228 lines
21 KiB
XML
228 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="D514494E36D051E14CDDA5BD975AEB8F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3740269" ID-GBIF-Dataset="34e4a5a6-881c-4a1a-b64d-6868e12df7fb" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3740269" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1586037971521" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bonaccorso, Frank" docDate="2019" docId="03D587F2FFC54C0EFF113673FBA5F223" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Emballorunidae.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Emballonura monticola Temminck 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="20" lastPageNumber="359" masterDocId="FFECFF8AFFCF4C04FFA53577FFF8FFE9" masterDocTitle="Emballonuridae" masterLastPageNumber="373" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="359" updateTime="1698735528461" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="7FB5EB6C7F0C2DE9B48AA2FDFE8AAA60" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6D6A9A0884F00680CA3CE612632392D2">
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<mods:title id="AFB33A2457583D1B20E4E65490E25D37">Emballonuridae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="ED34988063C1539D8B5666529DA9A977" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="06A5C778F9BA3FB129019EBB8FEF2E09">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D057BD1E7FAB8415EC7657DA0138BB4A">Bonaccorso, Frank</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AF625729C6798946328CD17A2EB493FC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="AB94803BABBAD9176DED4C7C85568E2E">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="F968062479C7718F836935BB36AC4948" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="ABDF9FE4E600DDC8A624B6411EE84CD6">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="C391FC5C903D24727FF1DAA1AE36B8D4">
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<mods:placeTerm id="6E4379FE897F94799944C135A526B7BC">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:name id="1281E360AF1942A1F387FC1B8DD7BFAD" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="221E7B653AD88630D1F007BF64EBFD54">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4EA28A8636082419D0603FC7C5D6DD22">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="6DB4712C82A8944E0F2072490776E79E">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="37011D3F9B40D14189786F9EB6ED2DFA" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0741A5927D6A4135A26ED0E4A520DDAA">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="4D1626EF3919D85AEEE04586FC0CC45D">Mittermeier, Russel A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:titleInfo id="41005EF74822F90C260F6DCFD26D84C6">
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<mods:title id="EC842A684BC4F8AA5249152FE67EC0C4">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="DDB7BA97380C552D189A42C3DE4B4DBA">
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<mods:start id="EE0235F4CB7905A13AAE803D46FCF8C8">350</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="057CC0528691E502B2195369E4CEB36D">373</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="EB6D64F1ECA78669B1F8525729BD1847">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="095242A04C2E233EEA5CB5F977AEFE5A" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3740269</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="800B19887A3388823F4FBE97DE6B1004" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D587F2FFC54C0EFF113673FBA5F223" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3810719" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163435161" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3810719" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587F2FFC54C0EFF113673FBA5F223" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587F2FFC54C0EFF113673FBA5F223" lastPageNumber="359" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EFF113673FC40FCA8" box="[180,952,772,833]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFF113673FC40FCA8" blockId="10.[180,1611,772,833]" box="[180,952,772,833]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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<figureCitation id="13472A61FFC54C0EFF113673FF0DFCA8" box="[180,245,772,833]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="10.[178,221,4453,4480]" captionTargetBox="[182,3472,151,4663]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="On following pages: 22. New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura furati); 23. Beccari's Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura beccarti); 24. Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura dianae); 25. Seri'sSheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura sertii); 26. Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura semicaudata); 27. Western Sheath-tailed Bat (Paremballonura tiavato); 28. Peters's Sheath-tailed Bat (Paremballonura atrata); 29. African Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura afra); 30. Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura seychellensis); 31. Madagascar Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura kibomalandy); 32. Dark Sheath-tailed Bat (Mosia nigrescens); 33. Chestnut Sac-winged Bat (Cormura brevirostris); 34. Gray Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx plicata); 35. Thomas's Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx io); 36. Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx infusca)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3740273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3740273/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">19</figureCitation>
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.
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFEB63673FC40FCA8" box="[275,952,772,833]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Lesser Sheath-tailed Bat</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EFC523673F9B3FCA8" box="[1015,1611,772,833]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFC523673F9B3FCA8" blockId="10.[180,1611,772,833]" box="[1015,1611,772,833]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EFC523673F9B3FCA8" ID-CoL="39FGM" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" box="[1015,1611,772,833]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFC523673F9B3FCA8" box="[1015,1611,772,833]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Emballonura monticola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EFF0B3624F9DAFC82" box="[174,1570,848,875]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFF0B3624F9DAFC82" blockId="10.[174,1570,848,875]" box="[174,1570,848,875]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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French: Petite Emballonure /
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFD993624FD4FFC83" bold="true" box="[572,695,851,874]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">German:</emphasis>
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Kleine
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFC853627FBA7FC82" box="[800,1119,848,875]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Freischwanzfledermaus</emphasis>
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/
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFBDD3624FB0CFC80" bold="true" box="[1144,1268,851,873]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFAA43627F9DAFC82" box="[1281,1570,848,875]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Embalonuro pequeno</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EFC4F36C0FAB8FBFB" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFC4F36C0FAB8FBFB" blockId="10.[1000,1802,951,1520]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFC4F36C0FB45FC37" bold="true" box="[1002,1213,951,990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFC4F36C0FB4DFC37" box="[1002,1205,951,990]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Taxonomy</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EFA8536C0FAC1FBFB" ID-CoL="39FGM" authority="Temminck, 1838" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFA8536C0FB42FBFB" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Emballonura monticola Temminck</emphasis>
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, 1838
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EFAF9369CFB48FBAE" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFAF9369CFB48FBAE" blockId="10.[1000,1802,951,1520]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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<materialsCitation id="3B143CB9FFC54C0EFAF9369CFB52FBAE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2595781802" country="Indonesia" location="Mount Munara" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Java" typeStatus="type">
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<location id="8EA3603FFFC54C0EFAF9369CF977FBFB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587F2FFC54C0EFF113673FBA5F223:8EA3603FFFC54C0EFAF9369CF977FBFB" box="[1372,1679,1003,1042]" country="Indonesia" name="Mount Munara" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" stateProvince="Java">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFAF9369CFA26FBFB" box="[1372,1502,1003,1042]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Mount</emphasis>
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Munara
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</location>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="49B8F806FFC54C0EF90C369CF905FBFB" box="[1705,1789,1003,1042]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Java</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F36B7674FFC54C0EFC4E3157FB52FBAE" box="[1003,1194,1056,1095]" name="Indonesia" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EFC4F3122FA2AFB95" box="[1002,1490,1109,1148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFC4F3122FA2AFB95" blockId="10.[1000,1802,951,1520]" box="[1002,1490,1109,1148]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFC4F3122FBC5FB95" box="[1002,1085,1109,1148]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">This</emphasis>
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species is monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EFC4F31FCFD36F9B3" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF03666CFFC54C0EFC4F31FCFD36F9B3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3749230" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3749230" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3749230/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" targetBox="[173,971,948,1510]" targetPageId="10">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFC4F31FCFD36F9B3" blockId="10.[1000,1802,951,1520]" lastBlockId="10.[172,1799,1533,3530]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFC4F31FCFB20FB5B" bold="true" box="[1002,1240,1163,1202]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Thai-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo,Java, and Sulawesi and several offshore islands (Mergui Archipelago, Adang/Rawi Is, Langkawi I, Redang I,
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFC4C3028FB79FA6F" box="[1001,1153,1375,1414]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Tioman</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFB4D3028FACBFA6F" box="[1256,1331,1375,1414]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Aur</emphasis>
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Is, Karimata I); also on Simeulue and Babi Is, Nias I, Batu Is (
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF91430E3FB70FA19" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">TanahbalaI</emphasis>
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), Mentawai Is (Siberut and Sipora Is), Enggano, Anambas Is, Natuna I, Riau Archipelago, Bangka, and Belitung Is; it might also occur on Buton I.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EFF0B3310FE91F88D" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFF0B3310FE91F88D" blockId="10.[172,1799,1533,3530]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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Descriptive
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFE353310FDF8F967" bold="true" box="[400,512,1639,1678]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 40-47 mm, tail 11-14 mm, ear 12-13 mm, forearm 38- 45 mm; weight 4-5-7
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFDE033ECFDA7F92B" box="[581,607,1691,1730]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">g</emphasis>
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. No data available for hindfoot length. Dorsal fur of the Lesser Sheath-tailed Bat is uniformly dark brown, sometimes with reddish tinge. Rostrum and palate anterior to molars are relatively short. Karyotype
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFB453270FAE1F8C7" box="[1248,1305,1799,1838]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">for</emphasis>
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all species
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFA563270F8FFF8C7" box="[1523,1799,1799,1838]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EF9833270F8FFF8C7" box="[1574,1799,1799,1838]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Emballonura</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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is 2n = 24.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EFF0B3205FAC6F3B4" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFF0B3205FCCCF827" blockId="10.[172,1799,1533,3530]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFF0B3205FEC6F870" box="[174,318,1906,1945]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Habitat</emphasis>
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. Tropical rainforests including secondary forests and up into hill forests from
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFF0B32D0FF13F827" box="[174,235,1959,1998]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">sea</emphasis>
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level to elevations of c.1800 m.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFF0B32ABFD46F784" blockId="10.[172,1799,1533,3530]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFF0B32ABFDE1F7EA" bold="true" box="[174,537,2012,2051]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFF0B32ABFDE9F7EA" box="[174,529,2012,2051]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Food and Feeding</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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The Lesser Sheath-tailed Bat
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFBC732ABFB3BF7EA" box="[1122,1219,2012,2051]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">preys</emphasis>
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on insects. Anecdotal reports
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFF0B3D66FEC2F7D1" box="[174,314,2065,2104]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">suggest</emphasis>
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that it feeds on fruit, but they are unsubstantiated. It forages among tree gaps and over streams and rivers.
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFF0B3D0BFAEBF69E" blockId="10.[172,1799,1533,3530]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFF0B3D0BFE9EF74A" bold="true" box="[174,358,2172,2211]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFF0B3D0BFEA6F74A" box="[174,350,2172,2211]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Breeding</emphasis>
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||
.
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</emphasis>
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Lesser Sheath-tailed bats produce two litters/year in February—March and October-November. A single young is bom in each season.
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFA893DC6FAA3F731" box="[1324,1371,2225,2264]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">At</emphasis>
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birth, the mother will hold her young in her wings to prevent it from falling to the roost floor. Females
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||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EF9033D91F8FDF6E4" box="[1702,1797,2278,2317]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">carry</emphasis>
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young on a breast as they forage until
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFC143C6CFBD2F6AB" box="[945,1066,2331,2370]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">young</emphasis>
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are too heavy to carry. Reproductive maturity of males and females occurs at about one year old.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFF093CF1FA6DF4BD" blockId="10.[172,1799,1533,3530]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFF093CF1FE14F644" bold="true" box="[172,492,2438,2477]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Lesser Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular. Foraging
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFA553CF1F98BF644" box="[1520,1651,2438,2477]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">activity</emphasis>
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can begin in late afternoon in dense shade under forest canopies. It roosts in caves and rock crevasses, hanging rocks, earthen embankments, tree holes, fallen trees, and tree buttresses. It roosts on vertical walls clinging with feet and wrists. It remains exposed to dim
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<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFEA03F2EFEA5F569" box="[261,349,2649,2688]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">light</emphasis>
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in
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFE323F2EFDDCF569" box="[407,548,2649,2688]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">twilight</emphasis>
|
||
zones ofcaves and lit areas of other types of roost shelters. Echolocation call to search for prey is distinctive, beginning with upward sweep in frequency, then becomes steady at 48—51 kHz, and ends with downward sweep of this frequency range—all occurring for 6-8 milliseconds. In Singapore, echolocation call reportedly has a minimum
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFE463E5AFD5BF4BD" box="[483,675,2861,2900]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">frequency</emphasis>
|
||
of 46 kHz and a maximum of 49-3 kHz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFF153E14FAC6F3B4" blockId="10.[172,1799,1533,3530]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFF153E14FC8CF463" bold="true" box="[176,884,2915,2954]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Movements, Home range and Social</emphasis>
|
||
organization. Roost colonies of Lesser Sheathtailed Bats usually have 2—20 individuals,
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFC123EE0FC00F457" box="[951,1016,2967,3006]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">but</emphasis>
|
||
up to 150 individuals can shelter in large caves. Males defend harems in a system of polyestry. Lesser Sheath-tailed Bats often co-occur in caves with Small
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFD6F3976FCCBF3C1" box="[714,819,3073,3112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Asian</emphasis>
|
||
Sheath-tailed Bats
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFB073976F9EBF3C1" box="[1186,1555,3073,3112]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
|
||
{
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC54C0EFB173976F9F9F3C1" authorityName="Eydoux & P. Gervais" authorityYear="1836" box="[1202,1537,3073,3112]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alecto">Emballonura alecto</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This species emits an audible alarm when there is disturbance at the roost.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EFF15391CFB01F28C" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFF15391CFB01F28C" blockId="10.[172,1799,1533,3530]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFF15391CFD7EF37B" bold="true" box="[176,646,3179,3218]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFF15391CFD86F37B" box="[176,638,3179,3218]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Status and Conservation</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFB7B391CFAE5F37B" box="[1246,1309,3179,3218]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">The</emphasis>
|
||
IUCN
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFA30391CFA20F37B" box="[1429,1496,3179,3218]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Red</emphasis>
|
||
List. The Lesser Sheath-tailed Bath has a large distribution and occurs in protected areas throughout its distribution. Nevertheless, overall population is believed to be
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFA2639A3FA0BF312" box="[1411,1523,3284,3323]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">slowly</emphasis>
|
||
declining due to limestone extraction from caves and deforestation
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFB04387DFB23F2D8" box="[1185,1243,3338,3377]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">for</emphasis>
|
||
smallholdings of agriculture, palm oil plantations, logging, and use of fire to clear land.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC54C0EFF14380DFBA5F223" pageId="10" pageNumber="359" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC54C0EFF14380DFBA5F223" blockId="10.[172,1799,1533,3530]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFF14380DFE79F27C" bold="true" box="[177,385,3450,3477]" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bates, rancis &
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFD3B380DFCE5F27C" box="[670,797,3450,3477]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Kingston</emphasis>
|
||
(2008), Corbet &
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFB9B380DFB91F27C" box="[1086,1129,3450,3477]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Hill</emphasis>
|
||
(1992), Lekagul & McNeely (1977), Nowak (1994), Payne eta/. (1985), Pottie eta/. (2005),
|
||
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC54C0EFCFE38D8FC0AF223" box="[859,1010,3503,3530]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="359">Temminck</emphasis>
|
||
(1838).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |