plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/03/D5/87/03D587F2FFC34C08FF0D3952F27FF407.xml
maintenance bc2564723d added 03
2024-06-21 12:22:17 +02:00

260 lines
26 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document id="68755CC980FD57FF5BA2DFF8670F05B3" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.3740269" ID-GBIF-Dataset="34e4a5a6-881c-4a1a-b64d-6868e12df7fb" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3740269" IM.illustrations_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1586037971521" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Bonaccorso, Frank" docDate="2019" docId="03D587F2FFC34C08FF0D3952F27FF407" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Emballorunidae.pdf.imd" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Emballonura semicaudata Peale 1848" docType="treatment" docVersion="20" lastPageNumber="361" masterDocId="FFECFF8AFFCF4C04FFA53577FFF8FFE9" masterDocTitle="Emballonuridae" masterLastPageNumber="373" masterPageNumber="350" pageNumber="361" updateTime="1698735528461" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="E0B45779FCB401C81BAADCE0C93895B7" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="BD8EBC2B28D0DE12B26F6BB2B943EBCA">
<mods:title id="657BE116237763FD3722D35C37149895">Emballonuridae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="7FC9B8428553A5B4A83F6B96533DA937" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0B093D2F770C1E8575E1CB61B15B4200">
<mods:roleTerm id="F4CC66A356A4D8BAB72875FFC18112C4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="36244CA977517D269AE0568428C62408">Bonaccorso, Frank</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="BB97553F9B786A91DA9C609BFA548C34">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="CA67644345D6C77ED6D23B35738F7470" type="host">
<mods:originInfo id="285C3D7FE3FD9CF989CFF026E7327504">
<mods:dateIssued id="067B820821B46D5BAE7B39F26473B930">2019</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="9253F43F69DC66414F482F4D70958AF5" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="1CC5F81EB6EF411B70C5BA13DA7BDF3F">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="F87E97B65A3C220CB2B07DAF490F3B54">
<mods:placeTerm id="8D7FADFA4E6B491091838F43A6A9D49D">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:name id="A2633C3BFEEE359069CEA805F4BA1C08" type="personal">
<mods:role id="875158F92B7AF0E67DE7489B646AFEAA">
<mods:roleTerm id="A1BA98EDB39C906805B89A72C9F70566">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="D3584D60A3FFA411BFB3BA5DA1E925B3">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="5A0D7549D41532D8913D7DEEE88A85C8" type="personal">
<mods:role id="119CC8BAC0191A3C8414B35AF528AED0">
<mods:roleTerm id="734DD89610AB22A9D57C51DF6403A7E6">Editor</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="4B05D69D6E75DEBADB3B0EF5DAFE3CFD">Mittermeier, Russel A.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:titleInfo id="DC5D3C40D5A5777639B452CB1E7944F5">
<mods:title id="1DBD30D59A22DC0345A394CC7CD8127D">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="C28E4213B2C567897347BF3A10A45B8A">
<mods:extent id="0904BBF2AF06F427640B570DBA5ACB7D" unit="page">
<mods:start id="A312AF59EFE07E3A7AECCBB3FC3D2442">350</mods:start>
<mods:end id="9D82813459DEEF58DF2C805E13CF4AFE">373</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="DB5DADDCBB8E64CD7C20D6E2C5BEDD27">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="96FD46E690D84965DC19C27B526DF300" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3740269</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="5D8493CFA0EBE6DBB3BE2EDCF26C84E7" type="GBIF-Dataset">34e4a5a6-881c-4a1a-b64d-6868e12df7fb</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2496281231C1A7459257D66C0B7080F4" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="6D88B39A316D1B3B72D7F89107BDFEC0" type="Zenodo-Dep">3740269</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03D587F2FFC34C08FF0D3952F27FF407" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3810709" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163435165" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3810709" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D587F2FFC34C08FF0D3952F27FF407" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587F2FFC34C08FF0D3952F27FF407" lastPageNumber="361" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC34C08FF0D3952FC4EF38B" box="[168,950,3109,3170]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08FF0D3952FC4EF38B" blockId="12.[168,1674,3109,3170]" box="[168,950,3109,3170]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<figureCitation id="13472A61FFC34C08FF0D3952FF16F38B" box="[168,238,3109,3170]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="10.[178,221,4453,4480]" captionTargetBox="[182,3472,151,4663]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="On following pages: 22. New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura furati); 23. Beccari's Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura beccarti); 24. Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura dianae); 25. Seri'sSheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura sertii); 26. Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat (Emballonura semicaudata); 27. Western Sheath-tailed Bat (Paremballonura tiavato); 28. Peters's Sheath-tailed Bat (Paremballonura atrata); 29. African Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura afra); 30. Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura seychellensis); 31. Madagascar Sheath-tailed Bat (Coleura kibomalandy); 32. Dark Sheath-tailed Bat (Mosia nigrescens); 33. Chestnut Sac-winged Bat (Cormura brevirostris); 34. Gray Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx plicata); 35. Thomas's Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx io); 36. Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bat (Balantiopteryx infusca)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3740273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3740273/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">26</figureCitation>
.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FEAA3952FC4EF38B" box="[271,950,3109,3170]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC34C08FC563952F972F38B" box="[1011,1674,3109,3170]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08FC563952F972F38B" blockId="12.[168,1674,3109,3170]" box="[1011,1674,3109,3170]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC34C08FC563952F972F38B" ID-CoL="39FGQ" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[1011,1674,3109,3170]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semicaudata">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FC563952F972F38B" box="[1011,1674,3109,3170]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Emballonura semicaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC34C08FF023904F9ADF329" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08FF023904F973F362" blockId="12.[166,1675,3184,3264]" box="[167,1675,3184,3211]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FF023904FEF4F363" bold="true" box="[167,268,3187,3210]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">French:</emphasis>
Emballonure du Pacifique /
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FD2D3904FCFBF360" bold="true" box="[648,771,3187,3209]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">German:</emphasis>
Pazifik-Freischwanzfledermaus /
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FB643904FAC4F360" bold="true" box="[1217,1340,3187,3209]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Spanish:</emphasis>
Embalonuro
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FA573907F9E1F362" box="[1522,1561,3184,3211]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">del</emphasis>
Pacifico
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08FF0339DFF9ADF329" blockId="12.[166,1675,3184,3264]" box="[166,1621,3237,3264]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FF0339DFFE0AF357" bold="true" box="[166,498,3240,3262]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Other common names:</emphasis>
Caroline Sheath-tailed Bat, Mariana Sheath-tailed Bat,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FB7C39D2FA9FF329" box="[1241,1383,3237,3264]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Polynesian</emphasis>
Sheath-tailed Bat
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC34C08FC7C387FFBC5F28A" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08FC7C387FFBC5F28A" blockId="12.[984,1778,3336,3901]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FC7C387FFB59F2C6" box="[985,1185,3336,3375]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Taxonomy</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC34C08FB6C387FFBCEF28A" ID-CoL="13f829f6-f775-43e2-b54e-fc5e13048d88" authority="Peale, 1848" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semicaudatus">
Vespertilio
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FA23387FF994F2C6" box="[1414,1644,3336,3375]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">semicaudatus</emphasis>
Peale, 1848
</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC34C08FBEE384BFB29F28A" box="[1099,1233,3388,3427]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08FBEE384BFB29F28A" blockId="12.[984,1778,3336,3901]" box="[1099,1233,3388,3427]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<materialsCitation id="3B143CB9FFC34C08FBEE384BFB34F28A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2595781815" box="[1099,1228,3388,3427]" country="Samoa" location="Samoa" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="type">
<collectingCountry id="F36B7674FFC34C08FBEE384BFB34F28A" box="[1099,1228,3388,3427]" name="Samoa" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Samoa</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC34C08FC7F3807FB95F04F" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08FC7F3807F915F0D4" blockId="12.[984,1778,3336,3901]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
S. J. Oyler-McCance and colleagues in 2013 reviewed taxonomy of
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC34C08FA4938D2F90AF225" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[1516,1778,3493,3532]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semicaudata">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FA4938D2F90AF225" box="[1516,1778,3493,3532]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">E. semicaudata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and found genetic distances in the cytochrome-b gene among subspecies to be larger than typically reported for mammalian subspecies. They also found that
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FB993BDAFB41F13D" box="[1084,1209,3757,3796]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">rotensis</emphasis>
was more
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FA3B3BDAF9E3F13D" box="[1438,1563,3757,3796]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">closely</emphasis>
related to
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FC7D3B95FB68F0E0" box="[984,1168,3810,3849]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">palauensis</emphasis>
than
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FABE3B95FA0EF0E0" box="[1307,1526,3810,3849]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC34C08FABE3B95FA09F0E0" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[1307,1521,3810,3849]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semicaudata">semicaudata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
No genetic information is available for
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F9CB3A61F915F0D4" box="[1646,1773,3862,3901]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">sulcata.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08FF003A3DFB95F04F" blockId="12.[165,1777,3914,4637]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
According to K. M. Helgen and T. F.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FC353A3DFBC0F098" box="[912,1080,3914,3953]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Flannery</emphasis>
in 2002, records from Vanuatu are believed to be in error. Four subspecies recognized.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC34C08FF023AC4F3A2FE70" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" type="distribution">
<caption id="DF03666CFFC34C08FF023AC4F3A2FE70" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3747948" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3747948" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3747948/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" targetBox="[1868,2659,3706,4259]" targetPageId="12">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08FF023AC4FD47F033" blockId="12.[165,1777,3914,4637]" box="[167,703,4019,4058]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FF023AC4FD47F033" bold="true" box="[167,703,4019,4058]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08FF033A90FC94EEFD" blockId="12.[165,1777,3914,4637]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FF033A90FF0AEFE7" box="[166,242,4071,4110]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">E. s.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC34C08FEA63A90FD43EFE7" authority="Peale, 1848" authorityName="Peale" authorityYear="1848" box="[259,699,4071,4110]" class="Mammalia" family="Emballonuridae" genus="Emballonura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="semicaudata">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FEA63A90FE20EFE7" box="[259,472,4071,4110]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">semicaudata</emphasis>
Peale, 1848
</taxonomicName>
- Samoa (Savai’i and Upolu
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FB483A90FAEAEFE7" box="[1261,1298,4071,4110]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Is</emphasis>
), American Samoa (Ta’u Is),
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FF4B256BFED0EFAA" box="[238,296,4124,4163]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Fiji</emphasis>
(Rotuma, Kuata in Yusawa Group, Taveuni, Ovalau, and Lakeba Is), and Tonga (Niuafo’ou and ‘Eua Is, and likely occurs on other islands in the group). Not recorded in Tutuila (American Samoa) since 1976 despite dedicated searches for cave roosts and use of echolocation detectors and also likely extinct on Vitu Levu (Fiji) where the last specimens were collected in 1979.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08FF032454FEB7EE69" blockId="12.[165,1777,3914,4637]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FF032454FE4EEEA3" box="[166,438,4387,4426]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">E. s. palauensis</emphasis>
Yamashima, 1932 - Palau Is (including
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FB0F2454FA8DEEA3" bold="true" box="[1194,1397,4387,4426]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Babeldaob</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FA2E2454FA02EEA3" box="[1419,1530,4387,4426]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Koror</emphasis>
, Peleliu, and Angaur).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08FF0324FAFA93EDF4" blockId="12.[165,1777,3914,4637]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FF0324FAFE77EE5D" box="[166,399,4493,4532]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">E. s. rotensis</emphasis>
Yamashima, 1943 - Northern Mariana Is and Guam I, last surviving population is
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08FE1224B5FD9CEE00" box="[439,612,4546,4585]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">currently</emphasis>
restricted to tiny Aguigan I; it appears to be extirpated on Anatahan, Tonowas, Rota, Saipan, and Tinian Is, and on Guam I.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08F8F03405F3A2FE70" blockId="12.[1868,3504,369,3060]" box="[1877,3162,370,409]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F8F03405F7A2FE70" box="[1877,2138,370,409]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">E. s. sulcataG.</emphasis>
S. Miller, 1911 — Caroline Is (Chuuk and Pohnpei Is).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC34C08F8F034D0F390FD4C" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08F8F034D0F390FD4C" blockId="12.[1868,3504,369,3060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F8F034D0F75CFE27" bold="true" box="[1877,2212,423,462]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 41-49 mm, ear 10-13-6 mm, forearm 44-48 mm; weight 5-5—8 g. No data available for tail length. The Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat is sexually dimorphic, with females being larger than males. It is medium-sized and brown. Dorsal fur is dark brown; venter is paler brown or yellow-brown. Flight membranes, ears, and bare regions on face are black. Eyes are large, with dark brown irises.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC34C08F8F037C5F40FF7EE" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08F8F037C5F51AFCAD" blockId="12.[1868,3504,369,3060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F8F037C5F81CFD30" box="[1877,2020,690,729]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Habitat</emphasis>
. Understories of moist, closed-canopy forests on Aguigan and Pohnpei and also towns, over roads and lawns with scattered
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F547379FF486FCE6" box="[2786,2942,744,783]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">coconut</emphasis>
palms, in Palau, Chuuk, and Pohnpei, from sea level to elevations of
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F5E3366AF5A2FCAD" box="[2630,2650,797,836]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">c</emphasis>
.300 m.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08F8F13625F309FBA5" blockId="12.[1868,3504,369,3060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F8F13625F747FC90" bold="true" box="[1876,2239,850,889]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F8F13625F74FFC90" box="[1876,2231,850,889]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Food and Feeding</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Pacific Sheath-tailed Bats feed by aerial-hawking of small insects and hunt above or below canopies of native forests. Hymenopterans, coleopterans, and lepidopterans are the most important prey items on Aguigan. Among
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC34C08F34436CBF859FBF1" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
, parasitic wasps (Ichneumonoidea) and alate (winged) ants (
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC34C08F3B93686F30EFBF1" box="[3100,3318,1009,1048]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7C4D67FFC34C08F2F63686F835FBA5" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
) were
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F7EA3152F6E8FBA5" box="[2127,2320,1061,1100]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">important</emphasis>
in diets.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F61E3152F5E4FBA5" box="[2491,2588,1061,1100]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Body</emphasis>
lengths of prey items are 1-7-6-4 mm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08F8F1312CF6EFFA62" blockId="12.[1868,3504,369,3060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F8F1312CF7FBFB6B" box="[1876,2051,1115,1154]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Breeding</emphasis>
. Reproduction of Pacific Sheath-tailed Bats on Aguigan is timed so
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F2AB312CF2A1FB6B" box="[3342,3417,1115,1154]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">that</emphasis>
late gestation, lactation, and maturation ofyoung coincides with lateJune-early November
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F8F031B2F84CFB05" box="[1877,1972,1221,1260]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">rainy</emphasis>
season. A single period of parturition resulting in one
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F44331B2F3A6FB05" box="[3046,3166,1221,1260]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">young</emphasis>
occurs from late June to earlyjuly. It is suspected that mating on Aguigan occurs early in the year in
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F2CF318DF251FAC8" box="[3434,3497,1274,1313]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">dry</emphasis>
season because no males have been observed with descended testes or spermatozoa in epididymis in June-July.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08F8F430EEF5F9F917" blockId="12.[1868,3504,369,3060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
Activity
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F85530EEF76EFA29" bold="true" box="[2032,2198,1433,1472]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">patterns.</emphasis>
Pacific Sheath-tailed Bats are crepuscular and roost in limestone caves, including
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F73330B9F72AFA1C" box="[2198,2258,1486,1525]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">sea</emphasis>
caves, and under rock overhangs. They prefer to roost in larger caves and display significant fidelity to roosting caves. On Aguigan, they began to emerge in twilight conditions around sunset and had fully emerged 15 minutes after sunset. Emerging bats immediately moved to shaded understories in evergreen forests where they forage early in the evening, and they often moved above forest canopies after dark. Flight is slow and fluttery.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08F8F7327BF40FF7EE" blockId="12.[1868,3504,369,3060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F8F7327BF5FEF8DA" bold="true" box="[1874,2566,1804,1843]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Movements, Home range and Social</emphasis>
organization. Roosting distances are maintained between Pacific Sheath-tailed Bats, and they cling to vertical cave walls. Roosting populations on Aguigan in 2008 ranged from one to 332 individuals, based on emergence counts. One cave consistentiy held the largest colony of c.300-332 individuals, and six other roost caves had one to 64 individuals.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC34C08F8F73D62F329F504" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08F8F73D62F329F504" blockId="12.[1868,3504,369,3060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F8F73D62F6D4F7D5" box="[1874,2348,2069,2108]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
Status
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F8713D62F6D4F7D5" bold="true" box="[2004,2348,2069,2108]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">and Conservation</emphasis>
</emphasis>
. Classified as Endangered on
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F4243D62F439F7D5" box="[2945,3009,2069,2108]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">The</emphasis>
IUCN
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F3E13D62F288F7D5" box="[3140,3440,2069,2108]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Red List. Extent</emphasis>
of occurrence of the Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat is less than 5000 km2, its distribution is severely fragmented on small islands, and there are continuing declines in quality and extent of its habitat, number of locations where it is occurs, and number of mature individuals in various populations. Population on Aguigan was estimated at 400-600 individuals during surveys in 2008 and 2011. Feral goats
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F4DC3C69F389F6AC" box="[2937,3185,2334,2373]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">{Capra hircus)</emphasis>
on Aguigan are a threat to native forest regeneration that the Pacific Sheath-tailed Bats heavily
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F2873C23F290F692" box="[3362,3432,2388,2427]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">rely</emphasis>
on as foraging habitat, placing them in peril. Eradication of these goats combined with reforestation could increase and enhance foraging habitat. The Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat might have been extirpated in American Samoa, Guam, Vitu Levu in
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F3683C85F2F4F5F0" box="[3277,3340,2546,2585]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Fiji</emphasis>
, and all of its former distribution in the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, except tiny Aguigan Island that is only 7 km2.
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F6613F2FF5C1F596" box="[2500,2617,2648,2687]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">World</emphasis>
War II negatively impacted caves and probably had severe impact on the decline of the Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat in the Marianas. Use of pesticides and disturbance of roost caves also are attributing to declines.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C366656FFFC34C08F8F73E77F27FF407" pageId="12" pageNumber="361" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC336E4FFC34C08F8F73E77F27FF407" blockId="12.[1868,3504,369,3060]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F8F73E77F7D8F4F2" bold="true" box="[1874,2080,2816,2843]" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Bonaccorso &amp;
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F6A33E77F690F4F2" box="[2310,2408,2816,2843]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Allison</emphasis>
(2008), Bruner &amp; Pratt (1979), Esselstyn, Wiles &amp; Amar (2004), Flannery (1995b),
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F8773E42F761F4B9" box="[2002,2201,2869,2896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Gorresen eta</emphasis>
/. (2009), Helgen &amp; Flannery (2002),
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F51D3E42F4B8F4B9" box="[2744,2880,2869,2896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Koopman</emphasis>
(1997), Lemke (1986), Oyler-McCance et al. (2013), Palmeirim, Champion, Naikatini, Niukula,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F5E03E1EF53FF46D" box="[2629,2759,2921,2948]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Tuiwawa</emphasis>
, Fisher, Yabaki-Gounder, Qalovaki &amp; Dunn (2005), Palmeirim, Champion, Naikatini, Niukula,
<emphasis id="B908EAF6FFC34C08F61F3EE9F5C4F450" box="[2490,2620,2974,3001]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="361">Tuiwawa</emphasis>
, Fisher, Yabaki-Gounder, Thorsteinsdóttir et al. (2007), Tarburton (2002), Wiles, Aguon et al. (1995), Wiles, Engbring &amp; Otobed (1997), Wiles, Worthington et al. (2009).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink