0AFEDEBE542BD2" httpUri-2="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" tableUuid-0="24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991" tableUuid-1="24E1F4EFB70B3221FF0AFEDEBE542BD2" tableUuid-2="24E1F4EFB714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F">Tables 1–3</tableCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7021A467B7423268FF0AF8EDB9E72D04" blockId="71.[189,933,1850,1876]" box="[189,933,1850,1876]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B7423268FF0AF8EDB8BA2D04" author="Clark H. L." box="[189,760,1850,1876]" page="63" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" year="1922">
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<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7423268FF0AF8EDB8BA2D04" ID-CoL="6ZRSV" authority="Clark, 1922: 61 - 63" authorityName="Clark" authorityPageNumber="61 - 63" authorityYear="1922" box="[189,760,1850,1876]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
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<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FF0AF8EDB8492D04" box="[189,523,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Stichopus macroparentheses</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FDA4F8EDB8BA2D04" author="Clark H. L." box="[531,760,1850,1876]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922: 61–63</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 1 figs 1–7.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7021A467B7423268FF0AF8ADB9FA2DC4" blockId="71.[189,1399,1914,2009]" box="[189,952,1914,1941]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B7423268FF0AF8ADB9FA2DC4" box="[189,952,1914,1941]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7423268FF0AF8ADB8432DC4" box="[189,513,1914,1940]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="megaparentheses">
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<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FF0AF8ADB8432DC4" box="[189,513,1914,1940]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Stichopus megaparentheses</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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–
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||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B7423268FDA9F8ADB8902DC4" author="Clark H. L." box="[542,722,1914,1940]" page="63" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" year="1922">
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<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FDA9F8ADB8902DC4" author="Clark H. L." box="[542,722,1914,1940]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark 1922: 63</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. Typographic error.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7021A467B7423268FF0AF84BB8B62D88" blockId="71.[189,1399,1914,2009]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B7423268FF0AF84BB8B62D88" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7423268FF0AF84BB8492DE6" ID-CoL="6ZRSV" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1922" box="[189,523,1948,1974]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
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<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FF0AF84BB8492DE6" box="[189,523,1948,1974]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Stichopus macroparentheses</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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–
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||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B7423268FD9FF84BB9632DE6" author="Deichmann E." box="[552,801,1948,1974]" page="21" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" year="1926">
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<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FD9FF84BB9632DE6" author="Deichmann E." box="[552,801,1948,1974]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="9 - 31" refId="ref56383" refString="Deichmann E. 1926. Report on the holothurians collected by the Barbados-Antigua Expedition of the University of Iowa. University of Iowa Studies in Natural History 11: 9 - 31." type="journal article" year="1926">Deichmann 1926: 21</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B7423268FC99F84BB9862DE6" author="Deichmann E." box="[814,964,1948,1974]" page="82" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" year="1930">
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<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FC99F84BB9862DE6" author="Deichmann E." box="[814,964,1948,1974]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="43 - 226" refId="ref56416" refString="Deichmann E. 1930. The holothurians of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 71 (3): 43 - 226. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2798795 [accessed 14 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1930">1930: 82–83</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 5 figs 37–43. —
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<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B7423268FB0EF84BBF352DE6" author="Clark H. L." box="[1209,1399,1948,1974]" page="110" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" year="1933">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7423268FB0EF84BBF352DE6" author="Clark H. L." box="[1209,1399,1948,1974]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" pagination="1 - 147" refId="ref56148" refString="Clark H. L. 1933. A handbook of the littoral echinoderms of Porto Rico and the other West Indian Islands. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 16 (1): 1 - 147." type="journal article" year="1933">Clark 1933: 110</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
(as
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7423268FEA3F868B8452D88" box="[276,519,1982,2009]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">S. macraparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
, typographic error).
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFEDEB94F2B16" blockId="72.[189,1398,265,462]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B74D3267FF0AFEDEB94F2B16" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74D3267FF0AFEDEBB9B2B73" ID-CoL="3QC2C" box="[189,473,265,291]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF0AFEDEBB9B2B73" box="[189,473,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Isostichopus badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B74D3267FE41FEDEB8BC2B74" author="Deichmann E." box="[502,766,265,292]" page="4" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" year="1957">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74D3267FE41FEDEB8BC2B74" author="Deichmann E." box="[502,766,265,292]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref56678" refString="Deichmann E. 1957. The littoral holothurians of the Bahama Islands. American Museum Novitates 1821: 1 - 20. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 63294879 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1957">Deichmann 1957: 4–5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B74D3267FCBDFEDEB9C12B73" author="Deichmann E." box="[778,899,265,291]" page="106" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" year="1963">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74D3267FCBDFEDEB9C12B73" author="Deichmann E." box="[778,899,265,291]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="100 - 118" refId="ref56783" refString="Deichmann E. 1963. Shallow water holothurians known from the Caribbean waters. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean islands 63: 100 - 118. Available from https: // repository. naturalis. nl / pub / 506106 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1963">1963: 106</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B74D3267FC04FEDEBEAD2B74" author="Miller J. E. & Pawson D. L." box="[947,1263,265,292]" page="54" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" year="1984">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74D3267FC04FEDEBEAD2B74" author="Miller J. E. & Pawson D. L." box="[947,1263,265,292]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref60387" refString="Miller J. E. & Pawson D. L. 1984. Holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 7 (1): 1 - 79." type="journal article" year="1984">Miller & Pawson 1984: 54</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B74D3267FAA9FEDEBB202B16" author="Cutress B. M." page="105" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" year="1996">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74D3267FAA9FEDEBB202B16" author="Cutress B. M." pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="44 - 116" refId="ref56343" refString="Cutress B. M. 1996. Changes in dermal ossicles during somatic growth in Caribbean littoral sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida). Bulletin of Marine Science 58 (1): 44 - 116." type="journal article" year="1996">Cutress 1996: 105</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, 112. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B74D3267FE7AFEFBB94B2B16" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6208509" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6208509" author="Pawson D. L. & Pawson D. J. & King R. A." box="[461,777,299,326]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/30710A41161AFFFCFF2A26FDED9DD30B" page="34" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" year="2010">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74D3267FE7AFEFBB94B2B16" author="Pawson D. L. & Pawson D. J. & King R. A." box="[461,777,299,326]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref60910" refString="Pawson D. L., Pawson D. J. & King R. A. 2010. A taxonomic guide to the Echinodermata of the South Atlantic Bight, USA: 1. Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuridea). Zootaxa 2449: 1 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2449.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Pawson
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FD87FEFBB8292B15" box="[560,619,299,325]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010: 34–35
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFE9ABE532B38" blockId="72.[189,1398,265,462]" box="[189,1041,333,360]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B74D3267FF0AFE9ABE532B38" box="[189,1041,333,360]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74D3267FF0AFE9AB8442B37" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1922" box="[189,518,333,359]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparenthesis">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF0AFE9AB8442B37" box="[189,518,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Stichopus macroparenthesis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B74D3267FD93FE9AB96E2B38" author="Deichmann E." box="[548,812,333,360]" page="4" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" year="1957">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74D3267FD93FE9AB96E2B38" author="Deichmann E." box="[548,812,333,360]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref56678" refString="Deichmann E. 1957. The littoral holothurians of the Bahama Islands. American Museum Novitates 1821: 1 - 20. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 63294879 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1957">Deichmann 1957: 4–5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. Typographic error.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFEB8B8CC2B9E" blockId="72.[189,1398,265,462]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B74D3267FF0AFEB8B8CC2B9E" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74D3267FF0AFEB8B8702BD9" ID-CoL="6MZDT" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,562,367,393]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF0AFEB8B8702BD9" box="[189,562,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Isostichopus macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B74D3267FDEDFEA7B9032BDA" author="Pawson D. L." box="[602,833,367,394]" page="374" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" year="1976">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74D3267FDEDFEA7B9032BDA" author="Pawson D. L." box="[602,833,367,394]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="369 - 382" refId="ref60808" refString="Pawson D. L. 1976. Shallow-water sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 89 (31): 369 - 382. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34553807 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1976">Pawson 1976: 374</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1d. — Solís-Marín
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FBCCFEA7BEFE2BD9" box="[1147,1212,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1998: 524. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B74D3267FF5DFE46B8192BFC" author="Hendler G. & Pawson D. L." box="[234,603,401,428]" page="282" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" year="2000">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74D3267FF5DFE46B8192BFC" author="Hendler G. & Pawson D. L." box="[234,603,401,428]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="275 - 302" refId="ref57847" refString="Hendler G. & Pawson D. L. 2000. Echinoderms of the Rhomboidal cays, Belize: Biodiversity, distribution, and ecology. Atoll Research Bulletin 466 - 480: 275 - 302. Available from https: // repository. si. edu / handle / 10088 / 33941 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="book chapter" year="2000">Hendler & Pawson 2000: 282</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B74D3267FD25FE46BE702BFC" author="Laguarda-Figueras A. & Solis-Marin F. A. & Duran-Gonzalez A. & Hernandez Pliego P. & Del Valle Garcia R." box="[658,1074,401,428]" page="28" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" year="2001">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74D3267FD25FE46BE702BFC" author="Laguarda-Figueras A. & Solis-Marin F. A. & Duran-Gonzalez A. & Hernandez Pliego P. & Del Valle Garcia R." box="[658,1074,401,428]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="7 - 46" refId="ref59306" refString="Laguarda-Figueras A., Solis-Marin F. A., Duran-Gonzalez A., Hernandez Pliego P. & Del Valle Garcia R. 2001. Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) del Caribe mexicano: Puerto Morelos. Avicennia 14: 7 - 46." type="journal article" year="2001">
|
||
Laguarda-Figueras
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FCCDFE45B9FB2BFB" box="[890,953,401,427]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001: 28
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 11a–d; 2005: 119. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B74D3267FF5DFE63B8C92B9E" author="Alvarado J. J. & Solis-Marin F. A." box="[234,651,435,462]" page="650" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" year="2013">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74D3267FF5DFE63B8C92B9E" author="Alvarado J. J. & Solis-Marin F. A." box="[234,651,435,462]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refId="ref55131" refString="Alvarado J. J. & Solis-Marin F. A. (eds) 2013. Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9" type="book" year="2013">Alvarado & Solís-Marín 2013: 650</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFE22BB30285F" blockId="72.[189,370,501,527]" box="[189,370,501,527]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB74D3267FF0AFE22BB30285F" bold="true" box="[189,370,501,527]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF0AFE22BB30285F" bold="true" box="[189,370,501,527]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Original name</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFDF3B8E7286E" blockId="72.[189,677,548,574]" box="[189,677,548,574]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74D3267FF0AFDF3B8E2286E" ID-CoL="6ZRSV" authority="Clark, 1922" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1922" box="[189,672,548,574]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF0AFDF3B849286E" box="[189,523,548,574]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Stichopus macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74D3267FDA4FDF3B8E2286E" author="Clark H. L." box="[531,672,548,574]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFDB2BB31282F" blockId="72.[189,371,613,639]" box="[189,371,613,639]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB74D3267FF0AFDB2BB31282F" bold="true" box="[189,371,613,639]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF0AFDB2BB31282F" bold="true" box="[189,371,613,639]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Current status</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFD43B89B28FE" blockId="72.[189,729,660,686]" box="[189,729,660,686]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74D3267FF0AFD43B89728FE" ID-CoL="6MZDT" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,725,660,686]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF0AFD43B86E28FE" box="[189,556,660,686]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Isostichopus macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74D3267FD8CFD43B88E28FE" author="Clark H. L." box="[571,716,660,686]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB74D3267FF0AFD02BB9329DD" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFD02BBEC28BF" blockId="72.[189,430,725,751]" box="[189,430,725,751]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB74D3267FF0AFD02BBEC28BF" bold="true" box="[189,430,725,751]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF0AFD02BBEC28BF" bold="true" box="[189,430,725,751]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Name-bearing type</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFCD4BF22294E" blockId="72.[189,1376,771,798]" box="[189,1376,771,798]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74D3267FF0AFCD4BB68294D" box="[189,298,771,797]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B74D3267FE86FCD3BB33294E" box="[305,369,772,798]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
HOL-921,
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B74D3267FE4EFCD3B87B294E" box="[505,569,772,798]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
HOL-225 (ossicle slide of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74D3267FC13FCD4BE52294D" box="[932,1040,771,797]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
);
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74D3267FB93FCD3BECB294E" box="[1060,1161,772,798]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B74D3267FB27FCD3BE92294E" box="[1168,1232,772,798]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
HOL-1214.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFC92BB1F290F" blockId="72.[189,349,837,863]" box="[189,349,837,863]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB74D3267FF0AFC92BB1F290F" bold="true" box="[189,349,837,863]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF0AFC92BB1F290F" bold="true" box="[189,349,837,863]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Type locality</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFCA3BB9329DD" blockId="72.[189,465,883,910]" box="[189,465,883,910]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
Montego Bay,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B74D3267FEDDFCA4BB8E29DD" box="[362,460,883,909]" name="Jamaica" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB74D3267FF0AFC62B83A2EFE" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFC62BB74299F" blockId="72.[189,310,949,975]" box="[189,310,949,975]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB74D3267FF0AFC62BB74299F" bold="true" box="[189,310,949,975]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF0AFC62BB74299F" bold="true" box="[189,310,949,975]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFC34B83A2EFE" blockId="72.[189,1399,995,1198]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
C-shaped ossicles> 90 µm long on average; disc tables in dorsal papillae and body wall completely reduced in adults (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74D3267FE23FBD0B8402E71" box="[404,514,1031,1057]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Figs 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74D3267FDB9FBD0B8072E71" box="[526,581,1031,1057]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-11@77.[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">23A</figureCitation>
|
||
); tridimensional spheres and straight/spiky rods in the respiratory tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74D3267FF71FBFDBB722E14" box="[198,304,1066,1092]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-11@77.[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 23F</figureCitation>
|
||
); semi-translucent and smooth body wall; color not variable, background of dorsal side light yellow-brown, with irregularly arranged blurred large and small darker brown spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74D3267FB1FFB9ABF792E37" box="[1192,1339,1101,1127]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="75.[190,233,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-86@75.[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Fig. 22. Type specimens of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Bogue Island, Montego Bay, Jamaica (MCZ HOL-921, 50 mm long, contracted) and original labels. B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae (slide MCZ HOL-225). C. Dorsal and ventral view of the paratype from Bird Key, Tortugas, Florida (MCZ HOL-1214, 65 mm long) and original labels. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A, C = 10 mm; B = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710687/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Figs 22A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74D3267FAFFFB9ABF2B2E37" box="[1352,1385,1101,1127]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="78.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetId="figure-15@78.[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Fig. 24. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–B. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize. C–D. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize. E. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao. F. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524). G. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833). H. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391). I. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627). J–K. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710691/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">24</figureCitation>
|
||
); mtDNA divergence from other species of the genus>16.2% in COI-Fr1 (barcoding region),> 16.3% in COI-Fr2 and>9.5% in 16S (
|
||
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB74D3267FDB8FB44B8282EFE" box="[527,618,1171,1198]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="14.[189,258,265,291]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Table 2. Average Kimura (1980) 2 parameter distances (%) between and within species and subespecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. COI-Fr1 and COI-Fr2 (in parentheses) distances are below diagonal and 16S distances above. Within-species distances along the diagonal are shown as COI-Fr1 (COI- Fr2) / 16S. “nc”: not calculated because only one sequence was available." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB70B3221FF0AFEDEBE542BD2" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" tableUuid="24E1F4EFB70B3221FF0AFEDEBE542BD2">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB74D3266FF0AFB02BE75289A" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFB02BBE82EBF" blockId="72.[189,426,1237,1263]" box="[189,426,1237,1263]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB74D3267FF0AFB02BBE82EBF" bold="true" box="[189,426,1237,1263]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF0AFB02BBE82EBF" bold="true" box="[189,426,1237,1263]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74D3267FF5DFAD3B8D42F34" collectingDate="1912-03" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="H. L. Clark" country="Jamaica" latitude="18.46908" location="Montego Bay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.93108" municipality="Bogue Island" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" specimenCode="HOL-921" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF5DFAD3BB1E2F4E" blockId="72.[189,1399,1284,1416]" box="[234,348,1284,1310]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF5DFAD3BB1E2F4E" bold="true" box="[234,348,1284,1310]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74D3267FF5DFAD3BB1E2F4E" box="[234,348,1284,1310]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFAF0BB752FD8" blockId="72.[189,1399,1284,1416]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B74D3267FF0AFAF0BB7C2F11" box="[189,318,1319,1345]" name="Jamaica" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">JAMAICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
• L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74D3267FE3AFAF1BBA62F11" box="[397,484,1318,1345]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
, contracted;
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74D3267FDCAFAF0B95D2F11" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74D3267FDCAFAF0B95D2F11" box="[637,799,1319,1345]" country="Jamaica" latitude="18.46908" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.93108" municipality="Bogue Island" name="Montego Bay" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Montego Bay</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB74D3267FC9AFAF0B98F2F11" box="[813,973,1319,1345]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Bogue Island</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FC6CFAF0BE342F11" box="[987,1142,1319,1345]" degrees="18.46908" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="1" value="18.46908">18.46908° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FB34FAF0BF702F11" box="[1155,1330,1319,1345]" degrees="77.931086" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="1" value="-77.93108">77.931086° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74D3267FAF7FAF0BAB92F34" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1912-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74D3267FAF7FAF0BAB92F34" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1912-03">Mar. 1912</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74D3267FEBFFA9DBBC52F34" box="[264,391,1354,1380]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">H.L. Clark</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B74D3267FE7DFA9DB8482F34" box="[458,522,1354,1380]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74D3267FDA5FA9DB8C12F34" box="[530,643,1354,1380]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">HOL-921</specimenCode>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74D3267FD29FA9DBB752FD8" collectingDate="1912-03" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="H. L. Clark" country="Jamaica" latitude="18.46908" location="Montego Bay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-77.93108" municipality="Bogue Island" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" specimenCode="HOL-225" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74D3267FD29FA9DB8AC2F34" box="[670,750,1354,1380]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ossicle</specimenCount>
|
||
slide of the holotype; same data as for holotype;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B74D3267FA80FA9DBF352F34" box="[1335,1399,1354,1380]" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74D3267FF0AFABABB712FD8" box="[189,307,1389,1416]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">HOL-225</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74D3267FF5DFA78B96B2C5F" collectingDate="1917-06" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="Carnegie Institute & Tortugas Laboratory" country="United States of America" latitude="24.6185" location="Bird Key" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-82.8854" municipality="Tortugas" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" specimenCode="HOL-1214" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF5DFA78BB1E2F99" blockId="72.[189,1399,1455,1551]" box="[234,348,1455,1481]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF5DFA78BB1E2F99" bold="true" box="[234,348,1455,1481]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74D3267FF5DFA78BB1E2F99" box="[234,348,1455,1481]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AFA05B96F2C5F" blockId="72.[189,1399,1455,1551]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B74D3267FF0AFA05BAB42FBC" box="[189,246,1490,1516]" name="United States of America" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74D3267FEB9FA05BB1D2FBC" box="[270,351,1490,1516]" count="1" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74D3267FE28FA05BBB42FBC" box="[415,502,1490,1517]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B74D3267FDBDFA05B8202FBC" box="[522,610,1490,1516]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB74D3267FDDBFA05B8972FBC" box="[620,725,1490,1516]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Tortugas</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74D3267FD57FA05B9122FBC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74D3267FD57FA05B9122FBC" box="[736,848,1490,1516]" country="United States of America" latitude="24.6185" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-82.8854" municipality="Tortugas" name="Bird Key" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" stateProvince="Florida">Bird Key</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FCECFA05B9A72FBC" box="[859,997,1490,1517]" degrees="24.6185" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="5" value="24.6185">24.6185° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FC46FA05BEC22FBC" box="[1009,1152,1490,1517]" degrees="82.8854" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="5" value="-82.8854">82.8854° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74D3267FB3BFA05BF432FBC" box="[1164,1281,1490,1516]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1917-06">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74D3267FB3BFA05BF432FBC" box="[1164,1281,1490,1516]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1917-06">Jun. 1917</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74D3267FABAFA05BB622C5F" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Carnegie Institute</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74D3267FE9CFA22B8592C5F" box="[299,539,1525,1551]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Tortugas Laboratory</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B74D3267FDEAFA22B8DF2C5F" box="[605,669,1525,1551]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74D3267FD13FA22B96B2C5F" box="[676,809,1525,1551]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">HOL-1214</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF5DF9E1BBE42C00" blockId="72.[189,1399,1590,1793]" box="[234,422,1590,1616]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FF5DF9E1BBE42C00" bold="true" box="[234,422,1590,1616]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Other material</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3267FF0AF98DB9F52D51" blockId="72.[189,1399,1590,1793]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74D3267FF0AF98DBE172CC8" collectingDate="2011-03-16" collectorName="F. Solis-Marin" elevation="5" latitude="21.465" location="GULF OF MEXICO" longLatPrecision="55" longitude="-97.22866" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.88.1" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mexico">
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74D3267FF0AF98DBBF02C24" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74D3267FF0AF98DBBF02C24" box="[189,434,1626,1652]" latitude="21.465" longLatPrecision="55" longitude="-97.22866" name="GULF OF MEXICO" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" stateProvince="Mexico">GULF OF MEXICO</location>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FE67F98EB8692C23" bold="true" box="[464,555,1625,1651]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Mexico</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74D3267FDF2F98DB8D82C24" box="[581,666,1626,1652]" count="1" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B74D3267FD11F98DB9532C24" box="[678,785,1626,1652]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74D3267FCAAF98EB9DE2C23" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74D3267FCAAF98EB9DE2C23" box="[797,924,1625,1651]" latitude="21.465" longLatPrecision="55" longitude="-97.22866" name="Isla Lobos" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" stateProvince="Mexico">Isla Lobos</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FC1FF98EBE662C24" box="[936,1060,1625,1652]" degrees="21.465" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="55" value="21.465">21.465° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FB87F98EBE8D2C24" box="[1072,1231,1625,1652]" degrees="97.22866" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="1" value="-97.22866">97.22866° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74D3267FA93F98DBF332C24" box="[1316,1393,1626,1652]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="4.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="2.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B74D3267FA93F98DBF332C24" box="[1316,1393,1626,1652]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="4.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="2.0">2–7 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74D3267FF0AF9AABB1D2CC7" box="[189,351,1661,1687]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="2011-03-16">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74D3267FF0AF9AABB1D2CC7" box="[189,351,1661,1687]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="2011-03-16">16 Mar. 2011</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74D3267FEDAF9AAB8552CC7" box="[365,535,1661,1687]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">F. Solís-Marín</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; coral, rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74D3267FCE1F9AABE172CC8" box="[854,1109,1661,1688]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ICML-UNAM 5.88.1</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74D3267FBC6F9AAB8672C8E" collectingDate="2011-03-17" collectorName="F. Solis-Marin" elevation="12" latitude="21.472666" location="Isla Lobos" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.23116" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.88.2" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Veracruz">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74D3267FBC6F9AABE852CC7" box="[1137,1223,1661,1687]" count="1" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B74D3267FB63F9AABF7D2CC7" box="[1236,1343,1661,1687]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74D3267FAFBF9AABB482CEA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74D3267FAFBF9AABB482CEA" latitude="21.472666" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.23116" name="Isla Lobos" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" stateProvince="Veracruz">Isla Lobos</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FEADF977BB972CEB" box="[282,469,1696,1723]" degrees="21.4726667" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="1" value="21.472666">21.4726667° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FE52F977B8C42CEB" box="[485,646,1696,1723]" degrees="97.23116" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="1" value="-97.23116">97.23116° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74D3267FD54F977B9642CEB" box="[739,806,1696,1723]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="12.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B74D3267FD54F977B9642CEB" box="[739,806,1696,1723]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="12.0">12 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74D3267FC80F977B99D2CEA" box="[823,991,1696,1723]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="2011-03-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74D3267FC80F977B99D2CEA" box="[823,991,1696,1723]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="2011-03-17">17 Mar. 2011</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74D3267FC58F976BEDE2CEA" box="[1007,1180,1696,1723]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">F. Solís-Marín</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; coral, rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74D3267FE94F914B8672C8E" box="[291,549,1731,1758]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ICML-UNAM 5.88.2</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74D3267FDF2F914B9F12D51" collectingDate="1976-03-13" elevation="2" latitude="21.454166" location="Isla Lobos" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.225" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.88.3" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Veracruz">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74D3267FDF2F914B8D82C8E" box="[581,666,1731,1758]" count="1" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B74D3267FD1AF913B95A2C8E" box="[685,792,1732,1758]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74D3267FC90F914B9E82C8D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74D3267FC90F914B9E82C8D" box="[807,938,1731,1757]" latitude="21.454166" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.225" name="Isla Lobos" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" stateProvince="Veracruz">Isla Lobos</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FC0EF914BE362C8E" box="[953,1140,1731,1758]" degrees="21.4541667" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="1" value="21.454166">21.4541667° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FB34F914BF672C8E" box="[1155,1317,1731,1758]" degrees="97.22500" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="1" value="-97.225">97.22500° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74D3267FF0AF931BB412D51" box="[189,259,1766,1793]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="1.5">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B74D3267FF0AF931BB412D51" box="[189,259,1766,1793]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="1.5">1.5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74D3267FEB8F931BBF22D50" box="[271,432,1766,1793]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1976-03-13">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74D3267FEB8F931BBF22D50" box="[271,432,1766,1793]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1976-03-13">13 Mar. 1976</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; coral, rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74D3267FD05F931B9F12D51" box="[690,947,1766,1793]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ICML-UNAM 5.88.3</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74D3266FF0AF8FFBE75289A" blockId="72.[189,1399,1832,1999]" lastBlockId="73.[188,1399,265,714]" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74D3267FF0AF8FFBB452DD9" collectingDate="1995-07-01" collectorName="F. Solis-Marin" country="Mexico" elevation="2" latitude="20.87472" location="CARIBBEAN SEA" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-86.85083" municipality="Puerto" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.88.0" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74D3267FF0AF8FFBBEE2D12" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74D3267FF0AF8FFBBEE2D12" box="[189,428,1832,1858]" country="Mexico" latitude="20.87472" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-86.85083" municipality="Puerto" name="CARIBBEAN SEA" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">CARIBBEAN SEA</location>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FE6EF8FFB8762D12" bold="true" box="[473,564,1832,1858]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B74D3267FE6EF8FFB8762D12" box="[473,564,1832,1858]" name="Mexico" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74D3267FDEAF8FFB8F82D12" box="[605,698,1832,1858]" count="1" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B74D3267FD79F8FFB93F2D12" box="[718,893,1832,1858]" country="Mexico" name="Quintana Roo" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Quintana Roo</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74D3267FC26F8FFBE102D12" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74D3267FC26F8FFBE102D12" box="[913,1106,1832,1858]" country="Mexico" latitude="20.87472" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-86.85083" municipality="Puerto" name="Puerto Morelos" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">Puerto Morelos</location>
|
||
, off
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74D3267FB21F8FFBEBB2D12" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74D3267FB21F8FFBEBB2D12" box="[1174,1273,1832,1858]" country="Mexico" latitude="20.87472" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-86.85083" municipality="Puerto" name="Rodman" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">Rodman</location>
|
||
shipyard;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FF0AF89CBB152D36" box="[189,343,1867,1894]" degrees="20.87472" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="1" value="20.87472">20.87472° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FED3F89CB8462D36" box="[356,516,1867,1894]" degrees="86.85083" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="1" value="-86.85083">86.85083° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74D3267FDEDF89CB8C92D36" box="[602,651,1867,1894]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B74D3267FDEDF89CB8C92D36" box="[602,651,1867,1894]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74D3267FD2EF89CB9622D36" box="[665,800,1867,1894]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1995-07-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74D3267FD2EF89CB9622D36" box="[665,800,1867,1894]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1995-07-01">1 Jul. 1995</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74D3267FC9AF89BB9952D35" box="[813,983,1867,1894]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">F. Solís-Marín</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74D3267FB7DF89CBB452DD9" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ICML-UNAM 5.88.0</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74D3267FE95F8B9B9222DFC" collectingDate="2012-05-25" collectorName="F. Solis-Marin" country="US Virgin Islands" elevation="3" latitude="20.39375" location="Akumal Bay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.31426" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 11053" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74D3267FE95F8B9BB362DD9" box="[290,372,1902,1929]" count="1" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B74D3267FE33F8B9B86E2DD9" box="[388,556,1902,1929]" country="Mexico" name="Quintana Roo" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Quintana Roo</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74D3267FD80F8B9B8932DD9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74D3267FD80F8B9B8932DD9" box="[567,721,1902,1929]" country="US Virgin Islands" latitude="20.39375" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.31426" name="Akumal Bay" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">Akumal Bay</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FD69F8B9B93A2DD9" box="[734,888,1902,1929]" degrees="20.39375" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="1" value="20.39375">20.39375° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FC32F8B9BE672DD9" box="[901,1061,1902,1929]" degrees="87.31426" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="1" value="-87.31426">87.31426° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74D3267FBCCF8B9BE802DD9" box="[1147,1218,1902,1929]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="2.5">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B74D3267FBCCF8B9BE802DD9" box="[1147,1218,1902,1929]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="2.5">2.5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74D3267FB67F8B9BF302DD8" box="[1232,1394,1902,1929]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="2012-05-25">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74D3267FB67F8B9BF302DD8" box="[1232,1394,1902,1929]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="2012-05-25">25 May 2012</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74D3267FF09F845BB2A2DFB" box="[190,360,1937,1964]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">F. Solís-Marín</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74D3267FDECF845B91E2DFC" box="[603,860,1937,1964]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">ICML-UNAM 11053</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74D3266FCDEF845BBF82B73" collectingDate="1990-07-17" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="R. Aronson" country="US Virgin Islands" elevation="5" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" latitude="20.39375" location="Rod Bay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.31426" municipality="St. Croix Island" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" specimenCode="E40833" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74D3267FC37F846BE222DFC" bold="true" box="[896,1120,1937,1964]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B74D3267FC37F846BE222DFC" box="[896,1120,1937,1964]" name="US Virgin Islands" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">US Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74D3267FBCDF845BE8F2DFC" box="[1146,1229,1938,1964]" count="1" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74D3267FAA6F846BF282DFC" box="[1297,1386,1937,1964]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB74D3267FF0AF862BBC12D9F" box="[189,387,1973,1999]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">St. Croix Island</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74D3267FE24F862B8412D9F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74D3267FE24F862B8412D9F" box="[403,515,1973,1999]" country="US Virgin Islands" latitude="20.39375" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.31426" municipality="St. Croix Island" name="Rod Bay" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">Rod Bay</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FDA3F863B8832D9F" box="[532,705,1972,1999]" degrees="17.733761" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="1" value="17.73376">17.733761° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74D3267FD66F863B9C12D9F" box="[721,899,1972,1999]" degrees="64.614086" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="1" value="-64.61408">64.614086° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74D3267FC55F863BE6E2D9F" box="[994,1068,1972,1999]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="0.5">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B74D3267FC55F863BE6E2D9F" box="[994,1068,1972,1999]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="0.5">0.5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74D3267FB89F862BE992D9F" box="[1086,1243,1973,1999]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1990-07-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74D3267FB89F862BE992D9F" box="[1086,1243,1973,1999]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1990-07-17">17 Jul. 1990</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74D3267FB5BF862BF342D9F" box="[1260,1398,1973,1999]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">R. Aronson</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B74C3266FF4EFEDEBB0C2B73" box="[249,334,265,291]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74C3266FEE0FEDEBBF42B73" box="[343,438,265,291]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">E40833</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74C3266FE75FEDEB9A12B17" collectingDate="1997-06-01" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="A. Kerr" country="British Virgin Islands" elevation="2" latitude="20.39375" location="Guana Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.31426" municipality="St. Croix Island" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" specimenCode="E47524" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74C3266FE6CFEDEB8AF2B73" bold="true" box="[475,749,265,291]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B74C3266FE6CFEDEB8AF2B73" box="[475,749,265,291]" name="British Virgin Islands" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">British Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74C3266FCB0FEDEB9182B73" box="[775,858,265,291]" count="1" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FC17FEDEBE452B73" box="[928,1031,265,292]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74C3266FBAAFEDEBEFF2B73" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74C3266FBAAFEDEBEFF2B73" box="[1053,1213,265,291]" country="British Virgin Islands" latitude="20.39375" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.31426" municipality="St. Croix Island" name="Guana Island" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">Guana Island</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FB7CFEDEBF302B73" box="[1227,1394,265,291]" degrees="18.472111" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="1" value="18.47211">18.472111° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FF0AFEFBBB2B2B17" box="[189,361,300,327]" degrees="64.576794" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="1" value="-64.5768">64.576794° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FE0BFEFBBBAE2B17" box="[444,492,300,327]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B74C3266FE0BFEFBBBAE2B17" box="[444,492,300,327]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74C3266FE40FEFBB8C32B16" box="[503,641,300,327]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="1997-06-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74C3266FE40FEFBB8C32B16" box="[503,641,300,327]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="1997-06-01">1 Jun. 1997</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74C3266FD3CFEFBB8A62B17" box="[651,740,300,327]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">A. Kerr</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B74C3266FC93FEFBB93B2B16" box="[804,889,300,326]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74C3266FC37FEFBB99D2B17" box="[896,991,300,327]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">E47524</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74C3266FC5EFEFABB4B2BDD" collectingDate="1918-01-07" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="C. Nutting" country="Antigua and Barbuda" elevation="3" latitude="20.39375" location="English Harbor" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.31426" municipality="Antigua Island" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" specimenCode="E4391" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74C3266FC4AFEFBBF4C2B16" bold="true" box="[1021,1294,300,326]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B74C3266FC4AFEFBBF4C2B16" box="[1021,1294,300,326]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Antigua and Barbuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74C3266FA91FEFBBF352B17" box="[1318,1399,300,327]" count="1" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FF41FE98BB0C2B39" box="[246,334,335,361]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="80.0">80 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB74C3266FED7FE98B8532B39" box="[352,529,335,361]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Antigua Island</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74C3266FDABFE98B8962B39" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74C3266FDABFE98B8962B39" box="[540,724,335,361]" country="Antigua and Barbuda" latitude="20.39375" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-87.31426" municipality="Antigua Island" name="English Harbor" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">English Harbor</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FD68FE98B96A2B3A" box="[735,808,335,362]" degrees="17" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="55555" value="17.0">17° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FC84FE98B9812B3A" box="[819,963,335,362]" degrees="61.7667" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="5" value="-61.7667">61.7667° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74C3266FC78FE87BE1A2B39" box="[975,1112,335,362]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="1918-01-07">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74C3266FC78FE87BE1A2B39" box="[975,1112,335,362]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="1918-01-07">7 Jan. 1918</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74C3266FBD3FE98BEA22B39" box="[1124,1248,335,361]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">C. Nutting</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B74C3266FA95FE98BF352B39" box="[1314,1399,335,361]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74C3266FF0AFEA4BB4B2BDD" box="[189,265,371,397]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">E4391</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74C3266FE9EFEA4BE122BDD" box="[297,1104,370,397]" collectingDate="1918-01-07" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="C. Nutting" country="Antigua and Barbuda" elevation="3" latitude="17.0" location="English Harbor" longLatPrecision="0" longitude="-61.7667" municipality="Antigua Island" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" specimenCode="E22322" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74C3266FE9EFEA4BB3C2BDD" box="[297,382,371,397]" count="1" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FE7EFEA4B8662BDD" box="[457,548,371,397]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B74C3266FC23FEA4B9AB2BDD" box="[916,1001,371,397]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74C3266FC43FEA4BE122BDD" box="[1012,1104,371,397]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">E22322</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74C3266FBD8FEA4B8972BE0" collectingDate="1918-01-07" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="C. Nutting" country="Curaçao" elevation="3" latitude="17.0" location="English Harbor" longLatPrecision="0" longitude="-61.7667" municipality="Antigua Island" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" specimenCode="USNM 1283366" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Quintana Roo">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74C3266FBD8FEA4BE862BDD" box="[1135,1220,371,397]" count="1" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FAB8FEA5BF282BDD" box="[1295,1386,370,397]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74C3266FDBDFE41B8932BE0" box="[522,721,406,432]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">USNM 1283366</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74C3266FD6AFE41BF352B84" collectingDate="2020-02-18" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Paulay" country="Curaçao" elevation="3" latitude="17.0" location="Carmabi Marine Research Station" longLatPrecision="0" longitude="-61.7667" municipality="Antigua Island" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" specimenCode="UF20352" specimenCount="1">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74C3266FD42FE42B9232BE0" bold="true" box="[757,865,405,432]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B74C3266FD42FE42B9232BE0" box="[757,865,405,432]" name="Curaçao" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74C3266FCCDFE41B9922BE0" box="[890,976,406,432]" count="1" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74C3266FC6AFE41BF302BE0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74C3266FC6AFE41BF302BE0" box="[989,1394,406,432]" country="Curaçao" latitude="17.0" longLatPrecision="0" longitude="-61.7667" municipality="Antigua Island" name="Carmabi Marine Research Station" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Carmabi Marine Research Station</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FF0AFE6EBB172B83" box="[189,341,441,467]" degrees="12.12177" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="1" value="12.12177">12.12177° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FED7FE6EBBBF2B83" box="[352,509,441,467]" degrees="68.96964" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="1" value="-68.96964">68.96964° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FDE7FE6EB83D2B83" box="[592,639,441,467]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="3.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B74C3266FDE7FE6EB83D2B83" box="[592,639,441,467]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74C3266FD3DFE6EB9672B83" box="[650,805,441,467]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="2020-02-18">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74C3266FD3DFE6EB9672B83" box="[650,805,441,467]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="2020-02-18">18 Feb. 2020</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74C3266FC87FE6EB9E12B83" box="[816,931,441,467]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">G. Paulay</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; reef shelf; BCUR-0532;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74C3266FAB7FE6EBF312B84" box="[1280,1395,441,468]" collectionCode="UF" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34858" name="Florida Museum of Natural History- Zoology, Paleontology and Paleobotany" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">UF20352</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74C3266FF0BFE0ABE1C284A" collectingDate="2016-06-10" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="L. Geyer & G. Borrero-Perez" country="Belize" elevation="2" latitude="17.0" location="Tobacco Cay" longLatPrecision="0" longitude="-61.7667" municipality="Antigua Island" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" specimenCode="USNM 1659484" specimenCount="1">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74C3266FF64FE0BBB5C2BA6" bold="true" box="[211,286,476,502]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B74C3266FF64FE0BBB5C2BA6" box="[211,286,476,502]" name="Belize" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74C3266FE8FFE0BBBC82BA7" box="[312,394,476,503]" count="1" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FE7BFE0BB8662BA6" box="[460,548,476,502]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74C3266FD8FFE0BB8942BA6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74C3266FD8FFE0BB8942BA6" box="[568,726,476,502]" country="Belize" latitude="17.0" longLatPrecision="0" longitude="-61.7667" municipality="Antigua Island" name="Tobacco Cay" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Tobacco Cay</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FD55FE0BB9C82BA7" box="[738,906,476,503]" degrees="16.945997" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="1" value="16.945997">16.945997° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FC21FE0BBE062BA7" box="[918,1092,476,503]" degrees="88.060744" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="1" value="-88.060745">88.060744° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FB2DFE0BBE882BA7" box="[1178,1226,476,503]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B74C3266FB2DFE0BBE882BA7" box="[1178,1226,476,503]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74C3266FB60FE0BBF302BA6" box="[1239,1394,476,503]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="2016-06-10">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74C3266FB60FE0BBF302BA6" box="[1239,1394,476,503]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="2016-06-10">10 Jun. 2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74C3266FF0AFDD7BB652849" box="[189,295,511,538]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">L. Geyer</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74C3266FED5FE28B86F2849" box="[354,557,511,537]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom, ImrBe99;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74C3266FC2DFE28BE1C284A" box="[922,1118,511,538]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">USNM 1659484</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74C3266FBCEFE28B97B2831" collectingDate="2016-06-12" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="A. Hiller & G. Borrero-Perez" country="Belize" elevation="2" latitude="16.803074" location="Carrie Bow Cay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-88.08194" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" specimenCode="USNM 1659485" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74C3266FBCEFE28BE8E284A" box="[1145,1228,511,538]" count="1" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FAA6FE28BF282849" box="[1297,1386,511,537]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74C3266FF0AFDF5BBC6286D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74C3266FF0AFDF5BBC6286D" box="[189,388,546,573]" country="Belize" latitude="16.803074" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-88.08194" name="Carrie Bow Cay" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Carrie Bow Cay</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FE24FDF5B87F286D" box="[403,573,546,573]" degrees="16.803074" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="1" value="16.803074">16.803074° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FDFCFDF4B8B9286D" box="[587,763,547,573]" degrees="88.081939" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="1" value="-88.08194">88.081939° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FCE2FDF4B9C5286D" box="[853,903,547,573]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B74C3266FCE2FDF4B9C5286D" box="[853,903,547,573]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74C3266FC21FDF4BE77286C" box="[918,1077,546,573]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="2016-06-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74C3266FC21FDF4BE77286C" box="[918,1077,546,573]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="2016-06-12">12 Jun. 2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74C3266FBF5FDF4BEEF286C" box="[1090,1197,546,573]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">A. Hiller</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74C3266FB5CFDF4BABC2830" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom, ImrBe107;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74C3266FDC2FD91B97B2831" box="[629,825,582,609]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">USNM 1659485</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74C3266FCE4FD91BEBD28D3" collectingDate="1975-04" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="M. Carpenter" country="Belize" elevation="2" latitude="16.80295" location="Carrie Bow Cay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-88.08145" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" specimenCode="E18627" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Belize">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74C3266FCE4FD91B9E72830" box="[851,933,582,608]" count="1" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FC5FFD91BE022830" box="[1000,1088,582,608]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B74C3266FBE3FD91BEE02830" box="[1108,1186,582,608]" country="Belize" name="Belize" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Belize</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74C3266FB18FD91BF302830" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74C3266FB18FD91BF302830" box="[1199,1394,582,608]" country="Belize" latitude="16.80295" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-88.08145" name="Carrie Bow Cay" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" stateProvince="Belize">Carrie Bow Cay</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FF0AFDBEBB1828D3" box="[189,346,617,644]" degrees="16.80295" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="1" value="16.80295">16.80295° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FEDDFDBEB84F28D3" box="[362,525,617,644]" degrees="88.08145" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="1" value="-88.08145">88.08145° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FDDDFDBEB8FE28D3" box="[618,700,617,643]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B74C3266FDDDFDBEB8FE28D3" box="[618,700,617,643]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74C3266FD7CFDBEB90A28D4" box="[715,840,617,644]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="1975-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74C3266FD7CFDBEB90A28D4" box="[715,840,617,644]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="1975-04">Apr. 1975</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74C3266FCEFFDBEB9BB28D3" box="[856,1017,617,643]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">M. Carpenter</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B74C3266FBF3FDBEBEDB28D3" box="[1092,1177,617,643]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74C3266FB13FDBEBEBD28D3" box="[1188,1279,617,643]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">E18627</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB74C3266FA96FDBEBE70289A" collectingDate="1979-03-22" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Hendler" country="Belize" elevation="18" latitude="16.80295" location="Carrie Bow Cay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-88.08145" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" specimenCode="USNM 1021529" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Belize">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74C3266FA96FDBEBF3528D3" box="[1313,1399,617,643]" count="1" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FF4FFD5BBB1328F6" box="[248,337,652,679]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB74C3266FED1FD5BB86528F6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B742327FFDBDF900BF7D2858:7541F2BCB74C3266FED1FD5BB86528F6" box="[358,551,652,679]" country="Belize" latitude="16.80295" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-88.08145" name="Carrie Bow Cay" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" stateProvince="Belize">Carrie Bow Cay</location>
|
||
, near transect along wall of trough behind fore reef crest;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FB6FFD5BBF3028F7" box="[1240,1394,652,679]" degrees="16.80295" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="1" value="16.80295">16.80295° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B74C3266FF09FD78BB1E289A" box="[190,348,687,714]" degrees="88.08145" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="1" value="-88.08145">88.08145° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FE07FD78BBAD289A" box="[432,495,687,714]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="18.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B74C3266FE07FD78BBAD289A" box="[432,495,687,714]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="18.0">18 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B74C3266FE4CFD78B8DE2899" box="[507,668,687,714]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="1979-03-22">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB74C3266FE4CFD78B8DE2899" box="[507,668,687,714]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="1979-03-22">22 Mar. 1979</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B74C3266FD1FFD78B9682899" box="[680,810,687,713]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">G. Hendler</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB74C3266FCDBFD78BE70289A" box="[876,1074,687,714]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="Museum">USNM 1021529</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB74C3263FF0AFD27B8DF2CE2" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74C3266FF0AFD27BB0C295A" blockId="73.[189,334,752,778]" box="[189,334,752,778]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB74C3266FF0AFD27BB0C295A" bold="true" box="[189,334,752,778]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74C3266FF0AFD27BB0C295A" bold="true" box="[189,334,752,778]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74C3266FF0AFCF7B9EB2FC1" blockId="73.[188,1401,799,1425]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB74C3266FF0AFCF7BB722968" baselines="819,819" box="[189,304,800,826]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="External" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">EXTERNAL</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB74C3266FE80FCF2BBFD2968" baselines="819" box="[311,447,805,824]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="appearance" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">APPEARANCE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Small to medium size species, preserved specimens up to
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FBC0FCC8BE9A296A" box="[1143,1240,799,826]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (n = 11, range
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FEB2FC95BBD6290D" box="[261,404,834,861]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="13.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="77.5" valueMax="135.0" valueMin="20.0">20–135 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FE28FC95B848290C" box="[415,522,834,860]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FDA3FC95B82B290D" box="[532,617,834,861]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FDC3FC94B89C290D" box="[628,734,835,861]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FD5FFC95B97D290D" box="[744,831,834,861]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Body loaf-like, length/width ratio 3.1± 0.5 (n = 11, range 2.4–4.1,
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FE2FFCB1BBBD29D0" box="[408,511,870,896]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
3.8,
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FD8DFCB1B8DD29D0" box="[570,671,870,896]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
4.1).
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FD52FCB1B91029D0" box="[741,850,870,896]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(contracted) and
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FB95FCB1BEC529D0" box="[1058,1159,870,896]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
rounded posteriorly and anteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FECDFC5EB85229F3" box="[378,528,905,931]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="75.[190,233,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-86@75.[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Fig. 22. Type specimens of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Bogue Island, Montego Bay, Jamaica (MCZ HOL-921, 50 mm long, contracted) and original labels. B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae (slide MCZ HOL-225). C. Dorsal and ventral view of the paratype from Bird Key, Tortugas, Florida (MCZ HOL-1214, 65 mm long) and original labels. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A, C = 10 mm; B = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710687/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig. 22A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), similar to living specimens, which are convex/subcylindrical in cross section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FEA8FC7BBB372996" box="[287,373,940,966]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="78.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetId="figure-15@78.[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Fig. 24. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–B. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize. C–D. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize. E. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao. F. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524). G. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833). H. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391). I. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627). J–K. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710691/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
). Body wall soft and not very thick (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FCAFFC7BB9C12996" box="[792,899,940,966]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FC3AFC7BBE442997" box="[909,1030,940,967]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 mm</quantity>
|
||
; USNM E47524 (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FAB2FC7BBF282996" box="[1285,1386,940,967]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
):
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FF0BFC18BB6029B9" box="[188,290,975,1001]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Anus supra-terminal, circular and not surrounded by large papillae. Mouth directed ventrally, encircled by a collar of medium sized papillae (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FCB6FC24B92E2E5D" box="[769,876,1011,1037]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FCCDFC24B9832E5D" box="[890,961,1011,1037]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
high;
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FBA6FC25BE3E2E5C" box="[1041,1148,1010,1036]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
: retracted). Nineteen large peltate tentacles in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FDA2FBC1B83E2E60" box="[533,636,1046,1072]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(retracted) and
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FC8BFBC1B9E32E60" box="[828,929,1046,1072]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FC04FBC1BE552E60" box="[947,1047,1046,1072]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FBD2FBC1BE9C2E60" box="[1125,1246,1046,1073]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="2.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide shield, with
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FF4AFBEEBB1B2E03" box="[253,345,1081,1108]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
deep indentations); 20 tentacles in the largest specimen USNM E47524 (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FB79FBEEBF712E03" box="[1230,1331,1081,1107]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.0">6–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long;
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FF08FB8BBB7A2E27" box="[191,312,1116,1143]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="4.25" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="4.0">4–4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide shield). Large live and preserved specimens with flat and inconspicuous dorsal and lateral papillae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FEC9FBA8B8662EC9" box="[382,548,1151,1177]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="78.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetId="figure-15@78.[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Fig. 24. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–B. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize. C–D. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize. E. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao. F. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524). G. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833). H. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391). I. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627). J–K. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710691/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig. 24F, J–K</figureCitation>
|
||
) (USNM47524: less than
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FCE9FBA8B9E62ECA" box="[862,932,1151,1178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
high and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FBA9FBA8BED92ECA" box="[1054,1179,1151,1178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2 to 5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide at the base). Juvenile live specimens with medium to large dorsal papillae, rounded or pointed, ending in a thin tip, scattered irregularly; lateral papillae similar in shape to the dorsal ones, but smaller and less obvious (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FF7FFB3EBB102F53" box="[200,338,1257,1283]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="78.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetId="figure-15@78.[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Fig. 24. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–B. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize. C–D. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize. E. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao. F. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524). G. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833). H. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391). I. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627). J–K. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710691/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig.24A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Papillae in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FDBCFB3EB8302F53" box="[523,626,1257,1283]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FD11FB3EB9492F53" box="[678,779,1257,1283]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
small (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FCE9FB3EB9AA2F53" box="[862,1000,1257,1283]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="75.[190,233,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-86@75.[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Fig. 22. Type specimens of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Bogue Island, Montego Bay, Jamaica (MCZ HOL-921, 50 mm long, contracted) and original labels. B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae (slide MCZ HOL-225). C. Dorsal and ventral view of the paratype from Bird Key, Tortugas, Florida (MCZ HOL-1214, 65 mm long) and original labels. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A, C = 10 mm; B = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710687/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig. 22A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Lateral rows not sharply defining the dorsal and ventral surface in either juveniles or adults, in living or preserved specimens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FAA3FADBBF302F76" box="[1300,1394,1292,1318]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="75.[190,233,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-86@75.[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Fig. 22. Type specimens of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Bogue Island, Montego Bay, Jamaica (MCZ HOL-921, 50 mm long, contracted) and original labels. B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae (slide MCZ HOL-225). C. Dorsal and ventral view of the paratype from Bird Key, Tortugas, Florida (MCZ HOL-1214, 65 mm long) and original labels. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A, C = 10 mm; B = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710687/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Figs 22</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FF08FAF8BAA22F19" box="[191,224,1327,1353]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="78.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetId="figure-15@78.[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Fig. 24. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–B. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize. C–D. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize. E. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao. F. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524). G. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833). H. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391). I. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627). J–K. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710691/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">24</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventral surface in both juveniles and large specimens densely covered with cylindrical pedicels, arranged in three longitudinal rows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FDD9FA85B8882F3D" box="[622,714,1362,1389]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="75.[190,233,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-86@75.[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Fig. 22. Type specimens of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Bogue Island, Montego Bay, Jamaica (MCZ HOL-921, 50 mm long, contracted) and original labels. B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae (slide MCZ HOL-225). C. Dorsal and ventral view of the paratype from Bird Key, Tortugas, Florida (MCZ HOL-1214, 65 mm long) and original labels. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A, C = 10 mm; B = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710687/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Figs 22</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FD60FA84B8BA2F3D" box="[727,760,1363,1389]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="78.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetId="figure-15@78.[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Fig. 24. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–B. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize. C–D. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize. E. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao. F. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524). G. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833). H. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391). I. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627). J–K. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710691/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">24</figureCitation>
|
||
); most of the pedicels retracted and longitudinal rows not evident in the largest preserved specimen (USNM E47524).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74C3266FF0AFA60B8702D5E" blockId="73.[188,1401,1463,1806]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
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<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB74C3266FEA7FA6ABB7F2F80" baselines="1483" box="[272,317,1469,1488]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">AND</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB74C3266FEF3FA6ABB3D2F80" baselines="1483" box="[324,383,1469,1488]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="body" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">BODY</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB74C3266FE31FA6ABBFD2F80" baselines="1483" box="[390,447,1469,1488]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="wall" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">WALL</smallCapsWord>
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<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB74C3266FE71FA6AB80C2F80" baselines="1483" box="[454,590,1469,1488]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="appearance" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">APPEARANCE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Body wall surface smooth and semi-translucent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FB21FA60BEA22F81" box="[1174,1248,1463,1489]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, 22, 24) (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74C3266FF41FA0DBBED2FA4" author="Clark H. L." box="[246,431,1498,1524]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark 1922: 62</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Color not variable, living specimens light yellow-brown in the background on the dorsal side with irregularly arranged blurred big and small darker brown spots that do not coincide with the papillae; papillae lighter, with the distal end almost white, or at least lighter than the base of the papillae, yellow according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74C3266FDE7F993B8AB2C0E" author="Clark H. L." box="[592,745,1604,1630]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FD4CF993B97D2C0E" box="[763,831,1604,1630]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
P’–Q’). Ventral surface lighter than dorsal with small spots in the same dorsal pattern, pedicels translucent white, end plate of darker brown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FAA5F9B0BF2B2CD1" box="[1298,1385,1639,1665]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="78.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetId="figure-15@78.[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Fig. 24. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–B. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize. C–D. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize. E. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao. F. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524). G. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833). H. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391). I. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627). J–K. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710691/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
). Preserved specimens similar to live ones in color, tentacles with light brown tubes and darker shields (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FF70F97ABB092C98" box="[199,331,1709,1736]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="78.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetId="figure-15@78.[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Fig. 24. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–B. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize. C–D. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize. E. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao. F. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524). G. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833). H. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391). I. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627). J–K. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710691/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig. 24F–I</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FED6F97ABB8C2C97" box="[353,462,1709,1735]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FDBDF979B82D2C98" box="[522,623,1710,1736]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
uniform whitish on the dorsal and ventral surfaces, with slightly darker tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FE26F906B8682CBB" box="[401,554,1745,1771]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="75.[190,233,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-86@75.[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Fig. 22. Type specimens of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Bogue Island, Montego Bay, Jamaica (MCZ HOL-921, 50 mm long, contracted) and original labels. B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae (slide MCZ HOL-225). C. Dorsal and ventral view of the paratype from Bird Key, Tortugas, Florida (MCZ HOL-1214, 65 mm long) and original labels. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A, C = 10 mm; B = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710687/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig. 22A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Living juveniles (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FCABF906B9372CBB" box="[796,885,1745,1771]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) similar in color as adults, tentacles translucent white (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FE21F923B8672D5E" box="[406,549,1780,1806]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="78.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionTargetBox="[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetId="figure-15@78.[292,1295,265,1604]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Fig. 24. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–B. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize. C–D. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize. E. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao. F. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524). G. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833). H. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391). I. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627). J–K. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710691/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig. 24A–E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74C3265FF0AF8E1BBDC28BC" blockId="73.[188,1399,1845,2013]" lastBlockId="74.[188,1400,265,748]" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
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<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB74C3266FE87F8ECBBD52D1E" baselines="1865" box="[304,407,1851,1870]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="anatomy" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">ANATOMY</smallCapsWord>
|
||
(based on MCZ HOL-1214 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FD42F8E1B9222D00" box="[757,864,1846,1872]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
, L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FC28F8E2B9B52D00" box="[927,1015,1845,1872]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
), USNM E47524 (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FABDF8E2BF2D2D00" box="[1290,1391,1845,1872]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and MCZ HOL-921 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74C3266FE08F88EB86E2D23" box="[447,556,1881,1907]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FDDAF88FB8862D23" box="[621,708,1880,1907]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
, mostly deteriorated)). Calcareous ring diameter
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FAA6F88EBF152D23" box="[1297,1367,1881,1907]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FF5EF8ABBB7E2DC6" box="[233,316,1916,1943]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FE5EF8ABB8782DC6" box="[489,570,1916,1942]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
|
||
in the largest
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FD69F8ABB97D2DC6" box="[734,831,1916,1943]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
one; radial elements almost as long as wide (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FF0AF848BB502DEA" box="[189,274,1951,1978]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FEABF848BB1D2DEA" box="[284,351,1951,1978]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FE1CF848B8462DEA" box="[427,516,1951,1978]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FDCDF848B89C2DEA" box="[634,734,1951,1978]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FD5FF848B9682DEA" box="[744,810,1951,1978]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FCC0F848B98D2DEA" box="[887,975,1951,1978]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long), with four anterior small lobes and small posterior projections that are larger in the largest specimen (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74C3266FBB9F815BE2C2D8C" box="[1038,1134,1986,2012]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74C3266FB30F815BEA72D8C" box="[1159,1253,1986,2012]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[239,1387,770,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-34@23.[189,1398,759,1770]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 4. Comparison of the calcareous rings of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (A–B showing calcareous rings from specimens of different sizes). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Dimensions of the individuals from which each ring was obtained are shown next to their museum catalog number. Abbreviations: ip = interradial plate; rp = radial plate. Scale bar = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710647/files/figure.png" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
); interradial elements pointed anteriorly and concave in the posterior margin, about half as wide as radial elements and somewhat shorter (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FDB9FEFBB8252B17" box="[526,615,300,327]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FDC2FEFBB8902B17" box="[629,722,300,327]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FC91FEFBB9C12B17" box="[806,899,300,327]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FBBEFEFBBE332B17" box="[1033,1137,300,327]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FBC8FEFBBE9E2B17" box="[1151,1244,300,327]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FA87FEFBBF352B17" box="[1328,1399,300,327]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long). Single and irregularly helical stone canal (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FC80FE98B9CD2B3A" box="[823,911,335,362]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FC2BFE98B9A32B3A" box="[924,993,335,362]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FBD6FE98BE8A2B3A" box="[1121,1224,335,362]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FB62FE98BF6B2B3A" box="[1237,1321,335,362]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
long), attached to the mesentery, ending in a flat leaf-like madreporite,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FC7DFEA4BE4D2BDD" box="[970,1039,371,397]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide in the largest specimen. Tentacle ampullae in the largest specimen
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FD03FE41B9762BE0" box="[692,820,406,432]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="12.0">12–16 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FC37FE41B9A02BE0" box="[896,994,406,432]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FBC5FE41BE842BE0" box="[1138,1222,406,433]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen, and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FF09FE6EBB742B83" box="[190,310,441,468]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74F3265FE30FE6EBBB02B83" box="[391,498,441,467]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. One tube-like Polian vesicle in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FC2BFE6EB9AD2B83" box="[924,1007,441,468]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74F3265FB7CFE6EBF702B83" box="[1227,1330,441,467]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(both
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FF0AFE0BBB472BA7" box="[189,261,476,503]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FEE2FE0BBBDF2BA7" box="[341,413,476,503]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide); two tube-like Polian vesicles in the largest specimen, one longer (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FA96FE0BBF352BA7" box="[1313,1399,476,503]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FEB6FE28BB1E284A" box="[257,348,511,538]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide) than the other (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FDD2FE28B8E9284A" box="[613,683,511,538]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FD40FE28B911284A" box="[759,851,511,538]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide), streaked longitudinally, with spots and dark tips. Gonads found only in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74F3265FDD9FDF5B897286C" box="[622,725,546,572]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FD51FDF5B912286D" box="[742,848,546,573]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 11E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Longitudinal muscles approximately 1.5 and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FF09FD91BB552830" box="[190,279,582,609]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FE10FD91BBBB2830" box="[423,505,582,609]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74F3265FD64FD91B97F2830" box="[723,829,582,608]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FCCEFD91B9FF2830" box="[889,957,582,608]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide in the largest specimen (USNM E47524), divided and attached to the body wall medially and laterally. Respiratory trees insert to the cloaca arising from a common stem
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FDD8FD5BB88028F7" box="[623,706,652,679]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
long in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FCE6FD5BB9F128F7" box="[849,947,652,679]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen, the left tree extending with the intestine (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FE3EFD78BB9D289A" box="[393,479,687,714]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FE5EFD78B879289A" box="[489,571,687,714]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FD05FD78B955289A" box="[690,791,687,714]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FC96FD78B931289A" box="[801,883,687,714]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) and right tree free (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FB2BFD78BEAC289A" box="[1180,1262,687,714]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FA92FD78BF35289A" box="[1317,1399,687,714]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="45.0">45 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, respectively).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74F3265FF0AFCC3B998298E" blockId="74.[188,1399,788,991]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB74F3265FF0AFCC3BB61297D" baselines="807,808" box="[189,291,788,814]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Ossicles" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">OSSICLES</smallCapsWord>
|
||
(based on MCZ HOL-921 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74F3265FD32FCC3B8B0297E" box="[645,754,788,814]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FC8BFCC3B9DA297E" box="[828,920,788,815]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
), MCZ HOL-225 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74F3265FB33FCC3BEAC297E" box="[1156,1262,788,814]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
permanent slide), MCZ HOL-1214 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74F3265FE52FCE0B8122901" box="[485,592,823,849]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
, L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FD3CFCE0B8A02901" box="[651,738,823,850]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
), USNM E47524 (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FC58FCE0BE162902" box="[1007,1108,823,850]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
, SEM images (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FAB1FCE0BF1F2901" box="[1286,1373,823,849]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="75.[190,233,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-86@75.[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Fig. 22. Type specimens of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Bogue Island, Montego Bay, Jamaica (MCZ HOL-921, 50 mm long, contracted) and original labels. B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae (slide MCZ HOL-225). C. Dorsal and ventral view of the paratype from Bird Key, Tortugas, Florida (MCZ HOL-1214, 65 mm long) and original labels. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A, C = 10 mm; B = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710687/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
|
||
)); USNM 1659484 (juvenile, L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FD87FC8CB8C72925" box="[560,645,859,885]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and USNM 1659485 (juvenile, L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FB8DFC8CBED02925" box="[1082,1170,859,885]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
); juveniles only for dorsal papillae and body wall). Ossicles of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74F3265FD56FCA9B90A29C8" box="[737,840,894,920]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
are mostly deteriorated; however, some aspects of the remaining ossicles, the permanent slide MCZ HOL-225, and the description of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74F3265FB17FC76BF7B29EB" author="Clark H. L." box="[1184,1337,929,955]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who only described the ossicles from papillae and pedicels, are included.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74F3265FF0AFBD2BE642D76" blockId="74.[188,1400,1029,1830]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
Dorsal papillae with tables, thin C-shaped rods, perforated plates, and large, curved rods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FB70FBD2BF712E70" box="[1223,1331,1029,1056]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Figs 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FA89FBD1BF332E70" box="[1342,1393,1030,1056]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="75.[190,233,1857,1883]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetId="figure-86@75.[189,1398,476,1816]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="Fig. 22. Type specimens of Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Bogue Island, Montego Bay, Jamaica (MCZ HOL-921, 50 mm long, contracted) and original labels. B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae (slide MCZ HOL-225). C. Dorsal and ventral view of the paratype from Bird Key, Tortugas, Florida (MCZ HOL-1214, 65 mm long) and original labels. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A, C = 10 mm; B = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710687/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">22B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FF0BFBFEBAB12E13" box="[188,243,1065,1091]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-11@77.[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">23A</figureCitation>
|
||
). All
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74F3265FE85FBFEBB322E13" box="[306,368,1065,1091]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of ossicles present in all specimens, from
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FCD5FBFEB9F62E13" box="[866,948,1065,1091]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FC6DFBFFBE792E13" box="[986,1083,1064,1091]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
long. Numerous C-shaped rods, a few S-shaped ones, ranging from 91 to 155 (x = 133) µm long; 2–3 times as long as tables are high, usually abundant in the papilla tip, sometimes in the base; no obvious correlation with body length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FF73FB45BB6A2EFC" box="[196,296,1170,1196]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[189,232,1565,1591]" captionTargetBox="[209,1386,288,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-210@33.[189,1398,265,1517]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710655/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Figs 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FE82FB45BB2B2EFC" box="[309,361,1170,1196]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">10E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Numerous tables with notable changes in shape and size during growth. Tables in 20, 40 and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FEA3FB62BB242E80" box="[276,358,1205,1232]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimens 31 to 48 (x = 40) µm high and with large discs with smooth and wide margins 24–77 (x = 48) µm across the disc, characterized by one large central perforation, which appears as four large and symmetrical holes, without outer holes, or usually with 4 outer smaller holes alternating with the central holes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FE7AFAC8B8742F69" box="[461,566,1311,1337]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
, also see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74F3265FD1EFAC8B9732F69" author="Clark H. L." box="[681,817,1311,1337]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl 1 fig. 2;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74F3265FC76FAC8BED22F69" author="Deichmann E." box="[961,1168,1311,1337]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="43 - 226" refId="ref56416" refString="Deichmann E. 1930. The holothurians of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 71 (3): 43 - 226. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2798795 [accessed 14 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1930">Deichmann 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl 5 fig. 39); some tables with 5 to 15 (rarely 20) holes in the disc, forming a complete outer ring, rarely with one more incomplete ring. Spires composed of four pillars usually narrowed at the tip, although also with parallel pillars, crossbeam closer to the base; crown of spire rounded without teeth or with few teeth; minute teeth on tables with larger discs. These tables with large discs disappear in individuals during growth, and are replaced with regular
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74F3265FDAEFA18B8EE2FB9" authorityName="Borrero-Pérez & Solís-Marín & Lessios" authorityYear="2024" box="[537,684,1487,1513]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74F3265FDAEFA18B8EE2FB9" box="[537,684,1487,1513]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
tables with smaller discs, ranging from 32 to 42 (x = 39) µm across the disc in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FE0CFA25B84D2C5D" box="[443,527,1522,1549]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen, with one rounded central perforation and 2–9 peripheral holes, always arranged in one simple ring. Similar tables scarce in the largest specimen (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FB11F9C2BF492C60" box="[1190,1291,1557,1584]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
), most of the tables with disc completely reduced, 17–27 (x = 23) µm across and spires composed of four parallel pillars slightly or strongly constricted, 29–38 (x = 34) μm high; one crossbeam near the base, pillars ending in triplets of small spines forming an expanded crown (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FC10F9A8BE572CC9" box="[935,1045,1663,1689]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Figs 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FB94F9A8BE182CC9" box="[1059,1114,1663,1689]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-11@77.[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">23A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Few perforated plates, located in the papilla tip, with few large perforations, larger in the center of the plate, ranging from 82 to 127 µm across;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74F3265FE28F912B8752CB0" author="Clark H. L." box="[415,567,1733,1760]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used the term “end plates” to describe these dorsal perforated plates. Slightly or strongly curved rods, usually with quadrangular projections in the central area, sometimes perforated, 41 to 289 µm long, increasing gradually in size during growth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74F3265FF0AF89ABF052D81" blockId="74.[188,1398,1869,2001]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
Dorsal body wall with tables and rare C-shaped and S-shaped rods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FC6DF89ABE052D37" box="[986,1095,1869,1895]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Figs 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FBE4F89ABEC92D37" box="[1107,1163,1869,1895]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-11@77.[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">23A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Numerous smaller tables similar to those from the papillae, 33–50 µm (x = 40 µm) high and 23–103 µm (x = 45 µm) across disc in specimens less than
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FDB1F844B8182DFE" box="[518,602,1939,1966]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FD10F843B9512DFE" box="[679,787,1940,1966]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
); no tables with disc in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74F3265FBEAF844BEFD2DFE" box="[1117,1215,1939,1966]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen, disc usually completely reduced 14–19 (x = 17) µm across disc and 31–37 (x = 34) µm high (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74F3265FB67F860BF782D81" box="[1232,1338,1975,2001]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74E3263FF0AFEDEBF60284A" blockId="75.[189,1399,265,397]" lastBlockId="76.[188,1400,265,538]" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
Pedicels with tables, C-shaped rods, perforated plates, large and curved rods, and end plates (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74E3264FB49FEDEBF282B73" box="[1278,1386,265,291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-11@77.[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 23B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Numerous tables with one large central perforation, which appears as four symmetrical holes, with 4 to 12 outer smaller holes usually in a single ring, both in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74E3264FC0FFE98BE4F2B3A" box="[952,1037,335,362]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74E3264FBFDFE98BEEF2B3A" box="[1098,1197,335,362]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
long specimens; no tables with reduced disc; tables 27–40 (x = 35) μm high and 30–55 (x = 42) µm across the disc in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FF5DFEDEBB7C2B73" box="[234,318,265,292]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
long specimen, and 22–32 (x = 27) μm high and 20–44 (x = 32) µm across the disc in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FF09FEFBBB612B17" box="[190,291,300,327]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen; numerous C-shaped ossicles, but not in all pedicels; C-shaped ossicles from the ventral surface much narrower, smaller than those from the dorsal side, as also mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7493263FA82FE98BB4C2BDD" author="Clark H. L." pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 78 to 112 (x = 99) µm long in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FD1BFEA5B94F2BDD" box="[684,781,370,397]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen, shorter than 165 µm reported by Clark in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B7493263FF5FFE41BB592BE0" box="[232,283,406,432]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens. Numerous elongated perforated plates, with many perforations larger and elongated in the center of the plate 145–212 µm long in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FD4EFE6EB9092B83" box="[761,843,441,468]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen and 228–284 µm long in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FAA2FE6EBF342B83" box="[1301,1398,441,468]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen. Slightly curved rods with wide perforated expansions in the middle, 173–243 µm long in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FF0AFE28BB4D284A" box="[189,271,511,538]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen and 268-323 µm long in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FD6CFE28B97F284A" box="[731,829,511,538]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen; end plate 489–569 µm across.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB74E3264FF09F896B9AF2DB9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710687" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710687" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710687/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" startId="75.[190,233,1857,1883]" targetBox="[189,1398,476,1816]" targetPageId="75">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74E3264FF09F896B9AF2DB9" blockId="75.[188,1398,1857,2025]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74E3264FF09F896BB592D0B" bold="true" box="[190,283,1857,1883]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 22.</emphasis>
|
||
Type specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74E3264FE49F896BE572D0C" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[510,1045,1857,1884]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74E3264FE49F896B92E2D0B" box="[510,876,1857,1883]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Isostichopus macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74E3264FCCBF896BE492D0C" author="Clark H. L." box="[892,1035,1857,1884]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74E3264FBAAF896BE702D0B" bold="true" box="[1053,1074,1857,1883]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Bogue Island, Montego Bay, Jamaica (MCZ HOL-921, 50 mm long, contracted) and original labels.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74E3264FEC4F85FBBC52DF2" bold="true" box="[371,391,1928,1954]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae (slide MCZ HOL-225).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74E3264FBCDF85FBECD2DF2" bold="true" box="[1146,1167,1928,1954]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal and ventral view of the paratype from Bird Key, Tortugas, Florida (MCZ HOL-1214, 65 mm long) and original labels. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A, C = 10 mm; B = 100 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7493263FF0AFD96BF24280B" blockId="76.[189,1382,577,603]" box="[189,1382,577,603]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Ventral body wall with numerous tables similar to those from pedicels; C-shaped ossicles not present.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7493263FF0AFD55BB2D291C" blockId="76.[188,1399,642,844]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
Tentacles with tables and rods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7493263FD82FD55B8E028CC" box="[565,674,642,668]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-11@77.[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 23C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Few tables having smooth discs with four large central and symmetrical holes with 1 to 3 peripheral holes in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FC98FD72B9C32890" box="[815,897,677,704]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen (31–41 μm across disc) and 0 to 12, mostly
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FEF7FD1EBB2F28B3" box="[320,365,713,739]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
|
||
the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FE17FD1FB84328B3" box="[416,513,712,739]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen (38–51 μm across disc). Spire low, composed of four incomplete pillars that usually are not joined at the top; without crossbeams connecting adjacent pillars. Numerous strongly or slightly curved spiny rods of different sizes ranging from 64 to 839 µm, increasing gradually with body size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7493263FF0AFCA3BBDE2E9A" blockId="76.[188,1400,884,1227]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
Mouth membrane with tables, C-shaped rods and simple rods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7493263FC12FCA3BE4C29DE" box="[933,1038,884,910]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 11E</figureCitation>
|
||
); tables larger than those from dorsal and ventral sides, having spinous discs with one large central perforation, which appears as four symmetrical holes usually with 4 to 7 peripheral holes, not forming a complete ring in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FA93FC6DBF352985" box="[1316,1399,954,981]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen (46–82 µm high, 62–101 µm across the disc) and with one or two rings of 4 to 14 perforations in the first and 2 to 8 perforations in the second ring in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FC27FBD7B9B72E4B" box="[912,1013,1024,1051]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen (50–97 µm high, 43– 108 µm across the disc); spires low, with four incomplete pillars not joined at the top, or composed of a variable number of pillars that are joined in a slender reticulate spire, cross beams not distinguishable; numerous C-shaped ossicles 37–71 µm long in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FCA4FBBDB9242ED5" box="[787,870,1130,1157]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen and 33–89 µm long in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FAA0FBBDBF3A2ED5" box="[1303,1400,1130,1157]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen; numerous small rods 54–108 µm long in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FCD5FB5AB9F52EF8" box="[866,951,1165,1192]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen and 35–71 µm long in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FF0AFB67BB5C2E9B" box="[189,286,1200,1227]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7493263FF0AFB25B8DF2CE2" blockId="76.[187,1400,1266,1715]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
Longitudinal muscles with small rods 33–63 µm long; few tables 35–38 µm high and 29–38 µm across the disc in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FEE8FAC2BBFC2F60" box="[351,446,1301,1328]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7493263FD88FAC2B8E82F7F" box="[575,682,1301,1327]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-11@77.[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 23D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior cloaca with numerous C-shaped ossicles 54–93 µm long in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FEF4FAEFBBD52F03" box="[323,407,1336,1363]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen and 61–89 µm long in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FCE4FAEFB9F42F03" box="[851,950,1336,1363]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7493263FB89FAEFBEE82F02" box="[1086,1194,1336,1362]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-11@77.[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 23E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anterior cloaca in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FEBEFA8CBB292F26" box="[265,363,1371,1398]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen with spinous simple or bifurcated rods 78–112 µm long; large tridimensional spheres 141–195 µm across and tables similar to those of the dorsal papillae and body wall 25–30 µm high and 15–32 µm across the disc (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7493263FD36FA75B8AC2FEC" box="[641,750,1442,1468]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 11E</figureCitation>
|
||
); muscle ossicles not found in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FB28FA75BEB72FEC" box="[1183,1269,1442,1469]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen. Respiratory trees with strongly spinous straight or cross-shaped rods 178–283 µm long in the 65 and the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FF0BFA3FBB5E2C53" box="[188,284,1512,1539]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
long specimens; large tridimensional spheres 157–250 µm across in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FBD1FA3FBE842C53" box="[1126,1222,1512,1539]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
long specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7493263FF72F9DCBB732C76" box="[197,305,1547,1574]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-11@77.[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 23F</figureCitation>
|
||
); one table with a reduced disc (30 µm high, 18 µm across disc) in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FB17F9DCBEB72C76" box="[1184,1269,1547,1574]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen. Intestine with spinose or smooth deposits in a cross shape, sometimes with bifurcated ends 51–71 µm long in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B7493263FE88F985BBEB2C3C" box="[319,425,1618,1644]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, 31–43 µm in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B7493263FDCFF985B89F2C3C" box="[632,733,1618,1644]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
and 53-114 µm in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FC57F985BE032C3C" box="[992,1089,1618,1645]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
long specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7493263FB49F985BF292C3C" box="[1278,1387,1618,1644]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetId="figure-11@77.[206,1382,265,1777]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="Fig. 23. Isostichopus macroparentheses (Clark, 1922), ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae. B. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet. C. Rods from tentacles. D. Rods from longitudinal muscles. E. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca. F. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees. G. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 23G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Gonads with delicate and large rods 102–233 µm long in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B7493263FC25F9A2B9BB2CDF" box="[914,1017,1653,1679]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7493263FBBEF9A2BE312CDF" box="[1033,1139,1653,1679]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 11E</figureCitation>
|
||
); gonads not found in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B7493263FF5EF94EBB0C2CE3" box="[233,334,1689,1715]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
or in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FE09F94FB8622CE3" box="[446,544,1688,1715]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB7493260FF0AF90EBED12B16" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7493263FF0AF90EBB142CA3" blockId="76.[189,342,1753,1779]" box="[189,342,1753,1779]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB7493263FF0AF90EBB142CA3" bold="true" box="[189,342,1753,1779]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7493263FF0AF90EBB142CA3" bold="true" box="[189,342,1753,1779]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7493260FF0AF8DFBED12B16" blockId="76.[189,1400,1800,1968]" lastBlockId="79.[187,1397,265,327]" lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
|
||
Thus far,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7493263FE84F8DEB85E2D72" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[307,540,1800,1826]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="microparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7493263FE84F8DEB85E2D72" box="[307,540,1800,1826]" italics="true" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">I. microparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known from the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7493263FC1EF8DFBE412D72" box="[937,1027,1800,1826]" name="Mexico" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Caribbean Sea, in few disjunct localities shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7493263FDA5F8FCB82D2D16" box="[530,623,1835,1862]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,723,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-121@24.[189,1398,715,1744]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (gray circles), I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (red squares) and I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (blue circles). B. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (green circles) and I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (orange circles). Locations for I. badionotus and I. fuscus were constructed based on observation records in Global Biodiversity Information Facility data and from museum specimens. Locations forI. maculatus phoenius, I. maculatusmaculatus andI. macroparentheses were constructed based only on confirmed localities of collected or preserved museum specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710649/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
, including Bird Key, Florida Keys;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7493263FB93F8FBBECE2D16" box="[1060,1164,1836,1862]" country="Mexico" name="Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Veracruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7493263FB7CF8FCBF362D16" box="[1227,1396,1835,1862]" country="Mexico" name="Quintana Roo" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Quintana Roo</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7493263FF0AF898BB582D39" box="[189,282,1871,1897]" name="Mexico" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
; Carrie Bow Cay and Tobacco Cay,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7493263FD54F898B9702D39" box="[739,818,1871,1897]" name="Belize" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
; English Harbor,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7493263FBBCF898BE822D39" box="[1035,1216,1871,1897]" name="Antigua Island" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Antigua Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
; Guana island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7493263FF0AF8A5BB832DDC" box="[189,449,1906,1932]" name="British Virgin Islands" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">British Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
; St. Croix,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7493263FDFAF8A5B9652DDC" box="[589,807,1906,1932]" name="US Virgin Islands" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">US Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
; Bogue Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7493263FC52F8A5BE012DDC" box="[997,1091,1906,1932]" name="Jamaica" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7493263FB35F8A5BEAA2DDC" box="[1154,1256,1906,1932]" name="Curaçao" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The record from Sarasota, West Florida is from a juvenile (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7493263FCA6F842B92B2DE0" box="[785,873,1941,1968]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
total length), which was not confirmed as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FF0AFEDDBBEB2B73" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,425,265,291]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FF0AFEDDBBEB2B73" box="[189,425,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM E10473). We only collected this species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B74A3260FC48FEDEBE0C2B73" box="[1023,1102,265,291]" name="Belize" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Bathymetric distribution
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74A3260FF0CFEFBBB062B17" box="[187,324,300,327]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.25" metricValueMax="18.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" unit="m" value="9.25" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="0.5">
|
||
0.5 to
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74A3260FEB2FEFBBB062B17" box="[261,324,300,327]" count="18" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="generic">18 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. The unconfirmed juvenile USNM E10473 was collected at
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74A3260FBB0FEFBBE012B17" box="[1031,1091,300,327]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" unit="m" value="48.0">48 m</quantity>
|
||
depth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB7483262FF0AF8C9B8732DB9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710689" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710689" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710689/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" startId="77.[189,232,1822,1848]" targetBox="[206,1382,265,1777]" targetPageId="77">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7483262FF0AF8C9B8732DB9" blockId="77.[188,1399,1822,2025]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7483262FF0AF8C9BB5C2D68" bold="true" box="[189,286,1822,1848]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 23.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7483262FE9EF8C9B9092D68" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[297,843,1822,1848]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7483262FE9EF8C9B8DE2D68" box="[297,668,1822,1848]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Isostichopus macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7483262FD18F8C9B9012D68" author="Clark H. L." box="[687,835,1822,1848]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ossicles (specimen USNM E47524, 135 mm long).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7483262FEBBF896BB632D0B" bold="true" box="[268,289,1857,1883]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, and large rods from the dorsal body wall and papillae.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7483262FE9BF8B2BB022D2F" bold="true" box="[300,320,1893,1919]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Tables, perforated plates, large rods and end plate from the ventral body wall and tube feet.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7483262FF4FF85FBB4F2DF2" bold="true" box="[248,269,1928,1954]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Rods from tentacles.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7483262FDAEF85FB86F2DF2" bold="true" box="[537,557,1928,1954]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Rods from longitudinal muscles.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7483262FC70F85FB9982DF2" bold="true" box="[967,986,1928,1954]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">E</emphasis>
|
||
. Rods and C-shaped rods from the cloaca.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7483262FEA1F87CBB6A2D95" bold="true" box="[278,296,1963,1989]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Tridimensional sphere and straight rods from respiratory trees.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7483262FBA5F87CBE6B2D95" bold="true" box="[1042,1065,1963,1989]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Cross-shaped ossicles from intestine. Photos by G. Borrero.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB74B3261FF0AF9B9B8652DB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710691" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710691" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710691/files/figure.png" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" startId="78.[189,232,1646,1672]" targetBox="[292,1295,265,1604]" targetPageId="78">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74B3261FF0AF9B9B8652DB8" blockId="78.[189,1401,1646,2025]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74B3261FF0AF9B9BB5F2CD8" bold="true" box="[189,285,1646,1672]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Fig. 24.</emphasis>
|
||
Color patterns and morphological variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74B3261FCEDF9B9BF342CD8" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[858,1398,1646,1672]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74B3261FCEDF9B9BE8E2CD8" box="[858,1228,1646,1672]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Isostichopus macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74B3261FB69F9B9BF2C2CD8" author="Clark H. L." box="[1246,1390,1646,1672]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74B3261FD96F963B81A2C9E" bold="true" box="[545,600,1716,1742]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">A–B</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659484-Be99 from Belize.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74B3261FEA0F900BB122CA1" bold="true" box="[279,336,1751,1777]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">C–D</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal and ventral view of juvenile USNM 1659485-Be107 from Belize.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74B3261FB72F90FBE9A2CA2" bold="true" box="[1221,1240,1752,1778]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">E</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal view of juvenile UF 20352 from Curaçao.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74B3261FDCAF92CB8CF2D45" bold="true" box="[637,653,1787,1813]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from British Virgin Islands (USNM E47524).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74B3261FDFAF8C9B8202D68" bold="true" box="[589,610,1822,1848]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal and ventral view of preserved specimens from US Virgin Islands (USNM E40833).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74B3261FE42F896B8492D0B" bold="true" box="[501,523,1857,1883]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">H</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal view of preserved specimen from English Harbor, Antigua Island (USNM E4391).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74B3261FE30F8B3BBD02D2E" bold="true" box="[391,402,1892,1918]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">I</emphasis>
|
||
. Lateral view of preserved specimen from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize (USNM E18627).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74B3261FF0AF85FBAB22DF2" bold="true" box="[189,240,1928,1954]" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">J–K</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal and ventral view of specimen from Mexico. Photos: A–D, F–I by G. Borrero; J–K by F. Solís-Marín; E by Florida Museum of Natural History Data Collection. Scale bars: F = 20 mm; G = 10 mm; H–I = 1 mm each line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB74A3260FF0AFEBAB8302836" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74A3260FF0AFEBABB5F2BD7" blockId="79.[189,285,365,391]" box="[189,285,365,391]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB74A3260FF0AFEBABB5F2BD7" bold="true" box="[189,285,365,391]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FF0AFEBABB5F2BD7" bold="true" box="[189,285,365,391]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74A3260FF0AFE4BB8302836" blockId="79.[188,1401,412,615]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Unlike the other species and subspecies of the genus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FC80FE4ABE672BE6" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[823,1061,412,438]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FC80FE4ABE672BE6" box="[823,1061,412,438]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not common or abundant, and most of the collected specimens are juveniles. There is little information about the habitat of the species. According to the collection data and literature references, juveniles and adults of this species live under or among rocks in the back reef, reef crest, and fore reef (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FC79FDD1BE162870" author="Clark H. L." box="[974,1108,518,544]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FBE8FDD1BEDF2870" author="Clark H. L." box="[1119,1181,518,544]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 147" refId="ref56148" refString="Clark H. L. 1933. A handbook of the littoral echinoderms of Porto Rico and the other West Indian Islands. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 16 (1): 1 - 147." type="journal article" year="1933">1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FB1FFDD1BF312870" author="Deichmann E." box="[1192,1395,518,544]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="43 - 226" refId="ref56416" refString="Deichmann E. 1930. The holothurians of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 71 (3): 43 - 226. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2798795 [accessed 14 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1930">Deichmann 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FF0BFDFEBB1F2813" author="Pawson D. L." box="[188,349,553,579]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="369 - 382" refId="ref60808" refString="Pawson D. L. 1976. Shallow-water sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 89 (31): 369 - 382. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34553807 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1976">Pawson 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FDA7FDFEB8AE2813" author="Deichmann E." box="[528,748,553,579]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="43 - 226" refId="ref56416" refString="Deichmann E. 1930. The holothurians of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 71 (3): 43 - 226. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2798795 [accessed 14 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1930">Deichmann (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FC92FDFEB9FE2813" author="Clark H. L." box="[805,956,553,579]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 147" refId="ref56148" refString="Clark H. L. 1933. A handbook of the littoral echinoderms of Porto Rico and the other West Indian Islands. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 16 (1): 1 - 147." type="journal article" year="1933">Clark (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
some specimens collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B74A3260FAA0FDFEBF342813" box="[1303,1398,553,579]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Antigua</collectingCountry>
|
||
were found on sand among eel-grass.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB74A3260FF0AFD59BEF02DCC" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74A3260FF0AFD59BB6D28F8" blockId="79.[189,303,654,680]" box="[189,303,654,680]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB74A3260FF0AFD59BB6D28F8" bold="true" box="[189,303,654,680]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FF0AFD59BB6D28F8" bold="true" box="[189,303,654,680]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74A3260FF0AFD6BB8972F5A" blockId="79.[188,1399,700,1290]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FF0AFD6BBB152886" author="Clark H. L." box="[189,343,700,726]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described this species from
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74A3260FD02FD6AB9092886" box="[693,843,700,727]" count="2" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="juvenile">two juvenile</specimenCount>
|
||
specimens (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74A3260FC55FD6BBE092886" box="[994,1099,700,726]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74A3260FB3BFD6BBEA72887" box="[1164,1253,700,727]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
, contracted;
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74A3260FF0AFD37BB6028AA" box="[189,290,736,762]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74A3260FEE1FD08BBEE28A9" box="[342,428,735,762]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The species was also reviewed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FCFDFD08BE6B28A9" author="Deichmann E." box="[842,1065,735,761]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="43 - 226" refId="ref56416" refString="Deichmann E. 1930. The holothurians of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 71 (3): 43 - 226. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2798795 [accessed 14 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1930">Deichmann (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who amended its diagnostic characters. However, due to changes during growth and the natural variability of ossicles, doubts about its validity as a separate species arose.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FD3BFCF1B9292911" author="Deichmann E." box="[652,875,806,833]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref56678" refString="Deichmann E. 1957. The littoral holothurians of the Bahama Islands. American Museum Novitates 1821: 1 - 20. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 63294879 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1957">Deichmann (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FC4CFCF1BEAC2910" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1019,1262,806,832]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FC4CFCF1BEAC2910" box="[1019,1262,806,832]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">S. macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FF6CFC9EBB3B2933" box="[219,377,841,867]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FF6CFC9EBB3B2933" box="[219,377,841,867]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">S. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, proposing that specimens with large C-shaped ossicles were juveniles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FB78FC9EBF2F2933" box="[1231,1389,841,867]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FB78FC9EBF2F2933" box="[1231,1389,841,867]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">S. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FF0AFCBABB3329D6" author="Pawson D. L." box="[189,369,876,903]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="369 - 382" refId="ref60808" refString="Pawson D. L. 1976. Shallow-water sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Carrie Bow Cay, Belize. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 89 (31): 369 - 382. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 34553807 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1976">Pawson (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, however, argued that the difference between the C-shaped ossicles between the species is “dramatic, particularly when one compares juveniles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FC3FFC47BE3B29F9" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[904,1145,911,937]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FC3FFC47BE3B29F9" box="[904,1145,911,937]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FB74FC47BF2029F9" box="[1219,1378,911,937]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FB74FC47BF2029F9" box="[1219,1378,911,937]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FE8FFC65B822299D" author="Miller J. E. & Pawson D. L." box="[312,608,946,973]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref60387" refString="Miller J. E. & Pawson D. L. 1984. Holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 7 (1): 1 - 79." type="journal article" year="1984">Miller & Pawson (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FDD9FC64B95F299C" author="Cutress B. M." box="[622,797,946,973]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="44 - 116" refId="ref56343" refString="Cutress B. M. 1996. Changes in dermal ossicles during somatic growth in Caribbean littoral sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida). Bulletin of Marine Science 58 (1): 44 - 116." type="journal article" year="1996">Cutress (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FCEDFC64BE17299D" author="Pawson D. L. & Pawson D. J. & King R. A." box="[858,1109,946,973]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 48" refId="ref60910" refString="Pawson D. L., Pawson D. J. & King R. A. 2010. A taxonomic guide to the Echinodermata of the South Atlantic Bight, USA: 1. Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuridea). Zootaxa 2449: 1 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2449.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Pawson
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FC77FC64B9BF299C" box="[960,1021,946,972]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, accepted the species as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FED0FC00B84029A0" box="[359,514,982,1008]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FED0FC00B84029A0" box="[359,514,982,1008]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FDA6FC01B9CA29A1" author="Laguarda-Figueras A. & Solis-Marin F. A. & Duran-Gonzalez A. & Gust-Ahearn C. & Buitron-Sanchez B. E. & Torres-Vega J." box="[529,904,982,1009]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="109 - 122" refId="ref59352" refString="Laguarda-Figueras A., Solis-Marin F. A., Duran-Gonzalez A., Gust-Ahearn C., Buitron-Sanchez B. E. & Torres-Vega J. 2005. Equinodermos (Echinodermata) del Caribe Mexicano. Revista de Biologia Tropical 53 (3): 109 - 122." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Laguarda-Figueras
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FD40FC00B97129A0" box="[759,819,982,1008]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2005)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FC76FC01BF7529A0" author="Alvarado J. J. & Solis-Marin F. A." box="[961,1335,982,1008]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" refId="ref55131" refString="Alvarado J. J. & Solis-Marin F. A. (eds) 2013. Echinoderm Research and Diversity in Latin America. Springer, Berlin. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 20051 - 9" type="book" year="2013">Alvarado & Solís-Marín (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have considered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FEF4FC2DB8722E43" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[323,560,1017,1043]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FEF4FC2DB8722E43" box="[323,560,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a valid species in taxonomic lists. Prior to the present study there has been no detailed review setting the differences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FCB7FBCAB9AF2E66" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[768,1005,1052,1078]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FCB7FBCAB9AF2E66" box="[768,1005,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FB83FBCABE8F2E66" box="[1076,1229,1052,1078]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FB83FBCABE8F2E66" box="[1076,1229,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, adult specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FE1EFB97B8DB2E09" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[425,665,1087,1113]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FE1EFB97B8DB2E09" box="[425,665,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had not been examined, so the characteristics of the species were based only on the two small specimens designated as types by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FC4BFBB5BEDB2E2D" author="Clark H. L." box="[1020,1177,1122,1149]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We conclude that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FF0AFB50BBE92EF0" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,427,1158,1184]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FF0AFB50BBE92EF0" box="[189,427,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FDC0FB51B9482EF0" authorityName="Borrero-Pérez & Solís-Marín & Lessios" authorityYear="2024" box="[631,778,1158,1184]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FDC0FB51B9482EF0" box="[631,778,1158,1184]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that is best differentiated from the others. It exhibits several diagnostic characteristics, among which those related to the ossicles stand out, i.e. the size of the C-shaped ossicles, the disc tables in dorsal papillae and body wall, and the three-dimensional spheres and straight/spiky rods in the respiratory tree.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74A3260FF0AFAE6BB8E2C11" blockId="79.[188,1399,1329,1601]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FF0AFAE6BB2B2F1B" author="Cutress B. M." box="[189,361,1329,1355]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="44 - 116" refId="ref56343" refString="Cutress B. M. 1996. Changes in dermal ossicles during somatic growth in Caribbean littoral sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida). Bulletin of Marine Science 58 (1): 44 - 116." type="journal article" year="1996">Cutress (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB74A3260FE5BFAE6B8152F1B" box="[492,599,1329,1355]" count="1" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="adult">one adult</specimenCount>
|
||
specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FD58FAE5B9CB2F1B" box="[751,905,1329,1355]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FD58FAE5B9CB2F1B" box="[751,905,1329,1355]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74A3260FC2EFAE6B9B82F1B" box="[921,1018,1329,1355]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.96" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="196.0">196 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) had few C-shaped ossicles longer than 100 µm in the dorsal median body wall. She concluded that the large size of C-shaped ossicles described in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FE0DFAAFB8EA2FC1" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[442,680,1399,1425]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FE0DFAAFB8EA2FC1" box="[442,680,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fell within the range of variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FBEBFAAFBEB42FC1" box="[1116,1270,1399,1425]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FBEBFAAFBEB42FC1" box="[1116,1270,1399,1425]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, accepting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FF09FA4CBBEC2FE4" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[190,430,1434,1460]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FF09FA4CBBEC2FE4" box="[190,430,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FD3EFA4CB9652FE4" box="[649,807,1434,1460]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FD3EFA4CB9652FE4" box="[649,807,1434,1460]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the average size of C-shaped ossicles in the dorsal side of this
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FE5BFA69B8CB2F87" box="[492,649,1469,1495]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FE5BFA69B8CB2F87" box="[492,649,1469,1495]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen was 74 µm (range 52 to 124 µm) and 71 µm (48 to 90 µm) in the ventral side; while these ossicles in dorsal papillae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FC65FA35BEFC2FAB" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[978,1214,1505,1531]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FC65FA35BEFC2FAB" box="[978,1214,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are 91–142 µm (x = 113 µm) long, and in pedicels 78 to 112 µm (x = 99 µm) long, clearly larger than that of the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FF0AF9F0BB122C11" authorityName="Borrero-Pérez & Solís-Marín & Lessios" authorityYear="2024" box="[189,336,1575,1601]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FF0AF9F0BB122C11" box="[189,336,1575,1601]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74A3260FED7F9F0BBFD2C11" box="[352,447,1575,1601]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[189,232,1565,1591]" captionTargetBox="[209,1386,288,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-210@33.[189,1398,265,1517]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710655/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B74A3260FF0AF9BEBEF02DCC" blockId="79.[188,1399,1640,1949]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Examination of dorsal papillae in four
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74A3260FDC9F9BFB9482CD3" box="[638,778,1640,1667]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.75" metricValueMax="13.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="77.5" valueMax="135.0" valueMin="20.0">20–135 mm</quantity>
|
||
long specimens (and several that were not measured) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B74A3260FF57F95ABB832CF6" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[224,449,1676,1702]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparetheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B74A3260FF57F95ABB832CF6" box="[224,449,1676,1702]" italics="true" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">I. macroparetheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, showed that this species displays pronounced changes during growth in table height, disc diameter and number of holes in table discs The disc of the tables from dorsal papillae presented in
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B74A3260FEE1F905BBFE2CBC" box="[342,444,1746,1772]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
|
||
(USNM 1669484, MCZ HOL-1214), and drawn by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FB87F905BE812CBC" author="Clark H. L." box="[1072,1219,1746,1772]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark (1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 1 figs 1–2) and described as diagnostic by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B74A3260FD93F922B9412D40" author="Deichmann E." box="[548,771,1781,1808]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref56678" refString="Deichmann E. 1957. The littoral holothurians of the Bahama Islands. American Museum Novitates 1821: 1 - 20. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 63294879 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1957">Deichmann (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, can be useful to distinguish juveniles or specimens of intermediate sizes (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74A3260FE2AF8CEB8442D63" box="[413,518,1817,1843]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B74A3260FD89F8CEB8E72D63" box="[574,677,1817,1843]" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
) from other species. These structures, however, can be scarce in some individuals, and disc of tables with more holes can be more abundant. In larger specimens (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B74A3260FF0AF888BB662D29" box="[189,292,1887,1914]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
), the table discs are completely reduced. Ossicles are less abundant in the largest specimens than in middle sized specimens. C-shaped ossicle size does not change during growth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB755327FFF0AFEDFB9912B01" box="[189,979,264,338]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF0AFEDFBB5E2B72" blockId="80.[189,284,264,290]" box="[189,284,264,290]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB755327FFF0AFEDFBB5E2B72" bold="true" box="[189,284,264,290]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFF0AFEDFBB5E2B72" bold="true" box="[189,284,264,290]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Biology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF0AFEE0B9912B01" blockId="80.[189,979,311,338]" box="[189,979,311,338]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">There is no information available on population status and ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB755327FFF0AFEAFBF7D2858" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF0AFEAFBBF72BC3" blockId="80.[189,437,376,403]" box="[189,437,376,403]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB755327FFF0AFEAFBBF72BC3" bold="true" box="[189,437,376,403]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFF0AFEAFBBF72BC3" bold="true" box="[189,437,376,403]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Conservation status</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B755327FFF0AFE70BF7D2858" blockId="80.[189,1400,423,520]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Currently
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B755327FFE80FE70B8EA2B91" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[311,680,423,449]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="macroparentheses">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B755327FFE80FE70B8EA2B91" box="[311,680,423,449]" italics="true" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Isostichopus macroparentheses</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in the category of “Data Deficient”. “There is little to no information available on the population status, habitat, ecology, major threats, or conservation measures occurring to this species” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B755327FFB2FFE39BF702858" author="Samyn Y." box="[1176,1330,494,520]" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" refId="ref62069" refString="Samyn Y. 2013. Isostichopus macroparentheses. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e. T 180313 A 1613882. Available from https: // doi. org / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2013 - 1. RLTS. T 180313 A 1613882. en [accessed 2 Mar. 2020]." type="book" year="2013">Samyn 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |