310 lines
34 KiB
XML
310 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953" ID-GBIF-Dataset="79bf8f3a-fd1a-4cc2-9e00-4901b4d2876d" ID-PMC="PMC6533213" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-846-75" ID-PubMed="31148929" ID-ZBK="60B30A0979054C60BE43ED0DD76D746E" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-846-75" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 846" ModsDocTitle="A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae)" checkinTime="1558084014069" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Matson, Tanner A., Wagner, David L. & Miller, Scott E." docDate="2019" docId="3E158680A7A88BB06B1FABBB37970667" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 846: 75-116" docOrigin="ZooKeys 846" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953" docTitle="Lactura subfervens Walker" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="75" masterDocId="BF24977DFFE5FFE7B80CFFFF705DFFBD" masterDocTitle="A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae)" masterLastPageNumber="116" masterPageNumber="75" pageNumber="75" updateTime="1668167270269" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A Revision of North American Lactura (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea, Lacturidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Matson, Tanner A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wagner, David L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Miller, Scott E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>846</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>75</mods:start>
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<mods:end>116</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.846.31953</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-846-75</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">60B30A0979054C60BE43ED0DD76D746E</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">60B30A0979054C60BE43ED0DD76D746E</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="157227209" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3E158680A7A88BB06B1FABBB37970667" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3E158680A7A88BB06B1FABBB37970667" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName authority="Walker" class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura subfervens" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfervens">Lactura subfervens Walker</taxonomicName>
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Figs 15-17, 24, 27, 33, 36, 42-43, 45, 53, 58, 59, 63, Table 1
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Mieza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mieza subfervens" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfervens">Mieza subfervens</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Walker, F" journalOrPublisher="Department of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" pagination="527 - 528" title="List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History)." volume="2" year="1854">Walker 1854</bibRefCitation>
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: 527. Type locality: Texas, USA. Type material: NHMUK, TYPE - BMNH(E) 819792
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura psammitis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="psammitis">Lactura psammitis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Zeller, PC" journalOrPublisher="Selbstverlag" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" pagination="562 - 563" title="Contributions to the knowledge of North American moths, especially the microlepidoptera. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien." volume="22" year="1872">Zeller 1872</bibRefCitation>
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: 562; syn. n. Type locality: Texas, USA. Type material: NHMUK, TYPE - BMNH(E) 1377410
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura rhodocentra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodocentra">Lactura rhodocentra</taxonomicName>
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, Meyrick 1913: 142; syn. n. Type Locality: Texas, USA. Type material: not found at NHMUK
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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Zeller described
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Enaemia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Enaemia psammitis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="psammitis">Enaemia psammitis</taxonomicName>
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from Texas in 1872. As early as 1874, Grote synonymized
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. psammitis" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="psammitis">L. psammitis</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. subfervens" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="subfervens">L. subfervens</taxonomicName>
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; a decision followed subsequently by
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<bibRefCitation author="Barnes, W" journalOrPublisher="The Review Press (Decatur, Illinois)" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" pagination="142 - 144" title="Yponomeutidae. New N. Am. Lepidoptera with notes on described species. Contributions to the natural history of the Lepidoptera of North America." volume="2" year="1913">Barnes and McDunnough (1913</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Barnes, W" journalOrPublisher="The Review Press (Decatur, Illinois)" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.29466" year="1917">1917</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Heppner and Duckworth (1983)</bibRefCitation>
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gave
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. psammitis" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="psammitis">L. psammitis</taxonomicName>
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species status in their checklist without explanation. Perhaps,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. psammitis" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="psammitis">L. psammitis</taxonomicName>
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has persisted because phenotypes of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. subfervens" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="subfervens">L. subfervens</taxonomicName>
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, mostly from Oklahoma and Texas, with reduced forewing speckling were thought to represent a species independent from
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. subfervens" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="subfervens">L. subfervens</taxonomicName>
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. Based on extensive barcode and phylogenetic data, multiple larval collections, and genitalic dissections, we see no evidence to suggest
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. psammitis" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="psammitis">L. psammitis</taxonomicName>
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is a valid species. The original description of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. psammitis" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="psammitis">L. psammitis</taxonomicName>
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and type specimen in the NHMUK agree in detail with forms of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. subfervens" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="subfervens">L. subfervens</taxonomicName>
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, so we follow others and return the name to synonymy.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura rhodocentra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodocentra">Lactura rhodocentra</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Mieza" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mieza rhodocentra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rhodocentra">Mieza rhodocentra</taxonomicName>
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) was described from Texas by Meyrick in 1913. Shortly thereafter, it was designated as a synonym of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. basistriga" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="basistriga">L. basistriga</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Barnes, W" journalOrPublisher="The Review Press (Decatur, Illinois)" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.29466" year="1917">Barnes and McDunnough (1917)</bibRefCitation>
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without explanation.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Meyrick’s">Meyrick's</normalizedToken>
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description which mentions "with a few scattered red [forewing] scales," unambiguously places it as a form of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. subfervens" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="subfervens">L. subfervens</taxonomicName>
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. While the type of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. rhodocentra" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="rhodocentra">L. rhodocentra</taxonomicName>
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cannot be located at the Natural History Museum in London, we are not convinced that it no longer exists, because there are random pockets of Meyrick specimens spread throughout the large accumulation of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“accessions”">"accessions"</normalizedToken>
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of unsorted microlepidoptera.
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<bibRefCitation author="Clarke, JFG" journalOrPublisher="British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" title="Catalogue of the type specimens of Microlepidoptera in the British Museum (Natural History) described by Edward Meyrick. Volume II. Stenomidae, Xyloryctidae, Copromorphidae." year="1955">Clarke (1955)</bibRefCitation>
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did not include a depository for this species, suggesting the type was not present at the NHMUK at that time. Furthermore, it is unlikely that Meyrick would have had access to specimens of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. basistriga" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="basistriga">L. basistriga</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. nalli" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="nalli">L. nalli</taxonomicName>
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, or
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. rubritegula" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="rubritegula">L. rubritegula</taxonomicName>
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, given that all three are geographically restricted to south Texas, and distant from major population centers or travel routes of the early 1900s. We have collected
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lactura</taxonomicName>
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larvae and adults from various locales in eastern Texas, the likely source of the types for both names, examined the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lactura</taxonomicName>
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collections of Texas A&M University and the private collections of the late Edward Knudson (Houston) and James McDermott (Dallas area), checked barcodes for all US specimens, and see no evidence for the existence of a species that differs from the six treated species in this work. Like
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<taxonomicName lsidName="L. psammitis" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="psammitis">L. psammitis</taxonomicName>
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, we regard this name to be a synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura subfervens" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfervens">Lactura subfervens</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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Figures 15-22. Adult
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lactura</taxonomicName>
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. 15
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura subfervens" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfervens">Lactura subfervens</taxonomicName>
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(heavy maculation), TX: Kaufman Co., Becker, 18 February 2011, J. McDermott coll., CO1 Barcode DLW-000111 16
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura subfervens" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfervens">Lactura subfervens</taxonomicName>
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(light maculation), TX: Harrison Co., Caddo Lake St. Pk., 14 June 1998, E. Knudson coll., CO1 Barcode DLW-000509 17
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura subfervens" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subfervens" subSpecies="sapeloensis">Lactura subfervens sapeloensis</taxonomicName>
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, FL: Marion Co., Hopkins Prairie (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="29.275">29.275N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="-81.692">81.692W</geoCoordinate>
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), 18 March 2013, J. Vargo coll 18
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura atrolinea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrolinea">Lactura atrolinea</taxonomicName>
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, TX: Cameron Co., Sabal Palm Grove Sanctuary, 16-17 November 1998, E. Knudson coll., genitalia slide #TAM-2017-015, CO1 Barcode DLW-000510 19
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura rubritegula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubritegula">Lactura rubritegula</taxonomicName>
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[HOLOTYPE], TX: Kendall Co., Boerne, D. Cain Home (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="29.880833">29°52'51"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-98.61417">98°36'51"W</geoCoordinate>
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), 27 April 2015, David Wagner & Delmar Cain colls., genitalia slide #TAM-2017-002, CO1 Barcode DLW-000816 20
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura basistriga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basistriga">Lactura basistriga</taxonomicName>
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, TX: Cameron Co., Sabal Palm Grove (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="25.8525">25°51'9"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-97.41772">97°25'3.8"W</geoCoordinate>
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), BBN15#27a, larva collected 25 April 2015, emerged 21 May 2015, Berry Nall coll., host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sideroxylon celastrinum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="celastrinum">Sideroxylon celastrinum</taxonomicName>
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, genitalia slide #TAM-2017-005 21
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura nalli" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nalli">Lactura nalli</taxonomicName>
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[PARATYPE], TX: Starr Co., Falcon Heights (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="26.5585">26.5585N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-99.122">99.1220W</geoCoordinate>
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), 19 March 2018, Berry Nall coll 22
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">Lactura pupula</taxonomicName>
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, FL: Nassau Co., Fort Clinch State Park, Ft. Clinch Fernandina Beach, DLW Lot: 2014D136, larva: 28 April 2014, emerged: 22 May 2014, host:
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<taxonomicName genus="Sideroxlon" lsidName="Sideroxlon tenax" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="tenax">Sideroxlon tenax</taxonomicName>
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, Richard Owen coll.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
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Figures 23-30. Male genitalia. 23
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura nalli" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nalli">Lactura nalli</taxonomicName>
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[PARATYPE], TX: Starr Co., Falcon Heights (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="26.5337">26.5337N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="-99.1059">99.1059W</geoCoordinate>
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), larva: 30 March 2014, pupated: 05 May 2014, emerged: 06 November 2014, host:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sideroxylon celestrinum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="celestrinum">Sideroxylon celestrinum</taxonomicName>
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, Berry Nall coll., BBN14#06c, genitalia slide #TAM-2017-014, CO1 Barcode DLW-000486 24
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura subfervens" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="subfervens" subSpecies="sapeloensis">Lactura subfervens sapeloensis</taxonomicName>
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[PARATYPE], GA: McIntosh Co., Sapelo Island, Lighthouse Rd. Salt marsh edge habitat (
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<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="31.390472">31°23'25.7"N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-81.281944">81°16'55"W</geoCoordinate>
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), 11-12 March 2016, James Adams and Brian Scholtens colls., genitalia slide #TAM-2017-018, Voucher Code TAM0010 25
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura atrolinea" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrolinea">Lactura atrolinea</taxonomicName>
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, TX: Cameron Co., Sabal Palm Grove Sanctuary, 16-17 November 1998, E. Knudson coll., genitalia slide #TAM-2017-015, CO1 Barcode DLW-000510 26
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura pupula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pupula">Lactura pupula</taxonomicName>
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, FL: Nassau Co., Fort Clinch St. Pk. Ferdinanda Beach, larva: 28 April 2014, emerged: 24 May 2014, host:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sideroxylon tenax" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenax">Sideroxylon tenax</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Richard Owen coll., DLW Lot: 2014D136, Genitalia slide #TAM-2017-016, CO1 Barcode DLW-000282, Voucher Code TAM0009 27
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura subfervens" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfervens">Lactura subfervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, TX: Uvalde Co.,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Neil’s">Neil's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Lodges, Rio Frio, larva: 17 April 2014, emerged: 16 April 2015, host:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sideroxylon lanuginosum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanuginosum">Sideroxylon lanuginosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, David L. Wagner coll., DLW Lot: 2014D45, genitalia slide #TAM-2017-019, Voucher Code TAM0007 28
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura basistriga" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="basistriga">Lactura basistriga</taxonomicName>
|
||
, TX: Hidalgo Co., Bentsen St. Pk., 30 April 1995, E. Knudson coll., genitalia slide #TAM-2017-003, CO1 Barcode DLW-000513 29
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura rubritegula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubritegula">Lactura rubritegula</taxonomicName>
|
||
[PARATYPE], TX: Kendall Co., Boerne (
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="29.880833">29°52'51"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-98.613884">98°36'50"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), 27 April 2015, David Wagner and Delmar Cain colls., genitalia slide #TAM-2017-004 30
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura rubritegula" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubritegula">Lactura rubritegula</taxonomicName>
|
||
[HOLOTYPE], TX: Kendall Co., Boerne, D. Cain Home (29°52'51N,
|
||
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-98.61417">98°36'51"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), 27 April 2015, David Wagner & Delmar Cain colls., genitalia slide #TAM-2017-002, CO1 Barcode DLW-000816. Scale bar: 1mm. Dissections and images prepared by Tony Thomas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura subfervens" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfervens">Lactura subfervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults can be immediately distinguished by the presence of scattered smoky red scales (although highly variable in density) over the forewing. The forewing lacks the basal subcostal red or black dash usually present in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. atrolinea" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="atrolinea">L. atrolinea</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. basistriga" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="basistriga">L. basistriga</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. nalli" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="nalli">L. nalli</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This species can also be separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. basistriga" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="basistriga">L. basistriga</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. nalli" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="nalli">L. nalli</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. rubritegula" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="rubritegula">L. rubritegula</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the absence of red scaling at the base of the patagium. Female genitalia differ from those of other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lactura</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having 11 or 12 coils along the ductus bursae. The caterpillar is among the most distinct of the North America
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Lactura</taxonomicName>
|
||
: it is the only species whose ground color is predominately white; seven pairs of pale stripes run the length of the body, giving the larva a frosted appearance. The darker stripes are due to the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="larva’s">larva's</normalizedToken>
|
||
internal coloration showing through its transparent body wall; with the exception of the prothoracic shield, there is essentially no black pigmentation dorsally or laterally along the trunk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Description adult</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
|
||
(Figs 15-17). Forewing length: 9-13 mm (n = 495). Head. Shiny, white decumbent scales over vertex and frons. Labial palpus slightly porrect to straight, brick red, subequal to diameter of eye. Antenna filiform, 2/3 length of forewing; shiny, white above, fuscous below. Thorax. Predominantly white. Patagium white; tegula with conspicuous basal band of red scales, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. rubritegula" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="rubritegula">L. rubritegula</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Medial mesothoracic red spot flanked posterolaterally by red ellipsoid to bar-like spots. Coxae, femora, and tibiae with red dorsal surface, and white or admixture of white- and red-scaled ventral surface; tarsi fuscous to red. Forewing. Mostly white, variable. Typically with seven crimson- to russet-red spots in antemedial and postmedial oblique series. Spotting sometimes reduced, but generally antemedial series with three spots and postmedial series with four spots. Varying degrees of scattered red to brown scales throughout. Some individuals with speckling so thick as to obscure antemedial and postmedial spots; other forms with only a few red or fuscous scales. Basal red scaling along costa narrows and then ends before antemedial spots. Fringe scales usually matching white forewing, although some individuals with red fringe. Underside light red with matching or slightly paler fringe scales. Hindwing. Uniformly light red above and below. Abdomen. Dorsum and sides brick red; venter rusty white. Ventral intersegmental hairpencils (with 40-60 androconial scales) inserted between A7 and A8. A second set of brushes between A6 and A7 was found in three preparations (Figs 33, 36). Male Genitalia (Figs 24, 27) (n = 6). Uncus strongly down-curved; medially constricted in basal third; distal part cylindrical and tapered (usually longer than congeners), terminating in reduced thorn-like apical spine. Valva elongate-oval, 2.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than wide, costa slightly concave along distal third; apex broadly rounded; lateral lobe of juxta with 15-20+ thickened spiniform setae. Vinculum narrow, U-shaped, subquadrangular. Aedeagus cylindrical, exceeding length of valva; base broadly rounded, gradually narrowing to apex; apex with concave oblique aperture; subapical thumb-like process absent. Female genitalia (Figs 42, 43) (n = 3). Papillae anales ca. 4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
longer than broad with dorsal sclerotized rim fused with posterior apophyses. Ductus bursae with 11 or 12 coils, posterior two coils more open; coil diameters more or less uniform with anteriormost coil slightly larger than others. Corpus bursae longer than broad with quadrate signa reduced; arms fused; lightly sclerotized in one preparation (USNM 76686). Corpus bursae without anterior accessory pouch.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Description of living final instar</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">(Fig. 45). Appearing frosty or pale green or exceptionally yellowish; seven pairs of whitish stripes run length of body; without black pigment dorsally or laterally. D2 on elevated yellow verrucae connected by thick yellow to white subdorsal stripe. Prothoracic shield well differentiated, medially divided, with much less black dorsal pigmentation relative to congeners. Head brown, partially retracted into prothorax.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Distribution and biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura subfervens" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfervens">Lactura subfervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found in woodlands, bottomlands, and thickets of central Texas northward to southeast Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois, and east through Gulf States to coastal Georgia (Fig. 53). Its range is largely sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. pupula" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="pupula">L. pupula</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with both species mirroring the distribution of one of their shared host plants,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sideroxylon lanuginosum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanuginosum">Sideroxylon lanuginosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Lacturidae" genus="Lactura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactura subfervens" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subfervens">Lactura subfervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not found in southern Florida, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. pupula" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="pupula">L. pupula</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The species is essentially univoltine, typically flying very early in season (January to April) (Figs 58, 59), when
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sideroxylon" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sideroxylon</taxonomicName>
|
||
is producing new leaves, although there are smaller, facultative broods across the southern portions of its range, with captures into June and occasionally into the fall. We suspect that larvae from these adults commonly fail due to lack of appropriate foliage. From at least the Dallas area west into the Hill Country region of Texas,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. subfervens" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="subfervens">L. subfervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
can reach larval densities high enough to severely damage or completely defoliate
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapotaceae" genus="Sideroxylon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sideroxylon lanuginosum" order="Ericales" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanuginosum">Sideroxylon lanuginosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="75" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="75">
|
||
For decades, less speckled forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. subfervens" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="subfervens">L. subfervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. basistriga" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="basistriga">L. basistriga</taxonomicName>
|
||
in collections, literature (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Heppner, JB" journalOrPublisher="Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, Florida" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" title="Lepidoptera of Florida, Part 1, Introduction and Catalog, Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas." year="2003">Heppner 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and on commonly used internet sites, e.g., BugGuide, iNaturalist, and Moth Photographers Group. Much of this confusion was avoidable and speaks to the merit (and necessity) of revisiting original descriptions and examining types.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barnes, W" journalOrPublisher="The Review Press (Decatur, Illinois)" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" pagination="142 - 144" title="Yponomeutidae. New N. Am. Lepidoptera with notes on described species. Contributions to the natural history of the Lepidoptera of North America." volume="2" year="1913">
|
||
Barnes and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="McDunnough’s">McDunnough's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1913)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. basistriga" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="basistriga">L. basistriga</taxonomicName>
|
||
provides clear diagnostic characters that unambiguously distinguished the adult from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="L. subfervens" pageId="0" pageNumber="75" rank="species" species="subfervens">L. subfervens</taxonomicName>
|
||
: "lacking the brown streaks on the forewings and in having a red basal streak below the costa," although the latter character is sometimes absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |