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<document id="29E691B4D018C54F592E41F39C1AB0C1" ID-CLB-Dataset="27973" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4520.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d7ce47e4-cf32-40d9-9d95-9625427cedaf" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2609576" ID-ZooBank="E464CD8A-2738-40C3-B681-9FE4E618C29C" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553623268021" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chłond, Dominik" docDate="2018" docId="E64E45514131FFA6FF67FC9CFCDDFCC0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4520.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4520 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C4791ACFF01C5C140D2C1A203DB3C9B0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.monograph" docStyleId="C4791ACFF01C5C140D2C1A203DB3C9B0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.monograph" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Sirthenea Spinola 1837" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="8" masterDocId="1A773D294135FFA1FFF0FFDDFFA9FFD5" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the genus Sirthenea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) of the Old World" masterLastPageNumber="85" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="5" updateTime="1698713644913" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="1F9DFA0A078D4A0DFDA5E396707F4A3D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="72106D6F6C9DB1E8C80B9DA14B2ED2CF">
<mods:title id="76C82732DC0EC58B25930781036A8957">A taxonomic revision of the genus Sirthenea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) of the Old World</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FBF14A9D92AFB4F37BCC1CB6E24289AE">Chłond, Dominik</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="8A7B5ECFB45AED30C5FEC77A2F31DDA4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="33E560B203C68565196C67B21B083B6C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="DFA04C5424F6AE559D5C80857B7C35FB">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="2E985DFDC23F4232FA54217F1F37F6A1">2018-11-12</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="D47B31665CFBFEFEF26374F2EAAAAD3B">4520</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="943AA9C49C5C4F544C6BBD956555424F">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="2C5DCB5BCED15CB5227BE7370E95414B" type="CLB-Dataset">27973</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="EAFE17315B8592F80149C713E0AD4AD8" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4520.1.1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="45A7E1CA29CE1DCDD59F9C74A3526B0B" type="GBIF-Dataset">d7ce47e4-cf32-40d9-9d95-9625427cedaf</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5FB78C593EDB60992EAA9FCFE466A002" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E64E45514131FFA6FF67FC9CFCDDFCC0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5950666" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154498633" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5950666" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E64E45514131FFA6FF67FC9CFCDDFCC0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E64E45514131FFA6FF67FC9CFCDDFCC0" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<subSubSection id="26FDA7CC4131FFA5FF67FC9CFDBAFC8E" box="[151,531,833,859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6E58F4474131FFA5FF67FC9CFDBAFC8E" blockId="4.[151,531,833,859]" box="[151,531,833,859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="3510432B4131FFA5FF67FC9CFDBAFC8E" bold="true" box="[151,531,833,859]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="1">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FF67FC9CFDBAFC8E" bold="true" box="[151,531,833,859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44131FFA5FF1EFC9CFDBAFC8E" ID-CoL="7HTM" authority="Spinola, 1837" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1837" box="[238,531,833,859]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirthenea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FF1EFC9CFECDFC8E" bold="true" box="[238,356,833,859]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sirthenea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64131FFA5FE9BFC9CFDBAFC8E" author="Spinola, M. M." box="[363,531,833,859]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref44969" refString="Spinola, M. M. (1837) Essai sur les genres d'inseces appartenants a l'ordre des Hemipteres, Lin. ou Rhyngotes, Fab. et a la section des Heteropteres, Dufour. Par Maximilien Spinola. Genes, Chez Yves Gravier, 383 pp. [re-published as Spinola, M. M. (1840) Essai sur les Insectes Hemipteres Rhyngotes ou Heteropteres. Baill, Paris, 383 pp.]" type="book" year="1837">Spinola, 1837</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="26FDA7CC4131FFA5FF67FC5BFE37FBC2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="6E58F4474131FFA5FF67FC5BFBCCFC49" blockId="4.[151,1436,902,1047]" box="[151,1125,902,925]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="4EF7D3694131FFA5FF67FC5BFBCCFC49" box="[151,1125,902,925]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44131FFA5FF67FC5BFE68FC49" ID-CoL="7HTM" authority="Spinola, 1837: 100" authorityName="Spinola" authorityPageNumber="100" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,449,902,924]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirthenea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FF67FC5BFF51FC49" box="[151,248,902,924]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sirthenea</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="EF46D2564131FFA5FF0EFC5BFE68FC49" author="Spinola, M. M." box="[254,449,902,924]" page="100" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1837">
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64131FFA5FF0EFC5BFE26FC49" author="Spinola, M. M." box="[254,399,902,924]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref44969" refString="Spinola, M. M. (1837) Essai sur les genres d'inseces appartenants a l'ordre des Hemipteres, Lin. ou Rhyngotes, Fab. et a la section des Heteropteres, Dufour. Par Maximilien Spinola. Genes, Chez Yves Gravier, 383 pp. [re-published as Spinola, M. M. (1840) Essai sur les Insectes Hemipteres Rhyngotes ou Heteropteres. Baill, Paris, 383 pp.]" type="book" year="1837">Spinola, 1837</bibRefCitation>
: 100
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="B15C4AE54131FFA5FE3BFC5AFE54FC49" box="[459,509,903,924]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44131FFA5FDAAFC5BFC68FC49" ID-CoL="4RPFM" authority="Fabricius, 1798" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1798" box="[602,961,902,925]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Reduvius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="carinatus">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FDAAFC5BFCB5FC48" box="[602,796,902,925]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Reduvius carinatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64131FFA5FCD3FC5BFC68FC49" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[803,961,902,924]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" refId="ref44129" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1798) Supplementum entomologiae systematicae. Proft et Storch, Hafniae, 572 pp." type="book" year="1798">Fabricius, 1798</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(by monotypy).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E58F4474131FFA5FF67FC7BFEE2FC0F" blockId="4.[151,1436,902,1047]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="4EF7D3694131FFA5FF67FC7BFEE2FC0F" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44131FFA5FF67FC7BFE75FC6E" authority="Horvath, 1909: 357" authorityName="Horvath" authorityPageNumber="357" authorityYear="1909" box="[151,476,933,955]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Monogmus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FF67FC7BFEAEFC6E" box="[151,263,934,955]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Monogmus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="EF46D2564131FFA5FEE1FC78FE75FC6E" author="Horvath, G." box="[273,476,933,955]" page="357" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1909">
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64131FFA5FEE1FC78FE03FC6E" author="Horvath, G." box="[273,426,933,955]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="356 - 369" refId="ref44410" refString="Horvath, G. (1909) Species generis Reduviidarum Sirthenea Spinola. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 7, 356 - 369." type="journal article" year="1909">Horváth, 1909</bibRefCitation>
: 357
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(as subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44131FFA5FD62FC78FD5AFC6E" ID-CoL="7HTM" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1837" box="[658,755,933,955]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirthenea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FD62FC78FD5AFC6E" box="[658,755,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sirthenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<typeStatus id="B15C4AE54131FFA5FCFBFC7BFC94FC6E" box="[779,829,934,955]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44131FFA5FC6FFC78FAB0FC6E" ID-CoL="4XRFK" authority="Horvath, 1909" authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1909" box="[927,1305,933,955]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirthenea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrocyanea">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FC6FFC78FBD2FC6E" box="[927,1147,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sirthenea atrocyanea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64131FFA5FB74FC78FAB0FC6E" author="Horvath, G." box="[1156,1305,933,955]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="356 - 369" refId="ref44410" refString="Horvath, G. (1909) Species generis Reduviidarum Sirthenea Spinola. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 7, 356 - 369." type="journal article" year="1909">Horváth, 1909</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(by original designation).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E58F4474131FFA5FF67FC3FFE37FBC2" blockId="4.[151,1436,902,1047]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="4EF7D3694131FFA5FF67FC3FFE37FBC2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44131FFA5FF67FC3FFE6AFC2D" authority="Miller, 1958: 72" authorityName="Miller" authorityPageNumber="72" authorityYear="1958" box="[151,451,994,1016]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirtheneana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FF67FC3FFEBBFC2D" box="[151,274,994,1016]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sirtheneana</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="EF46D2564131FFA5FEE9FC3FFE6AFC2D" author="Miller, N. C. E." box="[281,451,994,1016]" page="72" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1958">
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64131FFA5FEE9FC3FFE32FC2D" author="Miller, N. C. E." box="[281,411,994,1016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="33 - 143" refId="ref44632" refString="Miller, N. C. E. (1958) On the Reduviidae of New Guinea and adjacent islands (Hemiptera: Hetroptera). Parts 1 and 2. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. Nova Guinea, 9, 33 - 143 + 145 - 229 + 322 - 678." type="journal article" year="1958">Miller, 1958</bibRefCitation>
: 72
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<typeStatus id="B15C4AE54131FFA5FE3EFC3EFDA9FC2D" box="[462,512,995,1016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44131FFA5FD91FC3FFC74FC2D" authority="Miller, 1958" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1958" box="[609,989,994,1016]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirtheneana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigronitens">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FD91FC3FFCFCFC2D" box="[609,853,994,1016]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sirtheneana nigronitens</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64131FFA5FCADFC3FFC74FC2D" author="Miller, N. C. E." box="[861,989,994,1016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="33 - 143" refId="ref44632" refString="Miller, N. C. E. (1958) On the Reduviidae of New Guinea and adjacent islands (Hemiptera: Hetroptera). Parts 1 and 2. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. Nova Guinea, 9, 33 - 143 + 145 - 229 + 322 - 678." type="journal article" year="1958">Miller, 1958</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(by original designation). Synonymized by
<treatmentCitation id="EF46D2564131FFA5FF37FBDCFE33FBC2" author="Willemse, L." box="[199,410,1025,1047]" page="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" year="1985">
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64131FFA5FF37FBDCFE33FBC2" author="Willemse, L." box="[199,410,1025,1047]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref45368" refString="Willemse, L. (1985) A taxonomic revision of the New World species of Sirthenea (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 215, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="1985">Willemse (1985: 16)</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="26FDA7CC4131FFA5FF67FB99FCB3FB38" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="6E58F4474131FFA5FF67FB99FCB3FB38" blockId="4.[151,1437,1092,2017]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FF67FB99FEB8FB88" bold="true" box="[151,273,1092,1117]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Distinguished from other genera of
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44131FFA5FD55FB99FCBCFB88" authorityName="Amyot &amp; Serville" authorityYear="1843" box="[677,789,1092,1117]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Peiratinae">Peiratinae</taxonomicName>
by the following combination of characters: body (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FAA1FB99FA38FB89" box="[1361,1425,1092,1117]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[331,1256,191,1771]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of Sirthenea: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) and anteocular part of head distinctly elongated; head triangular in dorsal view and elongated in horizontal plane in lateral view, anteocular part straight, with tip directed frontally; antennal insertion approximately at middle of anteocular part of head (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FE5CFB72FDFAFB1D" box="[428,595,1199,1224]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–155" captionStartId="71.[151,264,1961,1984]" captionTargetBox="[357,1236,233,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[357,1236,193,1939]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURES 153–155. Head in lateral view: 153—Sirthenea picescens Reuter, 1887; 154—S. kali sp. nov.; 155—S. nigronitens (Miller, 1958)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609639/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 153–155</figureCitation>
); fossula spongiosa large, usually present only on fore tibia, exceptionally on fore and middle tibiae (
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44131FFA5FE31FB09FDE6FB39" authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1909" box="[449,591,1236,1260]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirthenea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevicollis">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FE31FB09FDE6FB39" box="[449,591,1236,1260]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">S. laevicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FD98FB09FCA7FB38" box="[616,782,1236,1261]" captionStart="FIGURES 159–163" captionStartId="73.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[281,1310,193,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[281,1310,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURES 159–163. Fossula spongiosa on middle tibia of Sirthenea laevicollis Horváth, 1909: 159—fossula on middle tibia of brachypterous female; 160—SEM image of fossula spongiosa on middle tibia of male; 161—SEM image of apical part of fossula spongiosa on middle tibia of male; 162—SEM image of apical part of fossula spongiosa on middle tibia of male; 163— SEM image of setae of fossula spongiosa on middle tibia of male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609643/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 159–163</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="26FDA7CC4131FFA7FF37FB2AFF4FF8FD" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="description">
<paragraph id="6E58F4474131FFA5FF37FB2AFDDAFAE1" blockId="4.[151,1437,1092,2017]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FF37FB2AFDA9FAC5" bold="true" box="[199,512,1271,1296]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Redescription. Coloration</emphasis>
: Ground color dark (brown or black) with pale markings on legs, hemelytron, abdomen and connexives (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FE31FAC1FDCEFAE1" box="[449,615,1308,1333]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 193–196" captionStart-1="FIGURES 197–200" captionStart-2="FIGURES 201–204" captionStart-3="FIGURES 205–208" captionStart-4="FIGURES 209–210" captionStartId-0="78.[151,264,1971,1994]" captionStartId-1="79.[151,264,1969,1992]" captionStartId-2="80.[151,264,1960,1983]" captionStartId-3="81.[151,264,1961,1984]" captionStartId-4="82.[151,264,1175,1198]" captionTargetBox-0="[213,1376,243,1954]" captionTargetBox-1="[219,1374,201,1950]" captionTargetBox-2="[210,1365,234,1929]" captionTargetBox-3="[197,1383,211,1933]" captionTargetBox-4="[176,1411,235,1134]" captionTargetId-0="figure@78.[204,1385,193,1958]" captionTargetId-1="figure@79.[202,1389,193,1956]" captionTargetId-2="figure@80.[197,1393,193,1948]" captionTargetId-3="figure@81.[197,1392,193,1945]" captionTargetId-4="figure@82.[151,1436,193,1155]" captionTargetPageId-0="78" captionTargetPageId-1="79" captionTargetPageId-2="80" captionTargetPageId-3="81" captionTargetPageId-4="82" captionText-0="FIGURES 193–196. Color figures of habitus: 193—Sirthenea africana Distant, 1903; 194—S. flaviceps var. adelpha Horváth, 1909; 195—S. flaviceps var lugubris Horváth, 1909; 196—S. picescens Reuter, 1887." captionText-1="FIGURES 197–200. Color figures of habitus: 197—Sirthenea rodhaini Schouteden, 1913; 198—S. caiana Chłond, 2008; 199—S. dimidiata Horváth, 1911, male; 200—S. dimidiata, female." captionText-2="FIGURES 201–204. Color figures of habitus: 201—Sirthenea flavipes (Stål, 1855); 202—S. flavipes var. apicalis Horváth, 1909; 203—S. kali sp. nov.; 204—S. nigronitens (Miller, 1958)." captionText-3="FIGURES 205–208. Color figures of habitus: 205—Sirthenea nitida Chłond, 2008; 206—S. nigra Cai &amp; Tomokuni, 2004; 207—S. setosa sp. nov.; 208—S. obscura (Stål, 1866)." captionText-4="FIGURES 209–210. Color figures of habitus: 209—Sirthenea laevicollis Horváth, 1909, male; 210—S. laevicollis Horváth, 1909, female." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2609654/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2609656/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/2609658/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/2609660/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/2609662/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 193–210</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E58F4474131FFA5FF37FAE2FCD1FA10" blockId="4.[151,1437,1092,2017]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FF37FAE2FEE8FA8D" bold="true" box="[199,321,1343,1368]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Structure:</emphasis>
Body distinctly elongated (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FD72FAE2FD6CFA8D" box="[642,709,1343,1368]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[331,1256,191,1771]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of Sirthenea: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
), small to large, robust (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FC16FAE2FB85FA8D" box="[998,1068,1343,1368]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,250,1995,2017]" captionTargetBox="[238,1333,219,1930]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[237,1347,193,1978]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Sirthenea africana Distant, 1903—dorsal habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609580/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
) or slender (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FB31FAE2FA8AFA8D" box="[1217,1315,1343,1368]" captionStart="FIGURE 131" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1988,2010]" captionTargetBox="[192,1410,216,1954]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[163,1423,193,1966]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 131. Sirthenea laevicollis Horváth, 1909—macropterous male, dorsal habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609629/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 131</figureCitation>
) (females, including brachypterous forms, larger than males). Head, pronotum and scutellum shiny, hemelytron with slightly granulated corium and dull membrane covered by very small and distinctly curved setae, with apices direct into apex of wing. Vestiture medium-sized to large, erect or semierect.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E58F4474131FFA7FF37FA12FB7DFEC9" blockId="4.[151,1437,1092,2017]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FF37FA12FEAEFA3D" bold="true" box="[199,263,1487,1512]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Head</emphasis>
triangular with a distinctly elongated anteocular part and a distinct interocular furrow (middle part distinctly curved in acute angle) (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FDE3FA29FDFFF9D9" box="[531,598,1524,1549]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[331,1256,191,1771]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of Sirthenea: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). In frontal view head almost cylindrical with convex or slightly elevated ventral and dorsal surfaces; lateral surfaces slightly flattened. Mandibular plate small, subtriangular, with sharp apical part. Maxillary plates large, with sharp and distinctly depressed apex. Clypeus slender, distinctly facing downward with gibbose basal part. Labrum triangular, slightly gibbose in basal part with sharp or slightly rounded apex. Antennifer distinctly visible, placed dorsolaterally with downward apices. Point of antennal insertion in middle of anteocular part of head. Scape shortest and most robust segment, slightly curved and gradually narrowing towards its base, either not reaching, reaching (subgenus
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44131FFA5FC52F911FBA4F931" box="[930,1037,1740,1764]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirthenea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Sirthenea">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FC52F911FBA4F931" box="[930,1037,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Sirthenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FBD7F911FBC4F931" box="[1063,1133,1740,1765]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[331,1256,191,1771]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of Sirthenea: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
: SC) or visibly surpassing (subgenus
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44131FFA5FEE2F92CFE27F8DD" box="[274,398,1777,1800]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirthenea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Monogmus">
<emphasis id="5C9328554131FFA5FEE2F92CFE27F8DD" box="[274,398,1777,1800]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Monogmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FE5AF932FE56F8DD" box="[426,511,1775,1800]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1992,2014]" captionText="FIGURE 28. Sirthenea picescens Reuter, 1887—dorsal habitus." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
) apex of head. Scape with medium-sized setae (thin, erect and thick, adherent). Pedicel longest, thinner than scape, covered with short, dense, adherent setae and a few very long, trichobothrial setae (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FF10F8EAFE21F885" box="[224,392,1847,1872]" captionStart="FIGURES 169–182" captionStartId="75.[151,262,1622,1645]" captionTargetBox="[152,1436,180,1601]" captionTargetId="figure@75.[151,1436,180,1601]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURES 169–182. Trichobothrial setae on pedicel: 169—Sirthenea africana Distant, 1903; 170—S. flaviceps (Signoret, 1860); 171—S. picescens Reuter, 1887; 172—S. rodhaini Schouteden, 1913; 173—S. caiana Chłond, 2008; 174—S. dimidiata Horváth, 1911; 175—S. flavipes (Stål, 1855); 176—S. kali sp. nov.; 177—S. nigronitens (Miller, 1958); 178—S. nitida Chłond, 2008; 179—S. nigra Cai &amp; Tomokuni, 2004; 180—S. setosa sp. nov.; 181—S. laevicollis Horváth, 1909; 182—S. obscura (Stål, 1866)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609648/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 169–182</figureCitation>
). Basi- and distiflagellum distinctly thinner than scape and pedicel. Eyes globular, large, in lateral view with rounded anterior margin and curved, visibly flattened posterior margin (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FB8FF881FA8DF8A0" box="[1151,1316,1884,1909]" captionStart="FIGURES 153–155" captionStartId="71.[151,264,1961,1984]" captionTargetBox="[357,1236,233,1939]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[357,1236,193,1939]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURES 153–155. Head in lateral view: 153—Sirthenea picescens Reuter, 1887; 154—S. kali sp. nov.; 155—S. nigronitens (Miller, 1958)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609639/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 153–155</figureCitation>
). Posterior margin of an eye in laterial view S- (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FDA0F8A2FD1AF84D" box="[592,691,1919,1944]" captionStart="FIGURES 188–192" captionStartId="77.[151,264,1845,1868]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1095,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,1095,1824]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURES 188–192. 188—Ridges of metapleura of Sirthenea caiana Chłond, 2008; 189—U-shape posterior margin of an eye of S. obscura (Stål, 1866); 190—S-shape posterior margin of an eye of S. flaviceps (Signoret, 1860); 191—Ridges of proepisternum and proepimeron of S. africana Distant, 1903; 192—Ridges of proepisternum and proepimeron of S. nigronitens (Miller, 1958)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609652/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 190</figureCitation>
) or U-curved (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24131FFA5FC95F8A2FC65F84D" box="[869,972,1919,1944]" captionStart="FIGURES 188–192" captionStartId="77.[151,264,1845,1868]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1095,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,1095,1824]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURES 188–192. 188—Ridges of metapleura of Sirthenea caiana Chłond, 2008; 189—U-shape posterior margin of an eye of S. obscura (Stål, 1866); 190—S-shape posterior margin of an eye of S. flaviceps (Signoret, 1860); 191—Ridges of proepisternum and proepimeron of S. africana Distant, 1903; 192—Ridges of proepisternum and proepimeron of S. nigronitens (Miller, 1958)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609652/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 189</figureCitation>
). Facets pigmented or without pigment; marginal facets frequently not pigmented or pigmentation shows different patterns from more central facets. Postocular part of head slightly convex dorsally with variably-sized (mostly large) setae. Ocelli not pigmented or reduced in some brachypterous forms (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FDA8FF4AFD07FF65" box="[600,686,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 94" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1994,2016]" captionTargetBox="[187,1407,196,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[175,1412,193,1972]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 94. Sirthenea kali sp. nov.—dorsal habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609610/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
), placed on very wide, flat or slightly elevated tubercles. Labium relatively slender, arcuate. First visible labial segment short and stout with slight sculpturation on ventral surface. Second visible labial segment, laterally flattened and gradually narrowing into apex, basally distinctly convex on ventral surface. Third visible labial segment long and slender with wider basal part.
</paragraph>
<caption id="3A98A4CF4130FFA4FF67F925FBE0F830" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" targetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="6E58F4474130FFA4FF67F925FBE0F830" blockId="5.[151,1436,1784,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="5C9328554130FFA4FF67F925FEBEF8D8" bold="true" box="[151,279,1784,1806]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
General morphology of
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44130FFA4FDD4F925FD2CF8DB" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1837" box="[548,645,1784,1806]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirthenea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5C9328554130FFA4FDD4F925FD2CF8DB" box="[548,645,1784,1806]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Sirthenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6E58F4474133FFA7FF37FEFAFB07FB3D" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="5C9328554133FFA7FF37FEFAFE80FE95" bold="true" box="[199,297,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Thorax.</emphasis>
Anterolateral angles of collar visibly not or delicately enlarged. Anterior pronotal lobe trapezoidal (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FF6FFE91FF4FFEB1" box="[159,230,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[331,1256,191,1771]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of Sirthenea: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
: APL), rounded (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FE43FE91FDBFFEB1" box="[435,534,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 132" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1995,2017]" captionTargetBox="[197,1401,210,1963]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[177,1414,193,1978]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 132. Sirthenea laevicollis Horváth, 1909—brachypterous female, dorsal habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609631/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 132</figureCitation>
) or elongate (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FD4AFE91FC80FEB1" box="[698,809,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 122" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1998,2020]" captionTargetBox="[187,1393,236,1976]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[184,1399,193,1979]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 122. Sirthenea setosa sp. nov.—dorsal habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609625/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 122</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FCC7FE91FCCAFEB1" box="[823,867,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 131" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1988,2010]" captionTargetBox="[192,1410,216,1954]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[163,1423,193,1966]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 131. Sirthenea laevicollis Horváth, 1909—macropterous male, dorsal habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609629/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">131</figureCitation>
) in dorsal view and relatively flattened in lateral view, visibly enlarged in brachypterous forms (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FD34FEB2FC8EFE5D" box="[708,807,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 42" captionStartId="26.[151,250,1988,2010]" captionTargetBox="[179,1364,213,1900]" captionTargetId="figure@26.[174,1411,193,1965]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 42. Sirthenea rodhaini Schouteden, 1913—brachypterous female, dorsal habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609590/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 42</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FCC6FEB2FCFCFE5D" box="[822,853,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 66" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1997,2019]" captionTargetBox="[319,1295,223,1962]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[282,1305,193,1981]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 66. Sirthenea dimidiata Horváth, 1911—brachypterous female, dorsal habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609600/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">66</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FC94FEADFC2CFE5D" box="[868,901,368,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 94" captionStartId="49.[151,250,1994,2016]" captionTargetBox="[187,1407,196,1955]" captionTargetId="figure@49.[175,1412,193,1972]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="FIGURE 94. Sirthenea kali sp. nov.—dorsal habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609610/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">94</figureCitation>
). Anterior pronotal lobe with distinct median pronotal apophysis and visible dull sulci (barely visible in representatives of subgenus
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44133FFA7FB4EFE48FA95FE79" box="[1214,1340,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirthenea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Monogmus">
<emphasis id="5C9328554133FFA7FB4EFE48FA95FE79" box="[1214,1340,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Monogmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, except median sulcus) (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FEA2FE6AFE3EFE05" box="[338,407,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[331,1256,191,1771]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of Sirthenea: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
: MS). Median sulcus (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FD69FE6AFD77FE05" box="[665,734,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[331,1256,191,1771]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of Sirthenea: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
: MS) thin and slightly visible, connected with slightly visible frontal dull area, placed along collar. Latero-internal sulci (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FCB1FE01FC2EFE21" box="[833,903,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[331,1256,191,1771]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of Sirthenea: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
: LIS) distinctly depressed and visible, arcuate and elongated along miedial part of collar. Latero-medial sulci (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FC64FE22FC74FDCD" box="[916,989,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[331,1256,191,1771]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of Sirthenea: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
: LMS) slightly arcuate and gradually narrowing into apex. Basal part connected with lateral margin of anterior pronotal lobe. Latero-external sulci (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FF6FFD9AFF4DFDB5" box="[159,228,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[331,1256,191,1771]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of Sirthenea: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
:
<collectingRegion id="AC233AA54133FFA7FF01FD95FE8CFDB5" box="[241,293,584,608]" country="Cameroon" name="East" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">LES</collectingRegion>
) arcuate, thin and distinctly depressed. Basal part of latero-external sulci connected with transversal suture. Transversal suture deeply depressed. Posterior pronotal lobe with elevated medial part and distinctly lower lateral parts. Posterior margin of posterior pronotal lobe slightly (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FC2DFD52FB9BFD7D" box="[989,1074,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1992,2014]" captionText="FIGURE 28. Sirthenea picescens Reuter, 1887—dorsal habitus." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
) or distinctly (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FB11FD52FA9CFD7D" box="[1249,1333,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,2003,2025]" captionTargetBox="[179,1391,198,1981]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[172,1414,195,2008]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Sirthenea flaviceps (Signoret, 1860)—dorsal habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609584/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
) curved. Pronotum covered by various sized setae. Proepisternum and proepimeron large, similar in size and placed to right angle to each other with ridges connected (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FD4FFD0AFC89FD25" box="[703,800,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 188–192" captionStartId="77.[151,264,1845,1868]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1095,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,1095,1824]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURES 188–192. 188—Ridges of metapleura of Sirthenea caiana Chłond, 2008; 189—U-shape posterior margin of an eye of S. obscura (Stål, 1866); 190—S-shape posterior margin of an eye of S. flaviceps (Signoret, 1860); 191—Ridges of proepisternum and proepimeron of S. africana Distant, 1903; 192—Ridges of proepisternum and proepimeron of S. nigronitens (Miller, 1958)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609652/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 191</figureCitation>
) or not (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FC74FD0AFC4CFD25" box="[900,997,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURES 188–192" captionStartId="77.[151,264,1845,1868]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1095,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,1095,1824]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURES 188–192. 188—Ridges of metapleura of Sirthenea caiana Chłond, 2008; 189—U-shape posterior margin of an eye of S. obscura (Stål, 1866); 190—S-shape posterior margin of an eye of S. flaviceps (Signoret, 1860); 191—Ridges of proepisternum and proepimeron of S. africana Distant, 1903; 192—Ridges of proepisternum and proepimeron of S. nigronitens (Miller, 1958)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609652/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 192</figureCitation>
) in entire length. Surface of propleura distinctly pointed. Mesepisternum large, mesepimeron distinctly smaller, vertically elongated. Metepisternum subtriangular, distinctly pointed. Proepisternal process distinctly elongated and gradually thinner into apex with thin stridulitrum. Mesosternum with distinct carina, delicately wrinkled by transversal sculpturation, metasternum delicately elevated and with slightly curved posterior margin. Metapleura with two complete ridges (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FF1CFC51FEE7FC71" box="[236,334,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 188–192" captionStartId="77.[151,264,1845,1868]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1095,1824]" captionTargetId="figure@77.[151,1436,1095,1824]" captionTargetPageId="77" captionText="FIGURES 188–192. 188—Ridges of metapleura of Sirthenea caiana Chłond, 2008; 189—U-shape posterior margin of an eye of S. obscura (Stål, 1866); 190—S-shape posterior margin of an eye of S. flaviceps (Signoret, 1860); 191—Ridges of proepisternum and proepimeron of S. africana Distant, 1903; 192—Ridges of proepisternum and proepimeron of S. nigronitens (Miller, 1958)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609652/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 188</figureCitation>
) or internal ridge incomplete. Thorax covered by variably-sized setae. Scutellum triangular with enlarged and elevated margin and distinctly depressed cental part. Apex rounded, short (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FB54FC72FB50FC1D" box="[1188,1273,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="17.[151,250,2003,2025]" captionTargetBox="[179,1391,198,1981]" captionTargetId="figure@17.[172,1414,195,2008]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 15. Sirthenea flaviceps (Signoret, 1860)—dorsal habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609584/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
) or elongated (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FF6FFC09FEADFC39" box="[159,260,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 122" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1998,2020]" captionTargetBox="[187,1393,236,1976]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[184,1399,193,1979]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 122. Sirthenea setosa sp. nov.—dorsal habitus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609625/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 122</figureCitation>
). Legs relatively short and robust. Fore coxa flattened on outer surfaces. Fore and hind coxa elongated, middle coxa almost globular. All trochanters flattened. All femur flattened laterally. Fore femur distinctly enlarged, dorsally arcuated. Middle and hind femurs slightly curved in ventral view. Fore tibia with large fossula spongiosa, reaching amost half of apical part of tibia (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FCFFFBE2FCCFFB8D" box="[783,870,1087,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="21.[151,250,1992,2014]" captionText="FIGURE 28. Sirthenea picescens Reuter, 1887—dorsal habitus." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
). Middle tibia without fossula spongiosa or with thin and relatively long fossula spongiosa on about apical third of tibia (
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44133FFA7FC27FBB9FBC2FBA9" authorityName="Horvath" authorityYear="1909" box="[983,1131,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirthenea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevicollis">
<emphasis id="5C9328554133FFA7FC27FBB9FBC2FBA9" box="[983,1131,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. laevicollis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FB8AFBB9FA8AFBA8" box="[1146,1315,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURES 159–163" captionStartId="73.[151,264,1900,1923]" captionTargetBox="[281,1310,193,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@73.[281,1310,193,1884]" captionTargetPageId="73" captionText="FIGURES 159–163. Fossula spongiosa on middle tibia of Sirthenea laevicollis Horváth, 1909: 159—fossula on middle tibia of brachypterous female; 160—SEM image of fossula spongiosa on middle tibia of male; 161—SEM image of apical part of fossula spongiosa on middle tibia of male; 162—SEM image of apical part of fossula spongiosa on middle tibia of male; 163— SEM image of setae of fossula spongiosa on middle tibia of male." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609643/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 159–163</figureCitation>
). Fore and mid tibia apically covered by dense, spine-like setae. All tibia gradually enlarged into apex (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FB2AFB5AFA8BFB75" box="[1242,1314,1159,1184]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[331,1256,191,1771]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of Sirthenea: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
: TI). First tarsomere smallest; combined lengths of first and second tarsomeres greater than third tarsomere (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FAF7FB71FAE4FB11" box="[1287,1357,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[331,1256,191,1771]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of Sirthenea: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
: TA1– 3). Claws large with small indentation near basal part. Legs covered by various sized setae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E58F4474133FFA7FF37FB29FF48FA49" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="5C9328554133FFA7FF37FB29FEF1FAD8" bold="true" box="[199,344,1268,1293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Hemelytron</emphasis>
slender, not reaching (females) or surpassing (males) apex of abdomen in macropterous forms, distinctly shortened in brachypterous forms, covered by various sized setae on dull corium (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FB2FFACAFA26FAE5" box="[1247,1423,1303,1328]" captionStart="FIGURES 164–168" captionStartId="74.[151,264,1970,1993]" captionTargetBox="[277,1316,193,1953]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[277,1316,193,1953]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURES 164–168. Hemelytron of Sirthenea flavipes (Stål, 1855): 164—membrane; 165—membrane; 166—membrane; 167—apical part of corium; 168—setae on apical part of corium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609646/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 167, 168</figureCitation>
). Membrane dull, large, distinctly wrinkled, covered by very small, distinctly curved setae with apices directed towards apex (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FEB7FA82FE5FFAAD" box="[327,502,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURES 164–168" captionStartId="74.[151,264,1970,1993]" captionTargetBox="[277,1316,193,1953]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[277,1316,193,1953]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURES 164–168. Hemelytron of Sirthenea flavipes (Stål, 1855): 164—membrane; 165—membrane; 166—membrane; 167—apical part of corium; 168—setae on apical part of corium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609646/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Figs. 164–168</figureCitation>
). Apical internal cell distinctly smaller than apical external cell (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FAF8FA82FAFBFAAD" box="[1288,1362,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1784,1806]" captionTargetBox="[392,1207,222,1742]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[331,1256,191,1771]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 1. General morphology of Sirthenea: AAP—anterolateral angles of the anterior collar of the pronotum; ADapodeme depression of pronotum; AEC—apical external cell; AH—apodeme depression of head; AIC—apical internal cell; APL—anterior pronotal lobe; AT—antennifer; BF—basiflagellum; CL—clavus; CO—anterior collar of pronotum; DFdistiflagellum; FE—femur; FS—fossula spongiosa; HL—head length; IO—interocellar distance (synthlipsis); IS—intercalar segment of antenna; LAP—length of anteocular part of the head; LES—latero-external sulcus; LPPL—lateral parts of posterior pronotal lobe; LIS—latero-internal sulcus; LPP—length of postocular part of the head; LMS—latero-medial sulcus; MSmedian sulcus; OC—ocelli; PD—pedicel; PPL—posterior pronotal lobe; SC—scape; SCU—scutellum; TA1—tarsomere I; TA2—tarsomere II; TA3—tarsomere III; TC—tubercles of ocelli; TI—tibia; TR—trochanter." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609578/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
: AIC, AEC).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E58F4474133FFA7FF37FA7AFD6DF985" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="5C9328554133FFA7FF37FA7AFE97FA15" bold="true" box="[199,318,1447,1472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Abdomen</emphasis>
fusiform, distinctly larger and more cylindrical in females. Middle part of sternite of second abdominal segment and anterior part of sternite of third abdominal segment with a median carina. Abdomen slightly flattened in middle part of each sternite. Dorsal and ventral connexival suture distinctly visible. Spiracles III–VI placed distant (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FDE7F9C9FDD6F9F8" box="[535,639,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURES 183–187" captionStartId="76.[151,264,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[167,1421,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@76.[167,1421,193,1597]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURES 183–187. 183—Apical part of anterior pronotal lobe of Sirthenea flavipes (Stål, 1855); 184—Apical part of anterior pronotal lobe of S. picescens Reuter, 1887; 185—Spiracles of S. flavipes (Stål, 1855); 186—Spiracles of S. laevicollis Horváth, 1909; 187—Spiracles of S. nitida Chłond, 2008." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609650/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 185</figureCitation>
), very near (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FCECF9C9FC2BF9F8" box="[796,898,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURES 183–187" captionStartId="76.[151,264,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[167,1421,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@76.[167,1421,193,1597]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURES 183–187. 183—Apical part of anterior pronotal lobe of Sirthenea flavipes (Stål, 1855); 184—Apical part of anterior pronotal lobe of S. picescens Reuter, 1887; 185—Spiracles of S. flavipes (Stål, 1855); 186—Spiracles of S. laevicollis Horváth, 1909; 187—Spiracles of S. nitida Chłond, 2008." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609650/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 186</figureCitation>
) or fused (
<figureCitation id="F6DCE8C24133FFA7FBFBF9C9FBD8F9F9" box="[1035,1137,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURES 183–187" captionStartId="76.[151,264,1619,1642]" captionTargetBox="[167,1421,193,1597]" captionTargetId="figure@76.[167,1421,193,1597]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURES 183–187. 183—Apical part of anterior pronotal lobe of Sirthenea flavipes (Stål, 1855); 184—Apical part of anterior pronotal lobe of S. picescens Reuter, 1887; 185—Spiracles of S. flavipes (Stål, 1855); 186—Spiracles of S. laevicollis Horváth, 1909; 187—Spiracles of S. nitida Chłond, 2008." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2609650/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 187</figureCitation>
) with ventral connexival suture. Connexives large and vertically oriented.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E58F4474133FFA7FF37F981FDB8F935" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="5C9328554133FFA7FF37F981FE2CF9A0" bold="true" box="[199,389,1628,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Male genitalia:</emphasis>
Pygophore asymmetrical, delicately flattened laterally and globular in shape. Median process of pygophore bent on right side. Aedeagus slightly elongated, with different sized basal plate and pedicel, as well as various shape and size of dorsal phallothecal sclerite. Parameres curved, enlarged in apical part, with sharp process on apex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E58F4474133FFA7FF37F931FF4FF8FD" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="5C9328554133FFA7FF37F931FE30F8D0" bold="true" box="[199,409,1772,1797]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Female genitalia:</emphasis>
Valvifer I quadrangular, valvula II triangular. Styloids triangular or with slightly rounded apices.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="26FDA7CC4133FFA6FF37F8E9FCDDFCC0" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="6E58F4474133FFA6FF37F8E9FF48FE05" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="5C9328554133FFA7FF37F8E9FDC1F898" bold="true" box="[199,616,1844,1869]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Distribution, habitat and biology.</emphasis>
The genus is distributed in tropical and subtropical areas around the equator, extending to neighbouring temperate regions. A previous analysis (
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64133FFA7FBF5F88AFA3CF8A5" author="Chlond, D. &amp; Bugaj-Nawrocka, A." box="[1029,1429,1879,1904]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="0140801" refId="ref43401" refString="Chlond, D. &amp; Bugaj-Nawrocka, A. (2015 a) Distribution pattern and climate preferences of the representatives of the cosmopolitan genus Sirthenea Spinola, 1840 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). PLoS ONE, 10 (10), e 0140801. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0140801" type="journal article" year="2015">Chłond &amp; Bugaj-Nawrocka 2015a</bibRefCitation>
) of niche preferences based on the known distribution data of
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<emphasis id="5C9328554133FFA7FCA6F8A1FC6AF841" box="[854,963,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Sirthenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species indicated that, in particular, they prefer tropical and temperate climates. The present study found that most species occurring in Africa colonize areas of tropical climate, but in Asia,
<collectingCountry id="16F0B4D74133FFA7FDB3F819FD05F808" box="[579,684,1988,2013]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Australia</collectingCountry>
and Oceania, some species extend broadly into temperate regions as well. However, in Asia, a lot of occurrences are concentrated in
<collectingCountry id="16F0B4D74132FFA6FC39FF4AFBC8FF7A" box="[969,1121,151,176]" name="South Korea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">South Korea</collectingCountry>
, dominated by continental climate. Among all individuals of
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44132FFA6FDD8FF61FD3FFF01" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1837" box="[552,662,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirthenea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5C9328554132FFA6FDD8FF61FD3FFF01" box="[552,662,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sirthenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined, 54.2% were collected in tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, located in a belt around the equator, mostly in the
<collectingCountry id="16F0B4D74132FFA6FC53FF3DFC46FF2D" box="[931,1007,224,248]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Congo</collectingCountry>
basin of central Africa and in coastal West Africa, parts of the Indian subcontinent,
<collectingCountry id="16F0B4D74132FFA6FD4AFED9FC80FEC8" box="[698,809,260,285]" name="Indonesia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
and New
<collectingCountry id="16F0B4D74132FFA6FC55FED9FC55FEC8" box="[933,1020,260,285]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Guinea</collectingCountry>
. Of the remaining individuals most have been collected from temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biomes primarily in central
<collectingCountry id="16F0B4D74132FFA6FB38FEFAFAB9FE95" box="[1224,1296,295,320]" name="China" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">China</collectingCountry>
. The lowest proportion of individuals originated from tropical and subtropical grassland, savanna and shrubland biomes that are widespread in Africa, South Asia and
<collectingCountry id="16F0B4D74132FFA6FD8AFEB2FD4EFE5D" box="[634,743,367,392]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Australia</collectingCountry>
. Similar results were found in earlier publications regarding climate preferences of other groups of
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44132FFA6FD9EFE49FD59FE78" baseAuthorityName="Maldonado Capriles" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[622,752,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Reduviidae</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64132FFA6FCF4FE49FB3AFE79" author="Chlond, D. &amp; Bugaj-Nawrocka, A." box="[772,1171,404,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="8" refId="ref43351" refString="Chlond, D. &amp; Bugaj-Nawrocka, A. (2014) Model of potential distribution of Platymeris rhadamanthus Gerstaecker, 1873 with redescription of species. Zoological Studies, 53, 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1810 - 522 X- 53 - 8" type="journal article" year="2014">Chłond &amp; Bugaj-Nawrocka 2014</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64132FFA6FB53FE49FB47FE78" author="Chlond, D. &amp; Bugaj-Nawrocka, A." box="[1187,1262,404,429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="389 - 399" refId="ref43463" refString="Chlond, D. &amp; Bugaj-Nawrocka, A. (2015 b) Assassin bugs of subfamily Diaspidiinae Miller, 1959 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae) - distribution and potential ecological niches. Entomological Science, 18 (3), 389 - 399. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12137" type="journal article" year="2015">2015b</bibRefCitation>
; Chłond
<emphasis id="5C9328554132FFA6FAAEFE48FA3DFE79" box="[1374,1428,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. 2015).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E58F4474132FFA6FF37FE00FCDDFCC0" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Most specimens of
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44132FFA6FE5AFE01FDB1FE21" authorityName="Spinola" authorityYear="1837" box="[426,536,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirthenea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="5C9328554132FFA6FE5AFE01FDB1FE21" box="[426,536,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sirthenea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species studied during the present study were collected with light traps or on the ground often covered by fallen leaves or other plant parts, confirming the information provided by
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64132FFA6FABBFE22FF4AFDE9" author="Readio, P. A." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="275 - 291" refId="ref44774" refString="Readio, P. A. (1927) Studies on the Biology of Reduviidae of America north of Mexico. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 1927, 275 - 291." type="journal article" year="1927">Readio (1927)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64132FFA6FEEFFDF9FE4CFDE8" author="Willemse, L." box="[287,485,548,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref45368" refString="Willemse, L. (1985) A taxonomic revision of the New World species of Sirthenea (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 215, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="1985">Willemse (1985)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64132FFA6FE03FDF9FD11FDE8" author="Willemse, L." box="[499,696,548,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref45368" refString="Willemse, L. (1985) A taxonomic revision of the New World species of Sirthenea (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). Zoologische Verhandelingen, 215, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="1985">Willemse (1985)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64132FFA6FD36FDF9FBC2FDE8" author="Chlond, D. &amp; Bugaj-Nawrocka, A." box="[710,1131,548,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="0140801" refId="ref43401" refString="Chlond, D. &amp; Bugaj-Nawrocka, A. (2015 a) Distribution pattern and climate preferences of the representatives of the cosmopolitan genus Sirthenea Spinola, 1840 (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae). PLoS ONE, 10 (10), e 0140801. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0140801" type="journal article" year="2015">Chłond &amp; Bugaj-Nawrocka (2015a)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="0A7689B64132FFA6FB5DFDF9FA35FDE9" author="Chlond, D. &amp; Bugaj-Nawrocka, A. &amp; Sawka-Gadek, N." box="[1197,1436,548,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref43581" refString="Chlond, D., Bugaj-Nawrocka, A. &amp; Sawka-Gadek, N. (2017) Are we witnessing speciation? A case study of the species Sirthenea flavipes (Stal, 1855) (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Austral Entomology. [published online] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12320" type="book" year="2017">
Chłond
<emphasis id="5C9328554132FFA6FAFAFDF8FA97FDE9" box="[1290,1342,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">et al</emphasis>
. (2017)
</bibRefCitation>
increased our knowledge about the ecology of some species. The majority of the individuals examined during this study were collected in lowland areas (mainly at
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above sea level), which is consistent with the observations of
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; only a few specimens were collected over
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above sea level. There is one record of
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<emphasis id="5C9328554132FFA6FEC5FD69FDB7FD19" box="[309,542,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Sirthenea peruviana</emphasis>
Drake &amp; Harris, 1945
</taxonomicName>
, collected in
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at an altitude of
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, representing the highest known locality of the genus (
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), previously it was a specimen of
<taxonomicName id="A9E78FC44132FFA6FA76FD05FF7EFCC1" authorityName="Horváth" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Reduviidae" genus="Sirthenea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vidua">
<emphasis id="5C9328554132FFA6FA76FD05FF7EFCC1" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. vidua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected at an altitude of about
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(
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).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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