575 lines
51 KiB
XML
575 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58b3b015-a919-456b-9175-f96878341e31" ID-PMC="PMC3497256" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-239-1" ID-PubMed="23226711" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-239-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 239" ModsDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres ( Cyamon and Trikentrion)" checkinTime="1451248578713" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Soest, Rob van, Carballo, Jose Luis & Hooper, John" docDate="2012" docId="E964DEE112040A3A1BF9F04EA7E218BC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 239: 1-70" docOrigin="ZooKeys 239" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734" docTitle="Trikentrion muricatum Pallas 1766" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="3639FF9B0F54FFEACF6A573ADC3CDF3D" masterDocTitle="Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)" masterLastPageNumber="70" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="32" updateTime="1668154678110" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Polyaxone monaxonids: revision of raspailiid sponges with polyactine megascleres (Cyamon and Trikentrion)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Soest, Rob van</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Carballo, Jose Luis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hooper, John</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>239</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>70</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.239.3734</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-239-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152037779" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E964DEE112040A3A1BF9F04EA7E218BC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E964DEE112040A3A1BF9F04EA7E218BC" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Trikentrion_muricatum" authority="Pallas, 1766" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1766" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum (Pallas, 1766)</taxonomicName>
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Figs 17
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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, 18
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
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, 19
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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, 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Pallas, PS" journalOrPublisher="P van Cleef, The Hague" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrations generaliores et specierum cognitarum succinctas descriptiones cum selectis auctorum synonymis." url="10.5962/bhl.title.6595" year="1766">Pallas 1766</bibRefCitation>
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: 389 (referring to
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<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Seba 1734-65</bibRefCitation>
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, volume III pl. 99 fig. 7, Ghana);
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<bibRefCitation author="Esper, ECJ" journalOrPublisher="Zweyter Theil. Raspe, Nuernberg" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet, nebst Beschreibungen." year="1794">Esper 1794</bibRefCitation>
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: 185, pl. 3 (Ghana).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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(not:
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<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Linnaeus 1759</bibRefCitation>
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: 1348;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">1767</bibRefCitation>
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: 1298 = unrecognizable; nec:
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<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Lamarck 1814</bibRefCitation>
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: 448 =
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Raspailia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Raspailia hispida" order="Axinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hispida">Raspailia hispida</taxonomicName>
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, cf.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Topsent 1932</bibRefCitation>
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: 107).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Unnamed branched tuberculated sponge; Ellis, 1766: pl. 11 fig. F (West Africa).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia echidnea" order="Baerida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="echidnea">? Spongia echidnea</taxonomicName>
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Lamarck, 1814: 448 (West Africa).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Ehlers, E" journalOrPublisher="Universitaet Erlangen. ET Jacob, Erlangen" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Die Esper'schen Spongien in der zoologischen Sammlung der K." year="1870">Ehlers 1870</bibRefCitation>
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: 6;
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<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 284 - 304, 343 - 360." url="10.1080/00222937908562401" year="1879">Carter 1879</bibRefCitation>
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: 293, pl. 27 fig. 13 (Ghana);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Burton 1956</bibRefCitation>
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: 133, 142 (Ghana);
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<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Hooper 2002</bibRefCitation>
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: 499, figs 18A-G.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Plectronella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectronella papillosa" order="Axinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="papillosa">Plectronella papillosa</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Allan Hancock Foundation" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="On Plectronella papillosa, a new genus and species of echinonematous sponge. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 17 - 27." url="10.1080/00222937908682472" year="1879">Sollas 1879</bibRefCitation>
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: 17, pls 4-5.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Axinellidae" genus="Ptilocaulis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptilocaulis echidnaeus" order="Axinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="echidnaeus">? Ptilocaulis echidnaeus</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Topsent 1932</bibRefCitation>
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: 108, pl. III fig. 3.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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The identity of the sponge named
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
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by Pallas, which is assumed to be the type species of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
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, is not straightforward. The first use of the name combination stems from
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<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Linnaeus (1759</bibRefCitation>
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: 1348), who described it as:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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S. ramosissima, poris cylindricis subulatis prominentibus aequalibus multifidis hispidis, without further indication of where it had been collected or by whom. The Latin name muricata is generally considered to mean spined (after the name of a mollusk (
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<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Muricidae" genus="Murex" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Murex" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Murex</taxonomicName>
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) yielding a purple dye, cf.
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, RW" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Composition of scientific words. Revised edition, 1956. Reprinted 1985." year="1985">Brown 1985</bibRefCitation>
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), for sponges a hardly distinguishing feature. The description speaks of cylindrical pores, which is quite vague, and this character does not occur in any specimen discussed in this paragraph and below.
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<bibRefCitation author="Pallas, PS" journalOrPublisher="P van Cleef, The Hague" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrations generaliores et specierum cognitarum succinctas descriptiones cum selectis auctorum synonymis." url="10.5962/bhl.title.6595" year="1766">Pallas (1766</bibRefCitation>
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: 389), employed the name combination also, but indicated and described the sponge figured in
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<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Seba’s">Seba's</normalizedToken>
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(1734-1765)
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</bibRefCitation>
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volume 3 pl. 99 fig. 7 as representing his
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
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. Pallas did not refer to
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Linnaeus’">Linnaeus'</normalizedToken>
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name, nor did his description remind in any aspect of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Linnaeus’">Linnaeus'</normalizedToken>
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description.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Seba’s">Seba's</normalizedToken>
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figure is here reproduced in Fig. 17A,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="32" pageNumber="33" start="start">and</pageBreakToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pallas’s">Pallas's</normalizedToken>
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description in Fig. 17C. Pallas also quoted Elmina on the coast of Guinea (now Ghana) as the locality of the specimen based on
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Seba’s">Seba's</normalizedToken>
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information. In the same year (or perhaps one year before),
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<bibRefCitation pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Ellis (1765-1766)</bibRefCitation>
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, pictured a similar sponge (a branched tuberculated sponge here reproduced in Fig. 17B), stating that it originated from the Cape Coast Castle in Africa (which could very well be the same locality Elmina), but not naming it. In his 1767 edition, Linnaeus again described
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="33" pageNumber="34" start="start">Spongia</pageBreakToken>
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muricata
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</taxonomicName>
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, replacing the first word of the 1759 edition,
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<taxonomicName class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia ramosissima" order="Baerida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ramosissima">Spongia ramosissima</taxonomicName>
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by the text S. foraminulata ramosissima angulata tenax, followed by the same words as previously (reaffirming the unrecognizable shape of the sponge). He also added that it originated from O. Aethiopico (Indian Ocean). He now gave three sources for his record of this species, viz. Mus. Tessin 118, plate II figure 1,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Seba’s">Seba's</normalizedToken>
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volume 3 plate 99 fig. 7, and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pallas’">Pallas'</normalizedToken>
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record. Finally, Gmelin in
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<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C" journalOrPublisher="Gmelin" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="2225 - 3910" title="Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima tertia, aucta reformata. G. E. Beer, Lipsiae. Cura J. F." volume="1" year="1788">Linnaeus 1788</bibRefCitation>
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: 3821, admits that the species is from
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<taxonomicName genus="Guineae" lsidName="Guineae littorea" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="littorea">Guineae littorea</taxonomicName>
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, quoting a.o.
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<bibRefCitation author="Pallas, PS" journalOrPublisher="P van Cleef, The Hague" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrations generaliores et specierum cognitarum succinctas descriptiones cum selectis auctorum synonymis." url="10.5962/bhl.title.6595" year="1766">Pallas (1766)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Linnaeus (1767)</bibRefCitation>
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, but remarkably omitted any reference to
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<bibRefCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Linnaeus (1759)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Linnaeus’">Linnaeus'</normalizedToken>
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and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pallas’">Pallas'</normalizedToken>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Seba’s">Seba's</normalizedToken>
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) specimens of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
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have never been identified in later collections (but see below), and their identity remains a matter of speculation. In 1794, Esper extensively described
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
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and his figure is here reproduced in Fig. 17D. This time, the specimen, stated to be from
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<taxonomicName class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Guinea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Guinea" order="Squamata" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Guinea</taxonomicName>
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, from cliffs near Elmina (= Ghana), was still extant in the collections of the University of Erlangen (Germany) in 1870, when Ehlers revised some of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Esper’s">Esper's</normalizedToken>
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specimens (Ehlers, 1870). He detected the triactine spicules and erected the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
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for it. His description included some measurements of the spicules: oxeas 354-414
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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16
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, and polyactines, with basal cladi 95
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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and lateral cladi 72
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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, which data conform closely with those presented below for the species. However, since
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ehlers’">Ehlers'</normalizedToken>
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redescription, the whereabouts of the Esper material is unknown and it must be assumed lost.
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<bibRefCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Lamarck (1814</bibRefCitation>
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: 448) misinterpreted
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
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and his material was assigned to
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Raspailia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Raspailia hispida" order="Axinellida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hispida">Raspailia hispida</taxonomicName>
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(Montagu, 1818) by
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<bibRefCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Topsent (1932</bibRefCitation>
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: 107). Possibly,
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<taxonomicName class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia echidnea" order="Baerida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="echidnea">Spongia echidnea</taxonomicName>
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Lamarck, 1814 is a junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
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Pallas, because the redescription and figured specimen of
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<bibRefCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Topsent (1932</bibRefCitation>
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: 108, as
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Axinellidae" genus="Ptilocaulis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptilocaulis echidnaeus" order="Axinellida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="echidnaeus">Ptilocaulis echidnaeus</taxonomicName>
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) reminds rather strongly of it. However, Topsent fails to mention the presence of polyactine spicules.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
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To conclude: the identity of
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<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
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is not unequivocal, primarily due to the unrecognizable description of
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<bibRefCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Linnaeus (1759)</bibRefCitation>
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and the likelihood that he used the name for an unknown species from the Indian Ocean.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pallas’">Pallas'</normalizedToken>
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description in combination with
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Seba’s">Seba's</normalizedToken>
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figure make it likely that his
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
|
||
indeed is what we now know as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but uncertainty reigns due to the fact that only
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Esper’s">Esper's</normalizedToken>
|
||
, not
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pallas’">Pallas'</normalizedToken>
|
||
, material was shown to possess the synapomorphy of the polyactine spicules. It appears highly necessary to fix
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
|
||
, by assigning a neotype. In the absence of any topotypical fresh material of the species we are forced to choose dry old collection material.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
A likely candidate is the assumed type of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricata" order="Axinellida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Trikentrion muricata</taxonomicName>
|
||
housed in the Natural History Museum, London, BMNH 1872.10.19.1 (see Fig. 18A), with schizotype ZMB 7160, on the basis of which
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 284 - 304, 343 - 360." url="10.1080/00222937908562401" year="1879">Carter (1879)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
redescribed and illustrated the species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and which subsequently formed the basis of the Systema Porifera entry of the genus and its type species. This is not likely to be
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Seba’s">Seba's</normalizedToken>
|
||
specimen, nor
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Esper’s">Esper's</normalizedToken>
|
||
because the locality data (though from Ghana as well) do not indicate Elmina. In addition to this specimen, the Natural History Museum collections incorporate a schizotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Coast of Guinea, BMNH 1954.2.20.93, which appears unimportant for the present choice of neotype because it is not a
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but an unidentified species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Axinellidae" genus="Axinella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Axinella" order="Axinellida" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Axinella</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schmidt, 1862.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="34" pageNumber="35" start="start">The</pageBreakToken>
|
||
choice of a neotype again is complicated due to a recent discovery in the collections of the Naturalis Biodiversity Center at Leiden (NBC) of four old collection specimens, RMNH Por. 306 and 309, and ZMA Por. 02545 and 02546, which are sufficiently similar to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Seba’s">Seba's</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Esper’s">Esper's</normalizedToken>
|
||
plates to raise the suspicion that they could belong to one of the original specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
RMNH Por. 309 (see Fig. 18B) is labeled Raspailia xerampelina (Lmk)? type (Spongia --- Lmk) without further information, and this specimen bears an overall strong likeness to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Seba’s">Seba's</normalizedToken>
|
||
plate. RMNH Por. 306 (see Fig. 18C) is labeled Raspailia hispida (Mont.) type van Spongia muricata Lmk, Mus. Parijs, Kust van
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guinée">Guinee</normalizedToken>
|
||
(translation: type of Spongia muricata Lamarck, from the Paris Museum, Coast of Guinea). If the specimen is compared to the plate of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Esper one is compelled by the overall likeness of the two (though it is not an exact likeness). ZMA Por. 02545 (see Fig. 18D) is labeled Halichondria echidnaea Lmk no. 55 Kust van Guinea, ZMA Por. 02546 (see Fig. 18E) is labeled Halichondria echidnaea Lam / muricata Esper fide Lamouroux no. 62 Kust van Guinea. Both ZMA specimens bear some resemblance to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Seba’s">Seba's</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Esper’s">Esper's</normalizedToken>
|
||
plates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
The skeleton and spicules of all five specimens conform with the descriptions of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ehlers, E" journalOrPublisher="Universitaet Erlangen. ET Jacob, Erlangen" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Die Esper'schen Spongien in der zoologischen Sammlung der K." year="1870">Ehlers (1870)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 284 - 304, 343 - 360." url="10.1080/00222937908562401" year="1879">Carter (1879)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
The reason for the names on the labels of the specimens of the NBC and the referral to the Paris Museum is explained in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Holthuis, LB" journalOrPublisher="Karstens Drukkers BV, Leiden" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="1820 - 1958 Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie." year="1995">Holthuis (1995)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: during the French occupation in 1795 of the Republic of Holland in the Napoleontic period, Dutch collections were confiscated and relocated to the Paris Museum. Some time after the end of the emperorship of Napoleon in 1815, negotiations between The Netherlands and France resulted in a donation of specimens, notably duplicates from
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lamarck’s">Lamarck's</normalizedToken>
|
||
collection, to the then founded Rijksmuseum of Natural History at Leiden. Dozens of sponge specimens labeled with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lamarck’s">Lamarck's</normalizedToken>
|
||
names are incorporated in the RMNH collections, but because the redescription of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lamarck’s">Lamarck's</normalizedToken>
|
||
sponges by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Topsent (1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="35">1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="35">1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was initiated after the transfer of specimens to Leiden, there is often little correspondence between the identities of the MNHN and RMNH specimens bearing labels with the same original Lamarck names.
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Topsent (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lamarck’s">Lamarck's</normalizedToken>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Raspailia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Raspailia hispida" order="Axinellida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hispida">Raspailia hispida</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and this was duly taken over by past curators of the Leiden specimens, who apparently were unaware of the discrepancies between the Paris and Leiden specimens. It is possible, that the Lamarck specimen redescribed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Topsent (1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Raspailia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Raspailia hispida" order="Axinellida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hispida">Raspailia hispida</taxonomicName>
|
||
), is not
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lamarck’s">Lamarck's</normalizedToken>
|
||
original specimen, because this may have ended up in the Leiden or Amsterdam collections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
In view of the uncertain history of the NCB specimens and the more precise data available for the Natural History Museum, London specimen, we here designate BMNH 1872.10.19.1 as the neotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the type species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
It is a pleasure to be able to announce that material of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Plectronella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectronella papillosa" order="Axinellida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="papillosa">Plectronella papillosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
Sollas, 1879, since long known to be a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
through its excellent description by Sollas, but otherwise never redescribed, has been discovered in the collection of the Bristol Museum and Art Gallery, in the form of 2 slides labeled No. 30 Ah.200.1, 200.3 (see Fig. 19B), containing cross sections of the skeleton and dissoluted spicules. We can confirm that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Plectronella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectronella papillosa" order="Axinellida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="papillosa">Plectronella papillosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a junior synonym and that details in the slides conform closely to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see Fig. 19
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
)
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="35" pageNumber="36" start="start">.</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="material examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Neotype (designation herein): BMNH 1872.10.19.1 from Volta River, Fantee, Ghana, presented by Gov. Ussher. Schizotype ZMB 7160 of the same;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
RMNH Por. 306,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Lamarck, Coast of Guinea;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
RMNH Por. 309,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia xerampelina" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="xerampelina">Spongia xerampelina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Lamarck, no further data;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
ZMA Por. 02545, 02546,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Halichondria echidnaea" order="Suberitida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="echidnaea">Halichondria echidnaea</taxonomicName>
|
||
/ muricata Lamarck, coast of Guinea;
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">BMAG Ah 200.1, 200.3, 2 slides labeled Plectronella papillosa no. 30, no further data.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Wide basal holdfast upon which are erected groups of cylindrical branches, more or less in one plane, each branch usually with one or two dichotomous secondary branches, often also with anastomosing branches. Size of neotype (Fig. 18A)
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="36" pageNumber="37" start="start">13.5</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
12
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
5 cm of the whole group of branches, diameter of individual branches 1-1.5 cm.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sollas’">Sollas'</normalizedToken>
|
||
specimens (Fig. 19A as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Plectronella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectronella papillosa" order="Axinellida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="papillosa">Plectronella papillosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were described as being 20
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
20 cm, with branch diameter 2-3 cm. The other specimens are similar in size, but slightly smaller. Surface densely covered with broad, laterally flattened papillae, 1-4 mm in size (reminding of the surface projections of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Axinellidae" genus="Ptilocaulis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ptilocaulis" order="Axinellida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Ptilocaulis</taxonomicName>
|
||
Carter, 1883). In some specimens the papillae are partially abraded (e.g. RMNH Por. 306, see Fig. 18C) giving the sponge a less striking aspect. Consistency (dry) hard, incompressible, crumbly. No live color has been reported in the literature, but color plates of Seba (Fig. 17A) and Esper (Fig. 17D) show a light orange brown color.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="37" pageNumber="38" start="start">Skeleton</pageBreakToken>
|
||
(Fig. 20A): predominantly a wide-meshed reticulation of tracts of robust smooth oxeas, with little axial and extra-axial specialization. The polyactines are common in peripheral regions. No longer or smaller peripheral styles have been found in any of the examined specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Spicules: Oxeas, polyactines, trichodragmas.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Choanosomal
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘true’">'true'</normalizedToken>
|
||
oxeas (Figs 19C, 20B, B1, not to be confused with diactinal polyactines), fat, fusiform, tapering gradually to sharp points, overall size (of all specimens examined) 222
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–376.2–">-376.2-</normalizedToken>
|
||
528
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
13
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–19.9–">-19.9-</normalizedToken>
|
||
31
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, in the neotype: 287
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–351.5–">-351.5-</normalizedToken>
|
||
432
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
13
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–17.2–">-17.2-</normalizedToken>
|
||
26
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Polyactines (Figs 19D, 20C), predominantly three-claded Y-shaped, rarely T-shaped, occasionally diactinal, with prominent hook-like spines on the basal clade (undeveloped spicules with smooth basal clade), and mucronate or nipple-like endings on many of the lateral cladi; overall size of basal clade (of all specimens examined) 78
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–111.7–">-111.7-</normalizedToken>
|
||
156
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
12
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–19.2–">-19.2-</normalizedToken>
|
||
27
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, lateral cladi 42
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–67.2–">-67.2-</normalizedToken>
|
||
84
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
12
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–16.7–">-16.7-</normalizedToken>
|
||
27
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, of neotype: basal clade 78
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–100.2–">-100.2-</normalizedToken>
|
||
118
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
12
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–19.4–">-19.4-</normalizedToken>
|
||
25
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, lateral cladi 58
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–69.2–">-69.2-</normalizedToken>
|
||
84
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
13
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–16.3–">-16.3-</normalizedToken>
|
||
21
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Trichodragmas (Fig. 20D), straight or sinuous, overall size (of all specimens examined) 57
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–82.0–">-82.0-</normalizedToken>
|
||
102
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–9.7–">-9.7-</normalizedToken>
|
||
18
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
, of neotype: 63
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–87.8–">-87.8-</normalizedToken>
|
||
102
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
9
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="–12.8–">-12.8-</normalizedToken>
|
||
18.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Figure 17.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pallas, 1766), early illustrations and original descriptions A
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Seba’s">Seba's</normalizedToken>
|
||
drawing (1734-1765
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, volume 3 pl. 99 fig. 7) of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
|
||
as indicated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pallas, PS" journalOrPublisher="P van Cleef, The Hague" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrations generaliores et specierum cognitarum succinctas descriptiones cum selectis auctorum synonymis." url="10.5962/bhl.title.6595" year="1766">Pallas (1766)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
B
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ellis’s">Ellis's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1766)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
drawing of a branched tuberculated sponge from W coast of Africa C original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pallas, PS" journalOrPublisher="P van Cleef, The Hague" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="Elenchus zoophytorum sistens generum adumbrations generaliores et specierum cognitarum succinctas descriptiones cum selectis auctorum synonymis." url="10.5962/bhl.title.6595" year="1766">Pallas (1766)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
D
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Esper, ECJ" journalOrPublisher="Zweyter Theil. Raspe, Nuernberg" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet, nebst Beschreibungen." year="1794">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Esper’s">Esper's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1794)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
drawing of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia" order="Baerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Spongia</taxonomicName>
|
||
muricata from W coast of Africa. See text for further explanation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Figure 18.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pallas, 1766), early museum specimens A BMNH 1872.10.19.1 redescribed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carter, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Tetrahedron" pageId="50" pageNumber="51" title="Contributions to our knowledge of the Spongida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 284 - 304, 343 - 360." url="10.1080/00222937908562401" year="1879">Carter (1879)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
designated neotype herein B RMNH Por. 309 labeled
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia xerampelina" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="xerampelina">Spongia xerampelina</taxonomicName>
|
||
Lamarck, showing strong resemblance to
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Seba’s">Seba's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1734-1765)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
drawing but lacking sufficient data C RMNH Por. 306 labeled
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Spongiidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia muricata" order="Dictyoceratida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricata">Spongia muricata</taxonomicName>
|
||
Lamarck showing strong resemblance to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Esper’s">Esper's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1794) drawing but lacking sufficient data D ZMA Por 02545 labeled
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia echidnea" order="Baerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="echidnea">Spongia echidnea</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembling
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Esper, ECJ" journalOrPublisher="Zweyter Theil. Raspe, Nuernberg" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Farben erleuchtet, nebst Beschreibungen." year="1794">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Esper’s">Esper's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1794)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
drawing but lacking sufficient data E ZMA Por 02546 labeled
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Calcarea" family="Baeriidae" genus="Spongia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Spongia echidnea" order="Baerida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="echidnea">Spongia echidnea</taxonomicName>
|
||
resembling
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Seba’s">Seba's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1734-1765)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
drawing but lacking sufficient data. See text for further explanation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Figure 19.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Plectronella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plectronella papillosum" order="Axinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="papillosum">Plectronella papillosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Allan Hancock Foundation" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="On Plectronella papillosa, a new genus and species of echinonematous sponge. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 17 - 27." url="10.1080/00222937908682472" year="1879">Sollas (1879)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, assumed to be a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pallas, 1766), A shape, repinted from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sollas, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Allan Hancock Foundation" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" title="On Plectronella papillosa, a new genus and species of echinonematous sponge. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 3: 17 - 27." url="10.1080/00222937908682472" year="1879">Sollas (1879</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 4) B remaining type material in the form of two microscopic slides BMAG Ah 200.1, 200.3 C overview of spicules present in one of the microscopic slides D polyactine spicules present in one of the microscopic slides.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Figure 20.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pallas, 1766), neotype BMNH 1872.10.19.1 A microphoto of cross section of peripheral skeleton B oxea B1 detail of one of the apices of an oxea C polyactine C1 detail of apex of lateral clade D trichodragma.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Tropical West Africa. Type from 'Elmina,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Guinea’">Guinea'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Pallas, 1766; Esper, 1794), now situated in Ghana. Further specimens were reported mostly from Ghana (neotype (Carter, 1879): Volta; Burton, 1956: Gold Coast), or locality was unknown (Sollas, 1879), or more general (coast of Guinea).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Depth range: no definite data, but probably shallow water, growing on rocks.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
The species must have been of common occurrence off the coast of Ghana in 18th century as there are a fair lot of specimens available from that age and region in several natural history museums. Curiously, no fresh material is known to exist, so the species remains ill-known.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion muricatum" order="Axinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="muricatum">Trikentrion muricatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs substantially from all other
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion" order="Axinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">Trikentrion</taxonomicName>
|
||
species described below in the lack of peripheral styles. Further differences are robust oxeas, up to twice as long and thick as those of the two other oxea-bearing species (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion laeve" order="Axinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="laeve">Trikentrion laeve</taxonomicName>
|
||
Carter, 1879 and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion flabelliforme" order="Axinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="flabelliforme">Trikentrion flabelliforme</taxonomicName>
|
||
), while the three remaining species (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion helium" order="Axinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="helium">Trikentrion helium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion catalina" order="Axinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="catalina">Trikentrion catalina</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Trikentrion" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trikentrion africanum" order="Axinellida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="africanum">Trikentrion africanum</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.) lack the oxeas entirely.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |