182 lines
18 KiB
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182 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.568.6721" ID-GBIF-Dataset="632624e7-0ca8-4b3d-99a1-a8b06728600e" ID-PMC="PMC4829671" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-568-87" ID-PubMed="27103875" ID-ZBK="F6635BDF82F64747B04FB3C7387D84BA" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-568-87" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 568" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the Japanese species of Epicephala Meyrick with descriptions of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)" checkinTime="1456309300863" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kawakita, Atsushi & Kato, Makoto" docDate="2016" docId="2B66506AFC3D19BECDE6633C01F2203E" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 568: 87-118" docOrigin="ZooKeys 568" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.568.6721" docTitle="Epicephala perplexa Kawakita & Kato, 2016, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="131546B9-E33D-4D3F-99AA-838AC256CF9F" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="96" masterDocId="AE146C59FB36FFE6FF9DED05F863FFC0" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Japanese species of Epicephala Meyrick with descriptions of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)" masterLastPageNumber="118" masterPageNumber="87" pageNumber="94" updateTime="1668162734509" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the Japanese species of Epicephala Meyrick with descriptions of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kawakita, Atsushi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kato, Makoto</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>568</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>87</mods:start>
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<mods:end>118</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.568.6721</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.568.6721</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-568-87</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F6635BDF82F64747B04FB3C7387D84BA</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F6635BDF82F64747B04FB3C7387D84BA</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127877453" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:131546B9-E33D-4D3F-99AA-838AC256CF9F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B66506AFC3D19BECDE6633C01F2203E" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="7" pageNumber="94">
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="94" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="94">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Gracillariidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="94" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="94">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/131546B9-E33D-4D3F-99AA-838AC256CF9F" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala perplexa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="94" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Epicephala perplexa</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="7" pageNumber="94">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="95" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="95" start="start">Clade</pageBreakToken>
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3 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="3567 - 3581" title="Assessment of the diversity and species specificity of the mutualistic association between Epicephala moths and Glochidion trees." url="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03037.x" volume="15" year="2006">Kawakita and Kato 2006</bibRefCitation>
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);
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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sp. ex
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion lanceolatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolatum">Glochidion lanceolatum</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="417 - 426" title="Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association." url="10.1098/rspb.2008.1226" volume="276" year="2009">Kawakita and Kato 2009</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" title="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" url="10.1111/bij.12633" year="2015">Kawakita et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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);
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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sp. 3 (
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion lanceolatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolatum">Glochidion lanceolatum</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="417 - 426" title="Mutualism favours higher host specificity than does antagonism in plant-herbivore interaction." url="10.1098/rspb.2010.0355" volume="276" year="2010">Kawakita et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="95" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">
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This species is unlike any other
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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species in having outward projection on basal cucullus bearing dense spines, row of spines spanning the entire sacculus and rigidly sclerotized and ventrally curved lamella postvaginalis.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="8" pageNumber="95" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Wingspan: 8.3-10.0 mm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">
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Head: With numerous white scales on dorsal surface. Labial palpus dark brown. Antenna brown, about 1.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as forewing. Female proboscis with a large number of trichoid sensilla; sensilla as long as width of proboscis, denser toward base.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">
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Thorax: White dorsally. Forewing brown with narrow white band on dorsum from base to 2/3 of entire length; three narrow white bands beginning at dorsal margin near 1/2 to 3/4 length of wing and extending obliquely toward wing apex, terminating before reaching mid-width of wing; dull white spots scattered on costal half; a narrow silver band with metallic reflection extending from costa to dorsum at 5/6 length; distal 1/6 orange-brown with black dot centrally, franked by short white band near dorsum; distal end fringed with narrow white band; cilia grayish brown. Hindwing brown, 0.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of forewing; cilia grayish brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="95">Male genitalia: Tegumen elongated rounded triangular. Cucullus rounded rectangular at distal half, projected outwardly at basal half with dense spines on outer surface of the projection; ventral margin of basal half folded inwardly; inner surface covered with numerous hairs. Sacculus rounded triangular, 2/3 length of cucullus, with row of long spines on ventral inner surface running parallel to ventral margin and continuing to a cluster of spines at apex. Vinculum U-shaped; saccus oblong, as long as vinculum. Aedeagus slightly curved dorsally at middle, with a pair of half-moon-shaped projections ventrally near mid-length, dorsally with parallel longitudinal ridges for entire length, dilated slightly at apex.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="96" pageId="8" pageNumber="95">
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Female genitalia: Lamella postvaginalis rigid, crescent-shaped, curved ventrally, with a pair of teeth on posterior margin, as broad as and 0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of seventh sternite. Antrum 1.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of lamella postvaginalis, with a pair of sclerotized parallel ridges continuing to ductus bursae. Ductus bursae as long as antrum, with longitudinal parallel ridges to 2/3 of its length. Corpus bursae elongate oval; signum absent.
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="96" start="start">Apophyses</pageBreakToken>
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posteriores 1.4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of apophyses anteriores. Ovipositor dentate laterally, angular at apex.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="96" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">
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29♂, 20♀. Holotype ♀ - JAPAN: Okinawa Prefecture: Okinawa Island, Kunigami, Cape Hedo (26.860200, 128.257979), 30 m, collected as larva in fruit of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion lanceolatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolatum">Glochidion lanceolatum</taxonomicName>
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and reared to adult, 15.vi.2015 (KYO). Paratypes - same data as holotype, 10♂ (KYO); same locality as holotype, 13.vi.2004, 3♂, 2♀ (KYO); Other specimens - JAPAN: Kagoshima Prefecture: Amami Island, Asado, 30.x.2011, 4♂, 2♀; Okinawa Prefecture: Ishigaki Island, Omoto, 30.ix.2004, 11♂, 10♀; Iriomote Island, Funaura, 5.x.2003, 1♂, 3♀; Yonaguni Island, Mantabaru, 20.ix.2004, 2♀.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="96" type="dna barcodes">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">DNA barcodes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">AY221977-AY221979, AY850003, DQ298962-DQ298964, DQ298967, DQ298969-DQ298971, DQ298974-DQ298976, DQ298978-DQ298980, DQ298984, DQ298985, DQ298989, DQ298996-DQ298998.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="96" type="known host and adult behavior">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">Known host and adult behavior.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">
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Known only from
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion lanceolatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolatum">Glochidion lanceolatum</taxonomicName>
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. Pollination behavior present. Oviposition through ovary wall, in space between the wall and ovule (Fig. 8E). Larva feeds on seeds.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="96" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">
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Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan (Amami Island, Okinawa Island, Ishigaki Island, Iriomote Island and Yonaguni Island; Fig. 9C). Co-occurs with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="96" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">
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The name perplexa is the female form of the Latin adjective perplexus (= cryptic), because this species remained hidden until a detailed study on species specificity was performed (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="3567 - 3581" title="Assessment of the diversity and species specificity of the mutualistic association between Epicephala moths and Glochidion trees." url="10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03037.x" volume="15" year="2006">Kawakita and Kato 2006</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="96" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">
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This species occurs in full sympatry with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
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. The two species may even emerge from the same single fruit. Known ecological difference between the two species is limited to the oviposition behavior, but the difference in the level of sensilla development on the proboscis (Fig. 7) may indicate that this species delivers less pollination benefit than
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
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. Whereas the close relatives of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
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use plants having close affinity to
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion lanceolatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolatum">Glochidion lanceolatum</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala perplexa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Epicephala perplexa</taxonomicName>
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is distantly related to these
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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species (Fig. 10). Thus, the original pollinator of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion laceolatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laceolatum">Glochidion laceolatum</taxonomicName>
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has likely been
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala lanceolatella" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lanceolatella">Epicephala lanceolatella</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala perplexa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perplexa">Epicephala perplexa</taxonomicName>
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has shifted onto
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Glochidion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Glochidion laceolatum" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laceolatum">Glochidion laceolatum</taxonomicName>
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more recently.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="96">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="96">
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Figure 10. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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species based on sequences of the COI, ArgK and EF1α genes. Numbers above nodes are maximum-likelihood bootstrap support values based on 1,000 replications. The Japanese
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="96" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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species are marked in blue. Symbols right to species names donate ovipositor morphology: inverted U-shape, rounded apically; inverted V-shape, acute apically.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |