treatments-xml/data/EA/23/87/EA238799B915ED6281BDFD9BFC17F8A3.xml

<document id="713F6A39D1FA6FF02E1F04815FE05FBD" ID-CLB-Dataset="22014" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2014.79" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b2e284c1-70c1-4e2e-a6ef-cff807e570b5" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3835050" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1589939914742" checkinUser="tatiana" docAuthor="Vijver, Bart Van De &amp; Kopalová, Kateřina" docDate="2014" docId="EA238799B915ED6281BDFD9BFC17F8A3" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-2014-79.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 79" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalova 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="161AFFE1B916ED678027FFB9FFD3FA20" masterDocTitle="Four Achnanthidium species (Bacillariophyta) formerly identified as Achnanthidium minutissimum from the Antarctic Region" masterLastPageNumber="19" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698840352454" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-3.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="40A63EB33E78518D2FF27197DA523EF7">Four Achnanthidium species (Bacillariophyta) formerly identified as Achnanthidium minutissimum from the Antarctic Region</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="86F8F41A9A5B2A5CED9E5A88CE97D2E7">Vijver, Bart Van De</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="71652250F08687F2E722E9DDC2BA68C3">Botanic Garden Meise, Department of Bryophyta &amp; Thallophyta, Nieuwelaan 38, B- 1860 Meise, Belgium Email: vandevijver @ br. fgov. be (corresponding author) &amp; University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, ECOBE, Universiteitsplein 1, B- 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="903A0F6F1E470D5D7F93D190A808CB3E">Kopalová, Kateřina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="8D86AE18A0762EFA7FF97875F3144C96">Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, CZ- 12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="EA238799B915ED6281BDFD9BFC17F8A3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3851713" ID-GBIF-Taxon="164241226" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3851713" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EA238799B915ED6281BDFD9BFC17F8A3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EA238799B915ED6281BDFD9BFC17F8A3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection id="2A906504B915ED6481BDFD9BFB4AF81D" box="[410,1177,546,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED6481BDFD9BFB4AF81D" blockId="3.[410,1177,546,611]" box="[410,1177,546,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="397D81E3B915ED6481BDFD9BFB4AF81D" box="[410,1177,546,573]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="A58A4D0CB915ED6481BDFD9BFBEBF81C" authority="Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalova" authorityName="Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalova" authorityYear="2014" box="[410,1080,546,573]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Achnanthidiaceae" genus="Achnanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="indistinctum" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB915ED6481BDFD9BFD2BF81D" bold="true" box="[410,760,546,573]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Achnanthidium indistinctum</emphasis>
Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="4BCD57E6B915ED648418FD9AFB4AF81D" box="[1087,1177,547,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<subSubSection id="2A906504B915ED6482C5FDF0FCA4FC4C" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED6482C5FDF0FC81F843" blockId="3.[410,1177,546,611]" box="[738,850,585,611]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED6482C5FDF0FC81F843" box="[738,850,585,611]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 2-28</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED64809AFD34FDC9F887" blockId="3.[189,538,653,679]" box="[189,538,653,679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB915ED64809AFD34FDC9F887" bold="true" box="[189,538,653,679]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Morphological observations</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED6480CDFD06FD82F8F9" blockId="3.[189,1399,703,1192]" box="[234,593,703,729]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB915ED6480CDFD06FD82F8F9" bold="true" box="[234,593,703,729]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Light microscopy (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED6481F3FD06FD9AF8F9" box="[468,585,703,729]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 2-24</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED64809AFD5FFBDCFE87" blockId="3.[189,1399,703,1192]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Frustules short, rectangular in girdle view, bent around the transapical axis (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED64847FFD5FFB12F920" box="[1112,1217,742,768]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 2-4</figureCitation>
). Mantle striae often apparently thickened in LM (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED648247FCB5FD79F906" box="[608,682,780,806]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). Valves narrowly lanceolate with slightly to clearly convex margins and distinctly protracted, rostrate apices (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED648324FC8AFCA4F96D" box="[771,887,819,845]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 2-24</figureCitation>
). Valve dimensions (n=30): length 8.5–13.0 µm, width 
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. Raphe valve (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED648259FCE0FD22F954" box="[638,753,857,884]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 5-15</figureCitation>
) concave with a very narrow linear axial area, almost invisible towards the valve apices, almost not widening towards the central part of the valve. Central area very small, indistinct, bordered by several (usually two) more widely spaced striae. Raphe straight, filiform, almost invisible, with simple proximal raphe endings. Distal raphe fissures not discernible in LM. Striae moderately radiate throughout the entire valve, becoming indiscernible (due to higher density) near the apices. Rapheless valve (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED64828FFBA0FCFBFE14" box="[680,808,1049,1076]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 16-24</figureCitation>
) slightly convex with narrow, linear axial area, not or very slightly widening towards the valve centre. Central area almost non-existing, never forming a fascia or subfascia. Central striae very weakly more distantly spaced. Striae weakly radiate throughout, only very slightly more densely spaced near the apices, 
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.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED6480CDFB68FD29FECB" blockId="3.[189,1399,1233,1644]" box="[234,762,1233,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB915ED6480CDFB68FD29FECB" bold="true" box="[234,762,1233,1260]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Scanning electron microscopy (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED648248FB68FD21FECB" box="[623,754,1233,1259]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 25-28</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED64809AFB41FCA4FC4C" blockId="3.[189,1399,1233,1644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Striae in the rapheless valve composed of a series of 3–4 distinct, rounded to square areolae (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED648537FB41FABAFF33" box="[1296,1385,1272,1299]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
). Slit-like areolae apparently never present. Central striae less dense than in the rest of the valve (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED648535FAA7FABAFF19" box="[1298,1385,1310,1337]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
). Near the apices, striae only composed of 1–3 rounded areolae (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED648383FAFCFC2FFF40" box="[932,1020,1349,1376]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
). Mantle areolae elongated, slitlike, often enlarged (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED648194FAD2FDDFFFA6" box="[435,524,1387,1414]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
). Striae on the raphe valve, ca. 
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<quantity id="A5729B6AB915ED6483EEFAD5FBCBFFA6" box="[969,1048,1388,1414]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 µm</quantity>
, composed of 2–3 irregularly shaped (mostly rounded or elongated rectangular) areolae (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED6483B0FA2BFC27FF8D" box="[919,1012,1426,1453]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
). Near the apices, stria density higher (up to 
<quantity id="A5729B6AB915ED648143FA01FE70FFF2" box="[356,419,1464,1490]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.652" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="in" value="38.0">38 in</quantity>
<quantity id="A5729B6AB915ED64818AFA01FDD3FFF3" box="[429,512,1464,1491]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 µm</quantity>
), composed of fewer areolae (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED648357FA01FC18FFF3" box="[880,971,1464,1491]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
). Internal areolae openings on both valves covered by hymenes (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED648236FA66FD49FFD9" box="[529,666,1503,1529]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs 27, 28</figureCitation>
). External raphe branches straight terminating in simple, short proximal raphe endings (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED6481C2F9BCFDEEFC00" box="[485,573,1541,1568]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
). Distal raphe fissures straight, terminating just beyond the last apical stria (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED648127F995FE8BFC67" box="[256,344,1580,1607]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
). Internally, proximal raphe endings shortly bent into opposite directions (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED6484E4F995FAC8FC66" box="[1219,1307,1580,1606]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
). Distal raphe endings terminating in small helictoglossae (
<figureCitation id="FAB12A0AB915ED648335F9EBFCB9FC4C" box="[786,874,1618,1644]" captionStart="Figs 2-28" captionStartId="4.[189,241,1824,1850]" captionTargetBox="[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[189,1399,678,1784]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figs 2-28. Achnanthidium indistinctum Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová sp. nov. Light and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island). 2-4. LM views of some frustules in girdle view. 5-15. LM views of raphe valves. 16-24. LM views of rapheless valves. 25. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 26. SEM external view of an entire raphe valve. 27. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. 28. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3835054" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3835054/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2A906504B915ED64809AF92EFACEFCC3" box="[189,1309,1687,1763]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED64809AF92EFE97FC91" blockId="3.[189,324,1687,1713]" box="[189,324,1687,1713]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="397D81E3B915ED64809AF92EFE97FC91" bold="true" box="[189,324,1687,1713]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="3">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB915ED64809AF92EFE97FC91" bold="true" box="[189,324,1687,1713]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Etymology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED64809AF970FACEFCC3" blockId="3.[189,1309,1737,1763]" box="[189,1309,1737,1763]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">The specific epithet was given because the species is rather small and can be easily overlooked.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2A906504B915ED64809AF8B7FC9FFDCC" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED64809AF8B7FEBFFD07" blockId="3.[189,364,1805,1832]" box="[189,364,1805,1832]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<heading id="397D81E3B915ED64809AF8B7FEBFFD07" bold="true" box="[189,364,1805,1832]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="3">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB915ED64809AF8B7FEBFFD07" bold="true" box="[189,364,1805,1832]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type material</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<materialsCitation id="D2E23CD2B915ED6380CDF886FC7FFB57" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2620896301" collectingDate="2009-01-15" collectionCode="BYM" collectorName="Leg. B. Van de Vijver" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" latitude="-62.63892" location="Byers Peninsula" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-61.112278" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" specimenCode="BYM051" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South Shetland Islands" typeStatus="holotype">
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED6480CDF886FE8FFD79" blockId="3.[189,894,1855,1920]" box="[234,348,1855,1881]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB915ED6480CDF886FE8FFD79" bold="true" box="[234,348,1855,1881]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<typeStatus id="BD31882DB915ED6480CDF886FE8FFD79" box="[234,348,1855,1881]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED64809AF8DCFCADFDA0" blockId="3.[189,894,1855,1920]" box="[189,894,1893,1920]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB915ED64809AF8DCFF1EFD5F" bold="true" box="[189,205,1893,1919]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">S</emphasis>
lide BR-4361 (National Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6235368FB912ED63809AFEB2FE8EFB05" blockId="4.[189,349,267,293]" box="[189,349,267,293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="397D81E3B912ED63809AFEB2FE8EFB05" bold="true" box="[189,349,267,293]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="3">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB912ED63809AFEB2FE8EFB05" bold="true" box="[189,349,267,293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Type locality</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6235368FB912ED63809AFE83FC7FFB57" blockId="4.[189,1399,313,375]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<location id="67556054B912ED63809AFE83FE58FB73" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EA238799B915ED6281BDFD9BFC17F8A3:67556054B912ED63809AFE83FE58FB73" box="[189,395,313,340]" latitude="-62.63892" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-61.112278" name="Byers Peninsula" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="South Shetland Islands">Byers Peninsula</location>
, 
<location id="67556054B912ED638183FE80FD50FB73" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EA238799B915ED6281BDFD9BFC17F8A3:67556054B912ED638183FE80FD50FB73" box="[420,643,313,339]" latitude="-62.63892" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="-61.112278" name="Livingston Island" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="South Shetland Islands">Livingston Island</location>
, 
<collectingRegion id="A04EF86DB912ED6382BBFE80FC14FB73" box="[668,967,313,339]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">South Shetland Islands</collectingRegion>
, sample 
<specimenCode id="322C9EF4B912ED63846FFE80FB64FB74" box="[1096,1207,313,340]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">BYM051</specimenCode>
(
<geoCoordinate id="07BE5048B912ED6384F2FE80FAA4FB73" box="[1237,1399,313,339]" degrees="62" direction="south" minutes="38" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" seconds="20.1" value="-62.63892">62°38’20.1”S</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="07BE5048B912ED63809AFEE5FEB9FB57" box="[189,362,348,375]" degrees="61" direction="west" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="1" seconds="44.2" value="-61.112278">61°06’44.2”W</geoCoordinate>
) (
<collectorName id="CF7F5359B912ED6381A4FEE4FD55FB56" box="[387,646,348,375]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Leg. B. Van de Vijver</collectorName>
; coll. date 
<date id="1634104FB912ED638322FEE5FC4CFB57" box="[773,927,348,375]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2009-01-15">
<collectingDate id="0670E9A7B912ED638322FEE5FC4CFB57" box="[773,927,348,375]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" value="2009-01-15">15 Jan. 2009</collectingDate>
</date>
).
</paragraph>
</materialsCitation>
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED6480CDF813FE82FDE4" blockId="3.[189,844,1962,2028]" box="[234,337,1962,1988]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB915ED6480CDF813FE82FDE4" bold="true" box="[234,337,1962,1988]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Isotypes</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6235368FB915ED64809AF868FC9FFDCC" blockId="3.[189,844,1962,2028]" box="[189,844,2000,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Slides PLP-251 (
<collectionCode id="049BAE4AB915ED6481A3F868FE61FDCB" box="[388,434,2001,2027]" country="USA" name="University of Alabama" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="University or college">UA</collectionCode>
, University of Antwerp, 
<collectingCountry id="1A9D761FB915ED6482F2F868FCECFDCC" box="[725,831,2001,2028]" name="Belgium" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Belgium</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="2A906504B912ED62809AFE27FC17F8A3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="6235368FB912ED63809AFE27FCF3FB98" blockId="4.[189,800,414,440]" box="[189,800,414,440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<heading id="397D81E3B912ED63809AFE27FCF3FB98" bold="true" box="[189,800,414,440]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" reason="3">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB912ED63809AFE27FCF3FB98" bold="true" box="[189,800,414,440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Ecology, distribution and associated diatom flora</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6235368FB912ED62809AFE74FC17F8A3" blockId="4.[189,1399,460,593]" lastBlockId="5.[189,1399,267,643]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
So far, 
<taxonomicName id="A58A4D0CB912ED638130FE74FE18FBC7" authorityName="Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalova" authorityYear="2014" box="[279,459,461,487]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Achnanthidiaceae" genus="Achnanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="indistinctum">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB912ED638130FE74FE18FBC7" box="[279,459,461,487]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">A. indistinctum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only been found on Livingston Island (South 
<collectingRegion id="A04EF86DB912ED638409FE75FB24FBC7" box="[1070,1271,460,487]" country="United Kingdom" name="Shetland Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Shetland Islands</collectingRegion>
). The 
<typeStatus id="BD31882DB912ED638563FE74FAA4FBC7" box="[1348,1399,461,487]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
population was observed living on submerged mosses collected in a large lake on the central plateau, located between Midge Lake and Limnopolar lake. The lake had an alkaline pH (7.35) with a low specific conductance value (97 µS/cm) and a high phosphate level (
<quantity id="A5729B6AB912ED6383E4FD8FFBCBF871" box="[963,1048,566,593]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="mg" value="5.2">5.2 mg</quantity>
/l). The flora in the sample was dominated by several 
<taxonomicName id="A58A4D0CB913ED628199FEB2FDAEFB05" box="[446,637,267,293]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Achnanthidiaceae" genus="Psammothidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB913ED628199FEB2FDAEFB05" box="[446,637,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Psammothidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species [
<taxonomicName id="A58A4D0CB913ED6282CDFEB5FB15FB05" authority="(Manguin) Bukht. &amp; Round" authorityName="Bukht. &amp; Round" baseAuthorityName="Manguin" box="[746,1222,267,294]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Achnanthidiaceae" genus="Psammothidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="abundans">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB913ED6282CDFEB5FCABFB05" box="[746,888,267,293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. abundans</emphasis>
(Manguin) Bukht. &amp; Round
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="061B4B7EB913ED6284F2FEB2FEA1FB6D" author="Bukhtiyarova L. &amp; Round F. E." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref7836" refString="Bukhtiyarova L. &amp; Round F. E. (1996). Revision of the genus Achnanthes sensu lato. Psammothidium, a new genus based on A. marginulatum. Diatom Research 11 (1): 1 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269 249 X. 1996.9705361" type="journal article" year="1996">Bukhtiyarova &amp; Round 1996</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="A58A4D0CB913ED6281AFFE8AFEFCFB53" authority="(D. E. Kellogg, M. Stuiver, T. B. Kellogg &amp; G. H. Denton) Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalova" authorityName="Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalova" baseAuthorityName="D. E. Kellogg, M. Stuiver, T. B. Kellogg &amp; G. H. Denton" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Achnanthidiaceae" genus="Psammothidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="papilio">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB913ED6281AFFE8AFE29FB6C" box="[392,506,306,332]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. papilio</emphasis>
(D.E. Kellogg, M. Stuiver, T.B. Kellogg &amp; G.H. Denton) Van de Vijver &amp; Kopalová
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="061B4B7EB913ED628166FEE0FD96FB53" author="Kopalova K. &amp; Vesela J. &amp; Elster J. &amp; Nedbalova L. &amp; Komarek J. &amp; Van de Vijver B." box="[321,581,345,371]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="190 - 208" refId="ref8398" refString="Kopalova K., Vesela J., Elster J., Nedbalova L., Komarek J. &amp; Van de Vijver B. 2012. Benthic diatoms (Bacillariophyta) from seepages and streams on James Ross Island (NW Weddell Sea, Antarctica). Plant Ecology and Evolution 145: 190 - 208. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5091 / plecevo. 2012.639" type="journal article" year="2012">
Kopalová 
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB913ED628198FEE3FE2FFB53" box="[447,508,345,371]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="A58A4D0CB913ED62827CFEE3FB99FB53" authority="(Hust.) Bukht. &amp; Round" authorityName="Bukht. &amp; Round" baseAuthorityName="Hust." box="[603,1098,345,371]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Achnanthidiaceae" genus="Psammothidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="subatomoides">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB913ED62827CFEE3FCCFFB53" box="[603,796,345,371]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. subatomoides</emphasis>
(Hust.) Bukht. &amp; Round
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="061B4B7EB913ED62847BFEE0FF2EFBBA" author="Bukhtiyarova L. &amp; Round F. E." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 30" refId="ref7836" refString="Bukhtiyarova L. &amp; Round F. E. (1996). Revision of the genus Achnanthes sensu lato. Psammothidium, a new genus based on A. marginulatum. Diatom Research 11 (1): 1 - 30. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 0269 249 X. 1996.9705361" type="journal article" year="1996">Bukhtiyarova &amp; Round 1996</bibRefCitation>
)], 
<taxonomicName id="A58A4D0CB913ED62813BFE39FE5AFBBA" box="[284,393,384,410]" class="Monogenea" family="Capsalidae" genus="Nitzschia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Capsalidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB913ED62813BFE39FE5AFBBA" box="[284,393,384,410]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nitzschia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cf. 
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB913ED62819DFE38FDE0FBBA" box="[442,563,385,410]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">perminuta</emphasis>
(Grunow) M.Peragallo (
<bibRefCitation id="061B4B7EB913ED62837DFE39FBC1FBBA" author="Peragallo M." box="[858,1042,384,410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="472 - 973" refId="ref9397" refString="Peragallo M. 1903. Le Catalogue General des Diatomees [issued in fascicles at various dates]. Vol. 2: 472 - 973. Clermont-Ferrand." type="journal article" year="1903">Peragallo 1903</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="A58A4D0CB913ED62840EFE39FD61FBE1" authority="(Krasske) Lange-Bert. in Lange-Bertalot &amp; Moser" authorityName="Lange-Bert. in Lange-Bertalot &amp; Moser" baseAuthorityName="Krasske" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Brachysiraceae" genus="Brachysira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB913ED62840EFE39FB28FBBA" box="[1065,1275,384,410]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brachysira minor</emphasis>
(Krasske) Lange-Bert. 
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB913ED62817EFE1EFEA3FBE0" box="[345,368,423,448]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">in</emphasis>
Lange-Bertalot &amp; Moser
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="061B4B7EB913ED6282EEFE1FFB99FBE1" author="Lange-Bertalot H. &amp; Moser G." box="[713,1098,422,449]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refId="ref8749" refString="Lange-Bertalot H. &amp; Moser G. 1994. Brachysira. Monographie der Gattung. Bibliotheca Diatomologica 29, J. Cramer, Berlin - Stuttgart." type="book" year="1994">Lange-Bertalot &amp; Moser 1994</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName id="A58A4D0CB913ED628440FE1FFD8DFBC7" authority="(Grunow) D. G. Mann" authorityName="D. G. Mann" baseAuthorityName="Grunow" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Sellaphoraceae" genus="Sellaphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="seminulum">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB913ED628440FE1FFAA5FBE0" box="[1127,1398,422,448]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Sellaphora seminulum</emphasis>
(Grunow) D.G.Mann (
<bibRefCitation id="061B4B7EB913ED6281EDFE74FD85FBC7" author="Mann D. G." box="[458,598,461,487]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref8869" refString="Mann D. G. 1989. The diatom genus Sellaphora: separation from Navicula. British Phycological Journal 24: 1 - 20. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00071618900650011" type="journal article" year="1989">Mann 1989</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB913ED6282BBFE74FCDAFBC7" box="[668,777,461,487]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Amphora</emphasis>
sp. It is possible that the species is also present on Signy Island (South 
<collectingCountry id="1A9D761FB913ED628195FE4DFDB4F82F" box="[434,615,500,527]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Orkney Islands</collectingCountry>
) based on the illustrations in 
<bibRefCitation id="061B4B7EB913ED6283EEFE4DFB7EF82E" author="Oppenheim D. R." box="[969,1197,500,526]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1735 - 1748" refId="ref9367" refString="Oppenheim D. R. 1994. Taxonomic studies of Achnanthes (Bacillariophyta) in freshwater maritime antarctic lakes. Canadian Journal of Botany 72: 1735 - 1748." type="journal article" year="1994">Oppenheim (1994)</bibRefCitation>
. The distribution in the Antarctic region and other geographical areas is unclear due to the insufficient discrimination between species in the 
<taxonomicName id="A58A4D0CB913ED6281EDFDFBFCF4F87B" box="[458,807,578,604]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Achnanthidiaceae" genus="Achnanthidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Achnanthales" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Bacillariophyta" rank="species" species="minutissimum">
<emphasis id="50FEEA9DB913ED6281EDFDFBFCF4F87B" box="[458,807,578,604]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Achnanthidium minutissimum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex. All published records should be verified in order to know the exact biogeography of this and all other taxa.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>