416 lines
49 KiB
XML
416 lines
49 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.639.10893" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9884f9b2-091d-4f9a-9284-b2e78a5e6c30" ID-PMC="PMC5240373" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-639-1" ID-PubMed="28138281" ID-ZBK="BB23AA3FDD9E42CE92F737E047AE80C7" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-639-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 639" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the western Palaearctic species of Aleiodes Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae). Part 1: Introduction, key to species groups, outlying distinctive species, and revisionary notes on some further species" checkinTime="1481618735599" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="van Achterberg, Cornelis & Shaw, Mark R." docDate="2016" docId="E6B988A14F65D66D9253CF0757809788" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 639: 1-164" docOrigin="ZooKeys 639" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.639.10893" docTitle="Aleiodes leptofemur Achterberg & Shaw, 2016, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="B3F2C302-894D-4DF9-89A0-3C9737CFC373" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="82" masterDocId="1A60FFDC4008240EFF9E5829510DDB79" masterDocTitle="Revision of the western Palaearctic species of Aleiodes Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae). Part 1: Introduction, key to species groups, outlying distinctive species, and revisionary notes on some further species" masterLastPageNumber="164" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="75" updateTime="1668163794084" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the western Palaearctic species of Aleiodes Wesmael (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Rogadinae). Part 1: Introduction, key to species groups, outlying distinctive species, and revisionary notes on some further species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>van Achterberg, Cornelis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Shaw, Mark R.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>639</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>164</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.639.10893</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.639.10893</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-639-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">BB23AA3FDD9E42CE92F737E047AE80C7</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">BB23AA3FDD9E42CE92F737E047AE80C7</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127902457" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B3F2C302-894D-4DF9-89A0-3C9737CFC373" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E6B988A14F65D66D9253CF0757809788" lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<subSubSection pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/B3F2C302-894D-4DF9-89A0-3C9737CFC373" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes leptofemur" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leptofemur">Aleiodes leptofemur</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="74" pageNumber="75">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 203-204, 205-214
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes nigriceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigriceps">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="75" pageNumber="76" start="start">Aleiodes</pageBreakToken>
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? nigriceps
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Shaw, MR" journalOrPublisher="Contributions of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="307 - 328" title="On [e] evolution of endoparasitism; the biology of some genera of Rogadinae (Braconidae)." volume="20" year="1983">Shaw 1983</bibRefCitation>
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: 319, 321.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes borealis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">Aleiodes borealis</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Shaw 1994</bibRefCitation>
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: 134, 136, 137.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes borealis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">Aleiodes borealis</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Papp, J" journalOrPublisher="Entomologische Berichte Luzern" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" pagination="59 - 134" title="Contributions to the braconid fauna of Monte Generoso, Canton Ticino, southern Switzerland (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="35" year="1996">Papp and Rezbanyai-Reser 1996</bibRefCitation>
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: 73, 96.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes borealis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">Aleiodes borealis</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Belokobylskij, SA" journalOrPublisher="Beitraege zur Entomologie" pageId="125" pageNumber="126" pagination="341 - 435" title="Checklist of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) of Germany." volume="53" year="2003">Belokobylskij et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
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: 398.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes nigriceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigriceps">Aleiodes nigriceps</taxonomicName>
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auctt. p.p. (not
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<bibRefCitation author="Wesmael, C" journalOrPublisher="Nouveaux Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences et Belles-lettres de Bruxelles" pageId="129" pageNumber="130" pagination="1 - 166" title="Monographie des Braconides de Belgique 4." volume="11" year="1838">Wesmael 1838</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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Holotype, ♀ (NMS, Edinburgh), "[England:] Norfolk, Santon, ex
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Stilbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stilbia anomala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomala">Stilbia anomala</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Deschampsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Deschampsia flexuosa" order="Poales" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosa">Deschampsia flexuosa</taxonomicName>
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, 18.xii.[20]01, mum.?ii.[20]02, em. 12.v.[20]02, G. M. Haggett", "MRS
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aleiodes</taxonomicName>
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DNA 154". Paratypes (475 ♀, 412 ♂) from England (West Cornwall, East Cornwall, South Devon, North Devon, Isle of Wight, North Somerset, North Wilts, South Wilts, Dorset, North Hants, South Hants, West Sussex, East Sussex, East Kent, West Kent, Surrey, South Essex, Herts, Middlesex, Berks, Oxford, Bucks, West Suffolk, East Norfolk, West Norfolk, Cambridge, Bedford, Hunts, Northampton, East Gloucester, West Gloucester, Warwick, Stafford, Leicester, Derby, Chester, South Lancaster, Mid-west York, North-west York, Westmorland), Scotland (Dumfries, Ayr, Lanark, Berwick, Haddington, Edinburgh, Linlithgow, Fife, Stirling, West Perth, East Perth, Elgin, Easterness, Westerness, Dunbarton, Kintyre, West Ross), Wales (Glamorgan, Merioneth, Caernarvon, Monmouth, Pembroke, Anglesey), Isle of Man, Guernsey, Jersey, Andorra (St. Julia), Austria (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Niederösterreich">Niederoesterreich</normalizedToken>
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: Raglitz; Poysdorf; Hainburg;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Oberösterreich">Oberoesterreich</normalizedToken>
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: Linz, Kirchschlag; Sensengebirge
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bärenriedlau">Baerenriedlau</normalizedToken>
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), Belgium (Mt. St. Pierre), Bulgaria (Rodopi: Galabovo), Cyprus (Yermasoyia Riv.; Yeroskipon; Cherkes; Limasol; Paramytha), Czech Republic (Sumava, 1000-1300m; Moravia: Mikulov), France (Orsay; Hautes-Alpes:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Briançon">Briancon</normalizedToken>
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), Finland (Kainuu: Kuhmo), Germany (Bonn:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Rheinhöhenweg">Rheinhoehenweg</normalizedToken>
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im Kottenforst; Schleswig-Holstein:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Lübeck">Luebeck</normalizedToken>
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; Niedersachsen: Berkhof; Gottingen: Hann-Munden; Bonn; Rheinland,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Köln-Flittard">Koeln-Flittard</normalizedToken>
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; Bavaria: Wiesen/Spessart; Lower Saxony: Harzburg; Mullingen; Alfeld; Oberhaverbeck;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hürth-Fischenich">Huerth-Fischenich</normalizedToken>
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; Ahlem; Saxony:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Zöbigker">Zoebigker</normalizedToken>
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;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Wuerttemberg</normalizedToken>
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:
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<pageBreakToken pageId="76" pageNumber="77" start="start">Heidel</pageBreakToken>
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/Jagdl; Goslar, Astfeld), Gibraltar (Botanical Garden), Greece (Lakonia, Parnon Oros, 1700 m; id., Taygetos, 1000-1200 m; Thessalia: Mt Olympos; Pisadia; Kozani). Hungary (Budapest: Budaliget; Budakeszi,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hársbokorhegy">Harsbokorhegy</normalizedToken>
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;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pécs">Pecs</normalizedToken>
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, Tettye), Ireland (WI:
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<pageBreakToken pageId="77" pageNumber="78" start="start">Ballinclea</pageBreakToken>
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; SK: Caragh Lake; DU: Phoenix Park; Carlow, Antrim), Italy (Tuscany: Gorgona Isl.; Sicily: Catania; Mt. Etna, Milo Fornazzo, 800 m; Bolzano, Sarntal; 1250 m;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Südtirol">Suedtirol</normalizedToken>
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: Ahrntal; Trentino: Riva s. Garda; Trentino: Tremalzo), Netherlands (DR: Wijster; Borger, FL: Lelystad (Oostvaardersplassen & Jagersbos), GE: Gortel; Ede; Epe; Heerde; Nunspeet; Tongeren, NB: Baarle-Nassau; Eindhoven; Geertruidenberg; Hoogerheide; Nijmegen, Berg en Dal; Vierlingsbeek; Etten-Leur; Hilvarenbeek; Rijen; Bergen op Zoom; Oss; Raamdonksveer; Tilburg (Kaaistoep), LI: Arcen; Geulle; Lemelerberg; Neercanne; Wrakelberg; Grubbenvorst; St. Pietersberg; Vilt; Wolder, NH: Weesp; Texel, Oudeschild, UT: Linschoten, ZH: Meijendel; Oostvoorne; Ouddorp; Lexmond; Melissant; Nieuwkoopse Plassen; Noordwijk; Rotterdam; Voorschoten; Waarder, FR: Ried; Terschelling, ZE: Haamstede; Westenschouwen), Norway (Oppland, Lom-Lia), Slovakia (B. Karpaty-Jaktar, Drietoma), Spain (Teruel, Tramacastilla; Navarra, Alsasua, 600 m; Mallorca, Porto Cristo; Zaragoza: Juslibol), Sweden (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Skåne">Skane</normalizedToken>
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:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Järahusen">Jaerahusen</normalizedToken>
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; Ystad;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Böste">Boeste</normalizedToken>
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; Spraggehusen;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ö">Oe</normalizedToken>
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.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Väringe">Vaeringe</normalizedToken>
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; Spukke;
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Härjedalen">Haerjedalen</normalizedToken>
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:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Tänndalen">Taenndalen</normalizedToken>
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; Duvberget; Halland:
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Åsa">Asa</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Närsbokrok">Naersbokrok</normalizedToken>
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), and Switzerland (GR: Sent Surains, Val Gronda, 1500 m). Paratypes in NMS, AAC, BMNH, BZL, M. Riedel collection, RMNH, H. Schnee collection, SYKE, MSC, ZJUH, MCZ and ZSSM.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="molecular data">
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<paragraph pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Molecular data.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="77" pageNumber="78">MRS154 (England KU682229, CO1), MRS156 (England JF962813, CO1), MRS157 (England KU682230, CO1), MRS515 (Netherlands KU682260, CO1).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="79" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
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A parasitoid of a wide range of low feeding noctuid larvae, as listed below. Overwinters as a small larva in the host, which is killed before it is in its final instar. Mummy (Fig. 204) largely dark brown (summer generations paler) and slender, usually formed in a prominent position at least in spring. Specimens (in NMS unless indicated) reared from wild-collected
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<taxonomicName family="Noctuidae" lsidName="" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
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identified as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Abrostola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Abrostola triplasia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="triplasia">Abrostola triplasia</taxonomicName>
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(Linnaeus) (1; J.L. Gregory),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Ammoconia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ammoconia caecimacula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="caecimacula">Ammoconia caecimacula</taxonomicName>
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(Denis &
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
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) (4:1; J. Connell/Austria),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Autographa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Autographa gamma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gamma">Autographa gamma</taxonomicName>
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(Linneaus) (2; G.E. King/Spain, E. Haeselbarth/Germany; 1 (RMNH), G. Peters/Germany),?
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Cerastis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cerastis rubricosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubricosa">Cerastis rubricosa</taxonomicName>
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(Denis &
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
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) (1; J.L. Gregory),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Cucullia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cucullia chamomillae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chamomillae">Cucullia chamomillae</taxonomicName>
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(Denis &
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
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) (2; A.A. Allen [1 is AAC]),?
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diarsia rubi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubi">Diarsia rubi</taxonomicName>
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(Vieweg) (1; T.H. Ford),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Dicestra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicestra trifolii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifolii">Dicestra trifolii</taxonomicName>
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(Hufnagel) (1; G.M. Haggett),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Euplexia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Euplexia lucipara" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucipara">Euplexia lucipara</taxonomicName>
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(Linnaeus) (6:1; P. Baker),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacanobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacanobia oleracea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oleracea">Lacanobia oleracea</taxonomicName>
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(Linnaeus) (2:1; P. Baker),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Melanchra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melanchra pisi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pisi">Melanchra pisi</taxonomicName>
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(Linnaeus) (5; P. Baker, A. Lord, M.R. Shaw),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Mythimna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mythimna ferrago" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ferrago">Mythimna ferrago</taxonomicName>
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(Fabricius) (1; J. L. Gregory),?
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Mythimna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mythimna impura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impura">Mythimna impura</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
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) (3:1; M. R. Hall),?
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Mythimna" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mythimna littoralis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littoralis">Mythimna littoralis</taxonomicName>
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(Curtis) (1; F.D. Bennett),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Noctua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Noctua comes" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="comes">Noctua comes</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
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(14; J. Connell[?], D. Hackett[?], G.M. Haggett, E. Haeselbarth, R. Hinz, R.A. Softly),
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Noctua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Noctua fimbriata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fimbriata">Noctua fimbriata</taxonomicName>
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(Schreber) (2; G.M. Haggett, R.A. Softly),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Noctua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Noctua interjecta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="interjecta">Noctua interjecta</taxonomicName>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hübner">Huebner</normalizedToken>
|
||
(2; M.R. Hall, G.M. Haggett),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Noctua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Noctua janthina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janthina">Noctua janthina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Denis &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
) (1; G.M. Haggett),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Noctua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Noctua orbona" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbona">Noctua orbona</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hufnagel) (3; G.M. Haggett),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Noctua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Noctua pronuba" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pronuba">Noctua pronuba</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linnaeus) (5 [2 are BMNH]; R.A. Softly),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Orthosia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthosia gracilis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">Orthosia gracilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Denis &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
) (1; M.R. Shaw),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Paradiarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradiarsia glareosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glareosa">Paradiarsia glareosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Esper) (1; G.M. Haggett),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Phlogophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phlogophora meticulosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meticulosa">Phlogophora meticulosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linnaeus) (10; M.R. Shaw, R.A. Softly, J. Voogd),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Shargacucullia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shargacucullia verbasci" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verbasci">Shargacucullia verbasci</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linnaeus) (24 [5 are OUM, 1 is AAC]; A.A. Allen, F.C. Woodforde, M.R. Shaw),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Standfussiana" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Standfussiana lucernea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lucernea">Standfussiana lucernea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linnaeus) (1; R.F. Logan),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Stilbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stilbia anomala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomala">Stilbia anomala</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Haworth) (4; G.M. Haggett),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Xestia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xestia agathina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="agathina">Xestia agathina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Duponchel) (12 [6 are ZSSM, 2 are AAC]; A.A. Allen, E. Bauer, A. Dobson,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="78" pageNumber="79" start="start">M</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.R. Shaw),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Xestia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xestia baja" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="baja">Xestia baja</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Denis &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
) (1; J.L. Gregory),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Xestia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xestia castanea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="castanea">Xestia castanea</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Esper) (8 [5 are ZSSM]; E. Bauer, K.P. Bland[?], M.R. Shaw),
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Xestia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xestia xanthographa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xanthographa">Xestia xanthographa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Denis &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Schiffermüller">Schiffermueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
) (31 [1 is ZSSM, 1 is RMNH]; E. Bauer, M.R. Britten, J. Connell, G.M. Haggett, M.R. Hall, N. Hall, R. Hinz, M.R. Shaw, R.A. Softly), and unidentified noctuids (81 [14 are BMNH], mostly collected as mummies). Specimens in NMS reared in culture experiments are included in the type material (but not in the above host list), and these experimental results (using females from the overwinter generation to parasitize summer hosts) are as follows:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Diarsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diarsia rubi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubi">Diarsia rubi</taxonomicName>
|
||
1:16\16\\7+4 [several others were retarded but died];
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Dicestra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dicestra trifolii" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifolii">Dicestra trifolii</taxonomicName>
|
||
5:28\28\\24+4;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Lacanobia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lacanobia oleracea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oleracea">Lacanobia oleracea</taxonomicName>
|
||
6:28\22\\0+16 [several others were retarded but died];
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Melanchra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Melanchra persicariae" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="persicariae">Melanchra persicariae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linnaeus) 4:22\13[several others pricked and paralysed without oviposition]\\0+13;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Orthosia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthosia cerasi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cerasi">Orthosia cerasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fabricius) 7:55\6\\5+1;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Orthosia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthosia gothica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gothica">Orthosia gothica</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Linneaus) 6:40\1\\0+1;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Orthosia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthosia gracilis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilis">Orthosia gracilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
8:27\16\\14+2;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Orthosia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Orthosia incerta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="incerta">Orthosia incerta</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hufnagel) 6:23\4\\2+1;
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Phlogophora" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phlogophora meticulosa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="meticulosa">Phlogophora meticulosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
9:49\44\\29+14:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Shargacucullia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Shargacucullia verbasci" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="verbasci">Shargacucullia verbasci</taxonomicName>
|
||
1:1\1\\1+0. In Britain adult flight times peak around May,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="July–August">July-August</normalizedToken>
|
||
and October. However, in common with most
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Aleiodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the adults are very long-lived and can be found in most months (but we have no British records from January to March). Both sexes come feely to light, but it is also active by day. The males tend to court non-conspecific females (at least of some species) with as much - though unsuccessful - vigour as with conspecifics. All host records are from
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Noctuidae" lsidName="" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" rank="family">Noctuidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding on low plants, but within that group this species has an unusually broad host range. Many (but not all) of the overwintering hosts, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Noctua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Noctua" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Noctua</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Xestia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xestia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xestia</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (parasitized from September to November), feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" lsidName="Ichneumonoidea" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and grow slowly during mild periods in the winter, with mummification by the parasitoid in the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="host’s">host's</normalizedToken>
|
||
3rd or 4th instar sometimes as early as February, but more often during March or April. The resulting adults again parasitize low-feeding noctuids, with a similarly broad range of hosts, but mostly on plants other than
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Poaceae" lsidName="Ichneumonoidea" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Adults of both sexes are often swept from trees and bushes (especially in late summer and autumn) but they are probably merely feeding on honeydew rather than seeking hosts: although some
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Noctua" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Noctua" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Noctua</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Xestia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Xestia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Xestia</taxonomicName>
|
||
species that feed through the winter on grasses do sometimes oviposit on tree leaves, with the resulting larvae feeding thereon until (easily!) displaced, their falling to the field layer usually happens in the first instar (MRS, personal observation) when they are probably still too small to be easily parasitized by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes leptofemur" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leptofemur">Aleiodes leptofemur</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is rather remarkable that the host larvae, especially of the overwintering generation, regularly (perhaps invariably) climb out of their normal living space, to be mummified fully exposed high on stems of various kinds (very often on dead grass seed heads), on tree trunks, fence posts etc. Related common species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes nigriceps" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigriceps">Aleiodes nigriceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes pictus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pictus">Aleiodes pictus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes similis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">Aleiodes similis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Curtis, 1834) [the latter to be treated in a subsequent part of this revision], which (at least overwinter) parasitize ecologically similar and closely related - or in many cases the same - noctuid species, do not cause their hosts to do this, but instead the hosts parasitized by these species seek concealment before mummification. Consequently, mummies of this group found exposed in nature are almost invariably those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes leptofemur" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leptofemur">Aleiodes leptofemur</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is an obvious suggestion that this helps the parasitoid to avoid idiobiont parasitism (pseudohyperparasitism) in the dangerous
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="79" pageNumber="80" start="start">field</pageBreakToken>
|
||
layer, including by virtue of faster development to the relative safety of the adult stage (the spring-forming mummies are very dark and presumably absorb insolation energy well), but it does leave open the question why the other (related, and similarly plurivoltine) species mentioned above have not adopted the same habit.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Figures 203-204.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes leptofemur" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leptofemur">Aleiodes leptofemur</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., ♀, holotype. 203 habitus lateral 204 mummy of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Noctuidae" genus="Stilbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stilbia anomala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomala">Stilbia anomala</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Haworth).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Length of fore femur 6.4-8.0
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
its maximum width (Fig. 209) and hind femur parallel-sided (Fig. 208); mesosternum usually black(ish); face with some weak transverse rugae dorsally; OOL 1.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
diameter of posterior ocellus; temple roundly narrowed (Fig. 214); scapus ventrally and usually basal half of antenna (dark) brown, rarely yellowish; hind femur slender, basally largely yellowish and frequently infuscate subapically, but remaining nearly always paler than ventral side of scapus; if rarely hind femur is distinctly infuscate (Fig. 208) then often also hind coxa (at least basally) and base of hind tibia infuscate (Fig. 203); face usually black or dark brown medially and near eyes yellowish brown; antennal segments of ♂ 35-40, usually 36-38, less than of ♀, which has usually 37-39 segments; pterostigma tending to be dark brown medially (Fig. 205). Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes borealis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">Aleiodes borealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Thomson, 1892) and to species of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes pictus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pictus">Aleiodes pictus</taxonomicName>
|
||
aggregate. They differ by having the length of the fore femur 5.4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–6.4(–">-6.4(-</normalizedToken>
|
||
7.3)
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
its maximum width and the hind femur more or less weakly swollen; if more than 6.4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
then the face without transverse rugae dorsally, the hind femur comparatively wide basally, the mesosternum yellowish or the temple comparatively wide, or the scapus ventrally and the basal half of the antenna yellowish brown; if the scapus is dark brown or blackish then the scapus is similarly coloured as the hind femur subapically; colour of the hind femur variable, usually dark brown or blackish subapically; face usually completely black or rarely yellowish; antennal segments of male 37-45, averages about one segment more than of female, which has 36-45 segments (32-34 in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes borealis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">Aleiodes borealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, of which we have not seen a male with complete antenna); pterostigma is variable, but often yellowish medially; clypeus distinctly transverse and less depressed ventrally, and hind femur rather micro-sculptured. Some dark males of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes similis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">Aleiodes similis</taxonomicName>
|
||
are very like pale males of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes leptofemur" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leptofemur">Aleiodes leptofemur</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in extreme cases scarcely separable. The new species shares with the East Palaearctic
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes angustatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustatus">Aleiodes angustatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Papp, 1971) the elongate and paralle-sided fore and hind femora.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes angustatus" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="angustatus">Aleiodes angustatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the body entirely yellowish brown, the ocelli larger (POL slightly less than the diameter of the posterior ocellus and OOL about 1.2 times diameter of ocellus), the antenna of ♀ with 47-49 (♂: 46-49) segments, the second metasomal tergite nearly parallel-sided, the precoxal sulcus witrh distinct rugae and the pterostigma yellow.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Figures 205-214.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes leptofemur" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leptofemur">Aleiodes leptofemur</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n., ♀, holotype. 205 wings 206 mesosoma lateral 207 propodeum and metasoma dorsal 208 hind leg lateral 209 fore femur lateral 210 basal segments of antenna 211 apical segments of antenna 212 head anterior 213 head lateral 214 head dorsal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="79" pageNumber="80">Holotype, ♀, length of fore wing 4.5 mm, of body 4.4 mm.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="80" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="79" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Head. Antennal segments 39, length of antenna 1.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
fore wing, its subapical segments about 1.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as wide (Fig. 211) and basal segments comparatively wide (Fig. 210); frons granulate-coriaceous, with satin sheen; OOL 1.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
diameter of posterior ocellus and coriaceous; vertex granulate-coriaceous, with satin sheen; clypeus distinctly convex (Fig. 213), coriaceous; ventral margin of clypeus rounded and depressed (Fig. 212); width of hypoclypeal depression 0.4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
minimum width of face and face coriaceous, dorsally somewhat rugulose (Fig. 212); length of eye 2.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
temple in dorsal view and temple gradually roundly narrowed behind eye (Fig. 214); occiput
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="80" pageNumber="81" start="start">behind</pageBreakToken>
|
||
stemmaticum granulate-coriaceous, occipital carina interrupted by somewhat more than width of ocellus (Fig. 214); clypeus partly above lower level of eyes (Fig. 212); length of malar space 0.4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
length of eye in lateral view; eyes moderately protruding (Figs 212-214).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Mesosoma. Mesoscutal lobes finely coriaceous, with satin sheen, medio-posteriorly with a few rugulae; notauli complete and narrow, largely smooth and posteriorly reduced; prepectal carina narrow lamelliform, reaching anterior border; precoxal area of mesopleuron granulate-coriaceous, mesopleuron with superficially granulate and shiny speculum and rugose dorso-anteriorly (Fig. 206); metapleuron granulate-coriaceous, matt and posteriorly not tuberculate; mesosternal sulcus narrow and rather deep, shallow medio-posteriorly and no carina; mesosternum angulate posteriorly; scutellum elongate, slightly convex, granulate-coriaceous and laterally largely without carina; propodeum rather flat dorsally, not tuberculate latero-posteriorly, and coriaceous with median carina complete.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Wings. Fore wing: r 0.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3-SR (Fig. 205); 1-CU1 horizontal, 0.4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as 2-CU1; r-m 0.6
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
2-SR, and 0.35
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
3-SR; second submarginal cell comparatively large (Fig. 205); cu-a weakly oblique, not parallel with CU1b, straight; 1-M nearly straight posteriorly. Hind wing: apically marginal cell nearly twice as wide as its minimum width; 2-SC+R short and longitudinal; m-cu short and not pigmented (Fig. 205).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Legs. Tarsal claws setose; hind coxa finely coriaceous, largely matt; hind trochantellus 2.4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than wide; length of fore and hind femora 6.9 and 6.9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
their width, respectively (Figs 208-209); inner apex of hind tibia without comb; length of inner hind spur 0.3
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
hind basitarsus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Metasoma. First tergite 1.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
as long as wide posteriorly and latero-posteriorly narrowly lamelliform, moderately convex and flattened posteriorly, dorsope medium-sized (Fig. 207); first and second tergites densely and longitudinally rugulose (Fig. 207), with distinct median carina; medio-basal area of second tergite absent; second suture narrow and finely crenulate; third tergite coriaceous and remainder of metasoma largely smooth and shiny; fourth and apical half of third tergite without sharp lateral crease; ovipositor sheath (except dorsally) moderately setose.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Colour. Black; antenna dark brown; palpi largely brown; tegulae, malar space ventrally and triangular patch on second tergite pale yellowish (Fig. 207); inner orbita as dark as face centrally; outer orbita posteriorly and dorsally, malar space dorsally and mesoscutum medio-posteriorly brownish yellow (Fig. 213); mesopleuron with ventral brownish yellow stripe (Fig. 206); hind coxa largely, apical half of hind femur, base of hind tibia and tarsi rather fuzzy dark brown (Figs 203, 208) and remainder of legs yellowish brown; veins and pterostigma (except yellow basal 0.3 and slightly apex) dark brown; border between dark and pale part of pterostigma rather sharp, contrasting with each other (Fig. 205); wing membrane subhyaline.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="81" lastPageNumber="82" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
|
||
Variation. Length of fore wing 4.5-5.0 mm; antennal segments of ♀ 35(3), 36(16), 37(79), 38(98), 39(70), 40(20), 41(1), 42(1), of ♂ 35(22), 36(64), 37(89), 38(60), 39(17), 40(4), 41(1)); mesosoma largely black to largely orange brown; medial length of second tergite 0.8-0.9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
its basal width; OOL of male slightly longer than diameter
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="81" pageNumber="82" start="start">of</pageBreakToken>
|
||
posterior ocellus and apical half of antenna dark brown; mesopleuron medially and propodeum rugose or superficially rugulose. Specimens of the summer generation(s) are usually overall paler than those from the overwinter generation. The face usually dark centrally with the inner orbits paler but sometimes face completely black (as in the type, from the overwinter generation), less often completely orange or darkened only near clypeus (males more likely than females to exhibit these extremes). Extent of orange markings on mesoscutum extremely variable, but almost always distinct; metasoma only rarely wholly black or dark brown. Colour of pterostigma very variable, sometimes pale greyish and only faintly darker near posterior margin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
The broad host range, which has (at least in part) been experimentally verified, may contribute to the variability of this species. We have seen a large number of summer-generation female specimens from S. Europe (Portugal, Greece, Turkey and most notably a long series from South Bulgaria from Rodopi in BZL) that consistently differ in colour from summer specimens from Britain in the combination of a slightly darker pterostigma, uniformly pale legs, and the metasomal tergites posterior to the central pale area tending to be reddish brown rather than blackish, and they are also slightly smaller. Because of its relative uniformity in contrast to the variability of what we otherwise regard as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes leptofemur" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leptofemur">Aleiodes leptofemur</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it seem possible that this material represents a different species and we have not included it in the type series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
This common and widely distributed species is named after its slender femora (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“leptos”">"leptos"</normalizedToken>
|
||
= Greek for
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“thin”">"thin"</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">*Andorra, *Austria, *Belgium, *British Isles (England, Wales, Isle of Man, Scotland, Ireland, Guernsey, Jersey), *Bulgaria, *Cyprus, *Czech Republic, *France, *Finland, *Germany, *Gibraltar (British territory), *Greece, *Hungary, *Italy, *Netherlands, *Norway, *Slovakia, *Spain, *Sweden, *Switzerland. The southern European countries are included provisionally (see above under variation).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="81" pageNumber="82" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">Notes.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="81" pageNumber="82">
|
||
Males have on average about one fewer antennal segments than females. Both authors have left determination labels for this species incorrectly as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Aleiodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aleiodes borealis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borealis">Aleiodes borealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Thomson) on a large number of specimens in many collections (up until about 2006 for CvA; until 2007 for MRS), which are now impossible to correct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |