treatments-xml/data/7F/85/C6/7F85C68D040C796BC79BE2A60284F951.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" ID-PMC="PMC6070582" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-106-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" ID-PubMed="30072843" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326005" ModsDocID="1314-2003-106-1" checkinTime="1532592511837" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Saerkinen, Tiina, Poczai, Peter, Barboza, Gloria E., Weerden, Gerard M. van der, Baden, Maria &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2018" docId="7F85C68D040C796BC79BE2A60284F951" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 106: 1-223" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 106" docPubDate="2018-07-25" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" docTitle="Solanum nigrum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 186. 1753" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" id="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="223" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668138996586" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH 3 5 LR, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">tsarkinen@rbge.org.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Poczai, Peter</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 7, FI- 00014 Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Weerden, Gerard M. van der</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Experimental Garden, Radboud University, Faculty of Science Box 49, P. O. Box 9010, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Baden, Maria</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging and Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK- 5230 Odense M, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2018-07-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number>106</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991</mods:url>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="146692533" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F85C68D040C796BC79BE2A60284F951" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7F85C68D040C796BC79BE2A60284F951" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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7. 
<taxonomicName LSID="7F85C68D-040C-796B-C79B-E2A60284F951" authority="L., Sp. Pl. 1: 186. 1753" authorityName="L., Sp. Pl. 1: 186." authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 186. 1753</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 22" captionStartId="F22" captionText="Figure 22. Solanum nigrum L. A Habit B Flower (A, B Symon 5449 [ADW 35964]). Drawing by M. L. Szent-Ivany, first published in Symon (1981), courtesy of the Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium (Adelaide, South Australia), reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218725" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 22</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Solanum nigrum L. A Habit B Inflorescence (dense indumentum) C Inflorescence (sparse indumentum) D Fully mature full-black berries, calyx lobes remaining appressed or slightly spreading (A Nijmegen acc. 824750016; B Nijmegen acc. A 34750479; C Nijmegen acc. 824750029 A, D Nijmegen acc. A 44750150). Photos by S. Knapp." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218726" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 23</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. vulgare" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="vulgare">Solanum nigrum L. var. vulgare</taxonomicName>
L., Sp. Pl. 186. 1753.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. &quot;Solanum 3 
<normalizedToken originalValue="α”">α&quot;</normalizedToken>
; cultivated in George 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Clifford’s">Clifford's</normalizedToken>
garden in Hartekamp, The Netherlands, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anon. s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: BM [BM000558026]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. judaicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="judaicum">Solanum nigrum L. var. judaicum</taxonomicName>
L., Sp. Pl. 186. 1753.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Unknown (no specimens or illustrations cited).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum vulgatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgatum">Solanum vulgatum</taxonomicName>
Baumg., Fl. Lips. 120. 1790, nom. illeg. superfl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
L. [
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">S. nigrum</taxonomicName>
L. from Syst. Veg. ed. 14: 224. 1784 cited in synonymy]
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum humile" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="humile">Solanum humile</taxonomicName>
Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 134. 1796, nom. illeg. superfl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
L. (cited in synonymy)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum judaicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="judaicum">Solanum judaicum</taxonomicName>
Besser, Prim. Fl. Galiciae Austriac. 1: 183. 1809.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. No localities of specimens cited; probably from what is now Ukraine (no specimens cited; no original material located).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum morella" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="morella">Solanum morella</taxonomicName>
Desv., Pl. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Angers">d'Angers</normalizedToken>
113. 1818, nom. illegit. superfl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
L. (cited in synonymy)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum parviflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parviflorum">Solanum parviflorum</taxonomicName>
Moretti ex 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Badarò">Badaro</normalizedToken>
, Giorn. Fis. Chim. Storia Nat. Med. Arti Dec. 2, 7: 364. 1824, nom. illeg, not 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum parviflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parviflorum">Solanum parviflorum</taxonomicName>
Nocca (1793)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Italy. [Liguria]&quot; in olivetis Liguriae occid[ose]&quot;, 1824, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
G.B. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Badarò">Badaro</normalizedToken>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(no specimens cited; lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B71" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [&quot;1973&quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780" title="[&quot; 1973 &quot;]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." volume="60" year="1974 a">
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
1974a
</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 735 [as type]: G-DC [G00144311]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cestrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cestrifolium">Solanum cestrifolium</taxonomicName>
Jacq. ex Spreng., Syst. Veg., ed. 16 [Sprengel] 1: 680. 1825.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Patria?”">&quot;Patria?&quot;</normalizedToken>
[origins unknown, although probably from cultivation?] (no specimens cited; no original material found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum rhinozerothis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rhinozerothis">Solanum rhinozerothis</taxonomicName>
Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 13: 695. 1826.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Indonesia [no locality cited in protologue], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C.L. Blume s.n.</emphasis>
(no specimens cited; neotype, designated here: L [L2883159]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum vulgatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgatum">Solanum vulgatum</taxonomicName>
(L.) Spenn., Fl. Friburg. 2: 427. 1826.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. vulgare" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="vulgare">Solanum nigrum L. var. vulgare</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum vulgatum subsp. var. var. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="vulgatum" subSpecies="var." variety="nigrum">Solanum vulgatum (L.) Spenn. var. nigrum</taxonomicName>
(L.) Spenn., Fl. Friburg. 2: 427. 1826.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum vulgatum subsp. var. var. chlorocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="vulgatum" subSpecies="var." variety="chlorocarpum">Solanum vulgatum (L.) Spenn. var. chlorocarpum</taxonomicName>
Spenn., Fl. Friburg. 3: 1074. 1829.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Switzerland. Fribourg: Sin. loc. (no specimens cited; no original material found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum moschatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="moschatum">Solanum moschatum</taxonomicName>
C.Presl, Delic. Prag. 77. 1832.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Italy. Sicily: Palermo (&quot;in cultis ruderatis Panormi Siciliae&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anon. s.n.</emphasis>
(no specimens cited; original material at PR?, PRC?, not found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. perennans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="perennans">Solanum nigrum L. var. perennans</taxonomicName>
Bertol., Fl. Ital. [Bertoloni] 2: 634. 1836.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum moschatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="moschatum">Solanum moschatum</taxonomicName>
C.Presl.; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum parviflorum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parviflorum">Solanum parviflorum</taxonomicName>
Moretti ex 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Badarò">Badaro</normalizedToken>
(no specimens cited; no original material found).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="atriplicifolium">Solanum nigrum L. var. atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
G.Mey., Chloris Han. 265. 1836.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. France. Pays de la Loire: &quot;St. Germain de Calberte, basse 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lozère”/”">Lozere&quot;/&quot;</normalizedToken>
Mans [Le Mans]&quot;[annotation &quot;Solanum atriplicifolium&quot; in Desportes hand], 1806, [
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">illegible] s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: G-DC [G00144334]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="atriplicifolium">Solanum nigrum L. var. atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
Desp. ex G.Don, Gen. Hist. 4: 412. 1838, nom. illeg. (isonym), not 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="atriplicifolium">Solanum nigrum L. var. atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
G.Mey. (1836)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on same original material as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="atriplicifolium">Solanum nigrum L. var. atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
G.Mey.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum vulgare" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgare">Solanum vulgare</taxonomicName>
Hegetschw., Fl. Schweiz 219. Dec 1838-Jan 1839, nom. illeg. superfl.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Willd.&quot; (= 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">S. nigrum</taxonomicName>
L.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum chenopodium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chenopodium">Solanum chenopodium</taxonomicName>
Raf., Autik. Bot. 107. 1840.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Europa”">&quot;Europa&quot;</normalizedToken>
(no specimens cited; original material probably lost).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum exaratum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="exaratum">Solanum exaratum</taxonomicName>
Raf., Autik. Bot. 107. 1840.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Europa”">&quot;Europa&quot;</normalizedToken>
(no specimens cited; original material probably lost).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bidentatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bidentatum">Solanum bidentatum</taxonomicName>
Raf., Autik. Bot. 108. 1840.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. &quot;Italia, Sicilia&quot; (no specimens cited; original material probably lost).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum tauschii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tauschii">Solanum tauschii</taxonomicName>
Opiz, Oekon.-techn. Fl. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Böhm">Boehm</normalizedToken>
. [Berchtold &amp; al.] 3: XX. 1843.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Czech Republic. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Prag”">&quot;Prag&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I.F. Tausch s.n. [Herb. Flor. Boehm. 1076</emphasis>
] (no herbaria cited; no original material found, perhaps at PR?); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Luzic”">&quot;Luzic&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sadel s.n.</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; no original material found, perhaps at PR?); &quot;Folimanta bei Prag&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tanbler s.n.</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; no original material found, perhaps at PR?); Sin loc., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P.M. Opiz 10/8 40</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; no original material found, perhaps at PR?).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum reineggeri" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="reineggeri">Solanum reineggeri</taxonomicName>
Opiz, Oekon.-techn. Fl. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Böhm">Boehm</normalizedToken>
. [Berchtold &amp; al.] 3(2): XIX. 1843.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Austria. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Niederösterreich">Niederoesterreich</normalizedToken>
; Sin. loc., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Reinegger s.n.</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; no original material found, perhaps at PR?).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum decipiens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decipiens">Solanum decipiens</taxonomicName>
Opiz, Oekon.-techn. Fl. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Böhm">Boehm</normalizedToken>
. [Berchtold &amp; al.] 3(2): XXIV. 1843.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Czech Republic. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Troja”">&quot;Troja&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P.M. Opiz 10/838</emphasis>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Ruchelbad”">&quot;Ruchelbad&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P.M. Opiz 23/10 835</emphasis>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Radlic”">&quot;Radlic&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P.M. Opiz 4/8 40</emphasis>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Szaslau”">&quot;Szaslau&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Janoti 804</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; no original material found, perhaps at PR?).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum schultesii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schultesii">Solanum schultesii</taxonomicName>
Opiz, Oekon.-techn. Fl. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Böhm">Boehm</normalizedToken>
. [Berchtold &amp; al.] 3(2): XXIV. 1843.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Czech Republic. &quot; Im Baumgarten&quot; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P.M. Opiz 10/10 35</emphasis>
; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Prag”">&quot;Prag&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P.M. Opiz s.n.</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; no original material found, perhaps at PR?).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="stenopetalum" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma stenopetalum</taxonomicName>
A.Braun ex 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Döll">Doell</normalizedToken>
, Rhein. Flor. 412. 1843.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Germany. &quot;Bei Ettlingen&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A. Braun s.n.</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; no original material found, not found at KR); Germany. &quot;Bei Carlsruhe in der 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Nähe">Naehe</normalizedToken>
des Linkenheimer Thores&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A. Braun &amp; J.C. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Döll">Doell</normalizedToken>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; no original material found, not found at KR).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="chlorocarpum" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma chlorocarpum</taxonomicName>
A.Braun ex 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Döll">Doell</normalizedToken>
, Rhein. Flor. 413. 1843.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Germany. &quot;Bei Gerolsau und Lichtenthal unweit Baden&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A. Braun &amp; J.C. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Döll">Doell</normalizedToken>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; no original material found, not found at KR); Germany. &quot;Bei Carlsruhe, Knielingen&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A. Braun s.n.</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; no original material found, not found at KR); Germany. &quot;Mannheim, Dossenheim, Oppenheim&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
J.C. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Döll">Doell</normalizedToken>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; no original material found, not found at KR).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum guineense subsp. var. var. nepalense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="guineense" subSpecies="var." variety="nepalense">Solanum guineense (L.) Lam. var. nepalense</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 49. 1852.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Cultivated in Avignon Botanic Garden, from eastern Nepal, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herb. Requien s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: AV [Herb. E. Requien]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pterocaulum subsp. var. var. deppei" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pterocaulum" subSpecies="var." variety="deppei">Solanum pterocaulum Dunal var. deppei</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 52. 1852, as ' 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pterocaulon" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pterocaulon">Solanum pterocaulon</taxonomicName>
'.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Cultivated in France at Montpellier &quot;Solanum deppei. In hortis bot. cultum&quot; (no specimens cited, described from living plants &quot;v.v. Hort. Monsp.&quot;; neotype, designated here: MPU [MPU310704]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum paludosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paludosum">Solanum paludosum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 57. 1852.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Myanmar &quot;cat. itir. Burm.&quot;, 1827, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N. Wallich 402</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC [G00144525]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum roxburghii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="roxburghii">Solanum roxburghii</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 57. 1852.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. &quot;In India orientali&quot; (no specimens cited; lectotype, designated here: Wight, Icones plantarum Indiae Orientalis 2: t. 344. 1843) &quot;Peninsula Ind. orientalis&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. Wight s.n. [herb. Wight 2326</emphasis>
] (epitype, designated here: E [E00718973]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum memphiticum subsp. var. var. repandum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="memphiticum" subSpecies="var." variety="repandum">Solanum memphiticum Mart. var. repandum</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 47. 1852.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Germany. Saxony: cultivated in Leipzig [fide JE where original set is stored] 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“colui”">&quot;colui&quot;</normalizedToken>
, 1824, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">W. Gerhard s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: G [G00144263]; isotypes: JE [JE00009838], W [1889-0232903, 1889-0283857]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="atriplicifolium">Solanum nigrum L. var. atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
Desp. ex Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 50. 1852, nom. illeg., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="atriplicifolium">Solanum nigrum L. var. atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
G.Mey. (1836).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on same original material (specimen) as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="atriplicifolium">Solanum nigrum L. var. atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
G.Mey.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Opiz" authorityYear="1854" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum cechicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cechicum">Solanum cechicum</taxonomicName>
Opiz, Lotos 4: 94. 1854.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Czech Republic. &quot;Um Prag&quot;, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P.M. Opiz s.n.</emphasis>
(no herbaria cited; no original material found, perhaps at PR?).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="judaicum" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma judaicum</taxonomicName>
Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 637. 1856.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Indonesia. Java: [West Java] Buitenzorg [Bogor], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C.L. Blume s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: L [L2880952]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="paludosum" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma paludosum</taxonomicName>
(Dunal) Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 637. 1856.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum paludosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="paludosum">Solanum paludosum</taxonomicName>
Dunal
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirsutum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsutum">Solanum hirsutum</taxonomicName>
Kit. ex Kanitz, Linnaea 32: 440. 1863, nom. illeg., not 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirsutum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsutum">Solanum hirsutum</taxonomicName>
(Vahl) 
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B98" refString="Dunal, MF, 1813. Histoire naturelle, medicale et economique des Solanum et des genres qui ont ete confundus avec eux. Renaud, Montpellier." title="Histoire naturelle, medicale et economique des Solanum et des genres qui ont ete confundus avec eux. Renaud, Montpellier." year="1813">Dunal (1813)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Slovakia. &quot;ex itinere Arvensi 
<normalizedToken originalValue="”[Árva">&quot;[Arva</normalizedToken>
], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. Kitaibel s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: BP [Herb. Kit. fasc. IX No. 103]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum acutifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acutifolium">Solanum acutifolium</taxonomicName>
Kit. ex Kanitz, Linnaea 32: 440. 1863, nom. illeg., not 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum acutifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acutifolium">Solanum acutifolium</taxonomicName>
Ruiz &amp; Pav. (1799).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Slovakia. &quot;ex itinere Arvensi 
<normalizedToken originalValue="”[Árva">&quot;[Arva</normalizedToken>
], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. Kitaibel s.n.</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: BP [Herb. Kit. fasc. IX No. 103]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schur" authorityYear="1866" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. macrocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="macrocarpum">Solanum nigrum L. var. macrocarpum</taxonomicName>
Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 478. 1866.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Romania. Sibiu: Sibiu &quot;In ruderalis prope Cibinium Transilv.&quot; [protologue &quot;Schur sert. n. 1994, auf unbebauten Orten bei Hermannstadt, Aug.&quot;], Oct, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F. Schur s.n.</emphasis>
(neotype, designated here: LW [LW00210121]; no duplicates found at BRNU).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. chlorocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="chlorocarpum">Solanum nigrum L. var. chlorocarpum</taxonomicName>
(Spenn.) Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 478. 1866.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum vulgatum subsp. var. var. chlorocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="vulgatum" subSpecies="var." variety="chlorocarpum">Solanum vulgatum Spenn. var. chlorocarpum</taxonomicName>
Spenn.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. glabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="glabrum">Solanum nigrum L. var. glabrum</taxonomicName>
Lowe, Man. Fl. Madeira 2: 73. 1872.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Portugal. Madeira: Mr. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gordon’s">Gordon's</normalizedToken>
kitchen garden, the Mt., 8 Dec 1932, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R.T. Lowe 16</emphasis>
[a] (lectotype, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Beentje, H" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="105 - 125" refId="B118" refString="Edmonds, JM, 2012. Solanum spp. In: Beentje, H, Ed., Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 105 - 125" title="Solanum spp." volumeTitle="Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae." year="2012">Edmonds 2012</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 127: BM [BM000943025]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lowe" authorityYear="1872" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. hebecaulon" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="hebecaulon">Solanum nigrum L. var. hebecaulon</taxonomicName>
Lowe, Man. Fl. Madeira 2: 73. 1872.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Portugal. Madeira: [&quot;Levada de Sta. Luzia, above Funchal, Feb&quot;, protologue], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R.T. Lowe [?] s.n.</emphasis>
(no specimens corresponding to this locality and date located).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rouy" authorityYear="1908" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum morella subsp. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="morella" subSpecies="nigrum">Solanum morella Desv. subsp. nigrum</taxonomicName>
(L.) Rouy, Fl. France 10: 364. 1908.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
L.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum ganchouenense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ganchouenense">Solanum ganchouenense</taxonomicName>
H. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lév">Lev</normalizedToken>
., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 295. 1912.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. China. Guizhou: Gan Chouen, Aug 1910, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
J. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cavalérie">Cavalerie</normalizedToken>
3815
</emphasis>
(holotype: E [E00284474]; isotypes: E [E00284475], K [K001080605], P [P00055234]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum chenopodiifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chenopodiifolium">Solanum chenopodiifolium</taxonomicName>
H. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lév">Lev</normalizedToken>
., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 531. 1913.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. China. Yunnan: Tong-Tchouan plaine, Sep 1912, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E.E. Maire s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: E [E00284477]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. subvar." order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subVariety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="subvar." subVariety="atriplicifolium">Solanum nigrum L. subvar. atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
(Desp. ex Dunal) Schinz &amp; Thell., Fl. Schweiz, ed. 3, 2: 295. 1914.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="atriplicifolium">Solanum nigrum L. var. atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
Desp. ex Dunal (= 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="atriplicifolium">Solanum nigrum L. var. atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
G.Mey.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="E.P.Bicknell" authorityYear="1915" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum peregrinum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="peregrinum">Solanum peregrinum</taxonomicName>
E.P.Bicknell, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 332. 1915.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. United States of America. Massachusetts: Nantucket County, Nantucket street, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E.P. Bricknell 7719</emphasis>
(holotype: NY [00138955]; isotype: NY [00073847]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum probstianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="probstianum">Solanum probstianum</taxonomicName>
Polg., Mitteil. Naturfor. Gesellsch. Solothurn 12: 30. 1938.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Cultivated in Hungary at 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Györ">Gyoer</normalizedToken>
, from seeds sent by R. Probst from Switzerland (Solothurn: Derendingen [Kammgarnfabrik Derendingen] in 1932), 23 Aug 1933, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
S. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár">Polgar</normalizedToken>
s.n. [Herb. Polg. 4051
</emphasis>
] (no specimens cited; lectotype, designated here: BP [BP-272406]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. schultesii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="schultesii">Solanum nigrum L. var. schultesii</taxonomicName>
(Opiz) Rouy, Acta Horti Gothob. 10: 201. 1935.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum schultesii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schultesii">Solanum schultesii</taxonomicName>
Opiz
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pojark" authorityYear="1955" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pseudoflavum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pseudoflavum">Solanum pseudoflavum</taxonomicName>
Pojark., Bot. Mater. Gerb. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. 17: 338. 1955.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Kazakhstan. Between Vernoy Alma-Ata, Vernenskiy area, between town of Vtrnym and the station Karasukskaya, the village of Dimitrivka, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">V.S. Titov 2220</emphasis>
(holotype: LE).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="pallidum" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma pallidum</taxonomicName>
Wessely, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 63: 311. 1960, as &quot;Solanum nigrum subsp. nigrum var. atriplicifolium forma pallidum&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Germany. Rhineland-Palatinate: Neuwied, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wirtgen s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: W [not seen]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Wessely" authorityYear="1960" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="luridum" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. forma" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum" subSpecies="forma">Solanum nigrum L. forma luridum</taxonomicName>
Wessely, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 63: 311. 1960, as &quot;Solanum nigrum subsp. schultesii forma luridum&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Germany. Saxony: Dresden, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Trümmerstellen">Truemmerstellen</normalizedToken>
am Postplatz, 22 Sep 1957, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I. Wessely 0.23</emphasis>
(holotype: GFW).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. schultesii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrum" subSpecies="schultesii">Solanum nigrum L. subsp. schultesii</taxonomicName>
(Opiz) Wessely, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 63: 311. 1960.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Based on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum schultesii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schultesii">Solanum schultesii</taxonomicName>
Opiz
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. incisum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="incisum">Solanum nigrum L. var. incisum</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Täckh">Taeckh</normalizedToken>
. &amp; Boulos, Publ. Cairo Univ. Cairo Herb. 5: 101. 1974 [
<normalizedToken originalValue="“1972”">&quot;1972&quot;</normalizedToken>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum</taxonomicName>
Type. Egypt. Faiyum, Sinnuris, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">L. Boulos s.n.</emphasis>
(holotype: CAI [CAI000175]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
&quot; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-01-01" collectingDateMax="2018-12-31" collectingDateMin="2018-01-01" collectorName="Without" location="Habitat in Orbis" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7F85C68D040C796BC79BE2A60284F951:988CE8296382BBCC75F406CE846199BA" name="Habitat in Orbis">Habitat in Orbis</location>
totius cultis&quot; [sheet marked with 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Θ">Θ</normalizedToken>
, meaning central part of Asia = Middle East], 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Without</collectorName>
collector
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
, designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Henderson, RJF" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 78" refId="B168" refString="Henderson, RJF, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 16: 1 - 78" title="Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia." volume="16" year="1974">Henderson 1974</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 19: LINN [LINN 248-18])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Annual or short-lived erect to sprawling perennial herbs to 1.0 m tall, subwoody and branching at base. Stems spreading to decumbent, terete to sharply angled and ridged, green, the ridges often spinescent, older stems not appearing spinescent, not markedly hollow; new growth pubescent with simple, spreading, uniseriate, eglandular or glandular trichomes, these 1-6-celled, 0.5-0.6 mm long; older stems glabrescent, the trichome bases persisting as pseudospines. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, 3.8-7.2(-14.5) cm long, 2.5-5.0(-9.5) cm wide, broadly ovate, membranous, green, concolorous, without smell or smell somewhat foetid; adaxial surface sparsely pubescent with spreading, simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem evenly scattered along veins and lamina; abaxial surface more densely pubescent along veins and sparsely along lamina with eglandular and/or glandular trichomes like those of the stems; major veins 5-7 pairs; base obtuse to truncate, somewhat attenuate; margins sinuate-dentate, especially in the lower 2/3, to occasionally entire or deeply toothed; apex acute; petioles 0.5-3.0 cm long, pubescent with simple uniseriate glandular and eglandular trichomes like those of the stems. Inflorescences 0.8-2.0 cm long, internodal, simple to occasionally furcate, the flowers spaced along the rhachis, with (3-)4-10 flowers, pubescent with spreading simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stem; peduncle 0.5-1.5 cm long, straight; pedicels 3-5 mm long, 0.2-0.3 mm in diameter at the base and 0.2-0.3 mm at the apex, spreading, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0.3-0.7 mm apart. Buds subglobose, the corolla approximately halfway exserted from the calyx before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 0.8-1.0 mm long, conical, the lobes 0.5-0.8 mm long, 0.6-0.8 mm wide, triangular with acute or somewhat rounded apices, pubescent with spreading simple uniseriate eglandular and glandular trichomes like those of the pedicels. Corolla 10-12 mm in diameter, white with a yellow-green central portion near the base, stellate, lobed 1/2 to 2/3 of the way to the base, the lobes 4.0-5.0 mm long, 2.0-2.5 mm wide, strongly reflexed at anthesis, later spreading, densely papillate-pubescent abaxially with simple uniseriate eglandular trichomes. Stamens equal; filament tube very short to minute; free portion of the filaments 0.5-0.7 mm long, adaxially pubescent with spreading uniseriate simple trichomes; anthers 1.8-2.5 mm long, 0.8-1.0 mm wide, ellipsoid, very slightly wider at base, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 2.5-3.5 mm long, densely pubescent with tangled 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes in the lower half where included in the anther cone, exserted 0-1 mm beyond anther cone; stigma capitate, minutely papillate, green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 6-10 mm in diameter, purple-black or green to yellowish-green at maturity, the pericarp dull or slightly shiny; fruiting pedicels 10-12 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter at the base and 1.0-1.1 mm at apex, generally spreading to occasionally recurved, spaced 1.0-2.0 mm apart, dropping with mature fruits, not persistent but occasionally remaining on the inflorescence; fruiting calyx not accrescent, the tube ca. 1 mm long, the lobes 1.0-2.0 mm long, spreading to reflexed in fruit. Seeds (15-)20-40 per berry, 1.8-2.0 mm long, 1.5-1.6 mm wide, flattened and tear-drop shaped with a subapical hilum, yellow, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells pentagonal in outline. Stone cells absent (North America and Europe) but usually 2(-8) per berry in other areas (Asia), ca. 0.5 mm in diameter, brown. Chromosome number: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2n</emphasis>
=6x=72 (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02984237" author="Jorgensen, CA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="133 - 211" refId="B185" refString="Jorgensen, CA, 1928. The experimental production of heteroploid plants in the genus Solanum. Journal of Genetics 19 (2): 133 - 211, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02984237" title="The experimental production of heteroploid plants in the genus Solanum." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02984237" volume="19" year="1928">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jørgensen">Jorgensen</normalizedToken>
1928
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.9.231" author="Tokunaga, K" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="231 - 238" refId="B375" refString="Tokunaga, K, 1933. Studies on the chromosome numbers of some species in Solanaceae. Japanese Journal of Genetics 9 (4): 231 - 238, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.9.231" title="Studies on the chromosome numbers of some species in Solanaceae." url="https://doi.org/10.1266/jjg.9.231" volume="9" year="1933">Tokunaga 1933</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982527" author="Ellison, W" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="473 - 478" refId="B123" refString="Ellison, W, 1936. Synapsis and sterility in a Solanum hybrid. Journal of Genetics 32 (3): 473 - 478, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982527" title="Synapsis and sterility in a Solanum hybrid." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982527" volume="32" year="1936">Ellison 1936</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.57" author="Nakamura, M" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia Fujii Jubilae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="57 - 68" refId="B255" refString="Nakamura, M, 1937. Cyto-genetical studies on the genus Solanum. I. Autopolyploidy of Solanum nigrum Linn. Cytologia Fujii Jubilae 1 (1): 57 - 68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.57" title="Cyto-genetical studies on the genus Solanum. I. Autopolyploidy of Solanum nigrum Linn." url="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.57" volume="1" year="1937">Nakamura 1937</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Stebbins, GL" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="70 - 80" refId="B354" refString="Stebbins, GL, Paddock, EF, 1949. The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America. Madrono 10: 70 - 80" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America." volume="10" year="1949">Stebbins and Paddock 1949</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Baylis, GTS" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="379 - 285" refId="B15" refString="Baylis, GTS, 1958. A cytogenetical study of New Zealand forms of Solanum nigrum L., S. nodiflorum Jacq. and S. gracile Otto. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 85: 379 - 285" title="A cytogenetical study of New Zealand forms of Solanum nigrum L., S. nodiflorum Jacq. and S. gracile Otto." volume="85" year="1958">Baylis 1958</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" author="Heiser, CB Jr" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="471 - 488" refId="B167" refString="Heiser, CB Jr, Soria, J, Burton, DL, 1965. A numerical taxonomic study of Solanum species and hybrids. American Naturalist 99 (909): 471 - 488, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" title="A numerical taxonomic study of Solanum species and hybrids." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" volume="99" year="1965">Heiser et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Saarisalo-Taubert, A" journalOrPublisher="Annales Botanici Fennici" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="87 - 94" refId="B320" refString="Saarisalo-Taubert, A, 1967. Adventive Solanum species of the group Morella in Eastern Fennoscandia. Annales Botanici Fennici 4: 87 - 94" title="Adventive Solanum species of the group Morella in Eastern Fennoscandia." volume="4" year="1967">Saarisalo-Taubert 1967</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.37.317" author="Venkateswarlu, J" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="317 - 326" refId="B384" refString="Venkateswarlu, J, Rao, MK, 1972. Breeding system, crossability relationships and isolating mechanisms in the Solanum nigrum complex. Cytologia 37 (2): 317 - 326, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.37.317" title="Breeding system, crossability relationships and isolating mechanisms in the Solanum nigrum complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.37.317" volume="37" year="1972">Venkateswarlu and Rao 1972</bibRefCitation>
[as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
S8, S11, S19]; 
<bibRefCitation author="Henderson, RJF" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 78" refId="B168" refString="Henderson, RJF, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 16: 1 - 78" title="Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia." volume="16" year="1974">Henderson 1974</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Tandon, SL" editor="Hutchinson, J" journalOrPublisher="Cambridge University Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="109 - 117" refId="B368" refString="Tandon, SL, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. In: Hutchinson, J, Ed., Evolutionary studies in world crops: Diversity and change in the Indian subcontinent. Cambridge University Press, London: 109 - 117" title="Solanum nigrum L." volumeTitle="Evolutionary studies in world crops: Diversity and change in the Indian subcontinent." year="1974">Tandon 1974</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9760369" author="Randell, BR" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="369 - 379" refId="B299" refString="Randell, BR, Symon, DE, 1976. Chromosome numbers in Australian Solanum species. Australian Journal of Botany 24 (3): 369 - 379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9760369" title="Chromosome numbers in Australian Solanum species." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9760369" volume="24" year="1976">Randell and Symon 1976</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="141 - 178" refId="B104" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1977. Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 75 (2): 141 - 178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" title="Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" volume="75" year="1977">Edmonds 1977</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Watsonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="203 - 207" refId="B108" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1981. The artificial synthesis of Solanum x procurrens Leslie (S. nigrum L. x S. sarrachoides Sendtn.). Watsonia 13: 203 - 207" title="The artificial synthesis of Solanum x procurrens Leslie (S. nigrum L. x S. sarrachoides Sendtn.)." volume="13" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb02583.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="153 - 167" refId="B109" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1982. Epidermal hair morphology in Solanum L. section Solanum. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 85 (3): 153 - 167, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb02583.x" title="Epidermal hair morphology in Solanum L. section Solanum." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb02583.x" volume="85" year="1982">1982</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="229 - 246" refId="B110" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1983. Seed coat structure and development in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 87 (3): 229 - 246, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" title="Seed coat structure and development in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" volume="87" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1984.tb01573.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="237 - 251" refId="B111" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1984a. Pollen morphology of Solanum L. section Solanum. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 88 (3): 237 - 251, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1984.tb01573.x" title="Pollen morphology of Solanum L. section Solanum." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1984.tb01573.x" volume="88" year="1984 a">1984a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Ganapathi, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="241 - 246" refId="B141" refString="Ganapathi, A, Rao, GR, 1986a. Taxonomic status of the Solanum nigrum complex found in India. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Sciences 96: 241 - 246" title="Taxonomic status of the Solanum nigrum complex found in India." volume="96" year="1986 a">Ganapathi and Rao 1986a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B364" refString="Symon, DE, 1981. A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 4: 1 - 367" title="A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia." volume="4" year="1981">Symon 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Bukenya, ZR" editor="Van der Maesen, LJG" journalOrPublisher="Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 37" refId="B47" refString="Bukenya, ZR, 1996. Uses, chromosome number and distribution of Solanum species in Uganda. In: Van der Maesen, LJG, van Medenbach de Rooy, JM, Eds., The Biodiversity of African Plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands: 33 - 37" title="Uses, chromosome number and distribution of Solanum species in Uganda." volumeTitle="The Biodiversity of African Plants." year="1996">Bukenya 1996</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326059" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218725" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 22" startId="F22">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 22.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Flower (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, B</emphasis>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Symon 5449</emphasis>
[ADW 35964]). Drawing by M.L. Szent-Ivany, first published in 
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B364" refString="Symon, DE, 1981. A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 4: 1 - 367" title="A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia." volume="4" year="1981">Symon (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, courtesy of the Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium (Adelaide, South Australia), reproduced with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326061" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure23" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218726" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 23" startId="F23">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 23.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Inflorescence (dense indumentum) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Inflorescence (sparse indumentum) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Fully mature full-black berries, calyx lobes remaining appressed or slightly spreading (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Nijmegen acc. 824750016; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Nijmegen acc. A34750479; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Nijmegen acc. 824750029A, 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Nijmegen acc. A44750150). Photos by S. Knapp.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F24" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution of Solanum nigrum L in the Old World." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218727" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">24</figureCitation>
). Widespread species native to Eurasia (western Europe to Japan), northern Africa and Australia, sporadically introduced in South Africa and naturalised locally in temperate North America.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326063" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218727" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 24" startId="F24">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 24.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L in the Old World.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Weed of cultivated land, open spaces in forests and roadsides; found in disturbed areas between 0-2,200 (3,500) m elevation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Australia: blackberry, black berry nightshade (
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B364" refString="Symon, DE, 1981. A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 4: 1 - 367" title="A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia." volume="4" year="1981">Symon 1981</bibRefCitation>
); China: paak fa tsai 
<normalizedToken originalValue="ts’o">ts'o</normalizedToken>
[Hainan], long kui (
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, ZY" editor="Wu, ZY" journalOrPublisher="17. Science Press Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="300 - 332" refId="B411" refString="Zhang, ZY, Lu, AM, D'Arcy, WG, 1994. Solanaceae. In: Wu, ZY, Raven, PH, Eds., Flora of China, Vol. 17. Science Press Beijing and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis: 300 - 332" title="Solanaceae." volumeTitle="Flora of China, Vol." year="1994">Zhang et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
); Denmark: kirtel-natskygge, sort natskygge (
<bibRefCitation author="Hartvig, P" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B159" refString="Hartvig, P, 2015. Atlas Flora Danica Vol. 3. Gyldendal, Kobenhavns." title="Atlas Flora Danica Vol. 3. Gyldendal, Kobenhavns." year="2015">Hartvig 2015</bibRefCitation>
), sort natskygge (
<bibRefCitation author="Frederiksen, S" journalOrPublisher="The Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B133" refString="Frederiksen, S, Rasmussen, FN, Seberg, O, 2006. Dansk Flora. Gyldendal, Kobenhavns." title="Dansk Flora. Gyldendal, Kobenhavns." year="2006">Frederiksen et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
); Egypt: anabadib [Berber], aneb el dib, enab athib; Estonia: must maavits (
<bibRefCitation author="Kukk, T" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B205" refString="Kukk, T, Kull, T, 2005. Eesti taimede levikuatlas. Eesti Maauelikool Pollumajandus-ja Keskkonnainstituut, Tartu." title="Eesti taimede levikuatlas. Eesti Maauelikool Pollumajandus-ja Keskkonnainstituut, Tartu." year="2005">Kukk and Kull 2005</bibRefCitation>
; Finland: mustakoiso, karvamustakoiso (
<bibRefCitation author="Haemet-Ahti, L" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B157" refString="Haemet-Ahti, L, Suominen, J, Ulvinen, T, Uotila, P, 1998. Retkeilykasvio. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Helsinki." title="Retkeilykasvio. Luonnontieteellinen keskusmuseo, Kasvimuseo, Helsinki." year="1998">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hämet-Ahti">Haemet-Ahti</normalizedToken>
et al. 1998
</bibRefCitation>
); France: morelle noire (
<bibRefCitation author="Jauzein, P" journalOrPublisher="The New Phytologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B184" refString="Jauzein, P, Nawrot, O, 2011. Flore d'Ile-de-France. Editions Quae, Toulouse." title="Flore d'Ile-de-France. Editions Quae, Toulouse." year="2011">Jauzein and Nawrot 2011</bibRefCitation>
); Germany: schwarzer Nachtschatten; India: makoi [Hindi], kakamachi [Bengali, Sanskrit], kakahva [Sanskrit]; Iraq: dubbais, habbat seda; Italy: 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum morella" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="morella">Solanum morella</taxonomicName>
commune, erba 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum morella" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="morella">Solanum morella</taxonomicName>
, pomidorella, ballerina (
<bibRefCitation author="Pignatti, S" journalOrPublisher="Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B282" refString="Pignatti, S, 1982. Flora d'Italia Vol. 2. Edagricole, Bologna." title="Flora d'Italia Vol. 2. Edagricole, Bologna." year="1982">Pignatti 1982</bibRefCitation>
), solano nero; Japan: inuhozuki, inn-hodzuki, kanzashi-inuhoozuki; Libya: aneb el dib/aneb el dhib; Lithuania: juodoji 
<normalizedToken originalValue="kiauliauogė">kiauliauogė</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Natkevicaitė-Ivanauskienė, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B257" refString="Natkevicaitė-Ivanauskienė, M, 1976. Lietuvos T.S.R. Flora V. [Valstybine Politines ir Mokslines Literaturos Leidykla, Vilnius.]" title="Lietuvos T. S. R. Flora V. [Valstybine Politines ir Mokslines Literaturos Leidykla, Vilnius.]" year="1976">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Natkevičaitė-Ivanauskienė">Natkevicaitė-Ivanauskienė</normalizedToken>
1976
</bibRefCitation>
); Malaysia: beliwan; Nepal: kamai; New Zealand: black nightshade (
<bibRefCitation author="Webb, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Food Safety" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B393" refString="Webb, CJ, Sykes, WR, Garnock-Jones, PJ, 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Vol. 4: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchruch." title="Flora of New Zealand, Vol. 4: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchruch." year="1988">Webb et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
); Norway: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="svartsøtvier">svartsotvier</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Lid, J" journalOrPublisher="Annals of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B213" refString="Lid, J, Lid, DT, Elvn, R, 2005. Norsk flora. Det Norske Samlaget, Oslo." title="Norsk flora. Det Norske Samlaget, Oslo." year="2005">Lid et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
); Pakistan: tolangur; Philippines: amti, amtih (Ifugao language), moti; Poland: psianka czarna (
<bibRefCitation author="Pawlowskiego, B" journalOrPublisher="Earthscan, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B277" refString="Pawlowskiego, B, 1963. Flora Polska. Rosliny naczyniowe Polski i ziem osciennych, Vol. 10. Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa, Krakow." title="Flora Polska. Rosliny naczyniowe Polski i ziem osciennych, Vol. 10. Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warszawa, Krakow." year="1963">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pawłowskiego">Pawlowskiego</normalizedToken>
1963
</bibRefCitation>
); Portugal: herva moira morelle commune, pera de Santa Maria; Saint Helena: Tristan blackberry; Slovenia: lulok 
<normalizedToken originalValue="čierny">cierny</normalizedToken>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Bertova, L" journalOrPublisher="Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter (Rome, Italy)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B20" refString="Bertova, L, GoliaSova, K, 1993. Flora Slovenska V/1. VEDA, vydavatel'stvo Slovenskej akademie vied, Bratislava." title="Flora Slovenska V / 1. VEDA, vydavatel'stvo Slovenskej akademie vied, Bratislava." year="1993">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bertová">Bertova</normalizedToken>
and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Goliašová">Goliasova</normalizedToken>
1993
</bibRefCitation>
); Spain: yerba mora, hierba mora; Sweden: nattskatta, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="hårig">harig</normalizedToken>
nattskatta (
<bibRefCitation author="Mossberg, B" journalOrPublisher="Darwiniana" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B251" refString="Mossberg, B, Stenberg, L, Karlsson, T, 2003. Den nya Nordiska floran. Wahlstrom &amp; Widstrand, Stockholm." title="Den nya Nordiska floran. Wahlstrom &amp; Widstrand, Stockholm." year="2003">Mossberg et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
); United Kingdom: black nightshade
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Leaves used as vegetable in India, China, southeast Asia and in Europe (in local areas); thought to be poisonous by association with the deadly nightshade, 
<taxonomicName class="Eudicots" family="Solanaceae" genus="Atropa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Atropa belladonna" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="belladonna">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Atropa belladonna</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Uses in introductory section). Berries sometimes used for jam (
<bibRefCitation author="Viljoen, E" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B385" refString="Viljoen, E, 2011. Morphology and genetic relationships in members of the Solanum nigrum L. complex used for jam production in the Highveld of South Africa. MSc thesis, Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 1-242." title="Morphology and genetic relationships in members of the Solanum nigrum L. complex used for jam production in the Highveld of South Africa. MSc thesis, Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 1 - 242." year="2011">Viljoen 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Euphytica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B176" refString="IUCN, 2016. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2016">IUCN 2016</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a widely distributed amphitropical species across temperate and subtropical areas in the Old World; it can be assigned a status of LC (Least Concern; Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 7" captionStartId="T7" captionText="Table 7. Preliminary conservation assessments for the Old World members of the Morelloid clade. For details, see Materials and Methods and individual species treatments. Preliminary assessments are based on EOO (Extent of Occurrence) only (see Materials and Methods) and have been calculated for worldwide ranges for each species. The conservation status of species known to be introduced in the Old World has been assessed considering native range only and is discussed under each species treatments." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2FA7BDE3ED0CDC21CAEAEE383BFAB558" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="2FA7BDE3ED0CDC21CAEAEE383BFAB558">7</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the type species of the genus 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is a widespread weed with much morphological variation recognised at various infraspecific levels by many different authors (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C" journalOrPublisher="Biologiske Skrifter" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B218" refString="Linnaeus, C, 1753. Species plantarum. L. Salvius, Stockholm." title="Species plantarum. L. Salvius, Stockholm." year="1753">Linnaeus 1753</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Opiz, PM" journalOrPublisher="Nordic Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B274" refString="Opiz, PM, 1843. Deutschlands Nachtschattenarten. In: Berchtold F, Opiz PM (Eds) Oekonomisch-technische Flora Boehmens vol 3. Thomas Thabor, Annakloster." title="Deutschlands Nachtschattenarten. In: Berchtold F, Opiz PM (Eds) Oekonomisch-technische Flora Boehmens vol 3. Thomas Thabor, Annakloster." year="1843">Opiz 1843</bibRefCitation>
). There are almost 100 names associated with the taxon and the status of some of these remains uncertain due to difficulty in finding types but we include them here based on their descriptions (but see Doubtful species). Here, we adopt an inclusive and broad concept of the species and recognise all infraspecific taxa under a single, more widespread and morphologically variable species. Two of the most commonly recognised infraspecific units include 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum subsp. schultesii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrum" subSpecies="schultesii">S. nigrum subsp. schultesii</taxonomicName>
(Opiz) Wessely (villous, with glandular hairs) and 
<taxonomicName authority="subsp. nigrum" family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum subsp. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrum" subSpecies="nigrum">S. nigrum subsp. nigrum</taxonomicName>
(eglandular). Previous studies have found no support for the recognition of these or any other infraspecific taxa within 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on morphological (
<bibRefCitation author="Henderson, RJF" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 78" refId="B168" refString="Henderson, RJF, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 16: 1 - 78" title="Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia." volume="16" year="1974">Henderson 1974</bibRefCitation>
), seed protein (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985991" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="277 - 291" refId="B120" refString="Edmonds, JM, Glidewell, SM, 1977. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of seed proteins from some Solanum (section Solanum) species. Plant Systematics and Evolution 127 (4): 277 - 291, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985991" title="Acrylamide gel electrophoresis of seed proteins from some Solanum (section Solanum) species." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00985991" volume="127" year="1977">Edmonds and Glidewell 1977</bibRefCitation>
) or molecular marker data (
<bibRefCitation author="Dehmer, KJ" editor="van den Berg, RG" journalOrPublisher="University Press, Nijmegen" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="85 - 96" refId="B84" refString="Dehmer, KJ, 2001. Conclusions on the taxonomy of the Solanum nigrum complex by molecular analyes of IPK germplasm accessions. In: van den Berg, RG, Barendse, GWM, van der Weerden, GM, Mariani, C, Eds., Solanaceae V: Advances in taxonomy and utilization. University Press, Nijmegen: 85 - 96" title="Conclusions on the taxonomy of the Solanum nigrum complex by molecular analyes of IPK germplasm accessions." volumeTitle="Solanaceae V: Advances in taxonomy and utilization." year="2001">Dehmer 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRES.0000024163.86762.fc" author="Dehmer, KJ" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="551 - 558" refId="B85" refString="Dehmer, KJ, Hammer, K, 2004. Taxonomic status and geographic provenance of germplasm accessions in the Solanum nigrum L. complex: AFLP data. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51 (5): 551 - 558, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRES.0000024163.86762.fc" title="Taxonomic status and geographic provenance of germplasm accessions in the Solanum nigrum L. complex: AFLP data." url="https://doi.org/10.1023/B:GRES.0000024163.86762.fc" volume="51" year="2004">Dehmer and Hammer 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Olet, EA" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Plant Breeding" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B269" refString="Olet, EA, 2004. Taxonomy of Solanum L. section Solanum in Uganda. PhD thesis, Agricultural University of Norway, As." title="Taxonomy of Solanum L. section Solanum in Uganda. PhD thesis, Agricultural University of Norway, As." year="2004">Olet 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf" refId="B227" refString="Manoko, MLK, 2007. A systematic study of African Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD Thesis, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf" title="A systematic study of African Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD Thesis, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands," url="http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf" year="2007">Manoko 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
We do not include material identified as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in recent African regional floras (
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Thulin, M" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="207 - 208" refId="B115" refString="Edmonds, JM, 2006a. Solanum L. section Solanum. In: Thulin, M, Ed., Flora of Somalia 3. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London: 207 - 208" title="Solanum L. section Solanum." volumeTitle="Flora of Somalia 3." year="2006 a">Edmonds 2006a</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Hedberg, I" journalOrPublisher="Uppsala and Addis Ababa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="115 - 122" refId="B116" refString="Edmonds, JM, 2006b. Solanum L. section Solanum. In: Hedberg, I, Edwards, S, Eds., Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea, Vol 5. Uppsala and Addis Ababa: 115 - 122" title="Solanum L. section Solanum." volumeTitle="Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea, Vol 5." year="2006 b">2006b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Beentje, H" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="105 - 125" refId="B118" refString="Edmonds, JM, 2012. Solanum spp. In: Beentje, H, Ed., Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 105 - 125" title="Solanum spp." volumeTitle="Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae." year="2012">2012</bibRefCitation>
) in our circumscription of this species. We follow 
<bibRefCitation author="Olet, EA" journalOrPublisher="International Journal of Plant Breeding" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B269" refString="Olet, EA, 2004. Taxonomy of Solanum L. section Solanum in Uganda. PhD thesis, Agricultural University of Norway, As." title="Taxonomy of Solanum L. section Solanum in Uganda. PhD thesis, Agricultural University of Norway, As." year="2004">Olet (2004)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Olet, EA" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Biotechnology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="6387 - 6395" refId="B270" refString="Olet, EA, Arnstein, K, Heun, M, 2011. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) analysis of species of Solanum section Solanum (Solanaceae) from Uganda. African Journal of Biotechnology 10: 6387 - 6395" title="Amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) analysis of species of Solanum section Solanum (Solanaceae) from Uganda." volume="10" year="2011">Olet et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
and consider this material to represent the wild form of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum." order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum.">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
In Africa, we consider only material from northern Africa around the Mediterranean and a few specimens (probably introduced from Europe) from South Africa to be true 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are hexaploids and morphologically similar, but can be distinguished on the following suite of morphological characteristics; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has leaves with rather indistinct petioles, inflorescences with the flowers spaced along the rhachis, acute calyx lobes that are more or less appressed to the berry in fruit, and berries that not markedly shiny and often have stone cells (particularly in Asia). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum scabrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum scabrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has distinctly petiolate leaves, the flowers are usually tightly congested at the tips of inflorescences or inflorescence branches, the calyx lobes are rounded, irregular and strongly reflexed in fruit and the berries are shiny with thick pericarp and lack stone cells. In addition, the fruiting pedicels of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are spreading to somewhat recurved, while those of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are erect and strongly spreading.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Throughout its range in Europe and into Eurasia as far as western China, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sympatric with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The simplest distinguishing character is mature berry colour; 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has red, orange or yellow berries, while those of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are black or green. Many old collections, however, do not state berry colour on the label, so identification can be difficult. Calyx lobes are useful for distinguishing these taxa; 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
calyx lobes are usually deltate and acute, with sharp triangular sinuses, while those of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are longer, usually rounded at the tip and the sinuses are broad and quite transparent (see description of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), leaving a paler 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“window”">&quot;window&quot;</normalizedToken>
just below the sinus in flower buds and early flowers. The shiny, translucent berries of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(mostly slightly ellipsoid) usually dry blackish-brown, but are distinct from the matte, more opaque berries of S. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Neither species has stone cells in Europe, but in Asia, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually has 2 (or occasionally more) stone cells in the berries. Both species retain pedicels after fruits drop, but 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not as extreme in this regard and often plants are found with old inflorescences with no remaining pedicels.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been considered native only to Europe, but our study of populations of this widespread weed across its range has shown that the largest morphological variation can be observed in Asia. Populations of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Asia have more stone cells in the fruit and the plants have a more delicate look overall with longer peduncles and often fewer flowers per inflorescence. Material from Asia has been described as different taxa (e.g. 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. guanchounense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="guanchounense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. guanchounense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. chenopodiifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chenopodiifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. chenopodiifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) but the variation is continuous across the range, with European populations being more invariant (except in leaf shape and indumentum). Populations in Europe represent a relatively monomorphic set of populations compared to material from China and eastern Asia. We therefore consider that the species is native to the entire Eurasian area, with limited introductions to North America. North American material we have seen appears most similar to European plants based on morphology, suggesting the introduction to North America came from European populations, but this has not been tested genetically.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Australian populations of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could have originated either from Europe or from Asia. In general, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Australia does not seem to have stone cells in general and plants fall into two continuously variable groups: one is similar to classic European 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the other is more similar to plants from eastern and south-eastern Asia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an autoalloploid species, now thought to have originated from a tetraploid 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a diploid 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by spontaneous amphiploidy (
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Hawkes, JG" journalOrPublisher="Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="529 - 548" refId="B106" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1979a. Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella). In: Hawkes, JG, Lester, RN, Skelding, AD, Eds., Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London: 529 - 548" title="Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella)." volumeTitle="Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae." year="1979 a">Edmonds 1979a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Ganapathi, A" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="867 - 868" refId="B142" refString="Ganapathi, A, Rao, GR, 1986b. A note on origin and cytology of a heptaploid plant of Solanum section Solanum. Current Science 55: 867 - 868" title="A note on origin and cytology of a heptaploid plant of Solanum section Solanum." volume="55" year="1986 b">Ganapathi and Rao 1986b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.51.757" author="Ganapathi, A" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="757 - 762" refId="B143" refString="Ganapathi, A, Rao, GR, 1986c. The crossability and genetic relationship between Solanum retroflexum Dun. and S. nigrum L. Cytologia 51 (4): 757 - 762, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.51.757" title="The crossability and genetic relationship between Solanum retroflexum Dun. and S. nigrum L." url="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.51.757" volume="51" year="1986 c">1986c</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" author="Poczai, P" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B285" refString="Poczai, P, Hyvoenen, J, 2011. On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38(2): 1171-1185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" title="On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38 (2): 1171 - 1185." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" year="2011">
Poczai and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hyvönen">Hyvoenen</normalizedToken>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Cytogenetic and crossing studies show high fertility and regular pairing of bivalents at meiosis in crosses of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Hawkes, JG" journalOrPublisher="Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="529 - 548" refId="B106" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1979a. Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella). In: Hawkes, JG, Lester, RN, Skelding, AD, Eds., Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London: 529 - 548" title="Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella)." volumeTitle="Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae." year="1979 a">Edmonds 1979a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Ganapathi, A" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="867 - 868" refId="B142" refString="Ganapathi, A, Rao, GR, 1986b. A note on origin and cytology of a heptaploid plant of Solanum section Solanum. Current Science 55: 867 - 868" title="A note on origin and cytology of a heptaploid plant of Solanum section Solanum." volume="55" year="1986 b">Ganapathi and Rao 1986b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.51.757" author="Ganapathi, A" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="757 - 762" refId="B143" refString="Ganapathi, A, Rao, GR, 1986c. The crossability and genetic relationship between Solanum retroflexum Dun. and S. nigrum L. Cytologia 51 (4): 757 - 762, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.51.757" title="The crossability and genetic relationship between Solanum retroflexum Dun. and S. nigrum L." url="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.51.757" volume="51" year="1986 c">1986c</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1139/g86-146" author="Ganapathi, A" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1044 - 1048" refId="B144" refString="Ganapathi, A, Rao, GR, 1986d. Nature of sterility and mechanism of the evolution of higher ploidy in Solanum section Solanum (Maurella). Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28 (6): 1044 - 1048, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/g86-146" title="Nature of sterility and mechanism of the evolution of higher ploidy in Solanum section Solanum (Maurella)." url="https://doi.org/10.1139/g86-146" volume="28" year="1986 d">1986d</bibRefCitation>
). Of the two tetraploid species, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are sympatric at least across parts of their native ranges which would make it more likely that 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an autoalloploid derived from the autopolyploid 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the diploid 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Molecular analyses have now shown that the two hexaploids 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share a parental species with the tetraploid 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" author="Poczai, P" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B285" refString="Poczai, P, Hyvoenen, J, 2011. On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38(2): 1171-1185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" title="On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38 (2): 1171 - 1185." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" year="2011">
Poczai and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hyvönen">Hyvoenen</normalizedToken>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Artificially produced hexaploids from tetraploid crosses of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been shown to be fertile and represent the glandular variant of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(sometimes recognised as subsp. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. schultesii" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="nigrum" subSpecies="schultesii">Solanum nigrum schultesii</taxonomicName>
(Opiz) Wessely; 
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Hawkes, JG" journalOrPublisher="Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="529 - 548" refId="B106" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1979a. Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella). In: Hawkes, JG, Lester, RN, Skelding, AD, Eds., Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London: 529 - 548" title="Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella)." volumeTitle="Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae." year="1979 a">Edmonds 1979a</bibRefCitation>
). It is hence becoming more clear that the tetraploid parent of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and not 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Artificial hexaploids have been produced using 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by several authors and the artificial hexaploids resemble 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphologically (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/2011348b0" author="Tandon, SL" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1348 - 1349" refId="B369" refString="Tandon, SL, Rao, GR, 1964. Cytogenetical investigations in relation to the mechanism of evolution in hexaploid Solanum nigrum L. Nature 201 (4926): 1348 - 1349, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/2011348b0" title="Cytogenetical investigations in relation to the mechanism of evolution in hexaploid Solanum nigrum L." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/2011348b0" volume="201" year="1964">Tandon and Rao 1964</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01787365" author="Venkateswarlu, J" journalOrPublisher="Genetica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="400 - 406" refId="B383" refString="Venkateswarlu, J, Rao, MK, 1969. Chromosome numerical mosaicism in some hybrids of the Solanum nigrum complex. Genetica 40 (1): 400 - 406, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01787365" title="Chromosome numerical mosaicism in some hybrids of the Solanum nigrum complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01787365" volume="40" year="1969">Venkateswarlu and Rao 1969</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.37.317" author="Venkateswarlu, J" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="317 - 326" refId="B384" refString="Venkateswarlu, J, Rao, MK, 1972. Breeding system, crossability relationships and isolating mechanisms in the Solanum nigrum complex. Cytologia 37 (2): 317 - 326, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.37.317" title="Breeding system, crossability relationships and isolating mechanisms in the Solanum nigrum complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.37.317" volume="37" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Soria, J" journalOrPublisher="Baileya" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="33 - 35" refId="B342" refString="Soria, J, Heiser, CB, 1959. The Garden Huckleberry and the Sunberry. Baileya 7: 33 - 35" title="The Garden Huckleberry and the Sunberry." volume="7" year="1959">Soria and Heiser 1959</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Hawkes, JG" journalOrPublisher="Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="529 - 548" refId="B106" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1979a. Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella). In: Hawkes, JG, Lester, RN, Skelding, AD, Eds., Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London: 529 - 548" title="Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella)." volumeTitle="Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae." year="1979 a">Edmonds 1979a</bibRefCitation>
). Reciprocal backcrossing of the artificial hexaploids with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
results in a high fruit set (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01787365" author="Venkateswarlu, J" journalOrPublisher="Genetica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="400 - 406" refId="B383" refString="Venkateswarlu, J, Rao, MK, 1969. Chromosome numerical mosaicism in some hybrids of the Solanum nigrum complex. Genetica 40 (1): 400 - 406, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01787365" title="Chromosome numerical mosaicism in some hybrids of the Solanum nigrum complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01787365" volume="40" year="1969">Venkateswarlu and Rao 1969</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.37.317" author="Venkateswarlu, J" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="317 - 326" refId="B384" refString="Venkateswarlu, J, Rao, MK, 1972. Breeding system, crossability relationships and isolating mechanisms in the Solanum nigrum complex. Cytologia 37 (2): 317 - 326, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.37.317" title="Breeding system, crossability relationships and isolating mechanisms in the Solanum nigrum complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.37.317" volume="37" year="1972">1972</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Hawkes, JG" journalOrPublisher="Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="529 - 548" refId="B106" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1979a. Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella). In: Hawkes, JG, Lester, RN, Skelding, AD, Eds., Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London: 529 - 548" title="Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella)." volumeTitle="Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae." year="1979 a">Edmonds 1979a</bibRefCitation>
), supporting the hypothesis that 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the parent species of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The autoallopolyploid origin of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been suggested by previous authors (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1962.10796057" author="Magoon, ML" journalOrPublisher="Caryologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="151 - 252" refId="B224" refString="Magoon, ML, Ramanujam, S, Cooper, DC, 1962. Cytological studies in relation to the origin and differentiation of species in the genus Solanum L. Caryologia 15 (1): 151 - 252, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1962.10796057" title="Cytological studies in relation to the origin and differentiation of species in the genus Solanum L." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00087114.1962.10796057" volume="15" year="1962">Magoon et al. 1962</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00154846" author="Rao, GR" journalOrPublisher="Genetica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="157 - 164" refId="B300" refString="Rao, GR, 1971. Cytology of a pentaploid hybrid and genome analysis in Solanum nigrum L. Genetica 42 (1): 157 - 164, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00154846" title="Cytology of a pentaploid hybrid and genome analysis in Solanum nigrum L." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00154846" volume="42" year="1971">Rao 1971</bibRefCitation>
). In the light of the current molecular evidence combined with the accumulating evidence from cytological and crossing studies, the alternative hypotheses on the origin of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as an autohexaploid (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02984237" author="Jorgensen, CA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="133 - 211" refId="B185" refString="Jorgensen, CA, 1928. The experimental production of heteroploid plants in the genus Solanum. Journal of Genetics 19 (2): 133 - 211, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02984237" title="The experimental production of heteroploid plants in the genus Solanum." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02984237" volume="19" year="1928">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jørgensen">Jorgensen</normalizedToken>
1928
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Nakamura, M" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Society for Tropical Agriculture" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="255 - 257" refId="B254" refString="Nakamura, M, 1935. Preliminary note on the polyploidy in Solanum nigrum Linn. Journal of the Society for Tropical Agriculture 7: 255 - 257" title="Preliminary note on the polyploidy in Solanum nigrum Linn." volume="7" year="1935">Nakamura 1935</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.57" author="Nakamura, M" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia Fujii Jubilae" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="57 - 68" refId="B255" refString="Nakamura, M, 1937. Cyto-genetical studies on the genus Solanum. I. Autopolyploidy of Solanum nigrum Linn. Cytologia Fujii Jubilae 1 (1): 57 - 68, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.57" title="Cyto-genetical studies on the genus Solanum. I. Autopolyploidy of Solanum nigrum Linn." url="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.FujiiJubilaei.57" volume="1" year="1937">1937</bibRefCitation>
) and an allopolyploid derived from three distinct genomes (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/2011348b0" author="Tandon, SL" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1348 - 1349" refId="B369" refString="Tandon, SL, Rao, GR, 1964. Cytogenetical investigations in relation to the mechanism of evolution in hexaploid Solanum nigrum L. Nature 201 (4926): 1348 - 1349, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/2011348b0" title="Cytogenetical investigations in relation to the mechanism of evolution in hexaploid Solanum nigrum L." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/2011348b0" volume="201" year="1964">Tandon and Rao 1964</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Tandon, SL" journalOrPublisher="Indian journal of Genetics and Plant Breedings" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="130 - 141" refId="B370" refString="Tandon, SL, Rao, GR, 1966a. Interrelationship within the Solanum nigrum complex. Indian journal of Genetics and Plant Breedings 26 (2): 130 - 141" title="Interrelationship within the Solanum nigrum complex." volume="26" year="1966 a">1966a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Henderson, RJF" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 78" refId="B168" refString="Henderson, RJF, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 16: 1 - 78" title="Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia." volume="16" year="1974">Henderson 1974</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Hawkes, JG" journalOrPublisher="Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="529 - 548" refId="B106" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1979a. Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella). In: Hawkes, JG, Lester, RN, Skelding, AD, Eds., Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London: 529 - 548" title="Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella)." volumeTitle="Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae." year="1979 a">Edmonds 1979a</bibRefCitation>
) are becoming less likely.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In parts of eastern England, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. procurrens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="procurrens">
S. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
procurrens
</taxonomicName>
A.C.Leslie (
<bibRefCitation author="Leslie, AC" journalOrPublisher="Watsonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="29 - 32" refId="B210" refString="Leslie, AC, 1978. The occurrence of Solanum nigrum L.x S. sarrachoides Sendtn. in Britain. Watsonia 12: 29 - 32" title="The occurrence of Solanum nigrum L. x S. sarrachoides Sendtn. in Britain." volume="12" year="1978">Leslie 1978</bibRefCitation>
), a sterile tetraploid hybrid between 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nitidibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nitidibaccatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nitidibaccatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is locally established where the two species grown together (
<bibRefCitation author="Stace, C" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B351" refString="Stace, C, 2010. New flora of the British Isles (3rd edn). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." title="New flora of the British Isles (3 rd edn). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge." year="2010">Stace 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 531; 
<bibRefCitation author="Stace, C" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B352" refString="Stace, C, Preston, CD, Pearman, DA, 2015. Hybrid flora of the British Isles. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Bristol." title="Hybrid flora of the British Isles. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Bristol." year="2015">Stace et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
). The hybrid has also been recorded in New Zealand (
<bibRefCitation author="Webb, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Food Safety" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B393" refString="Webb, CJ, Sykes, WR, Garnock-Jones, PJ, 1988. Flora of New Zealand, Vol. 4: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchruch." title="Flora of New Zealand, Vol. 4: Naturalised pteridophytes, gymnosperms, dicotyledons. Botany Division, DSIR, Christchruch." year="1988">Webb et al. 1988</bibRefCitation>
). These plants are intermediate between the two species, with glandular pubescence and black berries with somewhat accrescent calyx lobes. A good description and distribution map for this local hybrid can be found in 
<bibRefCitation author="Stace, C" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B352" refString="Stace, C, Preston, CD, Pearman, DA, 2015. Hybrid flora of the British Isles. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Bristol." title="Hybrid flora of the British Isles. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Bristol." year="2015">Stace et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
. We have not seen convincing material from elsewhere in Europe of this hybrid, but it potentially occurs wherever 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nitidibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nitidibaccatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nitidibaccatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
co-occur. As it is sterile, however, it does not spread or persist.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C" journalOrPublisher="Biologiske Skrifter" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B218" refString="Linnaeus, C, 1753. Species plantarum. L. Salvius, Stockholm." title="Species plantarum. L. Salvius, Stockholm." year="1753">Linnaeus (1753)</bibRefCitation>
recognised six varieties of his 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, of which four are now considered distinct species (var. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. patulum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="patulum">Solanum nigrum patulum</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">S. americanum</taxonomicName>
; var. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. villosum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="villosum">Solanum nigrum villosum</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">S. villosum</taxonomicName>
; var. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum villosum var. guineense" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="villosum" variety="guineense">Solanum villosum guineense</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">S. scabrum</taxonomicName>
; var. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum scabrum var. virginicum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="scabrum" variety="virginicum">Solanum scabrum virginicum</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Raf.). 
<bibRefCitation author="Henderson, RJF" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 78" refId="B168" refString="Henderson, RJF, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 16: 1 - 78" title="Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia." volume="16" year="1974">Henderson (1974)</bibRefCitation>
lectotypified 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the single sheet in the Linnean herbarium (LINN 248.28) corresponding to this species. In the protologue, 
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C" journalOrPublisher="Biologiske Skrifter" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B218" refString="Linnaeus, C, 1753. Species plantarum. L. Salvius, Stockholm." title="Species plantarum. L. Salvius, Stockholm." year="1753">Linnaeus (1753)</bibRefCitation>
cited several other elements and it is from these that we select the lectotype for var. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. vulgare" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="vulgare">Solanum nigrum vulgare</taxonomicName>
while, for var. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. judiacum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="judiacum">Solanum nigrum Solanum nigrum judiacum</taxonomicName>
, he cites no elements. It is possible that a specimen from his herbarium was the basis for this infraspecific epithet and that the sheet in LINN is that referred to by this name.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In describing 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. judaicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="judaicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. judaicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="von Besser, WSJG" journalOrPublisher="Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter (Rome, Italy)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B21" refString="von Besser, WSJG, 1809. Primitiae florae Galiciae Austriacae utriusque pars 1. A. Doll, Vienna." title="Primitiae florae Galiciae Austriacae utriusque pars 1. A. Doll, Vienna." year="1809">von Besser (1809)</bibRefCitation>
did not specifically cite 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Linnaeus’s">Linnaeus's</normalizedToken>
varietal name, so we have assumed he was coining a new name, rather than making a combination.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The name 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cestrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cestrifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cestrifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a complex history; we can find no place of publication for &quot;Solanum cestrifolium Jacq.&quot; as cited by 
<bibRefCitation author="Sprengel, C" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B350" refString="Sprengel, C, 1825. Systema vegetabilium (16th edn). Vol. 1. Dietrich, Goettingen." title="Systema vegetabilium (16 th edn). Vol. 1. Dietrich, Goettingen." year="1825">Sprengel (1825)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Weinmann, JA" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B397" refString="Weinmann, JA, 1824. Elenchus plantarum horti imperialis Pawlowskiensis et agri Petropolitani. Ex Typographia Orphanotrophii, St. Petersburg." title="Elenchus plantarum horti imperialis Pawlowskiensis et agri Petropolitani. Ex Typographia Orphanotrophii, St. Petersburg." year="1824">Weinmann (1824</bibRefCitation>
:100; in synonymy with his nomen nudum 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. besserianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="besserianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. besserianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, see Doubtful names under 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. besseri" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="besseri">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. besseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Weinm. ex Roem. &amp; Schult.). The name 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cestrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cestrifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cestrifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has also been attributed to Willdenow by Gussone (1825, as a 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">nomen nudum</emphasis>
) and subsequently validated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Colla, A" journalOrPublisher="The New Phytologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B65" refString="Colla, A, 1835. Herbarium Pedemontanum Vol. 4. Augustae Taurinorum, Torino." title="Herbarium Pedemontanum Vol. 4. Augustae Taurinorum, Torino." year="1835">Colla (1835)</bibRefCitation>
; this epithet refers to plants now considered part of the species 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. bahamense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bahamense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. bahamense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. (
<bibRefCitation author="Strickland-Constable, R" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="209 - 226" refId="B358" refString="Strickland-Constable, R, Schneider, H, Ansell, SW, Russell, SJ, Knapp, S, 2008. Species identity in the Solanum bahamense species group (Solanaceae, Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum). Taxon 59: 209 - 226" title="Species identity in the Solanum bahamense species group (Solanaceae, Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum)." volume="59" year="2008">Strickland-Constable et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
). We have not lectotypified 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. cestrifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="cestrifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. cestrifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Jacq. ex Spreng. in the hope that material amongst the cultivated holdings at W will reveal potential original material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Blume, C" journalOrPublisher="Acta Horti Gothoburgensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B36" refString="Blume, C, 1826. Solanaceae. Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie pt. 13. Ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia, 694-707." title="Solanaceae. Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie pt. 13. Ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia, 694 - 707." year="1826">Blume (1826)</bibRefCitation>
cited no specimens for any of the names in his 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Indië">Indie</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
nor do many of the descriptions have specific localities. We have found a specimen labelled 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. rhinozerothis" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rhinozerothis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. rhinozerothis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Blume’s">Blume's</normalizedToken>
hand in L (L.2883159) that we here select as the neotype for that species, but have not found any material directly attributable to Blume that we could associate with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. uliginosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="uliginosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. uliginosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see under Doubtful names).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The varietal epithet &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum atriplicifolium" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="atriplicifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum atriplicifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot; was used by many authors to refer to plants of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with dentate leaf margins. It appears to have been used in reference to a specimen that was annotated &quot;Solanum atriplicifolium&quot; by Narcisse Desportes, probably seen in Paris or Geneva. Georg Meyer of Hannover (1818) was the first botanist to effectively and validly publish this epithet and did so at the varietal rank. 
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B101" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13(1): 1-690. V. Masson, Paris." title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690. V. Masson, Paris." year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
cited the same material and said that the collector was 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Prost”">&quot;Prost&quot;</normalizedToken>
, though the G herbarium catalogue states the collector as Desportes. We select this G-DC (G00144334) sheet as the lectotype for 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum subsp. var. var. atriplicifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="atriplicifolium">S. nigrum var. atriplicifolium</taxonomicName>
because it appears to be original material by way of locality and annotation. The combinations made by 
<bibRefCitation author="Don, G" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Horticultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B93" refString="Don, G, 1837. A general history of the dichlamydeous plants. Vol. 4. J.G. and F. Rivington, London." title="A general history of the dichlamydeous plants. Vol. 4. J. G. and F. Rivington, London." year="1837">Don (1837)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B101" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13(1): 1-690. V. Masson, Paris." title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690. V. Masson, Paris." year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
are isonyms and therefore have no standing, but we include them here because they have been widely used and cited and other combinations have been made based upon them.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The various names coined by the amateur Czech botanist Philipp Maximilian Opiz and here recognised as synonyms of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were all included by him in the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“superspecies”">&quot;superspecies&quot;</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and, from descriptions and key, represent leaf shape, pubescence and inflorescence size variations of that species. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Opiz’s">Opiz's</normalizedToken>
enormous herbarium is housed mostly in PR (
<bibRefCitation author="Kirschner, J" journalOrPublisher="Preslia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="323 - 365" refId="B191" refString="Kirschner, J, Kirschnerova, L, Stĕpanek, J, 2007. Generally accepted plant names base on material from the Czech Republic and published in 1753-1820. Preslia 79: 323 - 365" title="Generally accepted plant names base on material from the Czech Republic and published in 1753 - 1820." volume="79" year="2007">Kirschner et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
) with duplicates in PRC and other major European herbaria. We have been unable to visit Prague to examine the no doubt extensive gatherings of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and have found few unambiguous duplicates of the collections cited in the protologues. We therefore leave the typification of these infraspecific names until further study of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Opiz’s">Opiz's</normalizedToken>
herbarium can be undertaken. The same is true for the infraspecific names coined by Johann 
<bibRefCitation author="Doell, JC" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Horticultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B92" refString="Doell, JC, 1843. Rheinische flora: Beschreibung der wildwachsenden und cultivirten Pflanzen des Rheingebietes. H.L. Broenner, Frankfurt am Main." title="Rheinische flora: Beschreibung der wildwachsenden und cultivirten Pflanzen des Rheingebietes. H. L. Broenner, Frankfurt am Main." year="1843">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Döll">Doell</normalizedToken>
(1843)
</bibRefCitation>
, whose protologues cited some presumed collections, but no herbaria. Searches at KR reveal no original material and the A. Braun collections cited were probably at B and were destroyed. Again, these infraspecies refer to the highly variable populations of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in central Europe. 
<bibRefCitation author="Doell, JC" journalOrPublisher="European Journal of Horticultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B92" refString="Doell, JC, 1843. Rheinische flora: Beschreibung der wildwachsenden und cultivirten Pflanzen des Rheingebietes. H.L. Broenner, Frankfurt am Main." title="Rheinische flora: Beschreibung der wildwachsenden und cultivirten Pflanzen des Rheingebietes. H. L. Broenner, Frankfurt am Main." year="1843">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Döll">Doell</normalizedToken>
(1843)
</bibRefCitation>
attributed the infraspecific epithets var. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. chlorocarpum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="chlorocarpum">Solanum nigrum chlorocarpum</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="A.Braun" authorityYear="1853" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum stenopetalum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="stenopetalum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum stenopetalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to Braun; he was thus coining a new name 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“chlorocarpum”">&quot;chlorocarpum&quot;</normalizedToken>
and not citing 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Spenner’s">Spenner's</normalizedToken>
earlier use of this epithet.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum chenopodium" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chenopodium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum chenopodium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. exarmatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="exarmatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. exarmatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. bidentatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bidentatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. bidentatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were all coined by 
<bibRefCitation author="Rafinesque, CS" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Solothurn" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B298" refString="Rafinesque, CS, 1840. Autikon botanikon. Philadephia." title="Autikon botanikon. Philadephia." year="1840">Rafinesque (1840)</bibRefCitation>
for European plants. He cited &quot;S. nigrum var. undatum&quot;, a name never published, in the protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. chenopodium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chenopodium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. chenopodium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and suggested that 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. bidentatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="bidentatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. bidentatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the same as &quot; 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. patulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="patulum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. patulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of India&quot;. We here place these three in the synonymy of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on their rather meagre descriptions; 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rafinesque’s">Rafinesque's</normalizedToken>
herbarium was destroyed, but occasionally fragments he sent to European herbaria survive (e.g. material relating to 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. emulans" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="emulans">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. emulans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Raf.)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B101" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13(1): 1-690. V. Masson, Paris." title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690. V. Masson, Paris." year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
described several varieties of his complex taxon 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pterocaulum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pterocaulum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pterocaulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in 1852 written as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pterocaulon" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pterocaulon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum pterocaulon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); most of these correspond to 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">S. scabrum</taxonomicName>
. His var. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum pterocaulum var. deppei" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="pterocaulum" variety="deppei">Solanum pterocaulum deppei</taxonomicName>
was described from living material &quot;v.v. Hort. Monsp.&quot;; a sheet in MPU (MPU310704) labelled &quot;Solanum deppei. In hortis bot. cultum&quot; is here selected as neotype for this name.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A single collection of a plant from Nepal cultivated in Avignon was cited in the protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. guineense subsp. var. var. nepalense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="guineense" subSpecies="var." variety="nepalense">S. guineense var. nepalense</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B101" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13(1): 1-690. V. Masson, Paris." title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690. V. Masson, Paris." year="1852">Dunal 1852</bibRefCitation>
), housed in &quot;h. Requien&quot;. A sheet at AV clearly labelled as &quot;S. guineense 
<normalizedToken originalValue="β">β</normalizedToken>
nepalense Prodr.&quot; is most likely original material for the name and we designate this as the lectotype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum roxburghii" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="roxburghii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum roxburghii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was coined by 
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B101" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13(1): 1-690. V. Masson, Paris." title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690. V. Masson, Paris." year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
as a replacement for &quot;S. rubrum&quot; as used by 
<bibRefCitation author="Roxburgh, W" journalOrPublisher="ARM-W" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B317" refString="Roxburgh, W, 1824. Flora indica, or descriptions of Indian plants. Vol. 2. Mission Press, Serampore." title="Flora indica, or descriptions of Indian plants. Vol. 2. Mission Press, Serampore." year="1824">Roxburgh (1824)</bibRefCitation>
in his 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Flora Indica</emphasis>
. Dunal cited the publications of 
<bibRefCitation author="Roxburgh, W" journalOrPublisher="ARM-W" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B317" refString="Roxburgh, W, 1824. Flora indica, or descriptions of Indian plants. Vol. 2. Mission Press, Serampore." title="Flora indica, or descriptions of Indian plants. Vol. 2. Mission Press, Serampore." year="1824">Roxburgh (1824</bibRefCitation>
, but with the incorrect page number of 216 rather than 246) and 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834.tb00017.x" author="Nees van Esenbeck, CG" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="37 - 82" refId="B260" refString="Nees van Esenbeck, CG, 1837. Monograph of East Indian Solaneae. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 17 (1): 37 - 82, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834.tb00017.x" title="Monograph of East Indian Solaneae." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1834.tb00017.x" volume="17" year="1837">Nees van Esenbeck (1837)</bibRefCitation>
and an illustration by Wight, but cited no herbarium material. We consider the illustration in 
<bibRefCitation author="Wight, R" journalOrPublisher="African Journal of Ecology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B404" refString="Wight, R, 1843. Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis Vol. 2. Madras, JB Pharoah." title="Icones Plantarum Indiae Orientalis Vol. 2. Madras, JB Pharoah." year="1843">Wight (1843)</bibRefCitation>
as the only unambiguous original material for this name and designate it as the lectotype for 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. roxburghii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="roxburghii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. roxburghii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both the citations of &quot;Solanum rubrum&quot; are based on the epithet of Miller and/or Linnaeus and are not at all clear. Differentiating 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(both which occur in India) can be difficult without ripe berries and, since berry colour in the original hand-coloured illustration at E is green, we are certain the Wight illustration depicts a plant of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with flowers spaced along the inflorescence and sepals that are not reflexed in fruit. We therefore designate an epitype from amongst the sheets collected by Wight (E00718973) to fix the application of this name. Early authors, such as Roxburgh and Nees van Esenbeck, included both red/orange and black-fruited plants in their circumscriptions of both 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. rubrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="rubrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. rubrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The sheets in the East India Company herbarium at K (see 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1981.tb00355.x" author="de Candolle, R" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="325 - 348" refId="B80" refString="de Candolle, R, Radcliffe-Smith, A, 1981. Nathaniel Wallich, MD, PhD, FRS, FLS, FRGS (178601854) and the herbarium of the Honourable East India Company, and their relation to the de Candolles of Geneva and the Great Prodromus. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 83 (4): 325 - 348, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1981.tb00355.x" title="Nathaniel Wallich, MD, PhD, FRS, FLS, FRGS (178601854) and the herbarium of the Honourable East India Company, and their relation to the de Candolles of Geneva and the Great Prodromus." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1981.tb00355.x" volume="83" year="1981">de Candolle and Radcliffe-Smith 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Noltie, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Linnean Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B262" refString="Noltie, HJ, 2005. The Botany of Robert Wight - Regnum Vegetabile 145. A.R.G. Gantner, 579 pp." title="The Botany of Robert Wight - Regnum Vegetabile 145. A. R. G. Gantner, 579 pp." year="2005">Noltie 2005</bibRefCitation>
) are a complex and confusing mixture of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; none of these specimens matches the illustration as well as does the E sheet we select here as the epitype. This again illustrates the difficulty that early authors had with these very similar plants and the dangers of assuming that collections are duplicates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Miquel, FAW" journalOrPublisher="Plant Systematics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B246" refString="Miquel, FAW, 1857. Solaneae. In: Flora van Nederlandsch Indie vol. 2. C.G. van der Post, Amsterdam, 633-672." title="Solaneae. In: Flora van Nederlandsch Indie vol. 2. C. G. van der Post, Amsterdam, 633 - 672." year="1857">Miquel (1857)</bibRefCitation>
recognised several forms of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in his broad species circumscription. His forma 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" form="judiacum" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="nigrum">Solanum nigrum judiacum</taxonomicName>
was specifically coined to encompass 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. judaicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="judaicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. judaicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Besser in the sense of 
<bibRefCitation author="Blume, C" journalOrPublisher="Acta Horti Gothoburgensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B36" refString="Blume, C, 1826. Solanaceae. Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie pt. 13. Ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia, 694-707." title="Solanaceae. Bijdragen tot de flora van Nederlandsch Indie pt. 13. Ter Lands Drukkerij, Batavia, 694 - 707." year="1826">Blume (1826)</bibRefCitation>
, but excluding 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Besser’s">Besser's</normalizedToken>
material. We therefore consider this the coining of a new name and not a new combination based on 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Besser’s">Besser's</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. judaicum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="judaicum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. judaicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; the lectotype selected is a sheet in L (L2880952) with the locality &quot;in uliginosis circa Buitenzorg&quot; as cited by Blume and in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Blume’s">Blume's</normalizedToken>
hand.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The names coined by the Hungarian botanist 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pál">Pal</normalizedToken>
Kitaibel were published posthumously by 
<bibRefCitation author="Kanitz, A" journalOrPublisher="Linnaea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="305 - 641" refId="B187" refString="Kanitz, A, 1863. Pauli Kitaibelii Additamenta ad Floram Hungaricam. Linnaea 32: 305 - 641" title="Pauli Kitaibelii Additamenta ad Floram Hungaricam." volume="32" year="1863">Kanitz (1863)</bibRefCitation>
and are largely illegitimate (some were used in earlier publications by Schultes, see discussion under 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum hirsutum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hirsutum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum hirsutum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. acutifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="acutifolium">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. acutifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were published as alternative names &quot;Solanum hirsutum vel acutifolium&quot; and therefore have the same type; we have selected the sheet in the Kitaibel herbarium at BP with the locality matching that in the protologue (&quot;ex itinere Arvensi&quot;, BP [Herb. Kit. fasc. IX: 103]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
We have selected a specimen collected by Schur (LW00210121), but with a different date of collection and exact locality, as the neotype for 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum subsp. var. var. macrocarpum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="macrocarpum">S. nigrum var. macrocarpum</taxonomicName>
; searches in the other relevant herbaria revealed no original material.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Beentje, H" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="105 - 125" refId="B118" refString="Edmonds, JM, 2012. Solanum spp. In: Beentje, H, Ed., Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: 105 - 125" title="Solanum spp." volumeTitle="Flora of Tropical East Africa Solanaceae." year="2012">Edmonds (2012)</bibRefCitation>
only lectotypified one of the varieties of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lowe’s">Lowe's</normalizedToken>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Manual Flora of Madeira</emphasis>
(1872). 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lowe’s">Lowe's</normalizedToken>
var. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Lowe" authorityYear="1872" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. hebecaulon" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="hebecaulon">Solanum nigrum hebecaulon</taxonomicName>
cited a single locality and date &quot;Levada de Sta. Luzia, above Funchal, Feb&quot;; no specimens corresponding exactly to that are found in BM or at K.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum probstianum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="probstianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum probstianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from material cultivated in Hungary from seeds sent by Rudolf Probst to Sandor 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár">Polgar</normalizedToken>
in 1932. Although no specific specimens were cited in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár’s">Polgar's</normalizedToken>
protologue (in 
<bibRefCitation author="Probst, R" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Solothurn" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="3 - 39" refId="B297" refString="Probst, R, 1938. Sechster Beitrag zur Adventivflora von Solothurn und Umgebung mit Beruecksichtigung der Adventiflora von Olten bis Aarau. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Solothurn 12: 3 - 39" title="Sechster Beitrag zur Adventivflora von Solothurn und Umgebung mit Beruecksichtigung der Adventiflora von Olten bis Aarau." volume="12" year="1938">Probst 1938</bibRefCitation>
), there are many specimens annotated &quot;Solanum probstianum&quot; in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgar’s">Polgar's</normalizedToken>
hand at BP that are clearly cultivated and appear to be from this original seed collection. We have selected one of these with both flowers and fruits as the lectotype of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. probstianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="probstianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. probstianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[BP-272406], it bears a collecting number (4051) and was collected in July 1933. We do not consider the other sheets with this number as necessarily duplicates; the sheets do not have consistent collection numbers and may represent individual plants from the cultivated population collected on different dates in the same or different years.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
A total of 1,537 specimens were examined from 82 countries during the study across Africa, Asia, 
<collectingCountry name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Eurasia and the Pacific. Adventive specimens from the New World were also studied in order to understand the full range of morphology within the species. All specimens examined can be seen in Appendix 2 (csv format) and Appendix 3 (traditional Specimens Examined list in pdf format).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>