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180 lines
18 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" ID-PMC="PMC6033956" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-102-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" ID-PubMed="30002597" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1306325" ModsDocID="1314-2003-102-1" checkinTime="1530324112772" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="DeFilipps, Robert A. & Krupnick, Gary A." docDate="2018" docId="46D238F29FC5E3689CE9482176A258BE" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 102: 1-341" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 102" docPubDate="2018-06-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380" docTitle="Ricinus communis L." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" id="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" lastPageNumber="73" masterDocId="AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67" masterDocTitle="The medicinal plants of Myanmar" masterLastPageNumber="341" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="72" updateTime="1668138950833" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The medicinal plants of Myanmar</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>DeFilipps, Robert A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Deceased</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Krupnick, Gary A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1357-4826</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, MRC- 166, Washington, DC, 20013 - 7012, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">krupnick@si.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2018-06-28</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>102</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>341</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-102-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">AA226A35FFF8FFBC37621A40C2518C67</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1306325</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="150769229" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:46D238F29FC5E3689CE9482176A258BE" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/46D238F29FC5E3689CE9482176A258BE" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<taxonomicName LSID="46D238F2-9FC5-E368-9CE9-482176A258BE" authority="L." authorityName="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ricinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ricinus communis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="communis">Ricinus communis L.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="names">
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Names.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Myanmar</emphasis>
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:
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">kyet-hsu</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">kyetsu</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">thinbaw kyet-hsu</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">kyet-hsu yoe-ni</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">shapawing</emphasis>
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(Kachin),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">tanah toung</emphasis>
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(Mon),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">toon</emphasis>
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(Mon),
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">mai-kong-leng</emphasis>
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(Shan).
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">English</emphasis>
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: castor bean, castor oil plant, wonder-tree.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="range">
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Range.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Tropical Africa. Although found wild in nature, now cultivated widely for the extraction of oil from the seeds. In Myanmar, does well in Sagaing, Mandalay, and Shan; prefers a warm temperate climate, but can also thrive in hot and dry areas. Found growing naturally on the banks of rivers, lakes and streams.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="uses">
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Uses.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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Sweet and rather bitter with heating properties, the plant is considered difficult to digest but generally effective at increasing sperm, regulating bowel movements, and controlling flatulence and phlegm.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Leaf</emphasis>
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: Used in remedies for headaches and in poultices for sores and wounds. A decoction of leaves reduced to one-third the starting volume is ingested to alleviate strong gas and phlegm; also used for testes enlargement, bladder aches and pains, sore throat, and bile problems.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Seed</emphasis>
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: They and their oil (
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">lethal in their natural form</emphasis>
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) are used in oral medications
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">after detoxifying</emphasis>
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. The detoxified, ground seeds are applied as a paste to neutralize venom from scorpion stings. They are also employed in anthelmintic remedies; and in medicines for flatulence, fever, cough, stomach bloating, liver disease, shooting abdominal pains, dysentery, back and bladder conditions, head-aches, asthma, leprosy, edema, and a general weakening malaise in men. Detoxified seed oil is additionally used to make laxative preparations, as well as to facilitate childbirth, and to strengthen hair.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="notes">
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Notes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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Medicinal uses of this species in India are discussed in
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<bibRefCitation author="Jain, SK" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B50" refString="Jain, SK, DeFilipps, RA, 1991. Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." title="Medicinal Plants of India. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc, Algonac." year="1991">Jain and DeFilipps (1991)</bibRefCitation>
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. Chemical constituents, pharmacological action, and medicinal use of this species in Indian Ayurveda are discussed in detail by
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<bibRefCitation author="Kapoor, LD" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B51" refString="Kapoor, LD, 1990. CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton." title="CRC Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton." year="1990">Kapoor (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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. Indigenous medicinal uses of this species in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) are described by
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<bibRefCitation author="Dagar, JC" journalOrPublisher="Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B27" refString="Dagar, JC, Singh, NT, 1999. Plant Resources of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Enumeration and Utilisation of Vascular Plants). Vol. II. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 281-987." title="Plant Resources of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Enumeration and Utilisation of Vascular Plants). Vol. II. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehra Dun, 281 - 987." year="1999">Dagar and Singh (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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. Medicinal uses of this species in China are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Duke, JA" journalOrPublisher="Lipid / Fett" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B34" refString="Duke, JA, Ayensu, ES, 1985. Medicinal Plants of China. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc., Algonac." title="Medicinal Plants of China. 2 Vols. Reference Publications, Inc., Algonac." year="1985">Duke and Ayensu (1985)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
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The medicinal uses of this plant in the Caribbean region, as well as its chemistry, biological activity, toxicity and dosages, are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Germosen-Robineau, L" journalOrPublisher=".. y Tienen Faxones y Fabas Muy Diversos de Los Nuestros ... '' Origin, Evolution and Diversity of Cuban Plant Genetic Resources, Vol. 1. Institut fuer Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B40" refString="Germosen-Robineau, L, 1997. Farmacopea Vegetal Caribena, (1st edn). Ediciones Emile Desormeaux, Fort-de-France." title="Farmacopea Vegetal Caribena, (1 st edn). Ediciones Emile Desormeaux, Fort-de-France." year="1997">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Germosén-Robineau">Germosen-Robineau</normalizedToken>
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(1997)
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</bibRefCitation>
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. Traditional medicinal uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological activity of this
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<pageBreakToken pageId="72" pageNumber="73" start="start">species</pageBreakToken>
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are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-237-1" author="Ross, IA" journalOrPublisher="Drug Development Research" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B99" refString="Ross, IA, 2001. Medicinal Plants of the World, Volume 2: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Uses. Humana Press, Totowa. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-237-1" title="Medicinal Plants of the World, Volume 2: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Uses. Humana Press, Totowa." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-237-1" year="2001">Ross (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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. The chemistry, pharmacology, history and medicinal uses of this species in Latin America are discussed in detail by
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<bibRefCitation author="Gupta, MP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B42" refString="Gupta, MP, 1995. 270 Plantas Medicinales Iberoamericanas. Convenio Andres Bello (CYTED, SECAB, UNESCO), Bogota." title="270 Plantas Medicinales Iberoamericanas. Convenio Andres Bello (CYTED, SECAB, UNESCO), Bogota." year="1995">Gupta (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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. Worldwide medicinal usage, chemical composition and toxicity of this species are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Duke, JA" journalOrPublisher="Lipid / Fett" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B32" refString="Duke, JA, 1986. CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida." title="CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida." year="1986">Duke (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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A pharmacognostical profile including medicinal uses of this plant in Africa is given in
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<bibRefCitation author="Iwu, MM" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B48" refString="Iwu, MM, 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida." title="Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida." year="1993">Iwu (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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. The toxic properties, symptoms, treatment and beneficial uses of this plant, parts of which are poisonous, are discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Nellis, DW" journalOrPublisher="Phytomedicine" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B80" refString="Nellis, DW, 1997. Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press Inc, Sarasota." title="Poisonous Plants and Animals of Florida and the Caribbean. Pineapple Press Inc, Sarasota." year="1997">Nellis (1997)</bibRefCitation>
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. Data on the propagation, seed treatment and agricultural management of this species are given by
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<bibRefCitation author="Katende, AB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural Products" pageId="173" pageNumber="174" refId="B55" refString="Katende, AB, Birnie, A, Tengnaes, B, 1995. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Uganda: Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. SIDA, Nairobi." title="Useful Trees and Shrubs for Uganda: Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. SIDA, Nairobi." year="1995">Katende et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Bekele-Tesemma, A" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" refId="B9" refString="Bekele-Tesemma, A, 1993. Useful Trees and Shrubs for Ethiopia - Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. SIDA, Nairobi, Kenya." title="Useful Trees and Shrubs for Ethiopia - Identification, Propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. SIDA, Nairobi, Kenya." year="1993">Bekele-Tesemma (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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. Details of the active chemical compounds, effects, herbal usage and pharmacological literature of this plant are given in
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<bibRefCitation author="Fleming, T" journalOrPublisher="ARS Pharmaceutica" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B36" refString="Fleming, T, 2000. PDR for Herbal Medicines (2nd edn). Medical Economics Company, Montvale." title="PDR for Herbal Medicines (2 nd edn). Medical Economics Company, Montvale." year="2000">Fleming (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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The plant and its seeds can cause skin irritation (contact dermatitis). "The pomace (residue after extracting the oil from castor beans) can cause asthma, urticaria, and dermatitis among castor oil extractors
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<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
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(Castor oil used in) lipstick can also be the source of contact dermatitis resulting in cheilitis
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<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
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Cases of allergy to castor oil, contact dermatitis of the face due to a makeup remover and contact dermatitis due to sulfonated castor oil have recently been described
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<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
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Ricinoleic acid has been claimed to be the agent causing lipstick dermatitis." The seed contains a poisonous substance, the protein
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“ricin”">"ricin"</normalizedToken>
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, which is not present in castor oil, but is "probably responsible for certain allergies related to the plant" (
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<bibRefCitation author="Benezra, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" refId="B10" refString="Benezra, C, Ducombs, G, Sell, Y, Foussereau, J, 1985. Plant Contact Dermatitis. B.C. Decker Inc., Toronoto." title="Plant Contact Dermatitis. B. C. Decker Inc., Toronoto." year="1985">Benezra et al. 1985</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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It has been reported that
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Ricin”">"Ricin"</normalizedToken>
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, a white crystalline compound isolated from castor beans (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ricinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ricinus communis" order="Malpighiales" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="communis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Ricinus communis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), is listed by the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation, USA) as the third most
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">poisonous</emphasis>
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substance known, behind plutonium and the botulism toxin. Toxicity of this species is discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Bruneton, J" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University" pageId="172" pageNumber="173" refId="B17" refString="Bruneton, J, 1999. Toxic Plants, Dangerous to Humans and Animals. Intercept-Lavoisier, Paris." title="Toxic Plants, Dangerous to Humans and Animals. Intercept-Lavoisier, Paris." year="1999">Bruneton (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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. Ricin and ricinine contained in the seeds and leaves make this one of the most toxic plants known, and as noted by
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<bibRefCitation author="Lan, CG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural Products" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B63" refString="Lan, CG, Chang, S, Keat, GCK, Leng, HGK, Yee, HK, 1998. A Guide to Toxic Plants of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore." title="A Guide to Toxic Plants of Singapore. Singapore Science Centre, Singapore." year="1998">Lan et al. (1998)</bibRefCitation>
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: "A single seed of 0.25 g contains a lethal dose. The toxins are stable to proteolytic enzymes and hence are not destroyed when taken orally."
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="references">
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">References.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<bibRefCitation author="Nordal, A" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="174" pageNumber="175" refId="B85" refString="Nordal, A, 1963. The Medicinal Plants and Crude Drugs of Burma. Hellstrom & Nordahls Boktrykkeri, Oslo." title="The Medicinal Plants and Crude Drugs of Burma. Hellstrom & Nordahls Boktrykkeri, Oslo." year="1963">Nordal (1963)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Agricultural Corporation" journalOrPublisher="Phytotherapy Research" pageId="171" pageNumber="172" refId="B3" refString="Agricultural Corporation, 1980. Burmese Medicinal Plants. Agricultural Corporation, Rangoon. [In Burmese]" title="Burmese Medicinal Plants. Agricultural Corporation, Rangoon. [In Burmese]" year="1980">Agricultural Corporation (1980)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |