337 lines
38 KiB
XML
337 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="9031DECE99728986789A8C88FC6944BF" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.840.31390" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4c209bbc-812f-4354-86a4-23e69d38cae9" ID-PMC="PMC6482116" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-840-1" ID-PubMed="31065225" ID-ZooBank="0E7E96911F874C47B482F4E15052A987" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1313-2970-840-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 840" ModsDocTitle="Sea anemones (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) of Singapore: redescription and taxonomy of Phymanthuspinnulatus Martens in Klunzinger, 1877" checkinTime="1555526088815" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Yap, Nicholas Wei Liang, Tan, Ria, Yong, Clara Lei Xin, Tan, Koh Siang & Huang, Danwei" docDate="2019" docId="09BF8D263FD4B5AB366988C626F3E7C2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 840: 1-20" docOrigin="ZooKeys 840" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.840.31390" docTitle="Phymanthus pinnulatus Martens in Klunzinger 1877" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="FFE2004BFFE4D371A001FFC039144E00" masterDocTitle="Sea anemones (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) of Singapore: redescription and taxonomy of Phymanthuspinnulatus Martens in Klunzinger, 1877" masterLastPageNumber="20" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1701315406497" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="AED7903B0F422D1887F8D587813B6272">Sea anemones (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) of Singapore: redescription and taxonomy of Phymanthuspinnulatus Martens in Klunzinger, 1877</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="63932890F32865F72A693B686B821987">Yap, Nicholas Wei Liang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F38FF40E1CC465E70C56A4EC6E25CA55">Tan, Ria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B88F38040BCC9121937DD2C73DE858E6">Yong, Clara Lei Xin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C549F85D025D0C25764FCE0D659A8B28">Tan, Koh Siang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A116CE68F4FEB89D40CD2199F435B95F">Huang, Danwei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="11CF19E7854BEE8460F61C0264980F25">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="57A4CF8E5BB07E533C6D4958BABD4C63">840</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="03528D897F0201DE46A6A511FAA780A4">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.840.31390</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="4287719BF5B61F3742D91CC23FD57DA1">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="840ED2DCB6172C5D46C610F32ECD2037" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.840.31390</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="09BF8D263FD4B5AB366988C626F3E7C2" ID-GBIF-Taxon="156787965" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:09BF8D263FD4B5AB366988C626F3E7C2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/09BF8D263FD4B5AB366988C626F3E7C2" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection id="FCF76DB0801AFDA1356103774F0A751B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9BB8AC67720E2B9D85FDD0D19CA4D6AD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="E7789C32CDAF86910B59D559A5F6ED3F" ID-CoL="4HDK9" authority="Martens in Klunzinger, 1877" authorityName="Martens in Klunzinger" authorityYear="1877" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus pinnulatus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnulatus">Phymanthus pinnulatus Martens in Klunzinger, 1877</taxonomicName>
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Figs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7E8B25AD627204BC764196DA488F7A65" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="C3BBE9884C8120AEDEC88FAE13C0FF3F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="DF6C920ED939FCD76B3574D9721F0681" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus pinnulatum" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnulatum">Phymanthus pinnulatum</taxonomicName>
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Martens in Klunzinger, 1877: 87 (original description).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4221DF512E92A74279A99AAA843B56DB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
<taxonomicName id="ABA511BD886D8A0D91986D3B4E5C2CC6" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus pinnulatum" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnulatum">Phymanthus pinnulatum</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="D0D7D3495955F0B34D0621E3CBC799B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Haddon 1898</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 496;
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<bibRefCitation id="BA3CAC526B01698D6EE5EABF593E3959" author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 121" title="A survey of the Ptychodactiaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria." volume="1" year="1949">Carlgren 1949</bibRefCitation>
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: 75.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A796300861633215DD9B98929C8E2FBA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="855EA3B59362C047196585CFFAE94CDE" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus pinnulatus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnulatus">Phymanthus pinnulatus</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="547CAAC0A18778C5E0E99F7E2F3C3440" author="Fautin, DG" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 449" title="Catalog to families, genera, and species of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4145.1.1" volume="4145" year="2016">Fautin 2016</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 346.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="51BAF6734072D446270BB78A65BBB618" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="F1994F052262B0D3542F06C1599ECAAD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Occurrence and materials collected in Singapore</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="273D081A3F5A31AB965D9F990F6B60FC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">(Fig. 1). (* - observed alive; bold - morphotypes with smooth marginal tentacles or reduced protuberances):</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="77EEBDCA7A7882944F07FADFAC00CAB3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Berlayer Creek (ZRC.CNI.1343 x4*), Big
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<normalizedToken id="4C31BB137A98E8E363464CA2248B2F2E" originalValue="Sister’s">Sister's</normalizedToken>
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Island (ZRC.CNI.0982 x1; ZRC.CNI.1103 x1*; ZRC.CNI.1163 x1*; ZRC.CNI.1045 x1*; ZRC.CNI.1347 x4*), Changi East Beaches (ZRC.CNI.1084 x1*; ZRC.CNI.1106 x1*), Chek Jawa (photographed but not collected), Cyrene Reef (ZRC.CNI.1089 x1*; ZRC.CNI.1112 x2*; ZRC.CNI.1145 x1*; ZRC.CNI.1342 x4*), East Coast Park Beaches (ZRC.CNI.1039 x1*; ZRC.CNI.1046 x1*; ZRC.CNI.1110 x1*), Kusu Island (ZRC.CNI.1162 x1*), Pulau Hantu (ZRC.CNI.0015 x1; BMNH1995.1006 x1; CASIZ161242 x1), Pulau Jong (BMNH1996.355 x1), Pulau Sekudu (ZRC.CNI.0738 x1), Pulau Semakau (ZRC.CNI.1031 x1*; ZRC.CNI.0318 x1; ZRC.CNI.0321 x1; ZRC.CNI.0322 x1; ZRC.CNI.0639 x1; ZRC.CNI.1098 x1*; ZRC.CNI.1361 x1*), Pulau Tekukor (ZRC.CNI.0993 x3*, of these only one has reduced protuberances; BMNH1996.313 x1; ZRC.CNI.1306 x1*), Sentosa (Tanjong Rimau) (ZRC.CNI.1345 x4*), St
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<normalizedToken id="29FC1A93B8D5DE2E64399E6934384EAF" originalValue="John’s">John's</normalizedToken>
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Island (ZRC.CNI.0467 x1), Tanah Merah (photographed but not collected), Terumbu Bemban (ZRC.CNI.1223 x1*), Terumbu Pempang Tengah (ZRC.CNI.1028 x1*; ZRC.CNI.1029 x1*), Terumbu Raya (ZRC.CNI.1111 x1*), Terumbu Semakau (ZRC.CNI.0493 x1).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="605BB4FE0932C16302D93B654C7D2C32" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<paragraph id="DD285AB86E2290A211400924DE23161C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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||
Figure 1. Map of Singapore where specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="6FBF633FF04BE45AACC4A4B4FF46F99A" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus pinnulatus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnulatus">Phymanthus pinnulatus</taxonomicName>
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were collected for this study: 1, Berlayer Creek (
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<geoCoordinate id="69809D9B1EF8BD04D9DE5E8AC07D83E2" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.2655555">1°15'56"N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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||
<geoCoordinate id="2EEDBFF4CE1F20606EA4CE7BAC16EE10" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.806946">103°48'25"E</geoCoordinate>
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||
); 2, Big
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<normalizedToken id="F408762BDEC6A6B48E7383493B02E6DC" originalValue="Sisters’">Sisters'</normalizedToken>
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||
Island (Pulau Subar Laut) (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="FF34EC408829B2A1E06F04FED0641047" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.2138889">1°12'50"N</geoCoordinate>
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;
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||
<geoCoordinate id="0078E28A14B80B9D04130F5C9EF80AB6" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.834724">103°50'05"E</geoCoordinate>
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); 3, Changi East Beaches (
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<geoCoordinate id="D31D070F48EDE966FA10CEE49C637D06" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.3125">1°18'45"N</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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||
<geoCoordinate id="798E72C31571282FED5E4D457362ED34" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="104.00861">104°00'31"E</geoCoordinate>
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); 4, Chek Jawa (
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<geoCoordinate id="0C5273BC60FBC45A6303194B6107D90F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.4069444">1°24'25"N</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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<geoCoordinate id="D3603E7FD860B7A7D3698CFF42E9635A" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.989716">103°59'23"E</geoCoordinate>
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); 5, Cyrene Reef (Terumbu Pandan) (
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<geoCoordinate id="9DB5D1391D23C28986761E2FD059CD91" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.2577778">1°15'28"N</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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<geoCoordinate id="703449CDFB8C729EEB6D1A54C7982F55" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.75528">103°45'19"E</geoCoordinate>
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); 6, East Coast Park Beaches (
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<geoCoordinate id="E4C62FD99141F748E5906EE118141C78" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.2933333">1°17'36"N</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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||
<geoCoordinate id="D2BB738D8D619572C6855EF052A52AB3" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.89611">103°53'46"E</geoCoordinate>
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||
); 7, Kusu Island (Pulau Tembakul) (
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<geoCoordinate id="19782272F32DCB71EF854760E8D487F4" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.2236111">1°13'25"N</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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||
<geoCoordinate id="A65E13120822760D5245D24304201263" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.86083">103°51'39"E</geoCoordinate>
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||
); 8, Pulau Hantu (
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||
<geoCoordinate id="0EFF087F56AF87AC4AAB3AC4FE49A2F7" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.2263889">1°13'35"N</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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||
<geoCoordinate id="58920EC6EE5922A48A478263C3A47BBC" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.75083">103°45'03"E</geoCoordinate>
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||
); 9, Pulau Jong (
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||
<geoCoordinate id="C5A711404A7127AD0E88B89CA8680AB8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.215">1°12'54"N</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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||
<geoCoordinate id="C32BEBCA884A897B5AC1B5EE7A0C7277" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.78667">103°47'12"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
); 10, Pulau Sekudu (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4DA177DFD5F0F6786EE6EB4DD59E8936" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.4052777">1°24'19"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
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||
<geoCoordinate id="67AC56984267A9A5341626ED0C253FB8" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.98805">103°59'17"E</geoCoordinate>
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||
); 11, Pulau Semakau (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="7AD57890586D739F57E46F7B1E02A0B9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.1994445">1°11'58"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
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||
<geoCoordinate id="BB9AA4A82CBE4CC6CF6656B4965CDA0C" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.75861">103°45'31"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
); 12, Pulau Tekukor (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E9BB7EB4C8E101897B0864644F880055" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.2308334">1°13'51"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="05D0CF0C1B70C9D7A4237AC669777E6E" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.83833">103°50'18"E</geoCoordinate>
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||
); 13, Sentosa (Tanjong Rimau) (
|
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<geoCoordinate id="D5230BFCD6EFDCB24D545548FB2E616C" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.2463889">1°14'47"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4CCC661AE81E50E78EA082B6483DF247" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.83222">103°49'56"E</geoCoordinate>
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||
); 14, St
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||
<normalizedToken id="97799F27CD8A183C9D053E76A03623EF" originalValue="John’s">John's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Island (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="3D10D8866CD4DBEC76527BC683374E2C" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.2213889">1°13'17"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="D607FE05545E3FDD27A6B7096634EE6E" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.84861">103°50'55"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
); 15, Tanah Merah (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="DE83AC06125C79A3302DDB402A54511A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.3125">1°18'45"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B64194870D2C00394D037118A7473330" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.992775">103°59'34"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
); 16, Terumbu Bemban (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="7C526FE3B0D0A61C18BDB540A3DA0D88" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.21">1°12'36"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F2D86F7E4F5DEDD85B206BF2A082C54D" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.74083">103°44'27"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
); 17, Terumbu Pempang Tengah (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="F8F8FA5B37ECE2BBF39CD6D3A4F5C124" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.2258334">1°13'33"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B418F491AD10C6B3978D2E3FD9BED3F9" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.73055">103°43'50"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
); 18, Terumbu Raya (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="C16412A6A3CF2643DD393EF2F6D9AE6D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.2127779">1°12'46"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="088DF9D0742023A64C9A0D20D055C7E4" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.7525">103°45'09"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
); 19, Terumbu Semakau (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="08D32E15E3EC0A156EE79DE189F3F040" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="1.2127779">1°12'46"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="B9530F5535967A2C15E348123AD3FB37" direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="103.768616">103°46'07"E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E2EFC3DF291B806A12B3D03D3C25C68D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
|
||
<paragraph id="5E1BEC55313A9208774EE6949F34AE46" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="34C598E7F825BD25308862057A021C66" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Holotype, ZNB Cni 1324, collected by E. von Martens. A single specimen, 60 mm in length, flaccid, cut longitudinally, a slice of the distalmost margin and part of the proximal end missing, though a little of the pedal disc remains, cream-coloured entirely (Fig. 2A); NRS76 consists of three pieces originating from ZMB Cni 1324 (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D465205846E122D0B17B121ED64C70AD" author="Fautin, DG" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 449" title="Catalog to families, genera, and species of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4145.1.1" volume="4145" year="2016">Fautin 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), all pieces cream-coloured in preservative: a piece of the distalmost end with oral disc and marginal tentacles present, 11 mm in length; a piece of mesentery, fertile, 9 mm wide; a 30 mm longitudinal strip of the column (Fig. 2B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B9A010A9ED5105B17177B6DE8F454C8A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="7A4B2555E56B529CE30040BDEFF3F0A5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 2. Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87A77968EEF8BF5367916519D688510C" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus pinnulatum" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnulatum">Phymanthus pinnulatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Martens in Klunzinger, 1877 A entire specimen present at the Museum
|
||
<normalizedToken id="50E99EB20FEC03CA123F636D688BAA11" originalValue="für">fuer</normalizedToken>
|
||
Naturkunde, Berlin (ZMB Cni 1324), Germany B three pieces of the holotype removed from the Berlin specimen now at Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (NRS76), Stockholm, Sweden. Abbreviations: m, mesenteries. mt, marginal tentacles. mf, mesenterial filaments. mp, marginal projection. o, oral disc. pd, pedal disc. Photographs by NWL Yap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9E96A74E81C638E81F315C17F23AAD4C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph id="8187C687DE359048BC85F6C70043559D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="02467E0A0E82798AD3FC5C7EAD6952A7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Usually encountered during low tide, with upper portion exposed, oral disc and marginal tentacles expanded (Fig. 3A, B, C). Sediment and small shell fragments may adhere to verrucae (Fig. 3D). Lower body usually deep in crevices or buried in sand or coral rubble. Pedal disc attached to buried rock, fragments of shell or coral rubble. Retracts quickly and deeply into substratum when disturbed, pulling in marginal tentacles completely. Animal typically found singly, with multiple individuals separated by a short distance (> 20 cm), although clusters up to four have been observed. Zooxanthellate.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="C2D4DA6D46631B4038B3C0CDB84B8686" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="6BCF0784E3DDBBFA3080BA176AA8A1F1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 3. Living specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B4DA859F9322F62251D71D1F28D8D184" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus pinnulatus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnulatus">Phymanthus pinnulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, external morphology of oral end A expanded individual of green
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0EAEDB420EA93421C47B7EA67B0FBA4A" originalValue="“banded”">"banded"</normalizedToken>
|
||
colour morph, in situ. Photograph by R Tan B an expanded slaty-green
|
||
<normalizedToken id="36669CD91831556F72AE95B42605C11C" originalValue="“plain”">"plain"</normalizedToken>
|
||
coloured individual, with extensive branching of its protuberances, in situ. Photograph by R Tan C a third colour morph with brilliant electric blue marginal tentacles, in situ. Photograph by NWL Yap D a partially contracted individual in situ, with its oral end protruding from the substratum; note longitudinal rows of verrucae along intermesenterial spaces, extending proximally from the oral end towards mid column, in situ. Photograph by R Tan.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="D92A0B305D67603F45B8B935DA4B0F32" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="marginal tentacles">
|
||
<paragraph id="6306DF13A0B9D8714EB6004131E97522" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Marginal tentacles.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A084E2FA0250AF65C2E85F7B503815A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">96 in total; one individual with 98 (ZRC.CNI.1342). All of similar length, equal to oral disc radius or longer (Figs 3A, B). Arranged hexamerously in four cycles but octamerously in one individual (ZRC.CNI.1029). Cycle closest to margin exocoelic; innermost cycles endocoelic. One per endo-/exocoel. Ramified protuberances occur laterally along both sides, symmetrical, alternating between large and small knobs (Fig. 4A). In life, branching appears extensive; when preserved, appears as low knobs (Figs 4A, B, respectively). Extent of branching may vary; some individuals have protuberances as slight bumps while in others the entire length is smooth (Figs 4C, D). Tip narrow and blunt, without perforation (Fig. 4E); base wide. Colour variable, from greenish-brown, slatey-grey to blue with golden tinge (Figs 3A, B, C); tip with green, purple, or pink cast. In fixed individuals, tentacles cream-coloured to greenish, translucent. Protuberances cream-coloured to gold on oral side; usually with a white line adjoining opposite protuberances (Fig. 4A).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="ECAA89709894C04DB4AF0BBF738A5128" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E7BCBC91281DFC3BA08012B64DAA8D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 4. Marginal tentacle and marginal projection appearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="86A3D292CDEAF873F145E6A4A3527A10" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus pinnulatus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnulatus">Phymanthus pinnulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
A close-up of ramified protuberances of a living specimen. Photograph by NWL Yap B close-up of protuberances from a fixed specimen (ZRC.CNI.1345); note that finer details of protuberance branching are lost in preserved/fixed specimens, branching of protuberances now appear as knobs. Photograph by NWL Yap C a morphotype of that lacks ramified protuberances. Note that this individual (ZRC.CNI.1029) is atypical as it has lesser marginal tentacles, by which are also octo-ramously arranged. Photograph by NWL Yap. D a
|
||
<normalizedToken id="26CB713124F45718D9B71FBBECD7FFC2" originalValue="“smooth”">"smooth"</normalizedToken>
|
||
tentacle morphotype, in situ. Photograph by R Tan E close-up of a marginal tentacle tip from a fixed specimen (ZRC.CNI.1342). Note absence of perforation at tip F close-up of a row of marginal projections of a fixed specimen (ZRC.CNI.1342). Note perforations (arrowed). Abbreviations: mt, marginal tentacles; mtt, marginal tentacle tip; p, protuberances. Photographs by NWL Yap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3E781B3F97E8927157492F33F6FBC601" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="column">
|
||
<paragraph id="1DB72B55C3D6E952E0E1714DE16F635A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Column.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="590E8935F764E032EA58D1177D9F2BA6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colour variable, from tan to translucent white. Distalmost end dark-brown. May appear whitish or cream-coloured in life, or with a light green tinge in preserved specimens. Distalmost end flared outwards when animal is expanded; mid-section uniform diameter; pedal end may spread outwards when animal is attached to a surface. Diameter of distalmost end greater than pedal disc. Marginal projections present along margin of distalmost end; may be inflated, perforated (Fig. 4F), with a central white dot. Dot not visible in preserved specimens. Longitudinal rows of adherent verrucae present, extending proximally to mid-section (Fig. 3D). In life, shell fragments or substratum particles may be attached to verrucae. Verrucae outline eye-shaped, as low white bumps, middle depressed, diameter <1 mm. Verrucae rows endocoelic; alternate long and short rows. Longer rows with typically more than eight verrucae; shorter rows with less than five. Mesenterial insertions seen as white lines that extend from distalmost to pedal end. Past mid-section: plain and smooth, without any obvious structures. Cinclides present, visible only when limbus is expanded. Fosse present, shallow, ca. 1 mm deep.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="EA96F7E52619E781CD558015A2B0B9EC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="oral disc">
|
||
<paragraph id="E0F5283DD143164FD83EC24EAC7DD189" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oral disc.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B3F9B45FFC144869C0611815A354FDC4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Outline round, flat when fully expanded; diameter 40 mm or greater. Colour in life grey to dark brown, with white markings flanking outwards; in fixed specimens, cream-coloured to translucent white. Discal tentacles present, arranged in radial rows extending from mouth to marginal tentacles, both endo- and exocoelic, numerous in a row (Fig. 5A). Discal tentacles outline: slim oval, as low bumps (Fig. 5B), some with middle sunken in, dependent on state of expansion. Discal tentacles dark-brown or grey in life. In preserved individuals, these are very inconspicuous, seen as horizontally radiating short grey dashes (Fig. 5C), may be very faint, or not seen at all, depending on state and age of specimen (e.g. Figs 5C, D). Wall thin; dark lines corresponding to mesenterial insertions visible through wall, extends from the mouth to margin. Central mouth oval and flat, area around it may be translucent. Two siphonoglyphs, symmetrical. In life, these may be white with pinkish streaks. Preserved, siphonoglyphs appear cream-coloured.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="4282301A99423B9721D5B54009B570FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="52A84F2CDB23BD05062966B9D913548A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 5. Detail of the oral discs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AD2662660F5837C5AACF477A76A0FA22" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus pinnulatus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnulatus">Phymanthus pinnulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, external morphology A top view of discal tentacles present on a live individual, arranged as radial rows between intermesenterial spaces, extending from the mouth towards the region of the marginal tentacles (ZRC.CNI.1361) B side view of discal tentacles of a living specimen; note the low and reduced elevation of tentacles (ZRC.CNI.1046) C faint and reduced radial rows of discal tentacles (arrowed) present on a recent, formalin-fixed specimen (ZRC.CNI.1345) D very reduced and barely noticeable remnants of discal tentacles (arrowed) present on the holotype (NRS76); note that this specimen was preserved before 1877. Abbreviations: m, mesenteries; mt, marginal tentacles. Photographs by NWL Yap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7910DAA44669E46A100E1157212CE7B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="pedal disc">
|
||
<paragraph id="F3E29E9B6E5419D7F24FC5FA024B22AA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pedal disc.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CED27BC481AB0B0AF13874FFB200AB1A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Oval, flat, same colour as proximal section of column. Thin-walled, mesenterial insertions appear as radiating white lines. Strongly adherent; readily attaches to surfaces to follow contour of substratum.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="673EB5882936A594C98A02015F28CE1E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="internal morphology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8C96ED6460FC0E95065E946DEA429D84" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Internal morphology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F9DE7B3374089E69C9B76B95DE551263" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Actinopharynx longitudinally pleated, extends proximally until mid-column. Oral and marginal stomata present. Mesenteries contain zooxanthellae, arranged in three orders. All 12 pairs of highest order complete, fertile and with filaments; two of these directives, each attached to a siphonoglyph. Mesenteries of second order incomplete, but all fertile with filaments, 12 pairs. In one individual (ZRC.CNI.0467) nine pairs of imperfect mesenteries were present in the second order. Twenty-four pairs of mesenteries small, without filaments and retractor pennon make up third order. All mesenteries, except smallest, extend to the proximal end. Sphincter muscle absent (Fig. 6A). Retractor muscles: strong, diffuse to diffuse circumscript. Parietobasilar muscle extends away from mesentery, as a reduced pennon (Fig. 6B), poorly developed. No internal broods encountered.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8B88A55AB4B7567015D42B2EB2DF4A5D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="CA8279D41A7DA201504681349FC1D07C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 6. Internal musculature of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A59249292E417379F7CB462C8C3422BD" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus pinnulatus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnulatus">Phymanthus pinnulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
A longitudinal section of ZRC.CNI.0321 at the margin, showing lack of marginal sphincter muscle. Fosse is indicated by a black star B cross-section of ZRC.CNI.0993. Note the presence of well-developed retractor muscles (white star), and oocytes. Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; d, directives; mp, marginal projection; mt, marginal tentacle; pb, parietolbasilar muscle. Scale bar: 10 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3246D29A58F6872EA62A0EA8AFC1C43B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="cnidom">
|
||
<paragraph id="702B729DCA342A59989F5AB8DDC0C6EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Cnidom.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="374E97D81091026CB7F36D34D1FABBF8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic p-mastigophores (Table 1). Cnidae illustrated in Fig. 7. No cnidom data yielded from holotype (i.e., ZMB Cni 1324 and NRS 76), cnidae present damaged with crystalline appearance.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="FAA11FE55B161483ADBDC769809528E2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="67CA107F6AE3E041F72CADFF7E2362B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="169B4593B7A2C20434FFC0640ABFDCB6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Singapore (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="47CD0A3AD37C8A3AAF45738E491EAC98" author="Klunzinger, CB" journalOrPublisher="Verlag der Gutmann'schen Buchhandlung, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Die Korallthiere des rothen Meeres, 1: Die Alcyonarien und Malacodermen." year="1877">Klunzinger 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study), Indonesia (pers. obs.; see discussion below) and Northern Australia (see discussion below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="0C031D92F797DAE085E0112FAAADF582" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="6C0BE47EE20C1C2146CB1C3FD9B12A92" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Figure 7. Cnidae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6B69C9486E6D1919E3233BF9AA675A1A" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus pinnulatus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnulatus">Phymanthus pinnulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
A spirocyst B basitrich C spirocyst D basitrich E spirocyst F basitrich G basitrich H basitrich I basitrich J microbasic p-mastigophore K small basitrich L large basitrich M microbasic p-mastigophore. Scale bar: 10
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0EC530CD812E18A403775756E8044113" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Photographs by NWL Yap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="53AF44A529CE7645F5A1C4F0158BB8A9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="D208E42F19FD15AED24E9C0FB73FAFF2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Table 1. Cnidom of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C2EC527E7499CFDF115031E816A5E93" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus pinnulatus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnulatus">Phymanthus pinnulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Martens in Klunzinger, 1877. Measurements in
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F2C2A5ECC53772D5C8AD06D74010CB07" originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
|
||
; size outliers of single capsules are presented in values within parentheses. Abbreviations: N = the number of specimens having that type of cnidae to total specimens examined; n = total number of capsules measured for each type. Letters in parentheses following cnidae type refer to its illustration in Fig. 7.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7156927BF68FE082ADA321B4FCD715CD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<table id="B51DCBA5CEDB884326C48876366407D8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<tr id="C6B30D8660BABAD8C08600A3EF6D50FF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td id="0D56B5C70150B7592D2DC3E53F179305" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="2">Tissue</td>
|
||
<td id="C7CB355700D0D88CFC99B089E66C3B53" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="2">Cnidae</td>
|
||
<td id="9A492ACF914879F845EF8E7BF1B720DF" colspan="3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="019FFF9F47B48272B2F4B521EA3452D9" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus pinnulatus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnulatus">Phymanthus pinnulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
Martens in Klunzinger, 1877
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="CBD0EFD73625387DFBCFE5991F7F3612" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td id="6B4576CDDC50103585357321F3C93F14" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
Range length
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F953165EC55DEDDEBE922FF68C82FDE0" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
range width
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="65198B04B7F33542DCA2E07EFBA9899F" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">N</td>
|
||
<td id="3D5ECEB9CD975897B98FC8FDAEB2E56B" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">n</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="87CBE3E756D41A841537560EFE75A61D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td id="7A65FF6C50AF16BA173BD1359CFF8938" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="B260C2029C79306DB90ED45D225D3CAE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td id="4453982E5C3A6F9E59217992DA24F724" colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">p</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="70A4220A73940083B6D72B2141FDD2C6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="953E63EE5635261C103EF5128233DBCF" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3589C10D8CC730E65A847917694903AE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Of the 53 specimens collected in this study and those examined in situ, we encountered five individuals having reduced protuberances. These morphotypes were only encountered along the southern Singapore shores.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="31A700E19966CAAFCE3BE5CCB38D69CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
While
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="85F6E0902498289840599268A7BAAB07" author="Klunzinger, CB" journalOrPublisher="Verlag der Gutmann'schen Buchhandlung, Berlin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" title="Die Korallthiere des rothen Meeres, 1: Die Alcyonarien und Malacodermen." year="1877">Klunzinger (1877)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
makes no mention of the etymology of the name, nor does it appear in
|
||
<normalizedToken id="580E313F6238B5C0093E2FDB1FDB51F9" originalValue="Martens’">Martens'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1867, 1875) reports, the original species name is rendered as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2BD1F1259BCEF43000FE1FCF519228AE" lsidName="pinnulatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pinnulatum">pinnulatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, made up of both a noun (pinnula = small wing) and a neuter, adjective forming suffix (-tum), thereby making it an adjective in the nominative singular (ICZN Article 11.9.1). Therein, the original spelling of the species name is incorrect. The species name, being an adjective in a genitive case, according to Article 31.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), must agree in gender with the genus. The gender of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7811A465361E019AFF3B850908556CF7" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phymanthus" order="Actiniaria" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Phymanthus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is masculine, therefore the species name is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1220FA798C27E4CCC6067A251150F92E" lsidName="pinnulatus" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pinnulatus">pinnulatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="336BBF08164A764BE765746D391247D4" author="Fautin, DG" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 449" title="Catalog to families, genera, and species of orders Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4145.1.1" volume="4145" year="2016">Fautin 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |