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285 lines
38 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1076.69025" ID-GBIF-Dataset="74767cee-040d-4554-bf9c-6ba4177b39cf" ID-PMC="PMC8683394" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1076-151" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8DB0FAF7DD4E5718A2A57AFD9CC3A7EE" ID-PubMed="35002358" ID-ZooBank="7B4E12710B60450480B368028E4B1AD6" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1076-151" checkinTime="1639109995037" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Izumi, Takato & Fujii, Takuma" docDate="2021" docId="2A35ED1E0664500F8461A6EFFFC6C926" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1076: 151-182" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1076" docPubDate="2021-12-10" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1076.69025" docTitle="Edwardsianthus amethystus Izumi & Fujii 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="E472474A-8E8B-4B30-93CC-B46005F3F8F0" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" id="8DB0FAF7DD4E5718A2A57AFD9CC3A7EE" lastPageNumber="151" masterDocId="8DB0FAF7DD4E5718A2A57AFD9CC3A7EE" masterDocTitle="Gems of the southern Japanese seas - four new species of Edwardsianthus (Anthozoa, Actiniaria, Edwardsiidae) with redescriptions of two species" masterLastPageNumber="182" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="151" updateTime="1668151217259" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Gems of the southern Japanese seas - four new species of Edwardsianthus (Anthozoa, Actiniaria, Edwardsiidae) with redescriptions of two species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Izumi, Takato</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Molecular Invertebrate Systematics and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Marine Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903 - 0213, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">iz.takato@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fujii, Takuma</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Kagoshima City Aquarium, 3 - 1 Honko-shinmachi, Kagoshima, 892 - 0814, Japan & International Center for Island Studies Amami Station, Kagoshima University, 15 - 1 Naze-Minatomachi, Amami, Kagoshima 894 - 0026, Japan & The Kagoshima University Museum, 1 - 21 - 30 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890 - 0065, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-12-10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1076</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>151</mods:start>
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<mods:end>182</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1076.69025</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1076.69025</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1076-151</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7B4E12710B60450480B368028E4B1AD6</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">8DB0FAF7DD4E5718A2A57AFD9CC3A7EE</mods:identifier>
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<subSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="multiple">
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="191261409" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E472474A-8E8B-4B30-93CC-B46005F3F8F0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2A35ED1E0664500F8461A6EFFFC6C926" lastPageNumber="151" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/E472474A-8E8B-4B30-93CC-B46005F3F8F0" authority="Izumi & Fujii, 2021" authorityName="Izumi & Fujii" authorityYear="2021" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus amethystus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amethystus" status="sp. nov.">Edwardsianthus amethystus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="151">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Cnidae of Edwardsianthus species A-D E. sapphirus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09761) A 1 spirocyst in tentacle A 2 basitrich in tentacle B 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx B 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx C 1 small basitrich in nemathybome C 2 large basitrich in nemathybome D 1 small basitrich in filament D 2 large basitrich in filament D 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament E-H E. smaragdus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09762) E 1 spirocyst in tentacle E 2 basitrich in tentacle F 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx F 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx F 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in actinopharynx G 1 small basitrich in nemathybome; G 2 large basitrich in nemathybome; H 1 spirocyst in filament; H 2 small basitrich in filament H 3 large basitrich in filament H 4 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament I-K E. amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) I 1 spirocyst in tentacle I 2 basitrich in tentacle J 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx J 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx K 1 spirocyst in filament K 2 small basitrich in filament K 3 large basitrich in filament K 4 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621142" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Japanese name: amejisuto-mushimodoki-ginchaku Figs 7I-K</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">, 9</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="2013-03-28" country="Japan" elevation="15" location="Oura Bay" municipality="Island" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Okinawa" typeStatus="Holotype">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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. CMNH-ZG 09763: histological sections, tissues in paraffin, and prepared nematocysts, collected by SCUBA diving on
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<collectingDate value="2013-03-28">28 March 2013</collectingDate>
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, in
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2A35ED1E0664500F8461A6EFFFC6C926:515EE25E0CE08C7675631D5F587060C8" country="Japan" municipality="Island" name="Oura Bay" stateProvince="Okinawa">Oura Bay</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion country="Japan" name="Okinawa">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
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<collectingMunicipality>Island</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingRegion country="Japan" name="Okinawa">Okinawa Pref.</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<elevation metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="m" value="15.0">
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<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
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depth
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</elevation>
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, by Takuma Fujii.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">External anatomy</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Size: preserved specimen ca. 200 mm in whole length, and 7 mm (narrower part)-20 mm (broader part) in width, and> 300 mm in living animal, one of the largest species in edwardsiids (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9B</figureCitation>
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). Column: worm-like in form, and the distal part swollen to some extent (maybe because of condition during preservation). The column consisting of capitulum, scapus and quite small physa. The distal-most part a short capitulum, without nemathybomes. Scapus with thin and easily stripped periderm, light brown in color, and surface completely smooth, with extremely small nemathybome-like spots (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9B</figureCitation>
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). Aboral end differentiated with small, rounded physa. Tentacles: 20 in number in two cycles: inner tentacles five and outer 15, slender, pale purple in color with several dark purple spots (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9A</figureCitation>
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; this color is lost in preserved specimen: Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9B</figureCitation>
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). Inner tentacles ca. 10 mm and outer ones ca. 15-20 mm in length in the living specimen. Mouth: at the center of oral disc, apparently swollen in living animal.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Internal anatomy</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Mesenterial arrangement: eight perfect mesenteries, all macrocnemes. Four dorsal and ventral directives, and four lateral mesenteries not paired with other macrocnemes, arranged in the normal
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Quatrefages" authorityYear="1842" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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pattern. All macrocnemes are present along the whole body length from oral to aboral end and bear distinct retractor and parietal muscles. Twelve tiny microcnemes, without muscles, only confined to distal-most part. Four microcnemes between dorsal directives and dorso-lateral mesenteries, four between dorso-and ventro-lateral mesenteries, and four between ventro-lateral mesenteries and ventral directives. Retractor muscles: at the mid part of column, strongly developed and diffused (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9E</figureCitation>
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), pennon-like, arranged with 100-150 muscular processes, simple to well branched. Processes near filament short and highly branched, and one process nearest to the body wall extremely well-branched, with ca. 80 secondary and thirdly branched processes (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9E</figureCitation>
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). Parietal muscles: distinct, rounded shape, consisting of 10-15 simple processes on each side (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9E</figureCitation>
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). Others: each with one tentacle from each endo- or exocoels. Existence of siphonoglyph unknown because of contracted state of specimen. Tentacular circular muscle indistinct (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9C</figureCitation>
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), and longitudinal muscle ectodermal, distinct (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9D</figureCitation>
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). Mesoglea thickest in body wall and actinopharynx, ca. 200
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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in thickness (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9E</figureCitation>
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), but far thinner in mesenteries, retractor muscles, and tentacles (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9C, D</figureCitation>
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). Nemathybome-like structures protruding from mesoglea, but without any nematocysts (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9G</figureCitation>
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). Marginal sphincter muscle and basilar muscle absent. Gametogenic tissue apart from retractor muscles, distinct (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 9. External and internal morphology of Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) A oral view of living specimen in the habitat B outer view of preserved specimen C longitudinal section of tentacle D transverse section of tentacle E transverse section of retractor muscle F transverse section of testis G transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (A, B); 500 µm (E, F); 100 µm (C, D, G)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">9F</figureCitation>
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), with matured oocytes.
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Cnidom</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Basitrichs, spirocysts, and microbasic
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">p</emphasis>
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-mastigophores. There are no nematocysts in nemathybome-like structures. See Fig.
|
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Cnidae of Edwardsianthus species A-D E. sapphirus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09761) A 1 spirocyst in tentacle A 2 basitrich in tentacle B 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx B 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx C 1 small basitrich in nemathybome C 2 large basitrich in nemathybome D 1 small basitrich in filament D 2 large basitrich in filament D 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament E-H E. smaragdus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09762) E 1 spirocyst in tentacle E 2 basitrich in tentacle F 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx F 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx F 3 microbasic p - mastigophore in actinopharynx G 1 small basitrich in nemathybome; G 2 large basitrich in nemathybome; H 1 spirocyst in filament; H 2 small basitrich in filament H 3 large basitrich in filament H 4 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament I-K E. amethystus sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763) I 1 spirocyst in tentacle I 2 basitrich in tentacle J 1 small basitrich in actinopharynx J 2 large basitrich in actinopharynx K 1 spirocyst in filament K 2 small basitrich in filament K 3 large basitrich in filament K 4 microbasic p - mastigophore in filament." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621142" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">7I-K</figureCitation>
|
||
and Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="T5" captionText="Table 5. Cnidoms of the species of Edwardsianthus sapphirus sp. nov., Edwardsianthus smaragdus sp. nov., and Edwardsianthus amethystus sp. nov." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/190441D4E517A29127E0082EA697D58B" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" tableUuid="190441D4E517A29127E0082EA697D58B">5</tableCitation>
|
||
for sizes and distributions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure9" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621144" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" start="Figure 9" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Figure 9.</emphasis>
|
||
External and internal morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Izumi & Fujii" authorityYear="2021" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus amethystus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amethystus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus amethystus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (CMNH-ZG 09763)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">A</emphasis>
|
||
oral view of living specimen in the habitat
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">B</emphasis>
|
||
outer view of preserved specimen
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">C</emphasis>
|
||
longitudinal section of tentacle
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">D</emphasis>
|
||
transverse section of tentacle
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E</emphasis>
|
||
transverse section of retractor muscle
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">F</emphasis>
|
||
transverse section of testis
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">G</emphasis>
|
||
transverse section of trace of nemathybome. Abbreviations: fi, filament; me, mesoglea; ne, nemathybome-like structure; pa, parietal muscle; rm, retractor muscle; scs, scapus; te, tentacle; tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle; ts, testis. Scale bars: 1 cm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">A, B</emphasis>
|
||
); 500
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E, F</emphasis>
|
||
); 100
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">C, D, G</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
This species epithet refers to amethyst, a kind of gemstone, and is named after this
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
|
||
dark purple tentacle coloration. Derivation of the Japanese name is the same as that of the Latin species name.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
The most characteristic feature of this species is the nemathybome-like features without nematocysts. Nemathybomes are pocket-like features on columns of some genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Andres" authorityYear="1881" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Edwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and they always contain large nematocysts (Carlgren, 1949;
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Brandão">Brandao</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2019). Thus, the structures of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Izumi & Fujii" authorityYear="2021" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus amethystus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amethystus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus amethystus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be called nemathybomes because they lack nematocysts. This is the first case of confirmation of this nemathybome-like feature in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="England" authorityYear="1987" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
anemones, and by these
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. amethystus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amethystus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E. amethystus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be easily distinguished from its congeners. We placed this sea anemone in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="England" authorityYear="1987" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of the characteristic arrangement of tentacles and mesenteries, but the generic diagnosis has now been modified to "sometimes without" nemathybomes (see the Remarks for the genus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="151" type="phylogenetic analyses">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Phylogenetic analyses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
The concatenated phylogenetic tree of 12S, 16S, and 18S rDNA (total 2886 bp) is shown in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Maximum-likelihood tree of the order Actiniaria based on the combined dataset of mitochondrial 12 S and 16 S and nuclear 18 S rDNA (total 2866 bp). The clade of the genus Edwardsianthus is colored in a red box. Red bar at node indicates the position at which nemathybomes would be obtained. Numbers indicate ML bootstrap support values followed by BI posterior probabilities of the nodes (bootstrap values of ≥ 50 % and posterior probabilities ≥ 0.5 are shown)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621145" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">10</figureCitation>
|
||
. All
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="England" authorityYear="1987" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens formed a clade (indicated in red box) supported by a ML bootstrap value of 79%, but not well supported by BI posterior probability. In this clade,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. pudicus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pudicus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E. pudicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. carbunculus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="carbunculus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E. carbunculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. sapphirus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sapphirus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E. sapphirus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov., and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="E. amethystus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="amethystus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">E. amethystus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. were closely related with high support (ML bootstrap value = 83%; BI posterior probability = 0.98),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Izumi & Fujii" authorityYear="2021" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus smaragdus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="smaragdus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus smaragdus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. was indicated as their sister group, but was only slightly supported by ML (bootstrap value = 57%) and not supported by the BI method.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1931" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus gilbertensis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gilbertensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus gilbertensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was nested with the other five species and positioned at the most basal node of this genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621145" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" start="Figure 10" startId="F10">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Figure 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Maximum-likelihood tree of the order
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="England" authorityYear="1987" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" rank="order">Actiniaria</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the combined dataset of mitochondrial 12S and 16S and nuclear 18S rDNA (total 2866 bp). The clade of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="England" authorityYear="1987" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Edwardsianthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Edwardsianthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Edwardsianthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is colored in a red box. Red bar at node indicates the position at which nemathybomes would be obtained. Numbers indicate ML bootstrap support values followed by BI posterior probabilities of the nodes (bootstrap values of ≥ 50% and posterior probabilities ≥ 0.5 are shown).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="151">
|
||
In addition, the most basal position of our phylogenetic tree of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Andres" authorityYear="1881" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Edwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is taken by
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Izumi, Ise & Yanagi" authorityYear="2017" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Tempuractis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tempuractis rinkai" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="rinkai">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Tempuractis rinkai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Izumi, Ise, & Yanagi, 2018. This edwardsiid is the only species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Izumi, Ise & Yanagi" authorityYear="2017" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" genus="Tempuractis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tempuractis" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">Tempuractis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Izumi, Ise, & Yanagi, 2018. It has a simple morphology compared to other edwardsiid species by showing a smooth body wall without particular structures, like nemathybomes, a simple aboral end without any apparent physa, and simple tentacles without any structures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs170042" author="Izumi, T" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" pagination="188 - 198" refId="B25" refString="Izumi, T, Ise, Y, Yanagi, K, Shibata, D, Ueshima, R, 2018. First detailed record of symbiosis between a sea anemone and homoscleromorph sponge, with a description of Tempuractis rinkai gen. et sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae). Zoological Science 35: 188 - 198, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2108/zs170042" title="First detailed record of symbiosis between a sea anemone and homoscleromorph sponge, with a description of Tempuractis rinkai gen. et sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2108/zs170042" volume="35" year="2018">Izumi et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This topology suggests that nemathybomes of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Andres" authorityYear="1881" class="Anthozoa" family="Edwardsiidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="151" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Edwardsiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
were obtained within the family lineage (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Maximum-likelihood tree of the order Actiniaria based on the combined dataset of mitochondrial 12 S and 16 S and nuclear 18 S rDNA (total 2866 bp). The clade of the genus Edwardsianthus is colored in a red box. Red bar at node indicates the position at which nemathybomes would be obtained. Numbers indicate ML bootstrap support values followed by BI posterior probabilities of the nodes (bootstrap values of ≥ 50 % and posterior probabilities ≥ 0.5 are shown)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1072.69025.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/621145" pageId="0" pageNumber="151">10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |