2664 lines
407 KiB
XML
2664 lines
407 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B6A3ACEF818344EAC3BB0755563C7DFB">Understanding the color variability and resolving taxonomic confusion in the sea cucumber Isostichopus badionotus (Echinodermata, Holothuroidea): a revision of the genus Isostichopus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="62FA48ACE5FD32464A2A46CBC0688339">Borrero-Pérez, Giomar H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="597B912D43C26DA66CDD0734A38F9B79">Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia. & Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras - Invemar, Calle 25 No. 2 - 55, Playa Salguero, Rodadero, Santa Marta, Colombia. & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - STRI, BOX 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Panama.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="48C41FF225D6D6D78769F728AB70A506" type="email">giomarborrero@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="05F7867D3E4A03F1371CE1DACDE72812">Solís-Marín, Francisco A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8C70CA6B81B37D02289BB1F88FFA0F01">Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de Mexico, México.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="EF360FF423ECD19FA036D88ACFF44735" type="email">fasolis@cmarl.unam.mx</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="4799FD117D13A812B2CBA8430C49FBEB">Lessios, Harilaos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="1E3BD98A7337153CBD7A433A3AFD63A9">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute - STRI, BOX 0843 - 03092, Balboa, Panama.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="9686CE7373696BB7FA7182E4571AA007">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
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<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B734321EFE49FD88BE772829" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[510,1077,607,634]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
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<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFE49FD88B9D2282A" bold="true" box="[510,912,607,634]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFC17FD88BE6F2829" author="Clark H. L." box="[928,1069,607,633]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB734321EFE0AFD55BE3528CC" box="[445,1143,642,669]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFE0AFD55BE3528CC" blockId="49.[445,1143,607,669]" box="[445,1143,642,669]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B734321EFE0AFD55B87F28CC" box="[445,573,642,668]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Figs 1K–Y</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B734321EFDFEFD55B8D628CC" box="[585,660,642,668]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,231,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[213,1371,692,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-195@19.[206,1382,685,1643]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 3A. Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 (Barcoding region), COI-Fr2 and 16S gene fragments. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability/Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %)/Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that a node was absent in the tree estimated by a particular method. Individuals are indicated by the field number, which includes the initial letter of the locality and the color pattern when available (see Table 1, Fig. 1). Text color meaning: green = Isosostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882); blue = I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922); pink = I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) Chips (CH) pattern; purple = Uniform (U) pattern; red = reticulated (R) pattern; orange = Black and Yellow (BY) pattern. Sequences from GenBank are indicated with their accession number and species ID as included in GenBank (see Table 1). Outgroup species: Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) and Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743190/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">3A–D</figureCitation>
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, 4B, 5A, 9, 10B, 11B, 15–18;
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<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB734321EFC40FD55BE3528CC" box="[1015,1143,642,668]" captionStart-0="Table 1" captionStart-1="Table 2" captionStart-2="Table 3" captionStartId-0="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionStartId-1="14.[189,258,265,291]" captionStartId-2="17.[185,254,563,591]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="14" captionTargetPageId-2="17" captionText-0="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." captionText-1="Table 2. Average Kimura (1980) 2 parameter distances (%) between and within species and subespecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. COI-Fr1 and COI-Fr2 (in parentheses) distances are below diagonal and 16S distances above. Within-species distances along the diagonal are shown as COI-Fr1 (COI- Fr2) / 16S. “nc”: not calculated because only one sequence was available." captionText-2="Table 3 (continued on next page). Characters distinguishing species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958." httpUri-0="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991" httpUri-1="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB70B3221FF0AFEDEBE542BD2" httpUri-2="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" tableUuid-0="24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991" tableUuid-1="24E1F4EFB70B3221FF0AFEDEBE542BD2" tableUuid-2="24E1F4EFB714323EFF0EFDE4BC67281F">Tables 1–3</tableCitation>
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<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFD14B961288D" blockId="49.[189,803,707,733]" box="[189,803,707,733]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFF0AFD14B95D288D" author="Clark H. L." box="[189,799,707,733]" page="60" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="1922">
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<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B734321EFF0AFD14B95D288D" authority="Clark, 1922: 60" authorityName="Clark" authorityPageNumber="60" authorityYear="1922" box="[189,799,707,733]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="variety" species="badionotus" variety="phoenius">
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<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFD14BBFA288D" box="[189,440,707,733]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Stichopus badionotus</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFE44FD14B81F288D" box="[499,605,707,733]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">phoenius</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFDD3FD14B95D288D" author="Clark H. L." box="[612,799,707,733]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922: 60</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFCD3BE2B294E" blockId="49.[189,1399,772,1284]" box="[189,1129,772,798]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B734321EFF0AFCD3B81F294E" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1922" box="[189,605,772,798]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="variety" species="badionotus" variety="phoenius">
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<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFCD3BBFA294E" box="[189,440,772,798]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Stichopus badionotus</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFE44FCD3B81F294E" box="[499,605,772,798]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">phoenius</emphasis>
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–
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<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFDCDFCD3B97E294E" author="Clark H. L." box="[634,828,772,798]" page="109" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="1933">
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<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFDCDFCD3B97E294E" author="Clark H. L." box="[634,828,772,798]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 147" refId="ref56148" refString="Clark H. L. 1933. A handbook of the littoral echinoderms of Porto Rico and the other West Indian Islands. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 16 (1): 1 - 147." type="journal article" year="1933">Clark 1933: 109</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. —
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<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFCDBFCD3BE24294E" author="Deichmann E." box="[876,1126,772,798]" page="82" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="1930">
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<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFCDBFCD3BE24294E" author="Deichmann E." box="[876,1126,772,798]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="43 - 226" refId="ref56416" refString="Deichmann E. 1930. The holothurians of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 71 (3): 43 - 226. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2798795 [accessed 14 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1930">Deichmann 1930: 82</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFCF1B92C2933" blockId="49.[189,1399,772,1284]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
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<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B734321EFF0AFCF1BBA32910" ID-CoL="3QC2C" box="[189,481,806,832]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
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<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFCF1BBA32910" box="[189,481,806,832]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Isostichopus badionotus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFDB9FCF1BE1A2910" author="Gomez-Maduro M. C. & Hernandez-Avila I." box="[526,1112,806,835]" page="223" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2011">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFDB9FCF1BE1A2910" author="Gomez-Maduro M. C. & Hernandez-Avila I." box="[526,1112,806,835]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="209 - 231" refId="ref57432" refString="Gomez-Maduro M. C. & Hernandez-Avila I. 2011. Equinodermos de la bahia de Tunantal, Estado Sucre, Venezuela. Boletin del Instituto Oceanografico de Venezuela 50 (2): 209 - 231." type="journal article" year="2011">Gómez-Maduro & Hernández-Ávila 2011: 223</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs k–l (at least
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB734321EFAFBFCF0BB1C2933" count="1" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
). —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFE21FC9EB8BC2934" author="Borrero-Perez G. H. & Benavides-Serrato M. & Diaz-Sanchez C. M." box="[406,766,841,868]" page="175" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2012">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFE21FC9EB8BC2934" author="Borrero-Perez G. H. & Benavides-Serrato M. & Diaz-Sanchez C. M." box="[406,766,841,868]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref55614" refString="Borrero-Perez G. H., Benavides-Serrato M. & Diaz-Sanchez C. M. 2012. Equinodermos del Caribe colombiano II: Echinoidea y Holothuroidea. Serie de Publicaciones Especiales 30, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras, Santa Marta." type="journal volume" year="2012">
|
||
Borrero-Pérez
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFDF3FC9DB83C2933" box="[580,638,841,867]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012: 175
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs a, d.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFCBBBB7F29F8" blockId="49.[189,1399,772,1284]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B734321EFF0AFCBBBB7F29F8" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B734321EFF0AFCBBBB1929D6" box="[189,347,876,902]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFCBBBB6D29D6" box="[189,303,876,902]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Stichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFEC9FCBBB96D29D6" author="Agudelo V. & Rodriguez A." box="[382,815,875,902]" page="51" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2015">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFEC9FCBBB96D29D6" author="Agudelo V. & Rodriguez A." box="[382,815,875,902]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="50 - 57" refId="ref54738" refString="Agudelo V. & Rodriguez A. 2015. Advances on spontaneous captive breeding and culture conditions of Caribbean Sea cucumber Stichopus sp. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 35: 50 - 57." type="journal article" year="2015">Agudelo & Rodríguez 2015: 51–52</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 1–3. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFC6DFCBBBF3329D6" author="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A." box="[986,1393,875,902]" page="1022" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2015">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFC6DFCBBBF3329D6" author="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A." box="[986,1393,875,902]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1021 - 1033" refId="ref63527" refString="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A. 2015. Histologia del tubo digestivo de tres especies de pepino de mar Isostichopus badionotus, Isostichopus sp. y Stichopus hermanni (Aspidochirotida: Stichopodidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 63 (4): 1021 - 1033. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 63 i 4.16887" type="journal article" year="2015">Vergara & Rodríguez 2015: 1022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1b.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFC66B8142E40" blockId="49.[189,1399,772,1284]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B734321EFF0AFC66B8142E40" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B734321EFF0AFC66BB3B299C" box="[189,377,945,972]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFC66BB12299B" box="[189,336,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFE21FC65B83A299C" author="Invemar" box="[406,632,945,972]" page="115" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2015">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFE21FC65B83A299C" author="Invemar" box="[406,632,945,972]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref58649" refString="Invemar 2015. Manejo para la conservacion de los recursos hidrobiologicos, Actividad: Lineamientos para el manejo, uso y conservacion del recurso pepino de mar de la Guajira y Cordoba con base a la informacion disponible (Componente 2). Informe Tecnico Final MADS- Invemar 275, Santa Marta, Colombia." type="journal volume" year="2015">Invemar 2015: 115</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFD1FFC65BE70299B" author="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A." box="[680,1074,945,972]" page="1022" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2015">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFD1FFC65BE70299B" author="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A." box="[680,1074,945,972]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1021 - 1033" refId="ref63527" refString="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A. 2015. Histologia del tubo digestivo de tres especies de pepino de mar Isostichopus badionotus, Isostichopus sp. y Stichopus hermanni (Aspidochirotida: Stichopodidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 63 (4): 1021 - 1033. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 63 i 4.16887" type="journal article" year="2015">Vergara & Rodríguez 2015: 1022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1b; 2016: 130–137. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFF5DFC03B84829BE" author="Martinez V. & Hernandez W. & Turizo M. & Caro L. & Rodriguez A." box="[234,522,979,1006]" page="15" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2016">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFF5DFC03B84829BE" author="Martinez V. & Hernandez W. & Turizo M. & Caro L. & Rodriguez A." box="[234,522,979,1006]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref59858" refString="Martinez V., Hernandez W., Turizo M., Caro L. & Rodriguez A. 2016. Manual para el Cultivo y Procesamiento de Pepino de Mar. Editorial Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / j. ctt 1 zgwmmb" type="book" year="2016">
|
||
Martínez
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFEEBFC03BBDA29BE" box="[348,408,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2016: 15
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1, 22, fig. 6. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFCB3FC03BE0029BE" author="Vergara W. & Agudelo V. & Castro L. R. & Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I." box="[772,1090,980,1006]" page="39" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2018">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFCB3FC03BE0029BE" author="Vergara W. & Agudelo V. & Castro L. R. & Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I." box="[772,1090,980,1006]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref63669" refString="Vergara W., Agudelo V., Castro L. R. Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I. 2018. Morphological and molecular characterization of Isostichopus sp. in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 29 (2): 33 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.35407 / bag. 2018.29.02.04" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Vergara
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFCD0FC03B9E129BE" box="[871,931,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018: 39–41
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 4–6. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFB56FC03BB332E40" author="Acosta E. J. & Rodriguez-Forero A. & Werding B. & Kunzmann A." page="1" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2020">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFB56FC03BB332E40" author="Acosta E. J. & Rodriguez-Forero A. & Werding B. & Kunzmann A." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="611 - 624" refId="ref54619" refString="Acosta E. J., Rodriguez-Forero A., Werding B. & Kunzmann A. 2020. Effect of density, temperature and diet on the growth, survival and development of larvae and juveniles of Isostichopus sp. Aquaculture Research 52: 611 - 624. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / are. 14918" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Acosta
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFA8CFC03BF3529BE" box="[1339,1399,980,1006]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020: 1–14
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 1; 2021: 1–17.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFBCEBE512E63" blockId="49.[189,1399,772,1284]" box="[189,1043,1049,1076]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B734321EFF0AFBCEBE512E63" box="[189,1043,1049,1076]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B734321EFF0AFBCEBB122E63" ID-CoL="7P7DL" authorityName="Borrero-Pérez & Solís-Marín & Lessios" authorityYear="2024" box="[189,336,1049,1075]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFBCEBB122E63" box="[189,336,1049,1075]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="59D9C50EB734321EFEE0FBCDBBF02E64" box="[343,434,1050,1076]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFE7AFBCEBE522E63" author="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A." box="[461,1040,1049,1075]" page="73" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2017">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFE7AFBCEBE522E63" author="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A." box="[461,1040,1049,1075]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="65 - 74" refId="ref54772" refString="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A. 2017. Gametogenesis, spawning and larval development of Isostichopus sp. aff badionotus. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 37: 65 - 74." type="journal article" year="2017">Agudelo-Martínez & Rodríguez-Forero 2017: 73</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFBEBBBE82ECC" blockId="49.[189,1399,772,1284]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B734321EFF0AFBEBBBE82ECC" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B734321EFF0AFBEBB8742E06" ID-CoL="3QC2C" box="[189,566,1084,1110]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFBEBBB122E06" box="[189,336,1084,1110]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp. aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFE03FBEBB8742E06" box="[436,566,1084,1110]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFDE4FBEBBECE2E06" author="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A." box="[595,1164,1084,1110]" page="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2017">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFDE4FBEBBECE2E06" author="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A." box="[595,1164,1084,1110]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="65 - 74" refId="ref54772" refString="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A. 2017. Gametogenesis, spawning and larval development of Isostichopus sp. aff badionotus. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 37: 65 - 74." type="journal article" year="2017">Agudelo-Martínez & Rodríguez-Forero 2017: 6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 3–4. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFA9AFBEBB81D2E28" author="Arias-Hernandez O. & Alcendra-Pabon E. & Carreno-Montoya O. J. & Cabrera-Duran E. & Narvaez R. O. & Rodriguez-Forero A." page="278" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2017">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFA9AFBEBB81D2E28" author="Arias-Hernandez O. & Alcendra-Pabon E. & Carreno-Montoya O. J. & Cabrera-Duran E. & Narvaez R. O. & Rodriguez-Forero A." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="278 - 289" refId="ref55212" refString="Arias-Hernandez O., Alcendra-Pabon E., Carreno-Montoya O. J., Cabrera-Duran E., Corvacho- Narvaez R. O. & Rodriguez-Forero A. 2017. Sea cucumber (Isostichopus sp. aff. badionotus) dry-salting protocol design. Natural Resources 8: 278 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.4236 / nr. 2017.83016" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Arias-Hernández
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFED8FB88BBE52E28" box="[367,423,1118,1144]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017: 278–289
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFD3DFB89BE2D2E29" author="Fontalvo-Martinez A. & Rodriguez A." box="[650,1135,1118,1145]" page="95" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2017">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFD3DFB89BE2D2E29" author="Fontalvo-Martinez A. & Rodriguez A." box="[650,1135,1118,1145]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref57157" refString="Fontalvo-Martinez A. & Rodriguez A. 2017. Evaluacion del crecimiento de pepino de mar Isostichopus sp. aff badionotus bajo condiciones de luz / oscuridad y a diferentes temperaturas. Book of Abstracts Latin American & Caribbean Aquaculture 2017: 95. Mazatlan, Mexico." type="journal volume" year="2017">Fontalvo-Martínez & Rodríguez 2017: 95</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. —
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFB2CFB89BBE72ECC" author="Medina-Lambrano K. & Ortiz E. & Rodriguez-Forero A." page="175" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2017">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFB2CFB89BBE72ECC" author="Medina-Lambrano K. & Ortiz E. & Rodriguez-Forero A." pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref60069" refString="Medina-Lambrano K., Ortiz E. & Rodriguez-Forero A. 2017. Variacion de la composicion proximal del pepino de mar Isostichopus sp. aff badionotus, en el Caribe colombiano. Book of Abstracts Latin American & Caribbean Aquaculture 2017: 175. Mazatlan, Mexico." type="journal volume" year="2017">
|
||
Medina-Lambrano
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF5DFB55BB672ECB" box="[234,293,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017: 175
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFB73BEDA2EEE" blockId="49.[189,1399,772,1284]" box="[189,1176,1188,1214]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B734321EFF0AFB73BEDA2EEE" box="[189,1176,1188,1214]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B734321EFF0AFB73BB832EEE" authorityName="Borrero-Pérez & Solís-Marín & Lessios" authorityYear="2024" box="[189,449,1188,1214]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="isabellae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFB73BB832EEE" box="[189,449,1188,1214]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Isostichopus isabellae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="59D9C50EB734321EFE7FFB73B8452EEE" box="[456,519,1188,1214]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFD93FB73B9702EEE" author="Vergara W. & Agudelo V. & Castro L. R. & Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I." box="[548,818,1188,1214]" page="40" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2018">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFD93FB73B9702EEE" author="Vergara W. & Agudelo V. & Castro L. R. & Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I." box="[548,818,1188,1214]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref63669" refString="Vergara W., Agudelo V., Castro L. R. Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I. 2018. Morphological and molecular characterization of Isostichopus sp. in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 29 (2): 33 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.35407 / bag. 2018.29.02.04" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Vergara
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFD31FB73B8832EEE" box="[646,705,1188,1214]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018: 40
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, fig. 4. Not an available name.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFB11BE442EB0" blockId="49.[189,1399,772,1284]" box="[189,1030,1222,1249]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B734321EFF0AFB11B8032EB0" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,577,1222,1248]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFB11B8032EB0" box="[189,577,1222,1248]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
– Borrero-Pérez
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFCBBFB10B9042EB0" box="[780,838,1222,1248]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022: 180, 186.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFB3EB92D2F53" blockId="49.[189,1399,772,1284]" box="[189,879,1257,1284]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="508E8349B734321EFF0AFB3EB92D2F53" box="[189,879,1257,1284]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B734321EFF0AFB3EBB3A2F54" box="[189,376,1257,1284]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFB3EBB122F53" box="[189,336,1257,1283]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFE37FB3EBBBF2F53" box="[384,509,1257,1283]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">‘phoenius’</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="F13F8276B734321EFDACFB3EB9292F53" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[539,875,1257,1283]" page="148" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" year="2023">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFDACFB3EB9292F53" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[539,875,1257,1283]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFDC2FB3DB8F22F53" box="[629,688,1257,1283]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023: 148–149
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFAFDBB302F14" blockId="49.[189,370,1322,1348]" box="[189,370,1322,1348]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB734321EFF0AFAFDBB302F14" bold="true" box="[189,370,1322,1348]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFAFDBB302F14" bold="true" box="[189,370,1322,1348]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Original name</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFA8FB8B42F22" blockId="49.[189,758,1368,1394]" box="[189,758,1368,1394]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B734321EFF0AFA8FB8B02F22" authority="Clark, 1922" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1922" box="[189,754,1368,1394]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="variety" species="badionotus" variety="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFA8FBBFA2F22" box="[189,440,1368,1394]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Stichopus badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFE44FA8FB81F2F22" box="[499,605,1368,1394]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFDD3FA8FB8B02F22" author="Clark H. L." box="[612,754,1368,1394]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFA4EBB312FE3" blockId="49.[189,371,1433,1459]" box="[189,371,1433,1459]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB734321EFF0AFA4EBB312FE3" bold="true" box="[189,371,1433,1459]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFA4EBB312FE3" bold="true" box="[189,371,1433,1459]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Current status</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AFA10B8AC2FB1" blockId="49.[189,750,1479,1505]" box="[189,750,1479,1505]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B734321EFF0AFA10B8A82FB1" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,746,1479,1505]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AFA10B8032FB1" box="[189,577,1479,1505]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B734321EFDE7FA10B8A32FB1" author="Clark H. L." box="[592,737,1479,1505]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB734321EFF0AF9D0BB812CEF" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AF9D0BBEC2C72" blockId="49.[189,430,1543,1570]" box="[189,430,1543,1570]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB734321EFF0AF9D0BBEC2C72" bold="true" box="[189,430,1543,1570]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AF9D0BBEC2C72" bold="true" box="[189,430,1543,1570]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Name-bearing type</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AF9E1B8422C00" blockId="49.[189,512,1590,1616]" box="[189,512,1590,1616]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B734321EFF0AF9E1BB682C00" box="[189,298,1590,1616]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B734321EFE86F9E1BB332C00" box="[305,369,1590,1616]" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB734321EFECFF9E1BBBE2C00" box="[376,508,1590,1616]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">HOL-1182</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AF9A0BB1F2CC0" blockId="49.[189,349,1654,1681]" box="[189,349,1654,1681]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB734321EFF0AF9A0BB1F2CC0" bold="true" box="[189,349,1654,1681]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AF9A0BB1F2CC0" bold="true" box="[189,349,1654,1681]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Type locality</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AF972BB812CEF" blockId="49.[189,451,1701,1727]" box="[189,451,1701,1727]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Buccoo Reef,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B734321EFED4F972BBFC2CEF" box="[355,446,1701,1727]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB734321EFF0AF932B91A2DC6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AF932BB742CAF" blockId="49.[189,310,1765,1791]" box="[189,310,1765,1791]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB734321EFF0AF932BB742CAF" bold="true" box="[189,310,1765,1791]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B734321EFF0AF932BB742CAF" bold="true" box="[189,310,1765,1791]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B734321EFF0AF8C4B91A2DC6" blockId="49.[189,1399,1811,1942]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
|
||
Small dark spots surrounded by a clear halo and a dark thin line on white blotches on the background; semi-translucent and rugose body wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B734321EFD11F8E1B96E2D00" box="[678,812,1846,1872]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Figs 1K–Y</figureCitation>
|
||
, 17–18); mtDNA divergence from other species of the genus> 7.7% in COI-Fr1 (barcoding region),>10.1% in COI-Fr2 and>7.9% in 16S; between subspecies 1.4%, 1,9% and 0.4%, respectively (
|
||
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB734321EFD59F8ACB90B2DC6" box="[750,841,1915,1942]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="14.[189,258,265,291]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Table 2. Average Kimura (1980) 2 parameter distances (%) between and within species and subespecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. COI-Fr1 and COI-Fr2 (in parentheses) distances are below diagonal and 16S distances above. Within-species distances along the diagonal are shown as COI-Fr1 (COI- Fr2) / 16S. “nc”: not calculated because only one sequence was available." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB70B3221FF0AFEDEBE542BD2" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" tableUuid="24E1F4EFB70B3221FF0AFEDEBE542BD2">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB737321CFF0AFEDFB8152E1D" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B737321DFF0AFEDFBBE82B72" blockId="50.[189,426,264,290]" box="[189,426,264,290]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB737321DFF0AFEDFBBE82B72" bold="true" box="[189,426,264,290]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B737321DFF0AFEDFBBE82B72" bold="true" box="[189,426,264,290]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Material examined</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFF5DFEE0BF352BC6" collectingDate="1916-04-05" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="J. Mills" country="Trinidad and Tobago" latitude="11.179396" location="Buccoo Reef" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-60.811478" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="HOL-1182" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Tobago" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B737321DFF5DFEE0BB1E2B01" blockId="50.[189,1399,311,407]" box="[234,348,311,337]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B737321DFF5DFEE0BB1E2B01" bold="true" box="[234,348,311,337]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B737321DFF5DFEE0BB1E2B01" box="[234,348,311,337]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B737321DFF0AFE8EBF352BC6" blockId="50.[189,1399,311,407]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B737321DFF0AFE8EB85E2B23" box="[189,540,345,371]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO</collectingCountry>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFDF7FE8DB83A2B24" box="[576,632,346,372]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">spec</specimenCount>
|
||
. uniform color pattern (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFC57FE8EBE0E2B23" box="[992,1100,345,372]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B737321DFBD2FE8EBE822B23" box="[1125,1216,345,371]" country="Trinidad and Tobago" name="Tobago" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Tobago</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFB67FE8DBF302B23" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFB67FE8DBF302B23" box="[1232,1394,345,372]" country="Trinidad and Tobago" latitude="11.179396" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-60.811478" name="Buccoo Reef" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Tobago">Buccoo Reef</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFF0AFEABBB212BC6" box="[189,355,380,406]" degrees="11.179396" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="11.179396">11.179396° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFED9FEABB85B2BC6" box="[366,537,380,406]" degrees="60.811479" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="-60.811478">60.811479° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFD93FEABB8ED2BC6" box="[548,687,380,407]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1916-04-05">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFD93FEABB8ED2BC6" box="[548,687,380,407]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1916-04-05">5 Apr. 1916</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFD0CFEABB9502BC6" box="[699,786,380,406]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">J. Mills</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; living under or among rocks;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B737321DFB1DFEABBEA82BC6" box="[1194,1258,380,406]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFB47FEABBF312BC6" box="[1264,1395,380,406]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">HOL-1182</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B737321DFF5DFE6ABBE42B87" blockId="50.[189,1399,445,964]" box="[234,422,445,471]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B737321DFF5DFE6ABBE42B87" bold="true" box="[234,422,445,471]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Other material</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B737321DFF0AFE36BB802994" blockId="50.[189,1399,445,964]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFF0AFE36B904284E" collectingDate="2005-06-28" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="M. Wicksten" country="United States of America" elevation="22" latitude="28.17" location="GULF OF MEXICO" longLatPrecision="740" longitude="-94.28" municipality="Stetson Bank" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1080469" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Texas">
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFF0AFE36BBF62BAB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFF0AFE36BBF62BAB" box="[189,436,481,507]" country="United States of America" latitude="28.17" longLatPrecision="740" longitude="-94.28" municipality="Stetson Bank" name="GULF OF MEXICO" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Texas">GULF OF MEXICO</location>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B737321DFE62FE37B8522BAA" bold="true" box="[469,528,480,506]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B737321DFE62FE37B8522BAA" box="[469,528,480,506]" name="United States of America" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFD9DFE36B83F2BAB" box="[554,637,481,507]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(contracted);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B737321DFC94FE36B9282BAB" box="[803,874,481,507]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB737321DFCC0FE36BE5A2BAA" box="[887,1048,480,507]" country="United States of America" latitude="28.17" longLatPrecision="740" longitude="-94.28" name="Stetson Bank" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Texas">Stetson Bank</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFB93FE36BED02BAB" box="[1060,1170,481,507]" degrees="28.17" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="555" value="28.17">28.17° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFB28FE36BF512BAB" box="[1183,1299,481,507]" degrees="94.28" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="555" value="-94.28">94.28° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFA97FE36BAB9284E" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2005-06-28">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFA97FE36BAB9284E" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2005-06-28">28 Jun. 2005</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFEE3FDD3BBD7284E" box="[340,405,516,542]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="22.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B737321DFEE3FDD3BBD7284E" box="[340,405,516,542]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="22.0">22 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFE14FDD3B879284E" box="[419,571,516,542]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">M. Wicksten</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFD36FDD3B904284E" box="[641,838,516,542]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1080469</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFCD4FDD3B9422812" collectingDate="1971-10-24" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="J. Teerlings" location="Stetson Bank" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1096856" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Texas">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFCD4FDD3B9F5284E" box="[867,951,516,542]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFC49FDD3BE24284E" box="[1022,1126,516,542]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B737321DFBCBFDD3BE81284E" box="[1148,1219,516,542]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFB66FDD3BF30284E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFB66FDD3BF30284E" box="[1233,1394,516,542]" name="Stetson Bank" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Texas">Stetson Bank</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFF0AFDF0BB1F2811" box="[189,349,551,577]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1971-10-24">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFF0AFDF0BB1F2811" box="[189,349,551,577]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1971-10-24">24 Oct. 1971</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFEDBFDF0BBB62811" box="[364,500,551,577]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">J. Teerlings</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFD8CFDF0B9422812" box="[571,768,551,578]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1096856</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFCAAFDF0B9592834" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="T. Shirley" latitude="26.82" location="North Padre Island" longLatPrecision="744" longitude="-97.32" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="E17227" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Texas">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFCAAFDF0B9332811" box="[797,881,551,577]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFC0EFDF0BE602811" box="[953,1058,551,578]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B737321DFB80FDF0BE3C2811" box="[1079,1150,551,577]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFB3BFDF0BF302811" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFB3BFDF0BF302811" box="[1164,1394,551,577]" latitude="26.82" longLatPrecision="744" longitude="-97.32" name="North Padre Island" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Texas">North Padre Island</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFF0AFD9DBB6B2835" box="[189,297,586,613]" degrees="26.82" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="555" value="26.82">26.82° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFE82FD9DBBE42835" box="[309,422,586,613]" degrees="97.32" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="555" value="-97.32">97.32° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFE06FD9CB8662834" box="[433,548,586,613]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">T. Shirley</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B737321DFDD2FD9DB8F82834" box="[613,698,586,612]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFD77FD9DB9592834" box="[704,795,586,612]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">E17227</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFC84FD9DBABD28FB" collectingDate="1917-06" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="H. Lyman Clark & Carnegie Expedition" latitude="24.6185" location="Bird Key" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-82.8854" municipality="Tortugas" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="HOL-1213" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Florida">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFC84FD9DB9CA2835" box="[819,904,586,613]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFC70FD9DBE1B2834" box="[967,1113,586,613]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.95" metricValueMin="0.95" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="145.0" valueMax="195.0" valueMin="95.0">95–195 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B737321DFBDBFD9DBE862834" box="[1132,1220,586,612]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB737321DFB79FD9CBF752835" box="[1230,1335,587,613]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Tortugas</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFAF5FD9DBAB328D8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFAF5FD9DBAB328D8" latitude="24.6185" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-82.8854" municipality="Tortugas" name="Bird Key" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Florida">Bird Key</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFF48FDBABBC928D8" box="[255,395,621,648]" degrees="24.6185" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="5" value="24.6185">24.6185° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFE2FFDBAB86828D8" box="[408,554,621,648]" degrees="82.8854" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="5" value="-82.8854">82.8854° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFD80FDB9B8EC28D7" box="[567,686,621,648]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1917-06">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFD80FDB9B8EC28D7" box="[567,686,621,648]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1917-06">Jun. 1917</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFD0BFDB9B9C228D7" box="[700,896,621,648]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">H. Lyman Clark</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFC3AFDBABEC328D7" box="[909,1153,621,647]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Carnegie Expedition</collectorName>
|
||
exped.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B737321DFB5FFDBABF6A28D7" box="[1256,1320,621,647]" collectionName="USA, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFA87FDBABAB928FB" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">HOL-1213</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFEB2FD46BB3A289E" collectingDate="1994-04-21" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="J. D. Aghub" country="Mexico" county="Veracruz" latitude="24.6185" location="Bajos de Tuxpan" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-82.8854" municipality="Tortugas" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.14.11" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Florida">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B737321DFEAFFD47BB3128FA" bold="true" box="[280,371,656,682]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B737321DFEAFFD47BB3128FA" box="[280,371,656,682]" name="Mexico" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFE3DFD46BBA028FB" box="[394,482,657,683]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCounty id="9940DCEBB737321DFE5BFD46B81528FB" box="[492,599,657,683]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Veracruz</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFDD6FD47B96528FB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFDD6FD47B96528FB" box="[609,807,656,683]" country="Mexico" county="Veracruz" latitude="24.6185" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-82.8854" municipality="Tortugas" name="Bajos de Tuxpan" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Florida">Bajos de Tuxpan</location>
|
||
, off
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFCE0FD46B9F128FB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFCE0FD46B9F128FB" box="[855,947,657,683]" country="Mexico" county="Veracruz" latitude="24.6185" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-82.8854" municipality="Tortugas" name="Tuxpan" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Florida">Tuxpan</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFC09FD46BE1428FB" box="[958,1110,657,683]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1994-04-21">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFC09FD46BE1428FB" box="[958,1110,657,683]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1994-04-21">21 Apr. 1994</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFBD6FD46BEA728FA" box="[1121,1253,656,683]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">J.D. Aghub</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFA94FD46BB3A289E" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ICML-UNAM 5.14.11</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFE20FD63BB5728A2" collectingDate="1962-01-26" collectorName="E. Caballero" location="Isla Sacrificios" municipality="Veracruz" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.14.28" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Florida">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFE20FD63BBB1289E" box="[407,499,692,718]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB737321DFDB6FD63B82E289E" box="[513,620,692,718]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Veracruz</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFDCCFD63B972289E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFDCCFD63B972289E" box="[635,816,692,718]" municipality="Veracruz" name="Isla Sacrificios" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Florida">Isla Sacrificios</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFC89FD63B99F289E" box="[830,989,692,718]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1962-01-26">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFC89FD63B99F289E" box="[830,989,692,718]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1962-01-26">26 Jan. 1962</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFC5BFD63BEC0289E" box="[1004,1154,692,718]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">E. Caballero</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFB7DFD63BB5728A2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ICML-UNAM 5.14.28</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFE98FD00BF3428A2" box="[303,1398,727,754]" collectingDate="1957-01-24" collectorName="M. E. Caso" location="Isla Sacrificios" municipality="Veracruz" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.14.30" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Florida">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFE98FD00BBCA28A1" box="[303,392,727,753]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
; same locality as for preceding;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFCB2FD00B9DC28A2" box="[773,926,727,754]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1957-01-24">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFCB2FD00B9DC28A2" box="[773,926,727,754]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1957-01-24">24 Jan. 1957</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFC1DFD00BE6A28A1" box="[938,1064,727,753]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">M.E. Caso</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFBDDFD00BF3428A2" box="[1130,1398,727,754]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ICML-UNAM 5.14.30</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFF78FD2DBE1A2945" box="[207,1112,762,789]" collectingDate="1957-01-26" collectorName="M. E. Caso" location="Isla Sacrificios" municipality="Veracruz" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 5.14.34" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFF78FD2DBB672945" box="[207,293,762,789]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
; same locality as for preceding;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFD12FD2DB97D2945" box="[677,831,762,789]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1957-01-26">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFD12FD2DB97D2945" box="[677,831,762,789]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1957-01-26">26 Jan. 1957</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFCFCFD2DBE1A2945" box="[843,1112,762,789]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ICML-UNAM 5.14.34</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFBC4FD2DBBF9290B" collectingDate="1997-05-14" collectorName="A. Medina" elevation="3" latitude="19.174936" location="Isla Sacrificios" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-96.09303" municipality="Veracruz" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 18302" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFBC4FD2DBE8A2945" box="[1139,1224,762,789]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB737321DFB63FD2CBF7D2945" box="[1236,1343,763,789]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Veracruz</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFAFBFD2DBB7F2967" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFAFBFD2DBB7F2967" latitude="19.174936" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-96.09303" municipality="Veracruz" name="Isla Sacrificios" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Florida">Isla Sacrificios</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFEFFFCCABBBD2968" box="[328,511,797,824]" degrees="19.1749361" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="19.174936">19.1749361° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFDBCFCCAB8972968" box="[523,725,797,824]" degrees="96.09303056" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="-96.09303">96.09303056° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFD55FCCAB9C02967" box="[738,898,797,824]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1997-05-14">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFD55FCCAB9C02967" box="[738,898,797,824]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1997-05-14">14 May 1997</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFC61FCCABE442968" box="[982,1030,797,824]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="3.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B737321DFC61FCCABE442968" box="[982,1030,797,824]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFBA6FCCABECD2967" box="[1041,1167,797,823]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">A. Medina</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFF0AFC96BBF9290B" box="[189,443,833,859]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ICML-UNAM 18302</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFE62FC96B8B8292E" collectingDate="1976-06-14" elevation="3" latitude="21.454166" location="Isla Lobos" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.225" municipality="Veracruz" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 11459" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFE62FC96B869290B" box="[469,555,833,859]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB737321DFD80FC96B8E0290B" box="[567,674,833,859]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Veracruz</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFD18FC97B96C290A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFD18FC97B96C290A" box="[687,814,832,858]" latitude="21.454166" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-97.225" municipality="Veracruz" name="Isla Lobos" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Florida">Isla Lobos</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFC8CFC97B9B0290B" box="[827,1010,832,859]" degrees="21.4541667" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="21.454166">21.4541667° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFC49FC97BE8B290B" box="[1022,1225,832,859]" degrees="97.22500001" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="-97.225">97.22500001° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFB61FC96BF30290A" box="[1238,1394,832,859]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1976-06-14">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFB61FC96BF30290A" box="[1238,1394,832,859]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1976-06-14">14 Jun. 1976</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFEB0FCB3BB7A292E" box="[263,312,868,894]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="3.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B737321DFEB0FCB3BB7A292E" box="[263,312,868,894]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B737321DFEF0FCB3BBF4292E" box="[327,438,868,894]" class="Anthozoa" family="Acroporidae" genus="Acropora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B737321DFEF0FCB3BBF4292E" box="[327,438,868,894]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Acropora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reef;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFE4BFCB3B8B8292E" box="[508,762,867,894]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ICML-UNAM 11459</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFCA1FCB3BBFC2994" collectingDate="2005-04-05" collectorName="F. Solis-Marin" county="Veracruz" elevation="2" latitude="19.114445" location="Isla de Enmedio" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-95.93584" municipality="Isla de Enmedio" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="ICML-UNAM 18303" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Florida">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFCA1FCB3B92E292E" box="[790,876,868,894]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCounty id="9940DCEBB737321DFCCEFCB3B9A6292E" box="[889,996,868,894]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Veracruz</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFC46FCB3BEF4292E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFC46FCB3BEF4292E" box="[1009,1206,868,894]" county="Veracruz" latitude="19.114445" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-95.93584" municipality="Isla de Enmedio" name="Isla de Enmedio" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Florida">Isla de Enmedio</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFB76FCB3BF30292E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFB76FCB3BF30292E" box="[1217,1394,868,894]" county="Veracruz" latitude="19.114445" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-95.93584" municipality="Isla de Enmedio" name="Anton Lizardo" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Florida">Anton Lizardo</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFF0AFC50BB3729F1" box="[189,373,903,929]" degrees="19.1144444" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="19.114445">19.1144444° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFE32FC50B81029F1" box="[389,594,903,930]" degrees="95.93583333" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="-95.93584">95.93583333° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFDD5FC50B8B729F2" box="[610,757,903,930]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2005-04-05">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFDD5FC50B8B729F2" box="[610,757,903,930]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2005-04-05">5 Apr. 2005</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFCE7FC50B9E329F1" box="[848,929,903,929]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B737321DFCE7FC50B9E329F1" box="[848,929,903,929]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFC07FC50BE1E29F1" box="[944,1116,903,929]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">F. Solís-Marín</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; on sandy bottom;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFF0AFC7DBBFC2994" box="[189,446,938,964]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">ICML-UNAM 18303</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B737321CFF0AFC3BB8152E1D" blockId="50.[189,1399,1003,2016]" lastBlockId="51.[188,1401,265,1101]" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFF0AFC3BBE052E79" collectingDate="1972-05-02" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="R. Larson" country="Belize" latitude="16.877842" location="CARIBBEAN SEA" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-88.12005" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="E18639" specimenCount="2">
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFF0AFC3BBBE62E56" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFF0AFC3BBBE62E56" box="[189,420,1004,1030]" country="Belize" latitude="16.877842" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-88.12005" name="CARIBBEAN SEA" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">CARIBBEAN SEA</location>
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B737321DFE75FC3CB84F2E55" bold="true" box="[450,525,1003,1029]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B737321DFE75FC3CB84F2E55" box="[450,525,1003,1029]" name="Belize" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFD91FC3BB83F2E56" box="[550,637,1004,1030]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">2 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFD09FC3BB9222E56" box="[702,864,1004,1030]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="150.0" valueMax="180.0" valueMin="120.0">120–180 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFCC3FC3CBE712E56" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFCC3FC3CBE712E56" box="[884,1075,1003,1030]" country="Belize" latitude="16.877842" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-88.12005" name="Coco-Plum Key" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Coco-Plum Key</location>
|
||
, edge of mangrove swamp;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFF0AFBD8BB242E79" box="[189,358,1039,1065]" degrees="16.877841" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="16.877842">16.877841° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFEC4FBD8B8632E79" box="[371,545,1039,1065]" degrees="88.120048" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="-88.12005">88.120048° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFD99FBD8B8832E79" box="[558,705,1039,1065]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1972-05-02">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFD99FBD8B8832E79" box="[558,705,1039,1065]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="1972-05-02">2 May 1972</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFD79FBD8B9012E79" box="[718,835,1039,1065]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">R. Larson</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B737321DFC30FBD8B99E2E79" box="[903,988,1039,1065]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFC53FBD8BE012E79" box="[996,1091,1039,1065]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">E18639</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFBF8FBD8BB662EC3" collectingDate="2013-05-30" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="5" latitude="16.877842" location="Cayo Adriana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-88.12005" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1659468" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B737321DFBD0FBD8BE8C2E79" bold="true" box="[1127,1230,1039,1065]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B737321DFBD0FBD8BE8C2E79" box="[1127,1230,1039,1065]" name="Panama" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFB5FFBD8BF792E79" box="[1256,1339,1039,1065]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFF0AFBE5BB642E1C" box="[189,294,1074,1100]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B737321DFE8BFBE5BBB72E1C" box="[316,501,1074,1100]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFDB4FBE5B8EE2E1C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFDB4FBE5B8EE2E1C" box="[515,684,1074,1100]" country="Panama" latitude="16.877842" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-88.12005" name="Cayo Adriana" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">Cayo Adriana</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFD0DFBE5B9272E1C" box="[698,869,1074,1101]" degrees="9.2405278" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="9.240528">9.2405278° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFCC4FBE5BE732E1C" box="[883,1073,1074,1100]" degrees="82.1734167" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="-82.173416">82.1734167° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFBF7FBE5BEA72E1C" box="[1088,1253,1074,1100]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2013-05-30">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFBF7FBE5BEA72E1C" box="[1088,1253,1074,1100]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2013-05-30">30 May 2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFA88FBE5BF332E1C" box="[1343,1393,1074,1101]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="5.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B737321DFA88FBE5BF332E1C" box="[1343,1393,1074,1101]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFF0AFB82BBCE2E3F" box="[189,396,1109,1135]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFE79FB82B8112E3F" box="[462,595,1109,1135]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">A. Castillo</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; mixed bottom of sand, sponges and corals, IpBT5;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFA95FB82BB662EC3" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1659468</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFEF7FBAFBE8B2EC3" box="[320,1225,1144,1171]" collectingDate="2013-05-30" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="5" latitude="9.240528" location="Cayo Adriana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.173416" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="MBMLP-IpBT7" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFEF7FBAFBBD62EC3" box="[320,404,1144,1171]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFE6CFBAFB8012EC2" box="[475,579,1144,1171]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="135.0">135 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpBT7;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFBBFFBAEBE8B2EC3" box="[1032,1225,1145,1171]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">MBMLP-IpBT7</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFB52FBAFB9F72EE6" collectingDate="2013-05-30" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="5" latitude="9.240528" location="Cayo Adriana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.173416" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1659473" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFB52FBAFBF7B2EC3" box="[1253,1337,1144,1171]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFF0AFB4BBB662EE6" box="[189,292,1180,1206]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpBT21;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFD46FB4BB9F72EE6" box="[753,949,1179,1206]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1659473</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFC78FB4BB8D92E89" collectingDate="2013-05-30" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="5" latitude="9.240528" location="Cayo Adriana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.173416" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1659474" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFC78FB4BBE632EE6" box="[975,1057,1180,1206]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFBD2FB4BBE8E2EE6" box="[1125,1228,1180,1206]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="140.0">140 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpBT22;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFE60FB68B8D92E89" box="[471,667,1214,1241]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1659474</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFD02FB68BB3D2EAD" collectingDate="2013-05-30" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="5" latitude="9.240528" location="Cayo Adriana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.173416" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1659475" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFD02FB68B94A2E89" box="[693,776,1215,1241]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFCFCFB68B9F02E89" box="[843,946,1215,1241]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.38" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="138.0">138 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpBT23;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFF0AFB35BB3D2EAD" box="[189,383,1250,1277]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1659475</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFE21FB35BF4D2EAD" box="[406,1295,1250,1277]" collectingDate="2013-05-30" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="5" latitude="9.240528" location="Cayo Adriana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.173416" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1659476" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFE21FB35BBA52EAC" box="[406,487,1250,1276]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFD91FB35B8C92EAC" box="[550,651,1250,1276]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpBT25;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFBFBFB35BF4D2EAD" box="[1100,1295,1250,1277]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1659476</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFA91FB35BE402F70" collectingDate="2013-05-30" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="5" latitude="9.240528" location="Cayo Adriana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.173416" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1659477" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFA91FB35BF352EAC" box="[1318,1399,1250,1276]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFF4BFAD2BB262F4F" box="[252,356,1285,1311]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpBT43;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFC8BFAD2BE402F70" box="[828,1026,1285,1312]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1659477</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFBA8FAD2B8B82F13" collectingDate="2013-05-30" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="5" latitude="9.240528" location="Cayo Adriana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.173416" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1659478" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFBA8FAD2BE312F70" box="[1055,1139,1285,1312]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFB0CFAD2BF662F4F" box="[1211,1316,1285,1312]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpBT44;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFD82FAFFB8B82F13" box="[565,762,1320,1347]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1659478</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFCA0FAFFBBAE2F36" collectingDate="2013-05-30" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="5" latitude="9.240528" location="Cayo Adriana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.173416" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1659479" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFCA0FAFFB9282F13" box="[791,874,1320,1347]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFC07FAFFBE5B2F12" box="[944,1049,1320,1347]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="185.0">185 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpBT53;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFE9FFA9BBBAE2F36" box="[296,492,1355,1382]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1659479</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFDB2FA9BBB7D2FFC" collectingDate="2013-05-31" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="5" latitude="9.240528" location="Cayo Adriana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.173416" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="TpBT0026" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFDB2FA9BB81A2F36" box="[517,600,1356,1382]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFD2DFA9CB9432F36" box="[666,769,1355,1382]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding except
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFB1BFA9BBF0E2F36" box="[1196,1356,1356,1382]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2013-05-31">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFB1BFA9BBF0E2F36" box="[1196,1356,1356,1382]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2013-05-31">31 May 2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; on mixed bottom of sand, sponges and corals, completely hidden in a crevice between sponges, IpBT26;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFF09FA45BB7D2FFC" box="[190,319,1426,1452]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">TpBT0026</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFED6FA45BEF52FFC" box="[353,1207,1426,1452]" collectingDate="2013-05-31" collectionCode="MBMLP" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="5" latitude="9.240528" location="Cayo Adriana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.173416" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="IpBT27" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFED6FA45BBF42FFC" box="[353,438,1426,1452]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFDB2FA45B8322FFC" box="[517,624,1426,1452]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B737321DFC50FA45BE122FFC" box="[999,1104,1426,1452]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">MBMLP</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFBEBFA45BEF52FFC" box="[1116,1207,1426,1452]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">IpBT27</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFB6EFA45BB7C2FA2" collectingDate="2013-05-31" collectionCode="MBMLP" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="5" latitude="9.240528" location="Cayo Adriana" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.173416" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="TpBT0008, TpBT0024, TpBT0028, TpBT0029" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFB6EFA45BF762FFC" box="[1241,1332,1426,1452]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">4 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFF0AFA62BB232F9F" box="[189,353,1461,1488]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.575" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.35" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="157.5" valueMax="180.0" valueMin="135.0">135–180 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; Ip8, 24, 28, 29 BT;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFC7DFA62BE0C2F9F" box="[970,1102,1461,1487]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">TpBT0008</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFBEBFA62BEA22F9F" box="[1116,1248,1461,1487]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">TpBT0024</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFB59FA62BF302F9F" box="[1262,1394,1461,1487]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">TpBT0028</specimenCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFF0AFA0FBB7C2FA2" box="[189,318,1496,1522]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">TpBT0029</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFEE0FA0FB9CE2C69" collectingDate="2013-06-04" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez" country="Panama" elevation="5" latitude="9.348861" location="STRI" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-82.2585" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1659469" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFEE0FA0FBBEA2FA3" box="[343,424,1496,1523]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFE5EFA0FB80D2FA2" box="[489,591,1496,1522]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B737321DFDD4FA0EB9542FA3" box="[611,790,1496,1523]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFC95FA0FB9202FA2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFC95FA0FB9202FA2" box="[802,866,1496,1522]" country="Panama" latitude="9.348861" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-82.2585" name="STRI" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">STRI</location>
|
||
research station;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFB98FA0FBE942FA3" box="[1071,1238,1496,1523]" degrees="9.3488611" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="9.348861">9.3488611° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFB55FA0FBF302FA3" box="[1250,1394,1496,1523]" degrees="82.2585" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="5" value="-82.2585">82.2585° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFF0AFA2BBB0D2C46" box="[189,335,1532,1558]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2013-06-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFF0AFA2BBB0D2C46" box="[189,335,1532,1558]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2013-06-04">4 Jun. 2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFE1CFA2CBB9C2C46" box="[427,478,1531,1558]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="5.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B737321DFE1CFA2CBB9C2C46" box="[427,478,1531,1558]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFE59FA2BB8F92C46" box="[494,699,1532,1558]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; mixed bottom of sand, corals and isolated seagrass, exposed, between coral colonies, IpBT131;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFD70F9C8B9CE2C69" box="[711,908,1566,1593]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1659469</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFC10F9C8B9DE2CF3" collectingDate="2013-06-06" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="7" latitude="9.2495" location="Popa Island" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-82.181526" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1659470" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFC10F9C8B9B82C69" box="[935,1018,1567,1593]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFB88F9C8BEE52C69" box="[1087,1191,1567,1593]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B737321DFB0BF9C8BF302C69" box="[1212,1394,1567,1593]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFF0AF995BB052C0C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFF0AF995BB052C0C" box="[189,327,1602,1628]" country="Panama" latitude="9.2495" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-82.181526" name="Popa Island" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">Popa Island</location>
|
||
Cay;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFE3BF995B84A2C0C" box="[396,520,1602,1629]" degrees="9.2495" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="5" value="9.2495">9.2495° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFDA3F995B88D2C0C" box="[532,719,1602,1629]" degrees="82.1815279" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="-82.181526">82.1815279° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFD6CF995B9242C0C" box="[731,870,1602,1628]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2013-06-06">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFD6CF995B9242C0C" box="[731,870,1602,1628]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2013-06-06">6 Jun. 2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFC0CF995B9A82C0C" box="[955,1002,1602,1628]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="7.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B737321DFC0CF995B9A82C0C" box="[955,1002,1602,1628]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="7.0">7 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFC40F995BE822C0C" box="[1015,1216,1602,1628]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFB4FF995BF342C0C" box="[1272,1398,1602,1628]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">A. Castillo</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; mixed bottom of sand, corals and sponges at the reef fringe, completely hidden, under a loose coral head and among rubble coral, IpBT190;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFD6EF95FB9DE2CF3" box="[729,924,1672,1699]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1659470</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFC03F95FB8962D5D" collectingDate="2013-06-06" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="2" latitude="9.254194" location="Popa Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.182945" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1659471" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFC03F95FBE442CF3" box="[948,1030,1672,1699]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFBF2F95FBEEE2CF2" box="[1093,1196,1672,1698]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="140.0">140 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B737321DFB08F95EBF302CF3" box="[1215,1394,1672,1699]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
|
||
, near
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFF4EF97BBBC62C95" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFF4EF97BBBC62C95" box="[249,388,1707,1734]" country="Panama" latitude="9.254194" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.182945" name="Popa Island" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">Popa Island</location>
|
||
Cay;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFE79F97CB8352C96" box="[462,631,1707,1734]" degrees="9.2541944" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="9.254194">9.2541944° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFD32F97BB9002C96" box="[645,834,1708,1734]" degrees="82.1829444" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="-82.182945">82.1829444° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFCE7F97CB99D2C96" box="[848,991,1707,1734]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2013-06-06">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFCE7F97CB99D2C96" box="[848,991,1707,1734]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2013-06-06">6 Jun. 2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFB80F97BBE2B2C96" box="[1079,1129,1708,1734]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B737321DFB80F97BBE2B2C96" box="[1079,1129,1708,1734]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFBC0F97BBF012C96" box="[1143,1347,1708,1734]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFF08F918BB7D2CB9" box="[191,319,1743,1769]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">A. Castillo</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; mixed bottom dominated by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B737321DFD57F918B9CC2CB8" box="[736,910,1743,1768]" class="Anthozoa" family="Poritidae" genus="Porites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porites">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B737321DFD57F918B9CC2CB8" box="[736,910,1743,1768]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Porites porites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with isolated seagrasses, octocorals and sponges, exposed, IpBT191;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFDA5F925B8962D5D" box="[530,724,1778,1805]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1659471</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFD5CF925B8712D60" collectingDate="2013-06-06" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & A. Castillo" country="Panama" elevation="3" latitude="9.254194" location="Popa Island" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-82.182945" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1659472" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFD5CF925B9782D5C" box="[747,826,1778,1804]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFCCFF925B99C2D5C" box="[888,990,1778,1805]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="125.0">125 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFF0AF8C2BAAE2D60" box="[189,236,1813,1840]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="3.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B737321DFF0AF8C2BAAE2D60" box="[189,236,1813,1840]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
; IpBT192;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFEC7F8C2B8712D60" box="[368,563,1813,1840]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="Museum">USNM 1659472</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFDFDF8C2BB442D26" collectingDate="2015-12-15" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez" country="Panama" elevation="2" latitude="9.401844" location="Galeta" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.86053" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="Tiss-IpGa8" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFDFDF8C2B8DC2D60" box="[586,670,1813,1840]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFD1EF8C2B8BB2D7F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFD1EF8C2B8BB2D7F" box="[681,761,1813,1839]" country="Panama" latitude="9.401844" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.86053" name="Galeta" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">Galeta</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFCB3F8C2B9E92D60" box="[772,939,1813,1840]" degrees="9.4018444" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="9.401844">9.4018444° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFC01F8C2BEC22D60" box="[950,1152,1813,1840]" degrees="79.86053056" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="-79.86053">79.86053056° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFB3CF8C2BF682D60" box="[1163,1322,1813,1840]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2015-12-15">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFB3CF8C2BF682D60" box="[1163,1322,1813,1840]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2015-12-15">15 Dec. 2015</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFF0AF8EFBAAF2D03" box="[189,237,1848,1875]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B737321DFF0AF8EFBAAF2D03" box="[189,237,1848,1875]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFF4DF8EFBB862D02" box="[250,452,1848,1874]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; mixed bottom of rocky, corals and isolated seagrass, exposed, IpGa8;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFA8AF8EFBB442D26" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Tiss-IpGa8</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFE93F88BB9942D25" box="[292,982,1883,1910]" collectingDate="2015-12-15" collectorName="IpGa" country="Panama" elevation="2" latitude="9.401844" location="Galeta" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.86053" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="Tiss-IpGa11" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFE93F88BBB392D26" box="[292,379,1884,1910]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
; same data as for preceding; IpGa11;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFCF2F88CB9942D25" box="[837,982,1883,1909]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Tiss-IpGa11</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFC44F88BBB952DC9" collectingDate="2015-12-15" collectorName="IpGa" country="Panama" elevation="2" latitude="9.401844" location="Galeta" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.86053" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="Tiss-IpGa209" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFC44F88BBE092D26" box="[1011,1099,1884,1910]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
; same data as preceding, IpGa209;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFE80F8A8BB952DC9" box="[311,471,1919,1945]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Tiss-IpGa209</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321DFE4EF8A8B8BC2D8F" collectingDate="2016-09-17" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez" country="Panama" elevation="3" latitude="9.401844" location="Galeta" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.86053" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="Tiss-IpGa269" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFE4EF8A8B80D2DC9" box="[505,591,1919,1945]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFD2BF8A8B9452DC9" box="[668,775,1919,1945]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB737321DFCA8F8A8B92D2DC9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB737321DFCA8F8A8B92D2DC9" box="[799,879,1919,1945]" country="Panama" latitude="9.401844" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.86053" name="Galeta" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">Galeta</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFCC8F8A8BE692DC9" box="[895,1067,1919,1945]" degrees="9.4018444" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="9.401844">9.4018444° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B737321DFB8CF8A9BF482DC9" box="[1083,1290,1918,1945]" degrees="79.86053056" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" precision="1" value="-79.86053">79.86053056° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B737321DFAADF8A8BAB92DEC" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2016-09-17">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB737321DFAADF8A8BAB92DEC" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" value="2016-09-17">17 Sep. 2016</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFEE4F875BBC72DEC" box="[339,389,1954,1980]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="3.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B737321DFEE4F875BBC72DEC" box="[339,389,1954,1980]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="m" value="3.0">3 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B737321DFE24F875B81D2DEC" box="[403,607,1954,1980]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; mixed bottom of corals and rocks, exposed but camouflaged between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B737321DFE9FF811BB942D8F" authority=", IpGa" authorityName="IpGa" box="[296,470,1990,2015]" class="Anthozoa" family="Poritidae" genus="Porites" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="porites">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B737321DFE9FF811BB942D8F" box="[296,470,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Porites porites</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, IpGa269;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB737321DFDE9F812B8BC2D8F" box="[606,766,1989,2015]" pageId="50" pageNumber="51">Tiss-IpGa269</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB737321CFCADF812BE8D2B74" collectingDate="2016-09-17" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="A. Calderon" country="Panama" elevation="1" lastPageId="51" lastPageNumber="52" latitude="9.401844" location="Galeta" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.86053" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" specimenCode="USNM 1659480" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB737321DFCADF812B92F2DB0" box="[794,877,1989,2016]" count="1" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B737321DFC05F812BE582D8F" box="[946,1050,1989,2016]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.58" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" unit="mm" value="158.0">158 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFEB1FEDEBB752B73" box="[262,311,265,291]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B736321CFEB1FEDEBB752B73" box="[262,311,265,291]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B736321CFEF5FEDEBB912B73" box="[322,467,265,291]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">A. Calderón</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; completely hidden inside rocks, IpGa223;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFBBCFEDEBE8D2B74" box="[1035,1231,265,292]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="Museum">USNM 1659480</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFB5EFEDEB9FB2B17" collectingDate="2016-09-17" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="IpGa" country="Colombia" elevation="1" latitude="9.401844" location="Galeta" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.86053" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="USNM 1659481" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bocas del Toro">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFB5EFEDEBF7E2B73" box="[1257,1340,265,291]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFF0AFEFBBB572B16" box="[189,277,300,326]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpGa224;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFD59FEFBB9F72B17" box="[750,949,300,327]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="Museum">USNM 1659481</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFC76FEFABF262BDD" collectingDate="2013-12-01" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & N. Ardila" country="Colombia" elevation="15" latitude="9.401844" location="Banco de las Animas" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.86053" municipality="Banco" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="EQU4144" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Magdalena">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B736321CFC6EFEFBBE112B16" bold="true" box="[985,1107,300,326]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B736321CFC6EFEFBBE112B16" box="[985,1107,300,326]" name="Colombia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFBDAFEFBBEFD2B17" box="[1133,1215,300,327]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFAB4FEFBBF282B16" box="[1283,1386,300,326]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B736321CFF0AFE98BB002B39" box="[189,322,335,361]" country="Colombia" name="Magdalena" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Magdalena</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB736321CFEE2FE87B8272B3C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB736321CFEE2FE87B8272B3C" box="[341,613,335,364]" country="Colombia" latitude="9.401844" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-79.86053" municipality="Banco" name="Banco de las Animas" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" stateProvince="Magdalena">Banco de las Ánimas</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFDCFFE98B9762B3A" box="[632,820,335,362]" degrees="11.0397778" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="11.039778">11.0397778° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFCF1FE98BE5A2B3A" box="[838,1048,335,362]" degrees="74.39919445" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="-74.39919">74.39919445° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B736321CFB9DFE98BE882B39" box="[1066,1226,335,362]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="2013-12-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB736321CFB9DFE98BE882B39" box="[1066,1226,335,362]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="2013-12-01">1 Dec. 2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFA9BFE98BF332B3A" box="[1324,1393,335,362]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="15.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B736321CFA9BFE98BF332B3A" box="[1324,1393,335,362]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B736321CFF0AFEA4BBCA2BDD" box="[189,392,371,397]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B736321CFE73FEA4B8712BDC" box="[452,563,370,397]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">N. Ardila</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; rocky bottom, anterior part exposed, IpBA313;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFB07FEA4BEA62BDD" box="[1200,1252,371,397]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFB5BFEA4BF262BDD" box="[1260,1380,371,397]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">EQU4144</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFF0AFE41BE0D2BE0" box="[189,1103,406,432]" collectingDate="2013-12-01" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & N. Ardila" country="Colombia" elevation="15" latitude="11.039778" location="Animas" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-74.39919" municipality="Banco" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="EQU4146" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Magdalena">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFF0AFE41BB522BE0" box="[189,272,406,432]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFEE3FE41BBFE2BE0" box="[340,444,406,432]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpBA314;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFC2AFE41B9932BE0" box="[925,977,406,432]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFC6EFE41BE0D2BE0" box="[985,1103,406,432]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">EQU4146</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFBDCFE41B93B2BA6" collectingDate="2013-12-01" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & N. Ardila" country="Colombia" elevation="15" latitude="11.039778" location="Animas" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-74.39919" municipality="Banco" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="EQU4147" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Magdalena">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFBDCFE41BEFC2BE0" box="[1131,1214,406,432]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFAB5FE41BF282BE0" box="[1282,1386,406,432]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="140.0">140 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; rocky bottom, partially exposed within crevices between rocks, concealed by spines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B736321CFEF8FE0BB87C2BA6" authority=", IpBA" authorityName="IpBA" box="[335,574,476,502]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B736321CFEF8FE0BB87C2BA6" box="[335,574,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Diadema antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, IpBA315;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFD7FFE0AB8BE2BA7" box="[712,764,477,503]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFCB5FE0BB93B2BA6" box="[770,889,476,502]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">EQU4147</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFC26FE0BB8692849" collectingDate="2013-12-01" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & N. Ardila" country="Colombia" elevation="5" latitude="11.039778" location="Animas" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-74.39919" municipality="Banco" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="TEJ1336" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Magdalena">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFC26FE0BB9A72BA7" box="[913,997,476,503]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
; same data as for preceding; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFF0AFE28BB40284A" box="[189,258,511,538]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="4.5">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B736321CFF0AFE28BB40284A" box="[189,258,511,538]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="4.5">4.5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
; IpBA319;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFE3FFDD7BBFE284A" box="[392,444,512,538]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFE75FE28B8692849" box="[450,555,511,537]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">TEJ1336</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFDF5FE28B8B82831" collectingDate="2017-07-23" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="G. Borrero" country="Colombia" elevation="1" latitude="11.207056" location="Bahia del Rodadero" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-74.23039" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="EQU4565" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Magdalena">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFDF5FE28B8D1284A" box="[578,659,511,538]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFD67FE28B9642849" box="[720,806,511,538]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B736321CFC8EFE28B9FC2849" box="[825,958,511,537]" country="Colombia" name="Magdalena" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Magdalena</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB736321CFC7EFE28BEF12849" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB736321CFC7EFE28BEF12849" box="[969,1203,511,537]" country="Colombia" latitude="11.207056" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-74.23039" name="Bahia del Rodadero" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" stateProvince="Magdalena">Bahía del Rodadero</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFB09FE28BF30284A" box="[1214,1394,511,538]" degrees="11.2070556" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="11.207056">11.2070556° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFF0AFDF5BB39286D" box="[189,379,546,573]" degrees="74.2303916" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="-74.23039">74.2303916° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B736321CFE3EFDF4B862286D" box="[393,544,546,573]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="2017-07-23">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB736321CFE3EFDF4B862286D" box="[393,544,546,573]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="2017-07-23">23 Jul. 2017</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFDCEFDF4B8E9286D" box="[633,683,547,573]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="1.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B736321CFDCEFDF4B8E9286D" box="[633,683,547,573]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B736321CFD0EFDF4B978286D" box="[697,826,547,573]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">G. Borrero</collectorName>
|
||
leg.; hidden under a rock in a mixed bottom of sediment and small rocks, IpRod;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFDFDFD91B83C2830" box="[586,638,582,608]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFD34FD91B8B82831" box="[643,762,582,609]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">EQU4565</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFCA6FD91BB6A28F7" collectingDate="2013-09-09" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="E. Ortiz & J. Lopez" country="Colombia" elevation="5" latitude="11.730833" location="El Pajaro-Tawaya" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.70436" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="TEJ1257" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Guajira">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFCA6FD91B91D2830" box="[785,863,582,608]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFC2BFD91BE402830" box="[924,1026,582,609]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="125.0">125 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B736321CFBA3FD91BED62830" box="[1044,1172,582,608]" country="Colombia" name="La Guajira" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">La Guajira</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB736321CFB28FD91BF302830" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB736321CFB28FD91BF302830" box="[1183,1394,582,608]" country="Colombia" latitude="11.730833" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.70436" name="El Pajaro-Tawaya" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" stateProvince="La Guajira">El Pájaro-Tawaya</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFF0AFDBEBB3128D3" box="[189,371,617,643]" degrees="11.7308333" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="11.730833">11.7308333° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFE37FDBEB80B28D3" box="[384,585,617,643]" degrees="72.70436111" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="-72.70436">72.70436111° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B736321CFDE1FDBEB8A528D3" box="[598,743,617,643]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="2013-09-09">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB736321CFDE1FDBEB8A528D3" box="[598,743,617,643]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="2013-09-09">9 Sep. 2013</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFC89FDBEB9C728D3" box="[830,901,617,644]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="4.5">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B736321CFC89FDBEB9C728D3" box="[830,901,617,644]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="4.5">4.5 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B736321CFC25FDBEB9AD28D3" box="[914,1007,617,643]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">E. Ortíz</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B736321CFB9CFDBEBECD28D3" box="[1067,1167,617,643]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">J. López</collectorName>
|
||
leg., IpGV82;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFAF4FDBEBF3528D3" box="[1347,1399,617,643]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFF09FD5BBB6A28F7" box="[190,296,652,679]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">TEJ1257</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFEF2FD5BBE8A28F7" box="[325,1224,652,679]" collectingDate="2013-09-09" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="E. Ortiz & J. Lopez" country="Colombia" elevation="5" latitude="11.730833" location="El Pajaro-Tawaya" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.70436" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="TEJ1258" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Guajira">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFEF2FD5BBBDA28F7" box="[325,408,652,679]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFE68FD5BB80528F6" box="[479,583,652,678]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpGV83;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFB96FD5ABE1728F7" box="[1057,1109,653,679]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFBE9FD5BBE8A28F7" box="[1118,1224,652,679]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">TEJ1258</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFB52FD5BB9D1289A" collectingDate="2013-09-09" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="E. Ortiz & J. Lopez" country="Colombia" elevation="5" latitude="11.730833" location="El Pajaro-Tawaya" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.70436" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="TEJ1259" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Guajira">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFB52FD5BBF7B28F7" box="[1253,1337,652,679]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFF0AFD78BB612899" box="[189,291,687,714]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="125.0">125 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpGV84;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFD58FD67B961289A" box="[751,803,688,714]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFC9EFD78B9D1289A" box="[809,915,687,714]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">TEJ1259</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFC1BFD78B81528BC" collectingDate="2013-09-09" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="E. Ortiz & J. Lopez" country="Colombia" elevation="5" latitude="11.730833" location="El Pajaro-Tawaya" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.70436" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="TEJ1261" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Guajira">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFC1BFD78B9BC289A" box="[940,1022,687,714]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFB88FD78BEE72899" box="[1087,1189,687,713]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpGV86;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFE05FD04BBA428BD" box="[434,486,723,749]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFE5AFD05B81528BC" box="[493,599,722,748]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">TEJ1261</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFDC5FD04BB652941" collectingDate="2013-09-09" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="E. Ortiz & J. Lopez" country="Colombia" elevation="5" latitude="11.730833" location="El Pajaro-Tawaya" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.70436" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="TEJ1265" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Guajira">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFDC5FD04B88728BD" box="[626,709,723,749]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFCBEFD04B93228BD" box="[777,880,723,749]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpGV90;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFAF4FD04BF3528BD" box="[1347,1399,723,749]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFF0AFD21BB652941" box="[189,295,758,785]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">TEJ1265</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFEF4FD21BE892940" box="[323,1227,758,784]" collectingDate="2013-09-09" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="E. Ortiz & J. Lopez" country="Colombia" elevation="5" latitude="11.730833" location="El Pajaro-Tawaya" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.70436" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="TEJ1269" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Guajira">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFEF4FD21BBD42940" box="[323,406,758,784]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFE6DFD21B8002940" box="[474,578,758,784]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpGV108;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFB91FD21BE182940" box="[1062,1114,758,784]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFBD5FD21BE892940" box="[1122,1227,758,784]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">TEJ1269</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFB50FD21B9EA2963" collectingDate="2013-09-09" collectionCode="INV" collectorName="E. Ortiz & J. Lopez" country="Colombia" elevation="5" latitude="11.730833" location="El Pajaro-Tawaya" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.70436" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="TEJ1272" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Guajira">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFB50FD21BF782940" box="[1255,1338,758,784]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFF0AFCCEBB662963" box="[189,292,793,819]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="180.0">180 mm</quantity>
|
||
); same data as for preceding; IpGV117;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFCB4FCCEB9752963" box="[771,823,793,819]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFC89FCCEB9EA2963" box="[830,936,793,819]" collectionCode="INV" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">TEJ1272</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFC74FCCEBB232929" collectingDate="2011-10-28" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & C. Diaz" country="Colombia" elevation="2" latitude="12.208642" location="Cabo de la Vela" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.16749" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="INV-TEJ1113" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Guajira">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFC74FCCEBE5A2963" box="[963,1048,793,819]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B736321CFB92FCCEBEE52963" box="[1061,1191,793,819]" country="Colombia" name="La Guajira" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">La Guajira</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB736321CFB03FCCEBF302963" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB736321CFB03FCCEBF302963" box="[1204,1394,793,819]" country="Colombia" latitude="12.208642" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.16749" name="Cabo de la Vela" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" stateProvince="La Guajira">Cabo de la Vela</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFF0AFCEBBB362907" box="[189,372,828,855]" degrees="12.2086422" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="12.208642">12.2086422° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFE36FCEBB87F2907" box="[385,573,828,855]" degrees="72.1674894" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="-72.16749">72.1674894° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B736321CFDFDFCEBB8A42906" box="[586,742,828,854]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="2011-10-28">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB736321CFDFDFCEBB8A42906" box="[586,742,828,854]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="2011-10-28">28 Oct. 2011</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
; depth
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFC8AFCEBB92F2907" box="[829,877,828,855]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="2.0">
|
||
<elevation id="FBB34354B736321CFC8AFCEBB92F2907" box="[829,877,828,855]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B736321CFCCDFCEBBE072906" box="[890,1093,828,854]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">G. Borrero-Pérez</collectorName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B736321CFB37FCEBBE982906" box="[1152,1242,828,854]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">C. Díaz</collectorName>
|
||
leg., IpGV1;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFF09FC88BB232929" box="[190,353,863,889]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV-TEJ1113</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFECBFC88BE78292A" box="[380,1082,863,890]" collectingDate="2011-10-28" collectorName="G. Borrero-Perez & C. Diaz" country="Trinidad and Tobago" elevation="2" latitude="12.208642" location="Cabo de la Vela" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.16749" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="INV-TEJ1115" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="La Guajira">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFECBFC88BB93292A" box="[380,465,863,890]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
; same data as for preceding; IpGV3;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFC38FC88BE75292A" box="[911,1079,863,890]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">INV-TEJ1115</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFBF5FCB7BBCF2990" collectingDate="1916-04" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="J. Mills" country="Trinidad and Tobago" elevation="2" latitude="12.208642" location="Buccoo Bay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.16749" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="HOL-1181" specimenCount="4" stateProvince="Tobago">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B736321CFBEEFC88BF262929" bold="true" box="[1113,1380,863,889]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B736321CFBEEFC88BF262929" box="[1113,1380,863,889]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFF0AFC54BB5029CD" box="[189,274,899,925]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">4 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFEE5FC55BBA029CD" box="[338,482,898,925]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.025" metricValueMax="1.15" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="102.5" valueMax="115.0" valueMin="90.0">90–115 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B736321CFE42FC55B81229CC" box="[501,592,898,924]" country="Trinidad and Tobago" name="Tobago" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Tobago</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB736321CFDECFC54B8AC29CD" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB736321CFDECFC54B8AC29CD" box="[603,750,899,925]" country="Trinidad and Tobago" latitude="12.208642" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.16749" name="Buccoo Bay" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" stateProvince="Tobago">Buccoo Bay</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFD4DFC54B9E229CD" box="[762,928,899,925]" degrees="11.177882" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="11.177882">11.177882° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFC1CFC55BE1529CD" box="[939,1111,898,925]" degrees="60.811479" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="-60.811478">60.811479° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B736321CFBD6FC54BE9B29CC" box="[1121,1241,898,925]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="1916-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB736321CFBD6FC54BE9B29CC" box="[1121,1241,898,925]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="1916-04">Apr. 1916</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B736321CFB52FC54BF7E29CC" box="[1253,1340,898,925]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">J. Mills</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFF0BFC71BABE2990" box="[188,252,934,960]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFEB1FC71BBCB2990" box="[262,393,934,960]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">HOL-1181</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFE20FC71BEB229B3" collectingDate="1959-09-03" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="H. Lyman Clark" country="Jamaica" county="Harbor" elevation="2" latitude="12.208642" location="Drunken Man's Cay" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.16749" municipality="Port Royal" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="HOL-4282" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kingston">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B736321CFE07FC72B85A29EF" bold="true" box="[432,536,933,959]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B736321CFE07FC72B85A29EF" box="[432,536,933,959]" name="Jamaica" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFD81FC71B8C82990" box="[566,650,934,960]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFD64FC71B97E2990" box="[723,828,934,960]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="120.0">120 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B736321CFCE5FC71B9FC2990" box="[850,958,934,960]" country="Jamaica" name="Kingston" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Kingston</collectingRegion>
|
||
<collectingCounty id="9940DCEBB736321CFC70FC71BE5E2990" box="[967,1052,934,960]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Harbor</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB736321CFB9CFC71BEEC2990" box="[1067,1198,934,960]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Port Royal</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB736321CFB0AFC71BAB229B3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB736321CFB0AFC71BAB229B3" country="Jamaica" county="Harbor" latitude="12.208642" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.16749" municipality="Port Royal" name="Drunken Man's Cay" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" stateProvince="Kingston">Drunken Man’s Cay</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFF49FC1EBBEA29B3" box="[254,424,969,996]" degrees="17.905085" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="17.905085">17.905085° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFE01FC1EB82429B3" box="[438,614,969,996]" degrees="76.845067" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="1" value="-76.84507">76.845067° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B736321CFDC3FC1EB94529B4" box="[628,775,969,996]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="1959-09-03">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB736321CFDC3FC1EB94529B4" box="[628,775,969,996]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="1959-09-03">3 Sep. 1959</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B736321CFCA2FC1EB99A29B3" box="[789,984,969,995]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">H. Lyman Clark</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFBA9FC1EBE1C29B3" box="[1054,1118,969,995]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="Museum">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFBD0FC1EBEAE29B3" box="[1127,1260,969,995]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">HOL-4282</specimenCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFB4EFC1EBBC12E79" collectingDate="1918-07-01" collectionCode="MCZ" collectorName="C. Nutting" country="Antigua and Barbuda" county="Harbor" elevation="2" latitude="12.208642" location="English Harbor" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.16749" municipality="Antigua Island" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="USNM 1283367" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="La Guajira">
|
||
–
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B736321CFAA3FC1EBB202E56" bold="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B736321CFAA3FC1EBB202E56" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Antigua and Barbuda</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
•
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFECDFC3BBB922E57" box="[378,464,1004,1031]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">2 specs</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFDB8FC3BB8E32E56" box="[527,673,1004,1030]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="105.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="90.0">90–120 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB736321CFD04FC3BB9212E56" box="[691,867,1004,1030]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Antigua Island</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB736321CFCD9FC3BBE642E56" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB736321CFCD9FC3BBE642E56" box="[878,1062,1004,1030]" country="Antigua and Barbuda" county="Harbor" latitude="12.208642" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-72.16749" municipality="Antigua Island" name="English Harbor" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" stateProvince="La Guajira">English Harbor</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<date id="042082A7B736321CFB86FC3BBEF72E56" box="[1073,1205,1004,1030]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="1918-07-01">
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB736321CFB86FC3BBEF72E56" box="[1073,1205,1004,1030]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="1918-07-01">1 Jul. 1918</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B736321CFB76FC3BBF7F2E56" box="[1217,1341,1004,1030]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">C. Nutting</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFF0AFBD8BBC12E79" box="[189,387,1039,1065]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="Museum">USNM 1283367</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
•
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C0F6AE3AB736321CFE16FBD8B8162E1D" collectingDate="1918" collectionCode="USNM" collectorName="J. Henderson" country="Antigua and Barbuda" latitude="17.0" location="Falmouth Bay" longLatPrecision="0" longitude="-61.7667" municipality="Antigua Island" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" specimenCode="E41458" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kingston">
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB736321CFE16FBD8BBB72E7A" box="[417,501,1039,1066]" count="1" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="generic">1 spec.</specimenCount>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFD89FBD8B8E52E79" box="[574,679,1039,1065]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="90453E1DB736321CFD0BFBD8B92D2E79" box="[700,879,1039,1065]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Antigua Island</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="7541F2BCB736321CFCCAFBD8BE692E7A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F8371571B7343212FE49FD88BEF02D99:7541F2BCB736321CFCCAFBD8BE692E7A" box="[893,1067,1039,1066]" country="Antigua and Barbuda" latitude="17.0" longLatPrecision="0" longitude="-61.7667" municipality="Antigua Island" name="Falmouth Bay" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" stateProvince="Kingston">Falmouth Bay</location>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFB8EFBD8BEC62E7A" box="[1081,1156,1039,1066]" degrees="17" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="55555" value="17.0">17° N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="15AAC2A0B736321CFB25FBD8BF672E7A" box="[1170,1317,1039,1066]" degrees="61.7667" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" precision="5" value="-61.7667">61.7667° W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingDate id="14647B4FB736321CFA83FBD8BF302E79" box="[1332,1394,1039,1065]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<date id="042082A7B736321CFA83FBD8BF302E79" box="[1332,1394,1039,1065]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" value="1918">1918</date>
|
||
</collectingDate>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectorName id="DD6BC1B1B736321CFF0AFBE4BB142E1C" box="[189,342,1074,1101]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">J. Henderson</collectorName>
|
||
leg.;
|
||
<collectionCode id="168F3CA2B736321CFE2FFBE4BBAF2E1D" box="[408,493,1075,1101]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
<specimenCode id="20380C1CB736321CFE43FBE5B8162E1D" box="[500,596,1074,1101]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="Museum">E41458</specimenCode>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB7363217FF0AFBA3BEDD2E9F" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B736321CFF0AFBA3BB0C2EDE" blockId="51.[189,334,1140,1166]" box="[189,334,1140,1166]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB736321CFF0AFBA3BB0C2EDE" bold="true" box="[189,334,1140,1166]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B736321CFF0AFBA3BB0C2EDE" bold="true" box="[189,334,1140,1166]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B736321CFF0AFB74B8A12D44" blockId="51.[188,1401,1186,1812]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB736321CFF0AFB74BB722EEB" baselines="1206,1206" box="[189,304,1187,1213]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="External" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">EXTERNAL</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB736321CFE8CFB7FBB812EEB" baselines="1206" box="[315,451,1192,1211]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="appearance" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">APPEARANCE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Medium sized species, preserved and live ex situ specimens examined range from
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFF4AFB11BBE22EB0" box="[253,416,1222,1249]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.425" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="0.25" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="142.5" valueMax="260.0" valueMin="25.0">25 to 260 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length (n = 68,
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B736321CFDCFFB11B8A12EB0" box="[632,739,1222,1248]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFD59FB11B90D2EB0" box="[750,847,1222,1248]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFC75FB11BE572EB0" box="[962,1045,1222,1248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide). Body loaf-like, length/ width ratio 3.7± 0.8 (n = 38, 3.2–5.5,
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B736321CFD39FB3EB8B72F53" box="[654,757,1257,1283]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
3.2). Rounded posteriorly and anteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B736321CFB4EFB3EBF2A2F54" box="[1273,1384,1257,1284]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
|
||
), quadrangular in cross section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B736321CFD8BFADBB8892F76" box="[572,715,1292,1318]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="58.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionStartId-1="59.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox-0="[243,1345,266,1605]" captionTargetBox-1="[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetId-0="figure-15@58.[243,1345,266,1605]" captionTargetId-1="figure-11@59.[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetPageId-0="58" captionTargetPageId-1="59" captionText-0="Fig. 17. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, M, B’. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (A–B, M); La Guajira, Colombia (C) and juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (B’). D–L, N–R. Specimens with “Dark and White” pattern, juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (D), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (E–I, N–O, R); La Guajira, Colombia (J–L, P–Q). S–T, X–Z, A’. Specimens with “Light and sharp dark” pattern Galeta, Panama (S), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (T, A’), La Guajira, Colombia (X–Y), Magdalena, Colombia (Z). U, V–W, C’. Specimens with “Light and blurry dark” pattern from Galeta, Panama (U), Banco de las Animas, Colombia (V–W), juvenile from Rodadero, Colombia (C’). Photos: A–B, E–I, M–O, R–U, A’, C’ by G. Borrero; C by C. Díaz; J–L, P–Q, X–Y by E. Ortiz; V–W by N. Ardila; D, B’ by G. Ospina; Z by J.F. Lazarus. Scale bars = 10 mm." captionText-1="Fig. 18. In situ photographs of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922), showing the habitat of the species. A–I, L, P. Specimens from Bocas del Toro, Panama (L, the specimen was under the coral head; P, during the night). K, M–O. Galeta, Panama. J. Banco de las Ánimas, Colombia. Q–T. Mexico. Photos: B–D, F–G, P by A. Castillo; Q–T by F. Solís-Marín; J by N. Ardila; A, H–I, K–O by G. Borrero." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710673" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710675" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13710673/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13710675/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Figs 17–18</figureCitation>
|
||
). Live specimens also tapering slightly posteriorly and widened anteriorly when the animal is relaxed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B736321CFD4DFAF8B9C82F19" box="[762,906,1327,1353]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="58.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,266,1605]" captionTargetId="figure-15@58.[243,1345,266,1605]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Fig. 17. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, M, B’. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (A–B, M); La Guajira, Colombia (C) and juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (B’). D–L, N–R. Specimens with “Dark and White” pattern, juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (D), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (E–I, N–O, R); La Guajira, Colombia (J–L, P–Q). S–T, X–Z, A’. Specimens with “Light and sharp dark” pattern Galeta, Panama (S), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (T, A’), La Guajira, Colombia (X–Y), Magdalena, Colombia (Z). U, V–W, C’. Specimens with “Light and blurry dark” pattern from Galeta, Panama (U), Banco de las Animas, Colombia (V–W), juvenile from Rodadero, Colombia (C’). Photos: A–B, E–I, M–O, R–U, A’, C’ by G. Borrero; C by C. Díaz; J–L, P–Q, X–Y by E. Ortiz; V–W by N. Ardila; D, B’ by G. Ospina; Z by J.F. Lazarus. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710673/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 17E, O</figureCitation>
|
||
), or when it is coming out of its crevice, especially when only the anterior part of the body is exposed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B736321CFC2DFA85BE442F3D" box="[922,1030,1362,1389]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="59.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-11@59.[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Fig. 18. In situ photographs of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922), showing the habitat of the species. A–I, L, P. Specimens from Bocas del Toro, Panama (L, the specimen was under the coral head; P, during the night). K, M–O. Galeta, Panama. J. Banco de las Ánimas, Colombia. Q–T. Mexico. Photos: B–D, F–G, P by A. Castillo; Q–T by F. Solís-Marín; J by N. Ardila; A, H–I, K–O by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710675/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 18O</figureCitation>
|
||
). Body wall firm and thick (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFAE7FA85BB632FC0" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5 to 4 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B736321CFE01FAA1B8602FC0" box="[438,546,1398,1424]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
). Anus supra-terminal, circular and surrounded by large papillae. Mouth directed ventrally in live and preserved animals, encircled by a collar of large papillae (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFB61FA4EBF782FE3" box="[1238,1338,1433,1459]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B736321CFEBDFA6BBB342F86" box="[266,374,1468,1494]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
). Large peltate tentacles 20, about
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFCA6FA6BB9362F87" box="[785,884,1468,1495]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7–9 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFC08FA6BBE462F87" box="[959,1028,1468,1495]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
shield width, with indentations
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFF09FA08BB762FAA" box="[190,308,1503,1530]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
deep. Dorsal papillae medium to large, conical, and spiky (although some of them somewhat rounded) ending in a sharply pointed tip (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFD01F9D5B9062C4D" box="[694,836,1538,1565]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5 to 10 mm</quantity>
|
||
high;
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFC23F9D5BE512C4D" box="[916,1043,1538,1565]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5 to 8 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide); some smaller papillae rounded and scattered irregularly; most of the largest dorsal papillae arranged in two dorsal irregular rows along each edge, defining the quadrangular shape.
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B736321CFCD1F99EB9912C33" box="[870,979,1609,1635]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
covered with medium size conical papillae (up to
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFEDCF9BBBBED2CD7" box="[363,431,1644,1671]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
high and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFD97F9BBB8262CD7" box="[544,612,1644,1671]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide at the base), most of them flattened and not very conspicuous. Lateral papillae large and spiky, sharply defining the dorsal and ventral surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B736321CFB3AF958BF5B2CF9" box="[1165,1305,1679,1705]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="58.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionStartId-1="59.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox-0="[243,1345,266,1605]" captionTargetBox-1="[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetId-0="figure-15@58.[243,1345,266,1605]" captionTargetId-1="figure-11@59.[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetPageId-0="58" captionTargetPageId-1="59" captionText-0="Fig. 17. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, M, B’. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (A–B, M); La Guajira, Colombia (C) and juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (B’). D–L, N–R. Specimens with “Dark and White” pattern, juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (D), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (E–I, N–O, R); La Guajira, Colombia (J–L, P–Q). S–T, X–Z, A’. Specimens with “Light and sharp dark” pattern Galeta, Panama (S), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (T, A’), La Guajira, Colombia (X–Y), Magdalena, Colombia (Z). U, V–W, C’. Specimens with “Light and blurry dark” pattern from Galeta, Panama (U), Banco de las Animas, Colombia (V–W), juvenile from Rodadero, Colombia (C’). Photos: A–B, E–I, M–O, R–U, A’, C’ by G. Borrero; C by C. Díaz; J–L, P–Q, X–Y by E. Ortiz; V–W by N. Ardila; D, B’ by G. Ospina; Z by J.F. Lazarus. Scale bars = 10 mm." captionText-1="Fig. 18. In situ photographs of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922), showing the habitat of the species. A–I, L, P. Specimens from Bocas del Toro, Panama (L, the specimen was under the coral head; P, during the night). K, M–O. Galeta, Panama. J. Banco de las Ánimas, Colombia. Q–T. Mexico. Photos: B–D, F–G, P by A. Castillo; Q–T by F. Solís-Marín; J by N. Ardila; A, H–I, K–O by G. Borrero." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710673" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710675" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13710673/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13710675/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Figs 17–18</figureCitation>
|
||
); in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B736321CFF0AF965BB662C9C" box="[189,292,1714,1740]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
they are larger than dorsal ones (up to
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFCB1F965B90E2C9D" box="[774,844,1714,1741]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
high and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFC7FF965BE4D2C9D" box="[968,1039,1714,1741]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide at the base) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B736321CFB4EF965BF282C9D" box="[1273,1386,1714,1741]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ventral surface covered with cylindrical, large pedicels (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFCFBF901B9EC2CA0" box="[844,942,1750,1776]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B736321CFB97F901BE3B2CA0" box="[1056,1145,1750,1777]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B736321CFAB1F901BF2D2CA0" box="[1286,1391,1750,1776]" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
) arranged in three longitudinal rows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B736321CFDDFF92EB8942D44" box="[616,726,1785,1812]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B736321BFF0AF8EDBE102E89" blockId="51.[188,1399,1850,2018]" lastBlockId="52.[188,1401,265,1242]" lastPageId="52" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB736321CFF0AF8EDBB4B2D03" baselines="1869,1870" box="[189,265,1850,1876]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Color" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">COLOR</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB736321CFEA7F897BB7F2D03" baselines="1870" box="[272,317,1856,1875]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="and" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">AND</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB736321CFEF4F897BB3C2D03" baselines="1870" box="[323,382,1856,1875]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="body" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">BODY</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB736321CFE32F897BBFC2D03" baselines="1870" box="[389,446,1856,1875]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="wall" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">WALL</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB736321CFE72F897B80F2D03" baselines="1870" box="[453,589,1856,1875]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="appearance" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">APPEARANCE</smallCapsWord>
|
||
. Living specimens are semi translucent and appearing slightly rugose (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B736321CFF73F88ABB052D28" box="[196,327,1885,1912]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Figs 1K–Y</figureCitation>
|
||
, 17–18). Color extremely variable; four main color patterns (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B736321CFBA0F88ABE232D28" box="[1047,1121,1885,1912]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
, 17–18). The first three patterns are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B736321CFD83F855B9052DCB" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[564,839,1921,1947]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B736321CFD83F855B9052DCB" box="[564,839,1921,1947]" italics="true" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">I. maculatus maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with some variations in the second (DW) and third (LDS), with regard mostly to the white spots as white granules: (1) Uniform pattern (U) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B736321CFAB8F873BA912DB1" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="51" pageNumber="52">Fig. 1K– L</figureCitation>
|
||
): uniform brown, green, or red. Specimens of this uniform color are rare; in most cases at least a very small white blotch is present. (2) Dark and white color pattern (DW) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B731321BFB86FEDEBEF42B73" box="[1073,1206,265,291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 1M–T</figureCitation>
|
||
): red, orange, or brown background with white irregular blotches of different shapes and sizes, arranged in longitudinal or transversal orientations; usually with a dark line surrounding the white blotches, or with only a line in very small blotches. Blotches markedly or gently rugose, with small dark spots surrounded by a clear halo and a dark thin line; larger spots occasionally inside the white blotches. Ventral surface with a margin at the outer edge of the same color background as the dorsal side. Middle area sometimes of almost uniform color or sometimes off-white with small spots and scattered or abundant brown blotches, or some of the same color as the margin. (3) Light and sharp dark color pattern (LSD) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B731321BFB6AFE28BF2B2849" box="[1245,1385,511,537]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 1U–W</figureCitation>
|
||
): lighter background in brown, beige, white, pink, and sharp darker irregular blotches in brown or brown-orange, of different size and irregularly arranged. Lighter background area markedly or gently rugose, with or without small dark spots surrounded by a clear halo and a dark thin line. Ventral surface off-white with scattered or abundant small brown spots and blotches, without margin at the outer edge. (4) Light and blurry dark pattern (LBD) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B731321BFD89FD78B8862899" box="[574,708,687,713]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 1X–Y</figureCitation>
|
||
): similar to the LSD pattern, but with lighter background in brown, white, pink colors and blurry darker irregular blotches in brown or brown-orange color of different size and irregularly arranged. Spiral lines in the papillae more conspicuous than those in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B731321BFF0AFCCDBB8E2963" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[189,460,793,819]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B731321BFF0AFCCDBB8E2963" box="[189,460,793,819]" italics="true" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">I. maculatus maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Spiral lines in dorsal and lateral papillae in the four described patterns, although more conspicuous in the patterns 3 (LSD) and 4 (LBD). Sharply pointed tips of the papillae white, light yellow, or lighter than the base. Collar papillae usually white translucent, with the spiral lines very marked in a dark color. Tentacles and pedicels white to light yellow-brown. Specimens preserved in alcohol lighter than live ones but with white blotches with the small dark spots of patterns 2 (DW), 3 (LSD) and 4 (LBD) persisting (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B731321BFDFBFC1EB89F29B4" box="[588,733,969,996]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 15C–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B731321BFC23FC1EBE6C29B3" author="Clark H. L." box="[916,1070,969,995]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the live
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B731321BFB2BFC1EBF4129B3" box="[1180,1283,969,995]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was semi translucent with the entire back and sides bright carmine-red (Uniform pattern), the tentacles, pedicels, and median ventral surface gray. Preserved dorsal coloration of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B731321BFC6FFBD8BE7D2E79" box="[984,1087,1039,1065]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
light yellow-brown. Body wall somewhat translucent and rugose. Some of the largest papillae with a spiral line from the base to the tip; tentacles, ventral surface, and pedicels of the same color as the dorsal side; some darker small stains among the pedicels on the ventral side; tips of the pedicels darker than the tube (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B731321BFB33FBAEBEB12EC4" box="[1156,1267,1145,1172]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Juveniles semi translucent and appearing slightly rugose; color pattern in juveniles (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFB8FFB4BBEFE2EE6" box="[1080,1212,1180,1207]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="45.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="40.0">40–50 mm</quantity>
|
||
) the same as in adults; the spiral lines in dorsal and lateral papillae present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B731321BFC37FB68B9AE2E89" box="[896,1004,1215,1241]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="58.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,266,1605]" captionTargetId="figure-15@58.[243,1345,266,1605]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Fig. 17. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, M, B’. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (A–B, M); La Guajira, Colombia (C) and juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (B’). D–L, N–R. Specimens with “Dark and White” pattern, juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (D), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (E–I, N–O, R); La Guajira, Colombia (J–L, P–Q). S–T, X–Z, A’. Specimens with “Light and sharp dark” pattern Galeta, Panama (S), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (T, A’), La Guajira, Colombia (X–Y), Magdalena, Colombia (Z). U, V–W, C’. Specimens with “Light and blurry dark” pattern from Galeta, Panama (U), Banco de las Animas, Colombia (V–W), juvenile from Rodadero, Colombia (C’). Photos: A–B, E–I, M–O, R–U, A’, C’ by G. Borrero; C by C. Díaz; J–L, P–Q, X–Y by E. Ortiz; V–W by N. Ardila; D, B’ by G. Ospina; Z by J.F. Lazarus. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710673/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 17D</figureCitation>
|
||
, B’–C’).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7313218FF0AFAD6BE742B16" blockId="52.[186,1400,1281,1976]" lastBlockId="55.[188,1398,265,327]" lastPageId="55" lastPageNumber="56" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB731321BFF0AFAD6BB6A2F49" baselines="1300,1300" box="[189,296,1281,1307]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Internal" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">INTERNAL</smallCapsWord>
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB731321BFE87FAD1BBD52F49" baselines="1300" box="[304,407,1286,1305]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="lower" normString="anatomy" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">ANATOMY</smallCapsWord>
|
||
(Based on MCZ HOL-1182 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B731321BFD40FAD6B9272F4B" box="[759,869,1281,1307]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
), USNM 1659481, USNM 1659476, USNM 1659479, specimens
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFE0AFAF3B80D2F6E" box="[445,591,1316,1342]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="140.0" valueMax="190.0" valueMin="90.0">90–190 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Calcareous ring of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B731321BFC37FAF3B9A52F6E" box="[896,999,1316,1342]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
stout,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFB8CFAF3BED22F6F" box="[1083,1168,1316,1343]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter; radial elements almost as wide as long (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFDFBFA90B8D02F32" box="[588,658,1351,1378]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFCBAFA90B9102F32" box="[781,850,1351,1378]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) with four anterior small lobes; posterior projections
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFEF2FABCBBC42FD5" box="[325,390,1387,1413]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
long in the dorsal radial plates; middle ventral radial plates without posterior projections; interradial plates
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFE3EFA59BB8C2FF8" box="[393,462,1422,1448]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFDFBFA59B8D32FF8" box="[588,657,1422,1448]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, pointed anteriorly and with a concave posterior margin. Proportion of radial plates in other examined specimens similar to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B731321BFBBCFA66BE302F9B" box="[1035,1138,1457,1483]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFB01FA66BF4D2F9B" box="[1206,1295,1457,1483]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFAACFA66BF352F9B" box="[1307,1399,1457,1483]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, 3.3. mm long; L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFE50FA03B80C2FBF" box="[487,590,1492,1519]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="190.0">190 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFDEDFA03B8DD2FBF" box="[602,671,1492,1519]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFD47FA02B9772FBF" box="[752,821,1493,1519]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long); posterior projections proportionally equal to radial plate size during growth; interradial plates stouter in large specimens (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFB3CFA20BEA32C42" box="[1163,1249,1527,1554]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFB5BFA20BF722C42" box="[1260,1328,1527,1554]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFF0AF9CCBB552C65" box="[189,279,1563,1589]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFE25F9CCBBB52C65" box="[402,503,1563,1589]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="190.0">190 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFDB5F9CCB8042C65" box="[514,582,1563,1589]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide,
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFD22F9CCB89B2C65" box="[661,729,1563,1589]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
long) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B731321BFC99F9CDB9C82C65" box="[814,906,1562,1589]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[189,232,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[239,1387,770,1754]" captionTargetId="figure-34@23.[189,1398,759,1770]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 4. Comparison of the calcareous rings of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (A–B showing calcareous rings from specimens of different sizes). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Dimensions of the individuals from which each ring was obtained are shown next to their museum catalog number. Abbreviations: ip = interradial plate; rp = radial plate. Scale bar = 4 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710647" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710647/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B731321BFC28F9CDBE4E2C64" box="[927,1036,1562,1588]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
stone canal irregularly helical, about
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFEB3F9E9BB172C08" box="[260,341,1598,1624]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, including the flat madreporite, leaf-like
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFCD0F9EAB9FD2C08" box="[871,959,1597,1624]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, attached to the mesentery; stone canal variable in size not related to body size (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFCAEF9B6B9332C2B" box="[793,881,1633,1659]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFCCAF9B6B9872C2B" box="[893,965,1633,1659]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
|
||
; L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFBB3F9B6BE292C2B" box="[1028,1131,1633,1659]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFBC0F9B6BE8F2C2B" box="[1143,1229,1633,1659]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
; L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFABAF9B6BF312C2B" box="[1293,1395,1633,1659]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
|
||
: 14; L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFEA9F953BBC62CCF" box="[286,388,1668,1695]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="185.0">185 mm</quantity>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFE26F953BBA82CCE" box="[401,490,1668,1694]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Tentacle ampullae in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B731321BFC9EF953B9D22CCE" box="[809,912,1668,1694]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFC2FF953BE5A2CCF" box="[920,1048,1668,1695]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="17.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="16.0">16–18 mm</quantity>
|
||
long by
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFB34F953BEB92CCF" box="[1155,1275,1668,1695]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFF08F970BB5B2C92" box="[191,281,1703,1730]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="4.5">4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long in the smallest specimen (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFD0BF970B9512C91" box="[700,787,1703,1729]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
). One sac-like Polian vesicle in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B731321BFB01F970BF5F2C91" box="[1206,1309,1703,1729]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFA93F970BF352C92" box="[1316,1399,1703,1730]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
|
||
long by
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFE96F91DBB3E2CB5" box="[289,380,1738,1765]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFDB6F91CB8172CB5" box="[513,597,1739,1765]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
in the other specimens (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFC19F91DBE532CB5" box="[942,1041,1738,1765]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFBFAF91DBEF62CB5" box="[1101,1204,1738,1765]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.85" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="185.0">185 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Gonads in two tufts, one on either side of dorsal mesentery, branched in cylindrical tubes about
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFBE9F93ABEF52D58" box="[1118,1207,1773,1800]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
or less wide, not very bulky, extending
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFE08F8C6B8502D7B" box="[447,530,1809,1835]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
|
||
left and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFDC2F8C6B8852D7B" box="[629,711,1809,1835]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="12.0">12 mm</quantity>
|
||
right along the length of the body, filled with male gametes in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B731321BFEB3F8E3BB292D1E" box="[260,363,1844,1870]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B731321BFECEF8E3BBA02D1E" box="[377,482,1844,1870]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="52" pageNumber="53">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Gonads present in examined specimens
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFC73F8E3BE662D1F" box="[964,1060,1844,1871]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFBEDF8E3BEF82D1F" box="[1114,1210,1844,1871]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="190.0">190 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, but absent in the smallest (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFE1DF880B8402D21" box="[426,514,1879,1905]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
). In the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B731321BFDD6F880B8892D21" box="[609,715,1879,1905]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, longitudinal muscles divided, about
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFB35F880BE842D22" box="[1154,1222,1879,1906]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, attached to body wall medially and laterally every
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFD15F8ACB8AA2DC5" box="[674,744,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Specimen L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFC2CF8ACB9AF2DC5" box="[923,1005,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
|
||
longitudinal muscles
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFB5BF8ACBF6D2DC5" box="[1260,1327,1915,1941]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide; and L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFEA8F84ABBC32DE8" box="[287,385,1949,1976]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="195.0">195 mm</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B731321BFE3FF849BB992DE8" box="[392,475,1950,1976]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Respiratory trees in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B731321BFCF5F849B9EB2DE8" box="[834,937,1950,1976]" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
inserted near the anterior cloaca with a common stem of
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FE31FEDEBB982B73" box="[390,474,265,292]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
; right tree about
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FD2BFEDEB8AF2B73" box="[668,749,265,292]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and left
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FC3CFEDEB99E2B73" box="[907,988,265,292]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="65.0">65 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, extending in association with the intestine; in other specimens, right tree also usually shorter than the left.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB730321AFF0AF90FBF642DB9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" startId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" targetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" targetPageId="53">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B730321AFF0AF90FBF642DB9" blockId="53.[188,1399,1752,2025]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B730321AFF0AF90FBB592CA2" bold="true" box="[189,283,1752,1778]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Fig. 15.</emphasis>
|
||
Preserved specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B730321AFDF7F90FBE2C2CA2" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[576,1134,1752,1778]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B730321AFDF7F90FB9862CA2" box="[576,964,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B730321AFC63F90FBE272CA2" author="Clark H. L." box="[980,1125,1752,1778]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B730321AFBCEF90FBECC2CA2" bold="true" box="[1145,1166,1752,1778]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B730321AFB32F92CBEDB2D45" bold="true" box="[1157,1177,1787,1813]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B730321AFE25F896BBE52D0B" bold="true" box="[402,423,1857,1883]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">C</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B730321AFB68F895BEB62D0C" bold="true" box="[1247,1268,1858,1884]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B730321AFCCBF8B2B9CC2D2F" bold="true" box="[892,910,1893,1919]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">E</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B730321AFD99F85FB87D2DF2" bold="true" box="[558,575,1928,1954]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B730321AFEB6F87CBB5A2D95" bold="true" box="[257,280,1963,1989]" pageId="53" pageNumber="54">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB7333219FF0AF90FB8602DB9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" startId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" targetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" targetPageId="54">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7333219FF0AF90FB8602DB9" blockId="54.[189,1399,1752,2025]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7333219FF0AF90FBB5D2CA2" bold="true" box="[189,287,1752,1778]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 16.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7333219FE9DF90FB9262CA2" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[298,868,1752,1778]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7333219FE9DF90FB8F52CA2" box="[298,695,1752,1778]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7333219FD7DF90FB91E2CA2" author="Clark H. L." box="[714,860,1752,1778]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7333219FEC4F92CBBCA2D45" bold="true" box="[371,392,1787,1813]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7333219FDD1F8C8B8382D69" bold="true" box="[614,634,1823,1849]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7333219FB53F895BEBB2D0C" bold="true" box="[1252,1273,1858,1884]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">C</emphasis>
|
||
. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7333219FD7FF8B2B89E2D2F" bold="true" box="[712,732,1893,1919]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">D</emphasis>
|
||
. Large tables from mouth membrane.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7333219FB11F8B2BEFB2D2F" bold="true" box="[1190,1209,1893,1919]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">E</emphasis>
|
||
. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7333219FCB3F85FB9572DF2" bold="true" box="[772,789,1928,1954]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7333219FEACF87CBB702D95" bold="true" box="[283,306,1963,1989]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Tables from respiratory trees.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7333219FD01F87BB88F2D96" bold="true" box="[694,717,1964,1990]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">H</emphasis>
|
||
. Cross-shaped rods from intestine.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7333219FB35F87BBECF2D96" bold="true" box="[1154,1165,1964,1990]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">I</emphasis>
|
||
. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7323218FF0AFEB9BB9D2B9E" blockId="55.[189,1399,365,463]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<smallCapsWord id="76C732BBB7323218FF0AFEB9BB612BD6" baselines="385,385" box="[189,291,366,392]" lowerCaseFontSize="8" mainFontSize="11" normCase="title" normString="Ossicles" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">OSSICLES</smallCapsWord>
|
||
(based on MCZ HOL-1182 (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B7323218FDC8FEB9B8AF2BD8" box="[639,749,366,392]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
), USNM 1659481, USNM 1659472, USNM 1659476, USNM 1659479, INV EQU4565 (juvenile, for dorsal papillae), USNM 1659477 (SEM images), specimens
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FEF7FE63BB8C2B9F" box="[320,462,436,463]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.075" metricValueMax="1.9" metricValueMin="0.25" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="107.5" valueMax="190.0" valueMin="25.0">25–190 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7323218FF0AFE22BF342E9F" blockId="55.[186,1401,501,1232]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Dorsal papillae with tables, thin C- and S-shaped rods, perforated plates, large, curved rods and worm-like rods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FF4AFDCEBB282862" box="[253,362,536,563]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Perforated plates and worm-shaped rods not found in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FB95FDCFBE372863" box="[1058,1141,536,563]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
specimen. Numerous few thin C-shaped rods, and rare S-shaped rods, 45–98 µm (x = 71 µm), usually in the papillae, especially towards the tip, varying in abundance in the same specimen. The length of C-shaped rods increasing in relation to body length in specimens from
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FD00FD55B94928CD" box="[695,779,642,669]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
to
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FC85FD55B9D628CD" box="[818,916,642,669]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="190.0">190 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FC55FD55BE0028CC" box="[994,1090,642,668]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[189,232,1565,1591]" captionTargetBox="[209,1386,288,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-210@33.[189,1398,265,1517]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710655/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Numerous table ossicles 31–78 (x = 52) µm high and 39–84 (x = 64) µm across disc (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B7323218FC0FFD72BE6328EF" box="[952,1057,677,703]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
35–53 µm high; 39–51 µm across the disc); juveniles 31–46 (x = 38) μm high. Spires composed of four usually parallel pillars, or slightly constricted medially, distally, or proximally to the disc; pillars ending in triplets of blunt spines forming a wide crown; many minute spines in the
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FCD8FCD8B986297A" box="[879,964,783,810]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
long specimen, with one crossbeam connecting adjacent pillars. Disc margins smooth and wide; with one rounded central perforation and 8 to 12 peripheral holes, usually arranged in one simple ring; tables near the top with 4 to 10 extra perforations arranged in more than one ring. Tables at top of the papillae larger, more square, with a wider disc, and with more perforations than those in the base of the papillae; those of the base similar to those of the body wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FE43FC68B81D2989" box="[500,607,959,985]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Changes of table shape during growth not remarkable, but size of C-shaped rods and height of tables increasing in relation to body length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FBB3FC35BEC529AC" box="[1028,1159,994,1020]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[189,232,1565,1591]" captionTargetBox="[209,1386,288,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-210@33.[189,1398,265,1517]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710655/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Figs 9A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FB25FC35BE8529AC" box="[1170,1223,994,1020]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">10B</figureCitation>
|
||
); disc diameter of tables without substantial change during growth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FCADFBD2B93B2E70" box="[794,889,1029,1056]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[189,232,1565,1591]" captionTargetBox="[209,1386,288,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-210@33.[189,1398,265,1517]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710655/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Figs 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FC32FBD1B9FB2E70" box="[901,953,1030,1056]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">10B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Few perforated plates, located in the papilla tip, with large and few perforations, larger in the center of the plate, 72–158 µm across, absent in
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FF69FB9BBB712E36" box="[222,307,1100,1126]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
juveniles, and rare in other small specimens. Slightly or strongly curved rods usually with quadrangular projections distributed mostly in the middle, occasionally perforated, 150–377 µm long, increasing in size in relation to the body length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FD46FB45B91E2EFC" box="[753,860,1170,1196]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 16A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Numerous small slightly or strongly spinous worm-shaped rods 78–197 µm long, without substantial change in size during growth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FB0FFB62BF642E80" box="[1208,1318,1205,1232]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Figs 15B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FA85FB62BF2B2E9F" box="[1330,1385,1205,1231]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">16A</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7323218FF0AFB20B9F72FCE" blockId="55.[188,1399,1271,1438]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Dorsal body wall only with tables and few C-shaped ossicles 45–68 µm long, found only in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B7323218FAA7FB20BF352F41" box="[1296,1399,1271,1297]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and in one of the examined specimens (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FD0EFACDB95E2F64" box="[697,796,1306,1333]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="125.0">125 mm</quantity>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FC85FACDB9E22F64" box="[818,928,1306,1332]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Figs 10B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FC1BFACDB9A02F64" box="[940,994,1306,1332]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">16A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Numerous tables similar to those from papillae but smaller in size 30–58 (x = 44) μm high and 31–74 (x = 49) µm across the disc, with regular discs with one ring of 8–10 holes. In the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B7323218FCB7FAB7B9252F2A" box="[768,871,1376,1402]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
tables 35–47 µm high and 31–41 µm across disc, usually with 9–12 perforations arranged in one simple ring.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7323218FF0AFA12B95A2D6F" blockId="55.[188,1399,1477,1856]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Pedicels with tables, thin C-shaped rods, perforated plates, large and curved rods, and end plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FF71FA3FBB732C52" box="[198,305,1512,1538]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 16B</figureCitation>
|
||
). A few C-shaped rods 79–98 (x = 87) µm long. Numerous table ossicles 27–47 (x = 36) μm high and 27–71 (x = 53) µm across the disc (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B7323218FD73F9DCB96F2C75" box="[708,813,1547,1573]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
29–40 μm high; 39–59 µm across the disc); shape of tables similar to those from the dorsal papillae and body wall, central perforation usually bigger and not rounded, with four points that interrupt the simple ring of holes on the disc. Tables with the same pattern during growth as dorsal papillae; height of tables increasing with body length (table height L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FF09F94FBB572CE3" box="[190,277,1688,1715]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
: 27–39 µm; L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FE6BF94FB8002CE3" box="[476,578,1688,1715]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
|
||
: 38–47 µm); disc diameter not notably changing with body size (disc diameter L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FEECF96CBBF32C86" box="[347,433,1723,1750]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
: 47–71 µm; L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7323218FDC3F96BB89B2C86" box="[628,729,1724,1750]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
|
||
: 52–67 µm). Numerous elongated perforated plates, with numerous perforations larger and elongated in the center of the plate, 171–392 µm long; slightly curved rods 207–467 µm long, usually with wide perforated expansions in the middle; end plates 372–602 µm across, increasing in size during growth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7323218FD28F8F2B9482D6F" box="[671,778,1829,1855]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 16B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7323218FF0AF8B1B9B92DF4" blockId="55.[189,1399,1894,1957]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
Ventral body wall in
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B7323218FE09F8B1B8672DD0" box="[446,549,1894,1920]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
with numerous tables similar to those from pedicels (32–40 µm high; 35–58 µm across disc) and a few thin C-shaped rods (78–79 µm long).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73D3217FF0AFEDEB87D2B83" blockId="56.[188,1399,265,467]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Tentacles with tables and rods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FD8AFEDEB8EE2B73" box="[573,684,265,291]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 16C</figureCitation>
|
||
). A few table ossicles 36–70 μm across disc (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FB6FFEDEBF032B73" box="[1240,1345,265,291]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
36– 46 μm); spire low, composed of four pillars, some of them incomplete, only two or three joined at the top, without crossbeams connecting adjacent pillars; discs with a large and not rounded central perforation, with four points and usually no more than four peripheral perforations with margins smooth and thin. Numerous strongly and slightly curved spiny rods 34–722 µm long (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FBE3FE41BEFF2BE0" box="[1108,1213,406,432]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
34 to 294 µm), increasing in size during growth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73D3217FF0AFE2DBE83295B" blockId="56.[188,1400,506,780]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Mouth membrane with tables, C-shaped ossicles, and simple rods (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FC5DFE2DBE182845" box="[1002,1114,506,533]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Figs 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FBDDFE2DBEE22844" box="[1130,1184,506,532]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">16D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Numerous large tables 70–102 µm high and 68–160 µm across disc (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FCADFDC9B9C12868" box="[794,899,542,568]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
85–87 µm high; 100–160 µm across disc); spire well developed, composed of at least ten pillars, that are joined at the top, forming a very dense crown of spines, without distinguishable crossbeams connecting adjacent pillars; spire is flat. Table discs with many peripheral perforations arranged in two or three rings; margins spinous and thin, sometimes reduced to the same width as the spire. Flat table spires in all specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73D3217FBCAFD7CBE9F2895" box="[1149,1245,683,709]" name="Panama" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, taller spires in specimens from other localities in the Caribbean. Some C-shaped rods 48–106 µm long (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FAB9FD19BF3528B8" box="[1294,1399,718,744]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
42–65 µm), and small rods 48–107 µm long in some specimens (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FC0EFD26BE60295B" box="[953,1058,753,779]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
58–107 µm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73D3217FF0AFCE5BEDD2E9F" blockId="56.[187,1401,818,1232]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Longitudinal muscles with thin C-shaped rods 28–53 µm long (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FC0FFCE5BE63291C" box="[952,1057,818,844]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
rods 30 µm) and small rods ranging from 37 to 93 µm in length (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FDC0FC82B8A2293F" box="[631,736,853,879]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
37–56 µm) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FCC9FC82B9A8293F" box="[894,1002,853,879]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 16E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior cloaca with numerous simple or bifurcated rods in 71–195 µm long (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FD4EFCAEB92029C3" box="[761,866,889,915]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
145–195 µm); some C-shaped ossicles 38– 84 µm long (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FEE4FC4BBBFE29E6" box="[339,444,924,950]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
38–52 µm). Anterior cloaca with large and complex tables 106–179 µm high and 73–244 µm across disc (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FE6FFC68B8032989" box="[472,577,959,985]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
71–113 µm high; 113–176 µm across disc) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FBFEFC68BEF12989" box="[1097,1203,959,985]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
); in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FAA7FC68BF352989" box="[1296,1399,959,985]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
irregular plate-like branched rods, 133–201 µm across (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FC8FFC35B9E029AC" box="[824,930,994,1020]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Figs 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FC1AFC35B99C29AC" box="[941,990,994,1020]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">16F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Respiratory trees with a few small tables, similar in shape to those of the dorsal body wall, 43–51 µm high and across the disc (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FABBFBD2BF372E4F" box="[1292,1397,1029,1055]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
43 µm high; 44 µm across the disc); few rods 54–229 µm long in some specimens (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FBCBFBFEBEA72E13" box="[1148,1253,1065,1091]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
54–111 µm) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FF73FB9BBB762E36" box="[196,308,1100,1126]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 16G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Intestine with spinose or smooth rods in a cross shape 50–122 µm long, sometimes with bifurcated ends (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FE37FBB8BBAB2ED9" box="[384,489,1135,1161]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
75–113 µm) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FD3BFBB8B8BA2ED9" box="[652,760,1135,1161]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 16H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Gonads with delicate and long rods 187–364 µm long (
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FF73FB45BB6F2EFC" box="[196,301,1170,1196]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
187–262 µm) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FE57FB45B80E2EFC" box="[480,588,1170,1196]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="35.[189,232,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[195,1386,747,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-167@35.[189,1398,727,1640]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Fig. 11. Light microscope photographs showing ossicles from the mouth membrane, anterior cloaca, posterior cloaca, and gonads of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (mouth membrane and gonads from the lectotype MCZ HOL-509; anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM 1659457-IbBT116). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (all ossicles from the holotype MCZ HOL-1182). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (all ossicles from the neotype USNM E16150; male gonads at the bottom from the neoparatype USNM E16151). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (mouth membrane from MCZ HOL-742; anterior cloaca from MBMLP- If212; posterior cloaca and gonads from MCZ HOL-743). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (mouth membrane, anterior and posterior cloaca from USNM E47524; gonads from the holotype MCZ HOL- 921). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710659/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Figs 11B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FDEFFB45B8C02EFC" box="[600,642,1170,1196]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="54.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-15@54.[234,1353,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="54" captionText="Fig. 16. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) ossicles (specimen USNM 1659477-BT43, 160 mm long). A. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, worm-like rods, perforated plates and large, curved rods from papillae and dorsal body wall. B. Thin C-shaped rods, tables, perforated plates, large, curved rods and end plate (not complete, broken at the outer edge) from ventral body wall and tube feet. C. C-shaped rods, simple rods and tables from tentacles. D. Large tables from mouth membrane. E. Thin C-shaped rods and simple rods from longitudinal muscles. F. Simple and bifurcated rods in a cross shape in the cloaca. G. Tables from respiratory trees. H. Cross-shaped rods from intestine. I. Simple rods from gonads. Photos by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710671" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710671/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">16I</figureCitation>
|
||
); rods in gonads present even in the smallest specimen examined (L =
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73D3217FF40FB62BB1F2E80" box="[247,349,1205,1232]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="125.0">125 mm</quantity>
|
||
); a few small tables 48 µm high and 43 µm across disc in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73D3217FB86FB62BEDE2E9F" box="[1073,1180,1205,1231]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB73D3217FF0AFB20BEB32DEA" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73D3217FF0AFB20BB142F41" blockId="56.[189,342,1271,1297]" box="[189,342,1271,1297]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB73D3217FF0AFB20BB142F41" bold="true" box="[189,342,1271,1297]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73D3217FF0AFB20BB142F41" bold="true" box="[189,342,1271,1297]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73D3217FF0AFAF2BEB32DEA" blockId="56.[187,1400,1317,1978]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73D3217FF0AFAF2B8012F6F" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,579,1317,1343]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73D3217FF0AFAF2B8012F6F" box="[189,579,1317,1343]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73D3217FB17FAF2BEB82F6F" box="[1184,1274,1317,1343]" name="Mexico" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FABCFAF2BF282F10" box="[1291,1386,1317,1344]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[189,232,1787,1813]" captionTargetBox="[195,1391,723,1738]" captionTargetId="figure-121@24.[189,1398,715,1744]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 5. Geographic distribution of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (gray circles), I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (red squares) and I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) (blue circles). B. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) (green circles) and I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) (orange circles). Locations for I. badionotus and I. fuscus were constructed based on observation records in Global Biodiversity Information Facility data and from museum specimens. Locations forI. maculatus phoenius, I. maculatusmaculatus andI. macroparentheses were constructed based only on confirmed localities of collected or preserved museum specimens." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710649" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710649/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). We have collected it from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73D3217FE5BFA9EB80B2F33" box="[492,585,1353,1379]" name="Mexico" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73D3217FDE5FA9EB8962F33" box="[594,724,1353,1379]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73D3217FD69FA9EB9792F33" box="[734,827,1353,1379]" name="Panama" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73D3217FCFEFA9EB9B92F33" box="[841,1019,1353,1379]" country="Panama" name="Bocas del Toro" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Bocas del Toro</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Galeta, San Blas) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73D3217FAB3FA9EBF3A2F33" box="[1284,1400,1353,1379]" name="Colombia" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Banco de las Ánimas, Santa Marta,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73D3217FDD4FABBB8A42FD6" box="[611,742,1388,1414]" country="Colombia" name="La Guajira" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">La Guajira</collectingRegion>
|
||
). We also identified it from Museum specimens from the Florida Keys (MCZ HOL-1213), North Padre Island, and Stetson Bank, Texas (USNM E17227; USNM 1080469; USNM 1096856),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73D3217FDA4FA65B81C2F9C" box="[531,606,1458,1484]" name="Belize" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
at Coco Plum Cay (USNM E18639),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73D3217FB9DFA65BECA2F9C" box="[1066,1160,1458,1484]" name="Jamaica" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(MCZ HOL-4282),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73D3217FF08FA02BB5C2FBF" box="[191,286,1493,1519]" name="Antigua and Barbuda" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Antigua</collectingCountry>
|
||
(USNM E41458, USNM 1283367) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73D3217FCB2FA02B9BC2FBF" box="[773,1022,1493,1519]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Trinidad and Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
(MCZ HOL-1182, MCZ HOL-1181). We also identified it from photographs of living specimens from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B73D3217FB9EFA2EBEB22C43" box="[1065,1264,1529,1555]" country="Venezuela" name="Sucre" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Estado de Sucre</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73D3217FB49FA2EBF352C43" box="[1278,1399,1529,1555]" name="Venezuela" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Gómez-Maduro y Hernández-Ávila 2011 unpubl. photographs).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73D3217FC52F9CBBF352C66" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[997,1399,1564,1590]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73D3217FC52F9CBBF352C66" box="[997,1399,1564,1590]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73D3217FD91F997B8862C09" box="[550,708,1599,1625]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73D3217FD91F997B8862C09" box="[550,708,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73D3217FB29F9E8BEB92C09" box="[1182,1275,1599,1625]" name="Mexico" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but more samples are needed to confirm the presence of this subspecies at other localities of the West Atlantic. Currently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73D3217FEF7F951B80F2CCF" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[320,589,1669,1695]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73D3217FEF7F951B80F2CCF" box="[320,589,1669,1695]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been recorded in South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73D3217FC5BF952BE752CCF" box="[1004,1079,1669,1695]" name="Brazil" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73D3217FB2BF951BF7E2CCF" box="[1180,1340,1669,1695]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73D3217FB2BF951BF7E2CCF" box="[1180,1340,1669,1695]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was confirmed by DNA (
|
||
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB73D3217FE19F97EB8452C93" box="[430,519,1705,1731]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" tableUuid="24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). It is not possible to assess the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73D3217FB84F97EBF742C93" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1075,1334,1705,1731]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73D3217FB84F97EBF742C93" box="[1075,1334,1705,1731]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the literature, because it has been confused with
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73D3217FD4BF91AB9DD2CB6" box="[764,927,1740,1766]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73D3217FD4BF91AB9D92CB6" box="[764,923,1740,1766]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">I. badionotus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
It is not easy to identify this subspecies from museum specimens either due to the similarity of the ossicles to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73D3217FBFBF927BEA42D59" box="[1100,1254,1775,1801]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73D3217FBFBF927BEA42D59" box="[1100,1254,1775,1801]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the loss of color in preserved specimens. We have only designated specimens as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73D3217FB9BF8C4BF712D7C" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1068,1331,1810,1836]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73D3217FB9BF8C4BF712D7C" box="[1068,1331,1810,1836]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the USNM and MCZ collection that could be clearly identified (examples in
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FBF5F8E2BE932D00" box="[1090,1233,1845,1872]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 15C–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Bathymetric distribution
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73D3217FEFBF88EBBEB2D23" box="[332,425,1881,1907]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="11.0" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="0.0">
|
||
0–
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73D3217FEDDF88EBBEB2D23" box="[362,425,1881,1907]" count="22" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="generic">22 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. Most of the specimens observed in the present study were in shallow habitats, no more than
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73D3217FE89F8ABBB392DC6" box="[318,379,1916,1942]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
deep.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73D3217FE7EF8ABB8F62DC6" author="Acosta E. J. & Rodriguez-Forero A. & Werding B. & Kunzmann A." box="[457,692,1916,1942]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" refId="ref54680" refString="Acosta E. J., Rodriguez-Forero A., Werding B. & Kunzmann A. 2021. Ecological and reproductive characteristics of holothuroids Isostichopus badionotus and Isostichopus sp. in Colombia. PLoS ONE 16 (2): e 0247158. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0247158" type="journal volume" year="2021">
|
||
Acosta
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73D3217FD94F8AAB81C2DC6" box="[547,606,1916,1942]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found this species (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73D3217FC71F8ABBEC02DC6" box="[966,1154,1916,1942]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73D3217FC71F8ABBE1B2DC6" box="[966,1113,1916,1942]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in the upper
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73D3217FA9CF8ABBF302DC6" box="[1323,1394,1916,1943]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="2.5">2.5 m</quantity>
|
||
. However, museum specimens (USNM 1080469) have been collected from
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73D3217FB87F848BE2E2DEA" box="[1072,1132,1951,1978]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="22.0">22 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73D3217FBCBF848BEA62DEA" box="[1148,1252,1951,1978]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB73C3216FF0AFEDFBBC32E91" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73C3216FF0AFEDFBB5F2B72" blockId="57.[189,285,264,290]" box="[189,285,264,290]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB73C3216FF0AFEDFBB5F2B72" bold="true" box="[189,285,264,290]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FF0AFEDFBB5F2B72" bold="true" box="[189,285,264,290]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Habitat</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73C3216FF0AFEE0BBC32E91" blockId="57.[187,1400,311,1218]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FF0AFEE0B80B2B01" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,585,311,337]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FF0AFEE0B80B2B01" box="[189,585,311,337]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be quite abundant, although, because of its cryptic habits and because its ossicles resemble those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FD20FE8CB9772B24" box="[663,821,346,372]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FD20FE8CB9772B24" box="[663,821,346,372]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it has been overlooked for many years.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73C3216FA82FE8DBB492BC8" author="Clark H. L." pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the habitat of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73C3216FDD5FEAAB88B2BC7" box="[610,713,381,407]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(MCZ HOL-1182, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FC6FFEA9BF5D2BC7" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1922" box="[984,1311,381,408]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="variety" species="badionotus" variety="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FC6FFEA9BE3B2BC7" box="[984,1145,381,408]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">S. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FB00FEAABF5D2BC7" box="[1207,1311,381,407]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) living under or among rocks, as were the
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73C3216FDE9FE76B9522BEB" box="[606,784,417,443]" count="4" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
from MCZ HOL-1181, collected along with the red
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73C3216FF09FE13BB6B2B8E" box="[190,297,452,478]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73C3216FE83FE13BB892B8E" author="Clark H. L." box="[308,459,452,478]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
assigned these
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73C3216FD32FE13B97A2B8E" box="[645,824,452,478]" count="4" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
as subadults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FC4EFE12BED62B8E" box="[1017,1172,452,478]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FC4EFE12BED62B8E" box="[1017,1172,452,478]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and suggested that semi-translucent subadults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FDAFFE3FB8EB2851" baseAuthorityName="Selenka" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[536,681,487,513]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionous">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FDAFFE3FB8EB2851" box="[536,681,487,513]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. badionous</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(length less than
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73C3216FCC2FE30B9952851" box="[885,983,487,514]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
|
||
) with a distinctive coloration (often marked with a dark spiral line that runs from the base to tip of dorsal and lateral papillae) are common under rocks, or in crevices. However, in the light of the present results, the dark spiral line and the habitat indicate that they were
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FD9DFD86BE81283B" box="[554,1219,593,619]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FD9DFD86B970283B" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[554,818,593,619]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">I. maculatus phoenius</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FC8AFD86BE81283B" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[829,1219,593,619]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FF09FDA2BB1428DE" box="[190,342,628,654]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FF09FDA2BB1428DE" box="[190,342,628,654]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and prefers a more cryptic habitat. Its activity is nocturnal. Our observations from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73C3216FAB4FDA3BF3528DE" box="[1283,1399,628,654]" name="Colombia" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73C3216FF59FD4FBB0928E2" box="[238,331,664,690]" name="Panama" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
showed that juveniles and adult individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FC3CFD4FBED028E1" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[907,1170,663,689]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FC3CFD4FBED028E1" box="[907,1170,663,689]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
remain completely hidden during the day under rocks or coral heads, or in cracks (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73C3216FC21FD6DBE5C2884" box="[918,1054,698,724]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="58.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionStartId-1="59.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox-0="[243,1345,266,1605]" captionTargetBox-1="[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetId-0="figure-15@58.[243,1345,266,1605]" captionTargetId-1="figure-11@59.[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetPageId-0="58" captionTargetPageId-1="59" captionText-0="Fig. 17. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, M, B’. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (A–B, M); La Guajira, Colombia (C) and juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (B’). D–L, N–R. Specimens with “Dark and White” pattern, juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (D), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (E–I, N–O, R); La Guajira, Colombia (J–L, P–Q). S–T, X–Z, A’. Specimens with “Light and sharp dark” pattern Galeta, Panama (S), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (T, A’), La Guajira, Colombia (X–Y), Magdalena, Colombia (Z). U, V–W, C’. Specimens with “Light and blurry dark” pattern from Galeta, Panama (U), Banco de las Animas, Colombia (V–W), juvenile from Rodadero, Colombia (C’). Photos: A–B, E–I, M–O, R–U, A’, C’ by G. Borrero; C by C. Díaz; J–L, P–Q, X–Y by E. Ortiz; V–W by N. Ardila; D, B’ by G. Ospina; Z by J.F. Lazarus. Scale bars = 10 mm." captionText-1="Fig. 18. In situ photographs of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922), showing the habitat of the species. A–I, L, P. Specimens from Bocas del Toro, Panama (L, the specimen was under the coral head; P, during the night). K, M–O. Galeta, Panama. J. Banco de las Ánimas, Colombia. Q–T. Mexico. Photos: B–D, F–G, P by A. Castillo; Q–T by F. Solís-Marín; J by N. Ardila; A, H–I, K–O by G. Borrero." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710673" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710675" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/13710673/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/13710675/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Figs 17–18</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73C3216FB98FD6DBF502884" author="Acosta E. J. & Rodriguez-Forero A. & Werding B. & Kunzmann A." box="[1071,1298,698,724]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref54680" refString="Acosta E. J., Rodriguez-Forero A., Werding B. & Kunzmann A. 2021. Ecological and reproductive characteristics of holothuroids Isostichopus badionotus and Isostichopus sp. in Colombia. PLoS ONE 16 (2): e 0247158. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0247158" type="journal volume" year="2021">
|
||
Acosta
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FB34FD6CBEFF2884" box="[1155,1213,698,724]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in Santa Marta (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73C3216FEA3FD0ABBC928A7" box="[276,395,733,759]" name="Colombia" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) found 98% of individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FD4AFD09BE4728A7" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[765,1029,733,759]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FD4AFD09BE4728A7" box="[765,1029,733,759]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FB8CFD0ABEBB28A8" box="[1083,1273,733,760]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FB8CFD0ABE8C28A7" box="[1083,1230,733,759]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) on rocky bottoms between cracks (upper
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73C3216FD84FCD7B835294B" box="[563,631,768,795]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="2.5">2.5 m</quantity>
|
||
depth), while 73% of individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FB9EFCD6BE86294B" box="[1065,1220,769,795]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FB9EFCD6BE86294B" box="[1065,1220,769,795]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected on sandy bottoms (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73C3216FE13FCF3B84F296E" box="[420,525,804,830]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="5.4" valueMax="7.8" valueMin="3.0">3–7.8 m</quantity>
|
||
). Diurnal observations, between 9:00 am and 12:00 pm, at Punta Galeta (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73C3216FF72FC90BB642931" box="[197,294,839,865]" name="Panama" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
) showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FE64FC9FB89E2931" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[467,732,839,865]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FE64FC9FB89E2931" box="[467,732,839,865]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be exposed for approximately one hour, then they became completely hidden. During the observations, some individuals exposed only the anterior part of their body to feed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73C3216FE20FC5AB84329F8" box="[407,513,909,936]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="59.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-11@59.[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Fig. 18. In situ photographs of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922), showing the habitat of the species. A–I, L, P. Specimens from Bocas del Toro, Panama (L, the specimen was under the coral head; P, during the night). K, M–O. Galeta, Panama. J. Banco de las Ánimas, Colombia. Q–T. Mexico. Photos: B–D, F–G, P by A. Castillo; Q–T by F. Solís-Marín; J by N. Ardila; A, H–I, K–O by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710675/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 18O</figureCitation>
|
||
), and only a few were found fully exposed during the day. Frequently during the time of exposure, they were partially hidden by the spines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FC73FC66BF35299B" authority="(Philippi, 1845)" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[964,1399,944,971]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FC73FC66BEF6299B" box="[964,1204,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Diadema antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
(Philippi, 1845)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73C3216FF71FC03BB3429BE" box="[198,374,980,1006]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="59.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-11@59.[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Fig. 18. In situ photographs of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922), showing the habitat of the species. A–I, L, P. Specimens from Bocas del Toro, Panama (L, the specimen was under the coral head; P, during the night). K, M–O. Galeta, Panama. J. Banco de las Ánimas, Colombia. Q–T. Mexico. Photos: B–D, F–G, P by A. Castillo; Q–T by F. Solís-Marín; J by N. Ardila; A, H–I, K–O by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710675/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 18J, M–N</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some individuals, partially or completely exposed, seemed to be rubbing their mouths against the rocks and the leaves of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FDC2FC20B9362E41" box="[629,884,1015,1041]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicarionidae" genus="Thalassia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="testudinum">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FDC2FC20B9362E41" box="[629,884,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Thalassia testudinum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or scraping on them. Observations made between 5:00 and 6:00 pm at some localities in the Caribbean showed that specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FB52FBCCBB652E07" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FB52FBCCBB652E07" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, previously unnoticed during the day, start to appear. Observation during the night showed individuals completely exposed on top of sponges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73C3216FC84FBB6B9DD2E2B" box="[819,927,1121,1147]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="59.[189,232,1892,1918]" captionTargetBox="[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetId="figure-11@59.[196,1390,265,1853]" captionTargetPageId="59" captionText="Fig. 18. In situ photographs of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922), showing the habitat of the species. A–I, L, P. Specimens from Bocas del Toro, Panama (L, the specimen was under the coral head; P, during the night). K, M–O. Galeta, Panama. J. Banco de las Ánimas, Colombia. Q–T. Mexico. Photos: B–D, F–G, P by A. Castillo; Q–T by F. Solís-Marín; J by N. Ardila; A, H–I, K–O by G. Borrero." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710675/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 18P</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73C3216FC0FFBB6BEEC2E2B" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[952,1198,1121,1147]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FBA1FBB6BE172E2B" box="[1046,1109,1121,1147]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2023)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that after reaching
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B73C3216FE9CFB53BBE32ECE" box="[299,417,1156,1183]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" unit="cm" value="17.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="15.0">15–20 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length, individuals can become less cryptic and can live on open sand flats, but this is a mistake.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB73C3212FF0AFB3EBEC32B16" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73C3216FF0AFB3EBB6D2F53" blockId="57.[189,303,1257,1283]" box="[189,303,1257,1283]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB73C3216FF0AFB3EBB6D2F53" bold="true" box="[189,303,1257,1283]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FF0AFB3EBB6D2F53" bold="true" box="[189,303,1257,1283]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73C3216FF0AFAC0B9142C3E" blockId="57.[189,1401,1303,1646]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FF0AFAC0B8242F61" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1922" box="[189,614,1303,1330]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="variety" species="badionotus" variety="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FF0AFAC0BBF92F61" box="[189,443,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Stichopus badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FE4BFAC0B8242F61" box="[508,614,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described as a variety of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FC6BFAC0BE992F61" box="[988,1243,1303,1329]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FC6BFAC0BE992F61" box="[988,1243,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Stichopus badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the basis of the bright-carmine red color on the dorsal side of
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB73C3216FC8CFAECB99C2F04" box="[827,990,1338,1365]" count="1" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
collected in Bucco Reef,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B73C3216FAAFFAEDBF312F04" box="[1304,1395,1338,1364]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73C3216FF08FA8ABB142F28" author="Clark H. L." box="[191,342,1373,1400]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
designated this specimen as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73C3216FD6DFA8AB9032F27" box="[730,833,1373,1399]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(MCZ HOL-1182) (still preserved in very good condition (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B73C3216FEF6FA56BBF22FCB" box="[321,432,1408,1435]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Fig. 15A</figureCitation>
|
||
)) and described the external morphology, ossicles, and the habitat of the type locality (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73C3216FE92FA73B84B2FEF" author="Clark H. L." box="[293,521,1444,1471]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark 1922: 59–60</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and explained the etymology. Despite the distinctive color pattern of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73C3216FF09FA10BB672FB1" box="[190,293,1479,1505]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FEE6FA1FB8182FB1" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[337,602,1479,1505]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FEE6FA1FB8182FB1" box="[337,602,1479,1505]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is “a most unusual shade in a shallow-water holothurian” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73C3216FF72FA3DBB132C54" author="Clark H. L." box="[197,337,1514,1540]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and despite the marked spiral lines in the papillae,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FC66FA3CBE932C54" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[977,1233,1514,1540]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FC66FA3CBE932C54" box="[977,1233,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has remained unnoticed in holothurian research in the West Atlantic, perhaps because of the great color variability of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FEABF9E6B8632C1B" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[284,545,1585,1611]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FEABF9E6B8632C1B" box="[284,545,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FDEBF9E6B8B52C1B" box="[604,759,1585,1611]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FDEBF9E6B8B52C1B" box="[604,759,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73C3216FCE6F9E6B9AE2C1B" author="Clark H. L." box="[849,1004,1585,1611]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FC4DF9E6BF002C1B" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1922" box="[1018,1346,1585,1611]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="variety" species="badionotus" variety="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FC4DF9E6BED92C1B" box="[1018,1179,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">S. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FB6FF9E6BF002C1B" box="[1240,1346,1585,1611]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was mentioned only by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73C3216FE15F983B83C2C3E" author="Deichmann E." box="[418,638,1620,1646]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="43 - 226" refId="ref56416" refString="Deichmann E. 1930. The holothurians of the western part of the Atlantic Ocean. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 71 (3): 43 - 226. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2798795 [accessed 14 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1930">Deichmann (1930)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73C3216FD00F983B9102C3E" author="Clark H. L." box="[695,850,1620,1646]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 147" refId="ref56148" refString="Clark H. L. 1933. A handbook of the littoral echinoderms of Porto Rico and the other West Indian Islands. Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands 16 (1): 1 - 147." type="journal article" year="1933">Clark (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73C3213FF0AF942B9142907" blockId="57.[187,1399,1685,1994]" lastBlockId="60.[189,1401,265,855]" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
|
||
The coloration of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73C3216FE75F942B86B2CFF" box="[450,553,1685,1711]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
corresponds to the first Uniform color pattern described in the present study. The semi translucent appearance, the habitat, and the worm-shaped rods in the dorsal papillae of other specimens of all color patterns are similar to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B73C3216FCC3F90BB99D2CA6" box="[884,991,1756,1782]" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Our analyses revealed significant molecular, morphological and habitat differences from the sympatric species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FB8FF8D7BE932D49" box="[1080,1233,1791,1817]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FB8FF8D7BE932D49" box="[1080,1233,1791,1817]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The analyses also revealed significant morphological differences, such as ossicle shape and body coloration, from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FF0AF891BB0C2D0F" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[189,334,1861,1887]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FF0AF891BB0C2D0F" box="[189,334,1861,1887]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the East Atlantic. However, because the molecular phylogeny shows DNA sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FF56F8BEBBB92DD2" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[225,507,1896,1922]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FF56F8BEBBB92DD2" box="[225,507,1896,1922]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. maculatus maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as nested in sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FCFDF8BEBE172DD2" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[842,1109,1896,1922]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FCFDF8BEBE172DD2" box="[842,1109,1896,1922]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the latter is considered as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FE14F85BB8752DF6" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[419,567,1932,1958]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FE14F85BB8752DF6" box="[419,567,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We propose that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73C3216FCA0F85BBE1D2DF6" authorityName="Clark" authorityYear="1922" box="[791,1119,1932,1958]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="variety" species="badionotus" variety="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FCA0F85BB9F72DF6" box="[791,949,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73C3216FC42F85BBE1D2DF6" box="[1013,1119,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is elevated to the subspecific rank, as this is an available subspecific name (Articles 10.2 and 45.6.4 ICZN Code 1999).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FF0AFEDEB80F2B73" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,589,265,291]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FF0AFEDEB80F2B73" box="[189,589,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is extremely variable in coloration.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FBACFEDEBEFA2B73" author="Clark H. L." box="[1051,1208,265,291]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark (1922)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered the individuals with the LSD color pattern described here as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FCCEFEFABE552B16" box="[889,1047,300,326]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FCCEFEFABE552B16" box="[889,1047,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
subadults (MCZ HOL-1181,
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FF0AFE98BB692B3A" box="[189,299,335,362]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 15G</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, spiral lines in papillae are one of the diagnostic characters of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FB52FE87BB7A2BDC" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FB52FE87BB7A2BDC" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FEC3FEA4B8382BDC" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[372,634,370,396]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FEC3FEA4B8382BDC" box="[372,634,370,396]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FD3BFEA5B8A42BDD" box="[652,742,370,397]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 1K</figureCitation>
|
||
–H’). These spiral lines are also present in juveniles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FF08FE40BBFD2BE0" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[191,447,406,432]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FF08FE40BBFD2BE0" box="[191,447,406,432]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FE78FE41B8792BE0" box="[463,571,406,432]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="58.[189,232,1646,1672]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,266,1605]" captionTargetId="figure-15@58.[243,1345,266,1605]" captionTargetPageId="58" captionText="Fig. 17. Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–C, M, B’. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (A–B, M); La Guajira, Colombia (C) and juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (B’). D–L, N–R. Specimens with “Dark and White” pattern, juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (D), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (E–I, N–O, R); La Guajira, Colombia (J–L, P–Q). S–T, X–Z, A’. Specimens with “Light and sharp dark” pattern Galeta, Panama (S), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (T, A’), La Guajira, Colombia (X–Y), Magdalena, Colombia (Z). U, V–W, C’. Specimens with “Light and blurry dark” pattern from Galeta, Panama (U), Banco de las Animas, Colombia (V–W), juvenile from Rodadero, Colombia (C’). Photos: A–B, E–I, M–O, R–U, A’, C’ by G. Borrero; C by C. Díaz; J–L, P–Q, X–Y by E. Ortiz; V–W by N. Ardila; D, B’ by G. Ospina; Z by J.F. Lazarus. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710673/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 17D</figureCitation>
|
||
, B’–C’). The characters diagnostic between the two subspecies are the small dark spots surrounded by a clear halo, the dark thin line, and the semi-translucent and wrinkled skin in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FEAEFE0AB8622BA6" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[281,544,476,502]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FEAEFE0AB8622BA6" box="[281,544,476,502]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FD85FE0BB8F32BA6" box="[562,689,476,502]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 1K–Y</figureCitation>
|
||
). This color characteristic was the most useful character in identifying museum material (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FD9FFE28B8F8284A" box="[552,698,511,538]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 15C–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some specimens, such as USNM 1080469 with almost a uniform color pattern, possess small brown spots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FCB8FDF5B937286D" box="[783,885,546,573]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 15F</figureCitation>
|
||
), allowing certain identification. In contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FF69FD90BBA72830" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[222,485,582,608]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FF69FD90BBA72830" box="[222,485,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FE40FD90B94F2830" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" box="[503,781,582,608]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="maculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FE40FD90B94F2830" box="[503,781,582,608]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized by white spot like granules on the opaque and smooth skin, as mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FD74FDBEB92528D3" author="Greeff R." box="[707,871,617,643]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="114 - 120" refId="ref57470" refString="Greeff R. 1882. Echinodermen, beobachtet auf einer Reise nach der Guinea-Insel Sao Tome. Zoologischer Anzeiger 5: 114 - 120, 135 - 139, 156 - 159. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 9734185 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1882">Greeff (1882)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in the original description (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FB0CFDBEBF5728D3" box="[1211,1301,617,643]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="12.[189,232,1661,1687]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-175@12.[189,1398,261,1620]" captionText="Fig. 1 (continued on next page). Color patterns of species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A–J. Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867). A. Pink background and dark brown spots (Chips pattern – CH) (BT99, Panamá). B. Close-up of A, note large dark brown spots and small dots. C. Light brown background and darker ocellar spots (CH pattern) (INV TEJ1125-Ma10, Colombia). D. Close-up of C, note large ocellar spots and small black dots. E. Uniform black background (Uniform pattern – U) (BT59, Panamá). F. Beige background color with a reticulum of darker brown and yellow papillae (Reticulated pattern – R) (USNM 1659460-BT20, Panamá). G. Close-up of F, reticulated pattern in detail. H. Reticulated pattern with brown papillae (R pattern) (INV TEJ1167-SM4R, Colombia). I. Close-up of H, reticulated pattern in detail. J. Black background and yellow papillae (Black and yellow pattern-BY) (INV TEJ1176-SM13, Colombia). K–Y. Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, (BI), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Neighbour-Joining (NJ). BI and ML were performed, using the GTR evolutionary model and NJ using K2P distances. BI was performed with MrBayes ver. 3.2.6 (Ronquist & Huelsenbeck 2003); the data set was run twice, using four Markov chains for ten million generations; trees were sampled every 500th generation, the first 2.5 million generations were discarded, and a 50% majority tree was obtained. ML analysis was performed in MEGA X (Kumar et al. 2018); support was assessed with 1000 bootstrap reiterations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743182" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743182/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 1Z</figureCitation>
|
||
–H’). In addition to spiral lines, worm-like rod ossicles found in the dorsal and lateral papillae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FB52FD5ABB6A2899" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FB52FD5ABB6A2899" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are a shared character between the two subspecies, although less common in
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FB55FD67BB7F28BC" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FB55FD67BB7B28BC" baseAuthorityName="Greeff" baseAuthorityYear="1882" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="maculatus">I. maculatus maculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
They were reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FDEEFD05B93A28BC" author="Cherbonnier G." box="[601,888,722,749]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="603 - 630" refId="ref55951" refString="Cherbonnier G. 1975. Note sur la presence, dans le golfe de Guinee de l'holothurie Aspidochirota Stichopus badionotus Selenka (= S. maculatus Greeff). Bulletin du Museum national d' Histoire naturelle, 3 e ser., nº 300, Zoologie 210: 603 - 630." type="journal article" year="1975">Cherbonnier (1975: 633</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 2o) as “rare imperforate rods”. Worm-like rod ossicles can be useful in distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FD4CFD20BE432940" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[763,1025,758,784]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FD4CFD20BE432940" box="[763,1025,758,784]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FBFCFD20BEA42940" box="[1099,1254,758,784]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FBFCFD20BEA42940" box="[1099,1254,758,784]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. These rods were observed in specimens from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7393213FDF8FCCEB8812963" box="[591,707,793,819]" name="Colombia" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7393213FD4BFCCDB91E2964" box="[764,860,794,820]" name="Panama" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and although uncommon in some specimens, they were abundantly present in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AF251AC5B7393213FDD1FCEBB88F2906" box="[614,717,828,854]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FD6AFCEBB90A2907" box="[733,840,828,855]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="53.[189,232,1752,1778]" captionTargetBox="[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-12@53.[237,1351,266,1711]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Fig. 15. Preserved specimens of Isostichopus maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). A. Dorsal and ventral view of the holotype from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1182, 135 mm long). B. Holotype ossicles from dorsal papillae showing tables, thin C-shaped rods, worm-like rods, large, curved rods and perforated plates. C. Specimen from Antigua (USNM 1283367), dorsal and ventral view. D. Specimen from Antigua (MCZ HOL-4282), dorsal and ventral view. E. Specimen from Coco-Plum Key, Belize (USNM E18639), dorsal view. F. Specimen from Texas, Stetson Bank, USA (USNM 1080469), dorsal view. G. Specimens from Buccoo Reef, Tobago (MCZ HOL-1181; same locality as the holotype), dorsal view. Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 100 µm; C–E, G = 20 mm; F = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710669" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710669/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 15B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB73F3215FF0AF9B9B9B62DB9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710673" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710673" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710673/files/figure.png" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" startId="58.[189,232,1646,1672]" targetBox="[243,1345,266,1605]" targetPageId="58">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73F3215FF0AF9B9B9B62DB9" blockId="58.[188,1399,1646,2025]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73F3215FF0AF9B9BB592CD8" bold="true" box="[189,283,1646,1672]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Fig. 17.</emphasis>
|
||
Color patterns and morphological variation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73F3215FCFCF9B9BF342CD8" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[843,1398,1646,1672]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73F3215FCFCF9B9BE922CD8" box="[843,1232,1646,1672]" italics="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73F3215FB57F9B9BF2C2CD8" author="Clark H. L." box="[1248,1390,1646,1672]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73F3215FD97F963B8F72C9E" bold="true" box="[544,693,1716,1743]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">A–C, M, B’</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (A–B, M); La Guajira, Colombia (C) and juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (B’).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73F3215FA8FF90FBAB42D45" bold="true" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">D–L, N–R</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimens with “Dark and White” pattern, juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (D), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (E–I, N–O, R); La Guajira, Colombia (J–L, P–Q).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73F3215FC0FF8C9BE1B2D68" bold="true" box="[952,1113,1822,1848]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">S–T, X–Z, A’</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimens with “Light and sharp dark” pattern Galeta, Panama (S), Bocas del Toro, Panamá (T, A’), La Guajira, Colombia (X–Y), Magdalena, Colombia (Z).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73F3215FDE9F8B2B8AC2D2E" bold="true" box="[606,750,1892,1919]" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">U, V–W, C’</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimens with “Light and blurry dark” pattern from Galeta, Panama (U), Banco de las Animas, Colombia (V–W), juvenile from Rodadero, Colombia (C’). Photos: A–B, E–I, M–O, R–U, A’, C’ by G. Borrero; C by C. Díaz; J–L, P–Q, X–Y by E. Ortiz; V–W by N. Ardila; D, B’ by G. Ospina; Z by J.F. Lazarus. Scale bars = 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="24E1F4EFB73E3214FF0AF8B3BF342DB8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710675" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13710675" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710675/files/figure.png" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" startId="59.[189,232,1892,1918]" targetBox="[196,1390,265,1853]" targetPageId="59">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B73E3214FF0AF8B3BF342DB8" blockId="59.[188,1399,1892,2024]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73E3214FF0AF8B3BB592D2E" bold="true" box="[189,283,1892,1918]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fig. 18.</emphasis>
|
||
In situ photographs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B73E3214FD85F8B3BE202D2E" authority="(Clark, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[562,1122,1892,1918]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73E3214FD85F8B3B9FA2D2E" box="[562,952,1892,1918]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B73E3214FC7FF8B3BE182D2E" author="Clark H. L." box="[968,1114,1892,1918]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="39 - 74" refId="ref56093" refString="Clark H. L. 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65 (3): 39 - 74. Available from https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 4774250 [accessed 16 Apr. 2024]." type="journal article" year="1922">Clark, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, showing the habitat of the species.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73E3214FEF9F850BB832DF1" bold="true" box="[334,449,1927,1953]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">A–I, L, P</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimens from Bocas del Toro, Panama (L, the specimen was under the coral head; P, during the night).
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73E3214FE47F87DB8152D94" bold="true" box="[496,599,1962,1988]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">K, M–O</emphasis>
|
||
. Galeta, Panama.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73E3214FC9DF87DB97B2D94" bold="true" box="[810,825,1962,1988]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">J</emphasis>
|
||
. Banco de las Ánimas, Colombia.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B73E3214FB79F87DBF452D94" bold="true" box="[1230,1287,1962,1988]" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Q–T</emphasis>
|
||
. Mexico. Photos: B–D, F–G, P by A. Castillo; Q–T by F. Solís-Marín; J by N. Ardila; A, H–I, K–O by G. Borrero.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7393213FF0AFCA9B8392EDE" blockId="60.[187,1399,894,1166]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Examination of dorsal papillae in
|
||
<specimenCount id="66986FEEB7393213FDF9FCA9B94329C8" box="[590,769,894,920]" count="4" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="generic">four specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
(and several that were not measured) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FB52FCA9BB6A29EB" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FB52FCA9BB6A29EB" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with body lengths
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7393213FDBEFC76B8EC29EB" box="[521,686,929,956]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.85" metricValueMin="0.25" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="105.0" valueMax="185.0" valueMin="25.0">25 to 185 mm</quantity>
|
||
long showed that C-shaped ossicle and table height increase with body size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FEC3FC13BBB6298E" box="[372,500,964,990]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[189,232,1565,1591]" captionTargetBox="[209,1386,288,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-210@33.[189,1398,265,1517]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710655/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 9A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spines at the crown spires are thick and strong in larger specimens. Contrary to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FF69FC3FBB392E51" box="[222,379,999,1025]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FF69FC3FBB392E51" box="[222,379,999,1025]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, table disc diameter and number of holes remain almost constant through growth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FF0AFBDCBBFD2E74" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,447,1034,1060]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FF0AFBDCBBFD2E74" box="[189,447,1034,1060]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with only a slight tendency to increase with size (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FBB9FBDDBE282E75" box="[1038,1130,1034,1061]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="33.[189,232,1565,1591]" captionTargetBox="[209,1386,288,1473]" captionTargetId="figure-210@33.[189,1398,265,1517]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Fig. 9. Box-plots comparing ossicle size from dorsal papillae from small to large specimens(along x axis) from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. Dorsal papillae: C-shaped ossicle length. B. Dorsal papillae: table height. C. Dorsal papillae: table disc diameter. Photos of the ossicles of the same specimens are presented in Fig. 10. Specimens IDs: I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) L = 40 mm, USNM E11783; L = 130 mm, USNM 1659462-BT48; L = 195 mm, USNM 1659454- BT111; L = 230 mm, USNM 1659447–BT116; I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922) L = 25 mm, INV EQU4565; L = 90 mm, USNM 1659481-Ga224; L = 125, USNM 1659472-BT192; L = 185, USNM 1659479-BT53; I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882) L = 55 mm, ASI1; L = 110 mm, ASI4; L = 150 mm, CV1; I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875) L = 40 mm, INV EQU4229; L = 115 mm, INV EQU4324; L = 55 mm, MBMLP-If212; L = 180 mm, INV EQU4323; I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922) L = 20 mm, USNM 1659484-Be99; L = 40 mm, USNM 1659485-Be107; L = 65 mm, MCZ HOL-1214; L = 135 mm, USNM E47524." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710655" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710655/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tables in the papillae were larger than those in the body wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FD18FBF9B95C2E18" box="[687,798,1070,1096]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="34.[189,231,1822,1848]" captionTargetBox="[202,1372,576,1779]" captionTargetId="figure-71@34.[189,1398,564,1779]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Fig. 10. Light microscope photographs of the same specimens as in Fig. 9 (see the length (L) for correspondence), comparing ossicle size and shape from dorsal papillae and dorsal body wall from small to large specimens from each of the species and subspecies of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958. A. I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867). B. I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922). C. I. maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882). D. I. fuscus (Ludwig, 1875). E. I. macroparentheses (Clark, 1922). Photos by G. Borrero. Scale bars = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13710657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13710657/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Juveniles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FC66FBF9BE9B2E18" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[977,1241,1070,1096]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FC66FBF9BE9B2E18" box="[977,1241,1070,1096]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not easy to distinguish from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FDAFFB85B8F42E3B" box="[536,694,1105,1131]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FDAFFB85B8F42E3B" box="[536,694,1105,1131]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on ossicles. The best character is the color pattern, especially the spiral lines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FE43FBA3B8022EDE" box="[500,576,1140,1166]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[189,232,1616,1642]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,265,1566]" captionTargetId="figure-12@31.[189,1399,265,1567]" captionText="Fig. 8 (continued on next page). Color patterns and morphological variation of Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) (DNA sequences and detailed information of some specimens are indicated in Table 1, see Photo ID column for correspondence). A–U, I’. Specimens with “Chips” color pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (A–I), Neguanje, Colombia (J–L), La Guajira, Colombia (M–Q); juveniles from Neguanje, Colombia (R–U). V–B’. Specimens with “Uniform” pattern from Bocas del Toro (Panama) (V–X), La Guajira, Colombia (Y), Curaçao (Z), Magdalena, Colombia (A’–B’). C’–K’. Specimens with “Reticulated” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panama (C’–E’), Juvenile from Neguanje, Colombia (F’), Punta Betin, Magdalena, Colombia (G’–I’), La Guajira, Colombia (J’–K’). L’–O’. Specimens with “Black and yellow” pattern from Bocas del Toro, Panamá (L’), Magdalena, Colombia (M’–O’). Photos: A–I, Q, V–X, C’–E’, L’, O’ by G. Borrero; R–U by G. Ospina; J–L by E. Acosta; M–P, Y, J’–K’ by E. Ortiz; Z, M’ by M. González-Wangüemert; G’–I’ by J. Gómez; and A’–B’, N’ by S. Zea. Scale bars = 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743200" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743200/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Figs 8</figureCitation>
|
||
, 17).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7393213FF0AFB61B9942C03" blockId="60.[188,1400,1205,1619]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Separate analyses of COI-Fr1 (Barcoding region) and 16S DNA sequences confirm that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FB0BFB62BF342E80" box="[1212,1398,1205,1232]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FB0BFB62BF0D2E9F" box="[1212,1359,1205,1231]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FEFCFB0EB8582EA3" author="Wen J. & Hu C. & Zhang L. & Fan S." box="[331,538,1241,1267]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="72 - 77" refId="ref63828" refString="Wen J., Hu C., Zhang L. & Fan S. 2011. Genetic identification of global commercial sea cucumber species on the basis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Food Control 22: 72 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. foodcont. 2010.06.010" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Wen
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FE3DFB0EBB872EA3" box="[394,453,1241,1267]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FDE2FB0EB9072EA3" author="Vergara W. & Agudelo V. & Castro L. R. & Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I." box="[597,837,1241,1267]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref63669" refString="Vergara W., Agudelo V., Castro L. R. Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I. 2018. Morphological and molecular characterization of Isostichopus sp. in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 29 (2): 33 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.35407 / bag. 2018.29.02.04" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Vergara
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FD0EFB0EB8B62EA3" box="[697,756,1241,1267]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: Morphotype III,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FBAEFB0EBE942EA3" box="[1049,1238,1241,1267]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FBAEFB0EBEEE2EA3" box="[1049,1196,1241,1267]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FB52FB0EBB652F46" authorityName="Borrero-Pérez & Solís-Marín & Lessios" authorityYear="2024" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="isabellae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FB52FB0EBB652F46" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Isostichopus isabellae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="59D9C50EB7393213FE85FB2BBB372F46" box="[306,373,1276,1302]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
) is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FE1FFB2AB8F32F46" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[424,689,1276,1302]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FE1FFB2AB8F32F46" box="[424,689,1276,1302]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because their sequences in GenBank cluster with ours in this subspecies (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FEC8FAC8B8432F6A" box="[383,513,1311,1338]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,231,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[213,1371,692,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-195@19.[206,1382,685,1643]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 3A. Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 (Barcoding region), COI-Fr2 and 16S gene fragments. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability/Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %)/Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that a node was absent in the tree estimated by a particular method. Individuals are indicated by the field number, which includes the initial letter of the locality and the color pattern when available (see Table 1, Fig. 1). Text color meaning: green = Isosostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882); blue = I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922); pink = I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) Chips (CH) pattern; purple = Uniform (U) pattern; red = reticulated (R) pattern; orange = Black and Yellow (BY) pattern. Sequences from GenBank are indicated with their accession number and species ID as included in GenBank (see Table 1). Outgroup species: Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) and Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743190/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 3B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB7393213FDB8FAC8B8242F69" box="[527,614,1311,1337]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" tableUuid="24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Sequences of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FC91FAF7BE592F69" author="Vergara W. & Agudelo V. & Castro L. R. & Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I." box="[806,1051,1311,1338]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref63669" refString="Vergara W., Agudelo V., Castro L. R. Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I. 2018. Morphological and molecular characterization of Isostichopus sp. in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 29 (2): 33 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.35407 / bag. 2018.29.02.04" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Vergara
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FC3DFAF7B9842F69" box="[906,966,1311,1337]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of their Morphotype I and II of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FF69FA94BB382F0C" box="[222,378,1346,1372]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FF69FA94BB382F0C" box="[222,378,1346,1372]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, fall in the same clade as our sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FC34FA94BE5D2F0C" box="[899,1055,1346,1372]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FC34FA94BE5D2F0C" box="[899,1055,1346,1372]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FB86FA95BEF12F0D" box="[1073,1203,1346,1373]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,231,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[213,1371,692,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-195@19.[206,1382,685,1643]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 3A. Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 (Barcoding region), COI-Fr2 and 16S gene fragments. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability/Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %)/Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that a node was absent in the tree estimated by a particular method. Individuals are indicated by the field number, which includes the initial letter of the locality and the color pattern when available (see Table 1, Fig. 1). Text color meaning: green = Isosostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882); blue = I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922); pink = I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) Chips (CH) pattern; purple = Uniform (U) pattern; red = reticulated (R) pattern; orange = Black and Yellow (BY) pattern. Sequences from GenBank are indicated with their accession number and species ID as included in GenBank (see Table 1). Outgroup species: Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) and Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743190/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 3B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="3D1C91DCB7393213FB77FA95BF5A2F0C" box="[1216,1304,1346,1372]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[186,254,546,574]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1 (continued on next six pages). Specimens of Isostichopus Deichmann, 1958 analyzed for the partial regions of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI-Fr1-Barcoding region, COI-Fr2) and 16S genes. Catalog number column includes voucher specimens or tissues from where the sequences were obtained. Field numbers used in phylogenetic trees correspond to the initial letter of the locality, the code and the color patterns in Fig. 1. Contractions in locality column: Mexico:Yuc =Yucatán; Belize: TC = Tobacco Cay; CBC = Carrie Bow Cay; Panama: BT = Bocas del Toro; Ga = Galeta; Ta = Taboguilla Island (Pacific); IP = Perlas Islands (Pacific); Colombia: SM = Santa Marta; MSM = Morro de Santa Marta; MPA = Morritos de PuntaAguja; Ne = Bahía Neguanje; LG = La Guajira; BA = Banco de las Ánimas; Prov = Providencia Island; Ch = Choco (Pacific); Ecuador: Gal = Galapagos; U.S. Virgin Islands: SCI = St. Croix; British Virgin Islands: GI = Guana Island; Curaçao: Cu = Curaçao; Cu-CMRS = Curaçao-Carmabi Marine Research Station; Brazil: SC = Santa Catalina; Cape Verde: SV = Sao Vicente Island; SI = Santiago Island; Senegal: DÎM = Dakar-Îles Madeleines; Liberia: K = Kligba, Rivercess County; AB = Artah Beach, Sasstow Grand Kru County; Ascension Island: EB = English Bay; G = Georgetown. Photo ID: figure number in the present paper or the process ID in the BOLD database. GenBank accession numbers in parentheses denote sequences by other authors. Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910), Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867, and Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) were used as outgroups in the phylogenetic analyses. An asterisk (*) in the species column indicates that the species ID in GenBank was changed from a previous name (shown in parentheses)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" tableUuid="24E1F4EFB700322AFF0DFDF5BC872991">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). These molecular results, in addition to external morphology and coloration shown in several figures in various published articles, support the fact that several names used previously are also
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FBDCFA5EBF2D2FF3" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1131,1391,1417,1443]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FBDCFA5EBF2D2FF3" box="[1131,1391,1417,1443]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FF0AFA7BBB182F96" box="[189,346,1452,1478]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FF0AFA7BBB6D2F96" box="[189,303,1452,1478]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Stichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FE3CFA7BB8992F97" author="Agudelo V. & Rodriguez A." box="[395,731,1452,1479]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="50 - 57" refId="ref54738" refString="Agudelo V. & Rodriguez A. 2015. Advances on spontaneous captive breeding and culture conditions of Caribbean Sea cucumber Stichopus sp. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 35: 50 - 57." type="journal article" year="2015">Agudelo & Rodríguez 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FD43FA7BB9ED2F96" box="[756,943,1452,1478]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FD43FA7BB9C52F96" box="[756,903,1452,1478]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FC56FA7BBF642F97" author="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A." box="[993,1318,1452,1479]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="1021 - 1033" refId="ref63527" refString="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A. 2015. Histologia del tubo digestivo de tres especies de pepino de mar Isostichopus badionotus, Isostichopus sp. y Stichopus hermanni (Aspidochirotida: Stichopodidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 63 (4): 1021 - 1033. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 63 i 4.16887" type="journal article" year="2015">Vergara & Rodríguez 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 2016;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FF08FA18BBD92FB9" author="Acosta E. J. & Rodriguez-Forero A. & Werding B. & Kunzmann A." box="[191,411,1487,1513]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="611 - 624" refId="ref54619" refString="Acosta E. J., Rodriguez-Forero A., Werding B. & Kunzmann A. 2020. Effect of density, temperature and diet on the growth, survival and development of larvae and juveniles of Isostichopus sp. Aquaculture Research 52: 611 - 624. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / are. 14918" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Acosta
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FEAFFA07BB162FB9" box="[280,340,1487,1513]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2020
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FE1EFA18BBAA2FB9" author="Acosta E. J. & Rodriguez-Forero A. & Werding B. & Kunzmann A." box="[425,488,1487,1513]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref54680" refString="Acosta E. J., Rodriguez-Forero A., Werding B. & Kunzmann A. 2021. Ecological and reproductive characteristics of holothuroids Isostichopus badionotus and Isostichopus sp. in Colombia. PLoS ONE 16 (2): e 0247158. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0247158" type="journal volume" year="2021">2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FDB7FA18B8FE2FBA" box="[512,700,1487,1514]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FDB7FA18B8D12FB9" box="[512,659,1487,1513]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FD72FA18B9302FB9" box="[709,882,1487,1513]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
aff
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FD47FA18B9302FB9" box="[752,882,1487,1513]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FC15FA18BABF2C5C" author="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A." pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="65 - 74" refId="ref54772" refString="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A. 2017. Gametogenesis, spawning and larval development of Isostichopus sp. aff badionotus. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 37: 65 - 74." type="journal article" year="2017">Agudelo-Martínez & Rodríguez-Forero 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FEBAFA25B82F2C5C" author="Arias-Hernandez O. & Alcendra-Pabon E. & Carreno-Montoya O. J. & Cabrera-Duran E. & Narvaez R. O. & Rodriguez-Forero A." box="[269,621,1522,1548]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="278 - 289" refId="ref55212" refString="Arias-Hernandez O., Alcendra-Pabon E., Carreno-Montoya O. J., Cabrera-Duran E., Corvacho- Narvaez R. O. & Rodriguez-Forero A. 2017. Sea cucumber (Isostichopus sp. aff. badionotus) dry-salting protocol design. Natural Resources 8: 278 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.4236 / nr. 2017.83016" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Arias-Hernández
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FE57FA24B8622C5C" box="[480,544,1522,1548]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FD0AFA25B9852C5C" authorityName="Borrero-Pérez & Solís-Marín & Lessios" authorityYear="2024" box="[701,967,1522,1548]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="isabellae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FD0AFA25B9852C5C" box="[701,967,1522,1548]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Isostichopus isabellae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="59D9C50EB7393213FC64FA24BE5A2C5D" box="[979,1048,1523,1549]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FBE6FA24BF072C5C" author="Vergara W. & Agudelo V. & Castro L. R. & Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I." box="[1105,1349,1522,1549]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref63669" refString="Vergara W., Agudelo V., Castro L. R. Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I. 2018. Morphological and molecular characterization of Isostichopus sp. in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 29 (2): 33 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.35407 / bag. 2018.29.02.04" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Vergara
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FB0EFA24BEBB2C5C" box="[1209,1273,1522,1548]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, GenBank sequences JN207495 and JN207564 reported as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FC53F9C1BE3D2C7F" box="[996,1151,1557,1583]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FC53F9C1BE3D2C7F" box="[996,1151,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FB1AF9C2BB0D2C03" author="Honey-Escandon M. & Laguarda-Figueras A. & Solis-Marin F. A." pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="ref58376" refString="Honey-Escandon M., Laguarda-Figueras A. & Solis-Marin F. A. 2012. Molecular phylogeny of the subgenus Holothuria (Selenkothuria) Deichmann, 1958 (Holothuroidea: Aspidochirotida). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 165 (1): 109 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00794. x Hooker Y., Solis-Marin F. A. & Lleellish M. 2005. Equinodermos de las Islas Lobos de Afuera (Lambayeque, Peru). Revista Peruana de Biologia 12 (1): 77 - 82." type="book" year="2012">
|
||
Honey-Escandón
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FF09F9EEBAB22C03" box="[190,240,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2012)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, actually belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FD82F9EEB97A2C03" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[565,824,1593,1619]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FD82F9EEB97A2C03" box="[565,824,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7393213FCFFF9EEB98A2C03" box="[840,968,1593,1619]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,231,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[213,1371,692,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-195@19.[206,1382,685,1643]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 3A. Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 (Barcoding region), COI-Fr2 and 16S gene fragments. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability/Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %)/Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that a node was absent in the tree estimated by a particular method. Individuals are indicated by the field number, which includes the initial letter of the locality and the color pattern when available (see Table 1, Fig. 1). Text color meaning: green = Isosostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882); blue = I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922); pink = I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) Chips (CH) pattern; purple = Uniform (U) pattern; red = reticulated (R) pattern; orange = Black and Yellow (BY) pattern. Sequences from GenBank are indicated with their accession number and species ID as included in GenBank (see Table 1). Outgroup species: Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) and Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743190/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Fig. 3B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7393212FF0AF9ACBEC32B16" blockId="60.[189,1400,1658,2001]" lastBlockId="61.[189,1399,265,327]" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FF0AF9ACBB812CC4" author="Vergara W. & Agudelo V. & Castro L. R. & Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I." box="[189,451,1658,1685]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref63669" refString="Vergara W., Agudelo V., Castro L. R. Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I. 2018. Morphological and molecular characterization of Isostichopus sp. in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 29 (2): 33 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.35407 / bag. 2018.29.02.04" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Vergara
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FE91F9ACBB252CC4" box="[294,359,1658,1684]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented valuable information about
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FC1EF9ADBE012CC4" box="[937,1091,1658,1684]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FC1EF9ADBE7D2CC4" authorityName="Borrero-Pérez & Solís-Marín & Lessios" authorityYear="2024" box="[937,1087,1658,1684]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Isostichopus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Their figure 4 is useful for distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FE2CF949B8E72CE7" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[411,677,1693,1719]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FE2CF949B8E72CE7" box="[411,677,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FD43F949B9D02CE7" box="[756,914,1693,1719]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FD43F949B9D02CE7" box="[756,914,1693,1719]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, depicting specimens of the “Light and sharp dark” color pattern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FE4DF916B9512C8B" author="Vergara W. & Agudelo V. & Castro L. R. & Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I." box="[506,787,1728,1755]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref63669" refString="Vergara W., Agudelo V., Castro L. R. Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I. 2018. Morphological and molecular characterization of Isostichopus sp. in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 29 (2): 33 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.35407 / bag. 2018.29.02.04" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Vergara
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FDD5F916B8DD2C8A" box="[610,671,1728,1754]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018: 40
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 4a, c), and “Dark and White” color pattern of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FF0AF933BB812CAE" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,451,1764,1790]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FF0AF933BB812CAE" box="[189,451,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(most specimens in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7393213FD0DF933B98C2CAE" author="Vergara W. & Agudelo V. & Castro L. R. & Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I." box="[698,974,1764,1790]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" pagination="33 - 48" refId="ref63669" refString="Vergara W., Agudelo V., Castro L. R. Rodriguez A. & Eeckhaut I. 2018. Morphological and molecular characterization of Isostichopus sp. in the Colombian Caribbean Sea. Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics 29 (2): 33 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.35407 / bag. 2018.29.02.04" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Vergara
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FCA8F933B9192CAE" box="[799,859,1764,1790]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018: 40
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 4b, e). However, some aspects of the taxonomic names they used, their morphological characterization (especially of ossicles) and the habitat information they presented create confusion: (1) they use two different names,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FB0DF8FDBF352D15" box="[1210,1399,1834,1861]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FB0DF8FDBF0F2D14" box="[1210,1357,1834,1860]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FF47F89ABBB72D37" authorityName="Borrero-Pérez & Solís-Marín & Lessios" authorityYear="2024" box="[240,501,1869,1895]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="isabellae" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FF47F89ABBB72D37" box="[240,501,1869,1895]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Isostichopus isabellae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="59D9C50EB7393213FE48F899B8032D38" box="[511,577,1870,1896]" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, for the “new proposed species – Morphotype III”. (2) although they mentioned a new proposed species, they also stated that “it is quite possible that the morphotype III encountered here represents a described species currently relegated into the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7393213FB70F843BF222DFE" box="[1223,1376,1940,1966]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FB70F843BF222DFE" box="[1223,1376,1940,1966]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”. (3) Vergara
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7393213FEF1F86FBBC32D81" box="[326,385,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
’s figures 6e and 6f show a mix of ossicles from tentacles (large and thick unperforated rods) and from pedicels from the ventral body wall (tables, rods, perforated plates and end plate), mistakenly describing them as ossicles from dorsal body wall in the figure legend.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB7383212FF0AFEBABBCB2EED" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7383212FF0AFEBABB5E2BD7" blockId="61.[189,284,365,391]" box="[189,284,365,391]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB7383212FF0AFEBABB5E2BD7" bold="true" box="[189,284,365,391]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FF0AFEBABB5E2BD7" bold="true" box="[189,284,365,391]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Biology</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7383212FF0AFE4BBBCB2EED" blockId="61.[187,1399,412,1213]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Despite the taxonomic confusion, even as to the genus, there is recent information about reproductive biology, gametogenesis, spawning and larval development of
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FC60FE68BF352B89" box="[983,1399,447,473]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FC60FE68BF312B89" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[983,1395,447,473]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">Isostichopus maculatus phoenius</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FF0AFE35B8682BAD" author="Agudelo V. & Rodriguez A." box="[189,554,482,509]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="50 - 57" refId="ref54738" refString="Agudelo V. & Rodriguez A. 2015. Advances on spontaneous captive breeding and culture conditions of Caribbean Sea cucumber Stichopus sp. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 35: 50 - 57." type="journal article" year="2015">Agudelo & Rodríguez (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FDD8FE35BEEA2BAD" author="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A." box="[623,1192,482,509]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="65 - 74" refId="ref54772" refString="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A. 2017. Gametogenesis, spawning and larval development of Isostichopus sp. aff badionotus. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 37: 65 - 74." type="journal article" year="2017">Agudelo-Martínez & Rodríguez-Forero (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported natural spawning in captivity from July to November during two consecutive years, concluding that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FB52FDD0BB672813" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FB52FDD0BB672813" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an annual reproductive cycle in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7383212FD7CFDFEB9002813" box="[715,834,553,579]" name="Colombia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with a single spawning event during the warmer months of the year (July to November), the same cycle as reported for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FBB0FD9ABEE12836" box="[1031,1187,588,614]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FBB0FD9ABEE12836" box="[1031,1187,588,614]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at other locations of the Caribbean Sea (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FE7BFDB8B88228D9" author="Guzman H. M. & Guevara C. A. & Hernandez I. C." box="[460,704,623,649]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="271 - 279" refId="ref57594" refString="Guzman H. M., Guevara C. A. & Hernandez I. C. 2003. Reproductive cycle of two commercial species of sea cucumber (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) from Caribbean Panama. Marine Biology 142: 271 - 279. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 002 - 0939 - x" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Guzmán
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FD8CFDA7B83A28D9" box="[571,632,623,649]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FD79FDB8B98428D9" author="Foglietta L. M. & Camejo M. I. & Gallardo L. & Herrera F. C." box="[718,966,623,649]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="19 - 30" refId="ref57095" refString="Foglietta L. M., Camejo M. I., Gallardo L. & Herrera F. C. 2004. A maturity index of holothurians exhibiting asynchronous development of gonad tubules. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 300: 19 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jembe. 2003.10.019" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
Foglietta
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FCF7FDA7B93C28D9" box="[832,894,623,649]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FC63FDB8BF4428D9" author="Zacarias-Soto M. & Olvera-Novoa M. A. & Pensamiento-Villarauz S. & Sanchez-Tapia I." box="[980,1286,623,649]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="694 - 705" refId="ref63973" refString="Zacarias-Soto M., Olvera-Novoa M. A., Pensamiento-Villarauz S. & Sanchez-Tapia I. 2013. Spawning and larval development of the four-sided sea cucumber, Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867), under controlled conditions. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 44 (5): 694 - 705. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / jwas. 12061" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Zacarías-Soto
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FB36FDA7BEFC28D9" box="[1153,1214,623,649]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FAA2FDA7BABF28FD" author="Invemar" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref58649" refString="Invemar 2015. Manejo para la conservacion de los recursos hidrobiologicos, Actividad: Lineamientos para el manejo, uso y conservacion del recurso pepino de mar de la Guajira y Cordoba con base a la informacion disponible (Componente 2). Informe Tecnico Final MADS- Invemar 275, Santa Marta, Colombia." type="journal volume" year="2015">Invemar 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FEB9FD44BBB628FD" author="Acosta E. J. & Rodriguez-Forero A. & Werding B. & Kunzmann A." box="[270,500,658,685]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref54680" refString="Acosta E. J., Rodriguez-Forero A., Werding B. & Kunzmann A. 2021. Ecological and reproductive characteristics of holothuroids Isostichopus badionotus and Isostichopus sp. in Colombia. PLoS ONE 16 (2): e 0247158. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0247158" type="journal volume" year="2021">
|
||
Acosta
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FED3FD44BBDC28FC" box="[356,414,658,684]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
confirmed that both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FD51FD44B9A528FC" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[742,999,658,684]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FD51FD44B9A528FC" box="[742,999,658,684]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(named by them
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FB06FD45BF2F28FD" box="[1201,1389,658,685]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FB06FD45BF0628FC" box="[1201,1348,658,684]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FF45FD60BBCD2880" box="[242,399,694,720]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FF45FD60BBCD2880" box="[242,399,694,720]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
around Santa Marta (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7383212FD2EFD61B9522880" box="[665,784,694,720]" name="Colombia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) showed a reproductive season from September to November, closely related to the increase in water temperature and rainfall. These authors reported a sex ratio of 1:1, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FE7FFD2AB8202946" box="[456,610,764,790]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FE7FFD2AB8202946" box="[456,610,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, they reported that populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FBC3FD2ABF352946" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[1140,1399,764,790]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FBC3FD2ABF352946" box="[1140,1399,764,790]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were smaller in the average size and weight (193±
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7383212FCB8FCC8B923296A" box="[783,865,799,826]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="52.0">52 mm</quantity>
|
||
and 178 ±
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7383212FC6AFCC8BE522969" box="[989,1040,799,825]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.9" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" unit="g" value="69.0">69 g</quantity>
|
||
) and in size and weight at first maturity (
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7383212FE85FC95BBD4290D" box="[306,406,834,861]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" unit="mm" value="175.0">175 mm</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="B7660982B7383212FE66FC95B855290D" box="[465,535,834,861]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.55" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" unit="g" value="155.0">155 g</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FD9AFC94B958290D" author="Acosta E. J. & Rodriguez-Forero A. & Werding B. & Kunzmann A." box="[557,794,834,861]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref54680" refString="Acosta E. J., Rodriguez-Forero A., Werding B. & Kunzmann A. 2021. Ecological and reproductive characteristics of holothuroids Isostichopus badionotus and Isostichopus sp. in Colombia. PLoS ONE 16 (2): e 0247158. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0247158" type="journal volume" year="2021">
|
||
Acosta
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FD3EFC94B881290C" box="[649,707,834,860]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also reported one hermaphrodite individual in this subspecies.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FEFEFCB1B8E129D1" author="Agudelo V. & Rodriguez A." box="[329,675,870,897]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="50 - 57" refId="ref54738" refString="Agudelo V. & Rodriguez A. 2015. Advances on spontaneous captive breeding and culture conditions of Caribbean Sea cucumber Stichopus sp. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 35: 50 - 57." type="journal article" year="2015">Agudelo & Rodríguez (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FD6DFCB1BEBC29D0" author="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A." box="[730,1278,870,896]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="65 - 74" refId="ref54772" refString="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A. 2017. Gametogenesis, spawning and larval development of Isostichopus sp. aff badionotus. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 37: 65 - 74." type="journal article" year="2017">Agudelo-Martínez & Rodríguez-Forero (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were able to rear larvae to the doliolaria stage, which was reached 28–30 days after hatching at 26°C.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FB53FC5EBB492996" author="Acosta E. J. & Rodriguez-Forero A. & Werding B. & Kunzmann A." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="611 - 624" refId="ref54619" refString="Acosta E. J., Rodriguez-Forero A., Werding B. & Kunzmann A. 2020. Effect of density, temperature and diet on the growth, survival and development of larvae and juveniles of Isostichopus sp. Aquaculture Research 52: 611 - 624. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / are. 14918" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
Acosta
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FA8BFC5DBF3529F3" box="[1340,1399,905,931]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2020)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported 22 days to the doliolaria and juveniles of 621.8 ± 12.7 μm (±SE) in length 7 days later at 26°C, the temperature in which the highest growth rates, and survival were obtained. Measurement of the growth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FEEAFC24B81E2E5C" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[349,604,1010,1036]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FEEAFC24B81E2E5C" box="[349,604,1010,1036]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under different conditions of light and different temperatures (21°C, 23°C, 25°C), indicated that growth was best promoted by darkness at 23°C for individuals of small size and at 25°C for those of medium size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FD34FBEEBE0B2E03" author="Fontalvo-Martinez A. & Rodriguez A." box="[643,1097,1081,1107]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref57157" refString="Fontalvo-Martinez A. & Rodriguez A. 2017. Evaluacion del crecimiento de pepino de mar Isostichopus sp. aff badionotus bajo condiciones de luz / oscuridad y a diferentes temperaturas. Book of Abstracts Latin American & Caribbean Aquaculture 2017: 95. Mazatlan, Mexico." type="journal volume" year="2017">Fontalvo-Martínez & Rodríguez 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The histology of the gut of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FF69FB8ABBA02E26" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[222,482,1116,1142]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FF69FB8ABBA02E26" box="[222,482,1116,1142]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FD6DFB8BBE622E27" author="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A." box="[730,1056,1116,1143]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="1021 - 1033" refId="ref63527" refString="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A. 2015. Histologia del tubo digestivo de tres especies de pepino de mar Isostichopus badionotus, Isostichopus sp. y Stichopus hermanni (Aspidochirotida: Stichopodidae). Revista de Biologia Tropical 63 (4): 1021 - 1033. https: // doi. org / 10.15517 / rbt. v 63 i 4.16887" type="journal article" year="2015">Vergara & Rodríguez 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 1b, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FB1EFB8BBF2A2E26" box="[1193,1384,1116,1142]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FB1EFB8BBF7E2E26" box="[1193,1340,1116,1142]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Density of 0.1 ind/km
|
||
<superScript id="87EB092FB7383212FE70FBA8BB922EDD" attach="left" box="[455,464,1151,1165]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">2</superScript>
|
||
(0.001 ind/ha) has been reported in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B25A6A85B7383212FC3CFBA8BE522EC9" box="[907,1040,1151,1177]" country="Colombia" name="Magdalena" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Magdalena</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7383212FBA8FBA8BED12EC9" box="[1055,1171,1151,1177]" name="Colombia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FB13FBA8BF122ECA" author="Invemar" box="[1188,1360,1151,1178]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref58649" refString="Invemar 2015. Manejo para la conservacion de los recursos hidrobiologicos, Actividad: Lineamientos para el manejo, uso y conservacion del recurso pepino de mar de la Guajira y Cordoba con base a la informacion disponible (Componente 2). Informe Tecnico Final MADS- Invemar 275, Santa Marta, Colombia." type="journal volume" year="2015">Invemar 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FF0AFB75BB392EED" box="[189,379,1186,1213]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FF0AFB75BB122EEC" box="[189,336,1186,1212]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3884F7ECB7383212FF0AFB33BEF02D99" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7383212FF0AFB33BBF72EAE" blockId="61.[189,437,1252,1278]" box="[189,437,1252,1278]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<heading id="2B69130BB7383212FF0AFB33BBF72EAE" bold="true" box="[189,437,1252,1278]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FF0AFB33BBF72EAE" bold="true" box="[189,437,1252,1278]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Conservation status</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7021A467B7383212FF0AFAC4BEF02D99" blockId="61.[187,1399,1298,1994]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">
|
||
As a previously unrecognized species that has been overlooked and confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FB79FAC4BF2D2F7C" box="[1230,1391,1298,1324]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FB79FAC4BF2D2F7C" box="[1230,1391,1298,1324]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FF0AFAE1BB842F00" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,454,1334,1360]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FF0AFAE1BB842F00" box="[189,454,1334,1360]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has not been included in the IUCN Red List of threatened species. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FF0AFA8DBBFC2F23" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[189,446,1369,1395]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FF0AFA8DBBFC2F23" box="[189,446,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is being fished together with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FCA2FA8DB9ED2F23" box="[789,943,1369,1395]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FCA2FA8DB9ED2F23" box="[789,943,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Because of its cryptic habits, artisanal fishermen search for it under rocks, or at night.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FD60FAAAB9DF2FC6" author="Wen J. & Hu C. & Zhang L. & Fan S." box="[727,925,1404,1431]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="72 - 77" refId="ref63828" refString="Wen J., Hu C., Zhang L. & Fan S. 2011. Genetic identification of global commercial sea cucumber species on the basis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Food Control 22: 72 - 77. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. foodcont. 2010.06.010" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Wen
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FCA5FAAAB9092FC6" box="[786,843,1404,1430]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2011)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found DNA sequences of this subspecies in commercial food products (frozen and dried) purchased from local retail markets in Guangzhou,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7383212FF0AFA15BB412F8C" box="[189,259,1474,1500]" name="China" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(GenBank FJ794474) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E8A5B8E2B7383212FDA2FA15B8322F8D" box="[533,624,1474,1501]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,231,1681,1707]" captionTargetBox="[213,1371,692,1633]" captionTargetId="figure-195@19.[206,1382,685,1643]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 3A. Bayesian inference tree of concatenated sequences of the mitochondrial COI-Fr1 (Barcoding region), COI-Fr2 and 16S gene fragments. The numbers on the nodes indicate Bayesian posterior probability/Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %)/Neighbor Joining (bootstrap %). A hyphen (-) indicates that a node was absent in the tree estimated by a particular method. Individuals are indicated by the field number, which includes the initial letter of the locality and the color pattern when available (see Table 1, Fig. 1). Text color meaning: green = Isosostichopus maculatus maculatus (Greeff, 1882); blue = I. maculatus phoenius (Clark, 1922); pink = I. badionotus (Selenka, 1867) Chips (CH) pattern; purple = Uniform (U) pattern; red = reticulated (R) pattern; orange = Black and Yellow (BY) pattern. Sequences from GenBank are indicated with their accession number and species ID as included in GenBank (see Table 1). Outgroup species: Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867) and Stichopus horrens Selenka, 1867." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13743190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13743190/files/figure.png" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The species has also been identified in photographs of specimens harvested in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7383212FEEEFA31BB8F2C50" box="[345,461,1510,1536]" name="Colombia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FE69FA31B8C82C50" author="Invemar" box="[478,650,1509,1536]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref58649" refString="Invemar 2015. Manejo para la conservacion de los recursos hidrobiologicos, Actividad: Lineamientos para el manejo, uso y conservacion del recurso pepino de mar de la Guajira y Cordoba con base a la informacion disponible (Componente 2). Informe Tecnico Final MADS- Invemar 275, Santa Marta, Colombia." type="journal volume" year="2015">Invemar 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; G.H. Borrero-Pérez pers. obs.). Recently, the subspecies was included in the FAO catalog of commercially important sea cucumbers of the world (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FB2FF9DEBF332C73" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[1176,1393,1545,1571]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FB44F9DDBF6C2C73" box="[1267,1326,1545,1571]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FF57F9FBBBDC2C17" box="[224,414,1580,1607]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FF57F9FBBB312C16" box="[224,371,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
‘
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FE05F9FBB85E2C16" box="[434,540,1580,1606]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
’) as a high-value species in Asian dried seafood markets. The average price of dried
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FEDDF987B8302C39" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[362,626,1615,1641]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FEDDF987B8302C39" box="[362,626,1615,1641]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7383212FD2BF987B96B2C3A" box="[668,809,1616,1642]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
is
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7383212FCE7F999B9352C3A" box="[848,887,1614,1642]" name="United States of America" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
$ 358
|
||
<superScript id="87EB092FB7383212FC73F998B9B22C0D" attach="left" box="[964,1008,1615,1641]" fontSize="6" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">kg-1</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FBB5F998BEAA2C39" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." box="[1026,1256,1615,1641]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FBD6F987BEDC2C39" box="[1121,1182,1615,1641]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Interest to include it in fishery and for aquaculture in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0889E4F7B7383212FD74F9A5B9752CDC" box="[707,823,1650,1676]" name="Colombia" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
has been mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FBE9F9A5BB4C2CE0" author="Rodriguez-Forero A. & Agudelo-Martinez V. Y. & Vergara-Hernandez W. O." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="9 - 13" refId="ref61759" refString="Rodriguez-Forero A., Agudelo-Martinez V. Y. & Vergara-Hernandez W. O. 2013. First insight into Colombian Caribbean sea cucumbers and sea cucumber fishery. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 33: 9 - 13." type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Rodríguez-Forero
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FA8DF9A4BF352CDC" box="[1338,1399,1650,1676]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FEADF941B83C2CE0" author="Agudelo V. & Rodriguez A." box="[282,638,1685,1712]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="50 - 57" refId="ref54738" refString="Agudelo V. & Rodriguez A. 2015. Advances on spontaneous captive breeding and culture conditions of Caribbean Sea cucumber Stichopus sp. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 35: 50 - 57." type="journal article" year="2015">Agudelo & Rodríguez (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FD3CF941B9A12CE0" author="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A." box="[651,995,1686,1712]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="130 - 137" refId="ref63590" refString="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A. 2016. Nutritional composition of sea cucumber Isostichopus sp. Natural Resources 7: 130 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.4236 / nr. 2016.73013" type="journal article" year="2016">Vergara & Rodríguez (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FC47F941BB232C83" author="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="65 - 74" refId="ref54772" refString="Agudelo-Martinez V. & Rodriguez-Forero A. 2017. Gametogenesis, spawning and larval development of Isostichopus sp. aff badionotus. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 37: 65 - 74." type="journal article" year="2017">Agudelo-Martínez & Rodríguez-Forero (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FE2EF96EB8BC2C83" author="Arias-Hernandez O. & Alcendra-Pabon E. & Carreno-Montoya O. J. & Cabrera-Duran E. & Narvaez R. O. & Rodriguez-Forero A." box="[409,766,1721,1747]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="278 - 289" refId="ref55212" refString="Arias-Hernandez O., Alcendra-Pabon E., Carreno-Montoya O. J., Cabrera-Duran E., Corvacho- Narvaez R. O. & Rodriguez-Forero A. 2017. Sea cucumber (Isostichopus sp. aff. badionotus) dry-salting protocol design. Natural Resources 8: 278 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.4236 / nr. 2017.83016" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Arias-Hernández
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FDDDF96DB8E72C83" box="[618,677,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FCBEF96EBE1B2C83" author="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A." box="[777,1113,1721,1747]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="130 - 137" refId="ref63590" refString="Vergara W. & Rodriguez A. 2016. Nutritional composition of sea cucumber Isostichopus sp. Natural Resources 7: 130 - 137. https: // doi. org / 10.4236 / nr. 2016.73013" type="journal article" year="2016">Vergara & Rodríguez (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found that the chemical composition of the muscle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FDA8F90AB9612CA6" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[543,803,1756,1782]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FDA8F90AB9612CA6" box="[543,803,1756,1782]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FCE3F90BBE532CA6" box="[852,1041,1756,1782]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FCE3F90BB9A52CA6" box="[852,999,1756,1782]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) was similar to that of freshly internationally traded sea cucumbers.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FD27F928B9BD2D49" author="Arias-Hernandez O. & Alcendra-Pabon E. & Carreno-Montoya O. J. & Cabrera-Duran E. & Narvaez R. O. & Rodriguez-Forero A." box="[656,1023,1791,1817]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" pagination="278 - 289" refId="ref55212" refString="Arias-Hernandez O., Alcendra-Pabon E., Carreno-Montoya O. J., Cabrera-Duran E., Corvacho- Narvaez R. O. & Rodriguez-Forero A. 2017. Sea cucumber (Isostichopus sp. aff. badionotus) dry-salting protocol design. Natural Resources 8: 278 - 289. https: // doi. org / 10.4236 / nr. 2017.83016" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Arias-Hernandez
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FCD3F8D7B9E62D49" box="[868,932,1791,1817]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
have formulated a dry-salting protocol for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FEF8F8F4B8132D6C" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[335,593,1826,1852]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FEF8F8F4B8132D6C" box="[335,593,1826,1852]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FD35F8F4B8D12D6C" box="[642,659,1827,1852]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I.</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FD74F8F5B9312D6C" box="[707,883,1826,1852]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
aff.
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FD46F8F5B9312D6C" box="[753,883,1826,1852]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FC3BF8F4BECF2D6C" author="Martinez V. & Hernandez W. & Turizo M. & Caro L. & Rodriguez A." box="[908,1165,1826,1853]" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref59858" refString="Martinez V., Hernandez W., Turizo M., Caro L. & Rodriguez A. 2016. Manual para el Cultivo y Procesamiento de Pepino de Mar. Editorial Universidad del Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / j. ctt 1 zgwmmb" type="book" year="2016">
|
||
Martínez
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FC4AF8F4BE7A2D6C" box="[1021,1080,1826,1852]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a manual for the cultivation and processing of sea cucumbers including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FC37F891BE3C2D30" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[896,1150,1862,1888]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FC37F891BE3C2D30" box="[896,1150,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FB1DF891BF2A2D30" box="[1194,1384,1862,1888]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FB1DF891BF7F2D30" box="[1194,1341,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">Isostichopus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). As this taxon is traded as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FE43F8BDB8CC2DD3" box="[500,654,1897,1923]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Stichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="badionotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FE43F8BDB8CC2DD3" box="[500,654,1897,1923]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. badionotus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is subject to the same regulations in fisheries (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="140FD996B7383212FB6AF8BEBABE2DF6" author="Purcell, S. W. & Lovatelli, A. & Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M. & Solis-Marin, F. A. & Samyn, Y. & Conand, C." pageId="61" pageNumber="62" refId="ref61605" refString="Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzalez-Wanguemert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y. & Conand, C. 2023. Commercially Important Sea Cucumbers of the World - Second edition. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6, Rev. 1. Rome, FAO. https: // doi. org / 10.4060 / cc 5230 en" type="journal volume" year="2023">
|
||
Purcell
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FA8DF8BDBF352DD3" box="[1338,1399,1897,1923]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); however, differences between this species and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B79EDFE4B7383212FC9CF85ABE682DF6" baseAuthorityName="Clark" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[811,1066,1932,1958]" class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synallactida" pageId="61" pageNumber="62" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculatus" subSpecies="phoenius">
|
||
<emphasis id="42EA7875B7383212FC9CF85ABE682DF6" box="[811,1066,1932,1958]" italics="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="62">I. maculatus phoenius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in size, habitat and behavior show the necessity to treat them as different species to ensure sustainable exploitation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |