601 lines
60 KiB
XML
601 lines
60 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5249.5.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7701357" ID-ZooBank="F146B808-9D5B-477F-9E73-09A8DFDBFA31" approvalRequired="12" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="12" checkinTime="1678097781678" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Moyle, Peter B., Buckmaster, Nicholas & Su, Yingxin" docDate="2023" docId="03D1EC51DE09FF863FFFFF16CE75FCB0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5249.5.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5249 (5)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5249.5.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Rhinichthys klamathensis subsp. achomawi Moyle & Buckmaster & Su 2023, new subspecies" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="531" masterDocId="FFE89429DE15FF983F68FF81CD38FF89" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy of the Speckled Dace Species Complex (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae, Rhinichthys) in California, USA" masterLastPageNumber="539" masterPageNumber="501" pageNumber="529" updateTime="1678098333465" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomy of the Speckled Dace Species Complex (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae, Rhinichthys) in California, USA</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Moyle, Peter B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Center for Watershed Sciences & Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, 425 LaRue Road, Davis CA 95626 USA.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Buckmaster, Nicholas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>California Department of Fish & Wildlife, 787 Main Street, Bishop, CA 93514 USA. Nick. buckmaster @ wildlife. ca. gov Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA. syxsu @ ucdavis. edu Corresponding author. pbmoyle @ ucdavis. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4825 - 4865</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Su, Yingxin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-4825-4865</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">pbmoyle@ucdavis.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-03-06</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5249</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>501</mods:start>
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<mods:end>539</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5249.5.1</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5249.5.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7701357</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F146B808-9D5B-477F-9E73-09A8DFDBFA31</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D1EC51DE09FF863FFFFF16CE75FCB0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1EC51DE09FF863FFFFF16CE75FCB0" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="531" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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<subSubSection box="[151,1160,151,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1160,151,213]" box="[151,1160,151,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,1160,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" reason="1">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,1160,151,178]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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<taxonomicName authority="Moyle & Buckmaster & Su, 2023" authorityName="Moyle & Buckmaster & Su" authorityYear="2023" box="[151,596,151,178]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="klamathensis" status="new subspecies" subSpecies="achomawi">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,596,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Rhinichthys klamathensis achomawi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel box="[611,802,151,177]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" rank="subSpecies">new subspecies</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
. Sacramento Speckled Dace.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="529" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1160,151,213]" box="[151,283,187,213]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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<figureCitation box="[151,227,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,489,1626]" captionTargetId="figure-162@2.[156,1431,489,1626]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Top: Lahontan Speckled Dace (ca. 70 mm TL) and cover habitat in Taylor Creek, California, a tributary to Lake Tahoe. The body shape, stripe on head, and speckling are characteristic of live fish in many populations from Mexico to Canada that have been considered to be just one species, Speckled Dace (Rhinichthys osculus). Photo by T. L. Taylor, July 17, 1991. Bottom: Preserved specimen of Sacramento Speckled Dace, collected by John Otterbein Snyder from Alameda Creek, California in 1898, showing basic external anatomy. Note the presence of tiny maxillary barbels on head, an example of a distinctive characteristic of some populations. Photo by Jon Fong, California Academy of Sciences, of specimen SU 16172." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7701359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7701359/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation box="[241,278,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[152,255,724,748]" captionTargetBox="[149,1438,181,700]" captionTargetId="figure-21@14.[149,1438,181,700]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Holotypes of new taxa of Rhinichthys described in this paper, A. Santa Ana Speckled Dace (R. gabrieleno WFB 3498. B. Long Valley Speckled Dace (R. nevadensis caldera) WFB 5000, C. Warner Speckled Dace (R. klamathensis goyatoka) WFB 122-10-44, D. Sacramento Speckled Dace (R. klamathensis achomawi) WFB 3171." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7701365" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7701365/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">4D</figureCitation>
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,
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,923,259,286]" box="[151,923,259,286]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,283,259,285]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Synonymy.</emphasis>
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See
|
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<taxonomicName box="[337,514,259,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klamathensis">
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<emphasis box="[337,514,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">R. klamathensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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account for subspecies synonymies.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="529" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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||
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2015-07-20" collectionCode="R" collectorName="Jason Baumsteiger & Mollie Ogaz & Christopher & Jasper & Tyler & Goodearly & Matthew J. Young" county="Siskiyou County" latitude="41.1884" location="Pondosa Bridge" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-121.70067" municipality="Bear Creek" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="holotype">
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,260,331,357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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<typeStatus box="[151,260,331,357]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
</emphasis>
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: WFB-3171 (
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<figureCitation box="[422,520,331,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,489,1626]" captionTargetId="figure-162@2.[156,1431,489,1626]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Top: Lahontan Speckled Dace (ca. 70 mm TL) and cover habitat in Taylor Creek, California, a tributary to Lake Tahoe. The body shape, stripe on head, and speckling are characteristic of live fish in many populations from Mexico to Canada that have been considered to be just one species, Speckled Dace (Rhinichthys osculus). Photo by T. L. Taylor, July 17, 1991. Bottom: Preserved specimen of Sacramento Speckled Dace, collected by John Otterbein Snyder from Alameda Creek, California in 1898, showing basic external anatomy. Note the presence of tiny maxillary barbels on head, an example of a distinctive characteristic of some populations. Photo by Jon Fong, California Academy of Sciences, of specimen SU 16172." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7701359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7701359/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Figure 1</figureCitation>
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||
),
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||
<quantity box="[547,630,331,358]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
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||
SL.
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||
<collectingMunicipality box="[690,820,331,358]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Bear Creek</collectingMunicipality>
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||
at
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D1EC51DE09FF863FFFFF16CE75FCB0:8EA70B9CDE09FF843C35FECAC92EFEEC" box="[861,1046,331,357]" county="Siskiyou County" latitude="41.1884" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-121.70067" municipality="Bear Creek" name="Pondosa Bridge" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" stateProvince="California">
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D1EC51DE09FF863FFFFF16CE75FCB0:8EA70B9CDE09FF843C35FECACE84FEEC" box="[861,956,331,357]" county="Siskiyou County" latitude="41.1884" longLatPrecision="5" longitude="-121.70067" municipality="Bear Creek" name="Pondosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" stateProvince="California">Pondosa</location>
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||
Bridge
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||
</location>
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,
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||
<locationDeviation box="[1050,1324,331,357]" location="Pondosa" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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||
<quantity box="[1050,1130,331,357]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" unit="km" value="1.6">1.6 km</quantity>
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||
SW of Pondosa
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||
</locationDeviation>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCounty pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Siskiyou County</collectingCounty>
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||
,
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||
<collectingRegion box="[249,366,367,393]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[379,501,367,393]" degrees="41.1884" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" precision="5" value="41.1884">41.1884°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
-
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[518,692,367,393]" degrees="121.700667" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" precision="1" value="-121.70067">121.700667°W</geoCoordinate>
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||
.
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||
<date box="[705,866,367,394]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" value="2015-07-20">
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||
<collectingDate box="[705,866,367,394]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" value="2015-07-20">July 20, 2015</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectorName box="[879,1094,367,394]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Jason Baumsteiger</collectorName>
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||
,
|
||
<collectorName box="[1108,1255,367,393]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Mollie Ogaz</collectorName>
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||
,
|
||
<collectorName box="[1269,1401,367,393]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Christopher</collectorName>
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||
<collectionCode box="[1411,1433,368,394]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">R</collectionCode>
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||
.
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||
<collectorName box="[151,223,404,430]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Jasper</collectorName>
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||
,
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||
<collectorName box="[234,293,403,429]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Tyler</collectorName>
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||
<collectionCode box="[299,321,404,430]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">R</collectionCode>
|
||
.
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||
<collectorName box="[332,451,403,429]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Goodearly</collectorName>
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||
, and
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||
<collectorName box="[510,713,403,430]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Matthew J. Young</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" box="[199,923,439,466]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,319,439,465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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||
<typeStatus box="[199,319,439,465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
WFB
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||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[387,396,439,465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">-</emphasis>
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||
3171a-3171i (n=9). data the same as
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||
<typeStatus box="[818,920,439,465]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" box="[199,572,475,501]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,563,475,501]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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Meristics:
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<typeStatus box="[326,429,475,501]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
(
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||
<typeStatus box="[443,563,475,501]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
)
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" box="[199,565,511,537]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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||
<emphasis box="[199,565,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
|
||
Standard length: 70 (
|
||
<quantity box="[437,557,511,537]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="4.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" unit="mm" value="48.5" valueMax="56.0" valueMin="41.0">41–56 mm</quantity>
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||
)
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" box="[199,1437,547,573]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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<emphasis box="[199,1437,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Lateral line scales: 74 (63–73). Lateral line incomplete in most; counts include 2–3 scales beyond lateral line.</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" box="[199,613,583,609]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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||
<emphasis box="[199,613,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Scales above lateral line: 13 (11–14)</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" box="[199,587,619,645]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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||
<emphasis box="[199,587,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Scales below lateral line: 9 (8–10)</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" box="[199,876,655,682]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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||
<emphasis box="[199,434,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Dorsal-fin rays: 8(8)</emphasis>
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||
,
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<emphasis box="[448,876,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">counts include single unbranched ray.</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" box="[199,858,691,718]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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||
<emphasis box="[199,416,691,718]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Anal-fin rays: 7 (7)</emphasis>
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||
,
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<emphasis box="[430,858,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">counts include single unbranched ray.</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" box="[199,900,727,754]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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||
<emphasis box="[199,520,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Pectoral-fin rays 15 (12–15)</emphasis>
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,
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||
<emphasis box="[534,900,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">counts include unbranched rays.</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" box="[199,738,763,790]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
|
||
<emphasis box="[199,357,763,790]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Pelvic 7 (8–9)</emphasis>
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||
,
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||
<emphasis box="[372,738,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">counts include unbranched rays.</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" box="[199,472,799,825]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
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||
<emphasis box="[199,472,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Caudal-fin rays 19 (19).</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" box="[199,1078,835,862]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Basic morphology is described below. Barbels and frenum are usually present.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="529" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,322,871,897]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Same as for Western Speckled Dace,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[752,930,871,897]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klamathensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[752,930,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">R. klamathensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Distinguished by distribution and genomics as the Speckled Dace endemic to aquatic habitats in Sacramento River drainage basin and associated coastal drainages.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="28" pageNumber="529" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,337,979,1005]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Description</emphasis>
|
||
. Sacramento Speckled dace are identical to Klamath, Warner, and Lahontan Speckled Dace based on meristics and morphometrics. This is presumably the reason they have been undescribed for so long. The general description of Speckled Dace in
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Moyle, P. B." box="[516,720,1051,1077]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" refId="ref29646" refString="Moyle, P. B. (2002) Inland Fishes of California, Revised and Expanded. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 504 pp." type="book" year="2002">Moyle (2002:161)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was based on Sacramento dace, so fits the subspecies well: The Speckled Dace is a small (usually <
|
||
<quantity box="[605,659,1087,1114]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
|
||
SL, occasionally to
|
||
<quantity box="[890,958,1087,1114]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" unit="cm" value="11.0">11 cm</quantity>
|
||
SL), highly variable species distinguished by a thick caudal peduncle, a small subterminal mouth, a pointed snout, and small scales (
|
||
<quantity box="[1147,1246,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7271999999999998" metricValueMax="2.2606" metricValueMin="1.1938" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" unit="in" value="68.0" valueMax="89.0" valueMin="47.0">47–89 in</quantity>
|
||
lateral line). The origin of the dorsal fin (6–9 rays, usually 8) is well behind that of the pelvic fins. The anal fin normally has 7 rays (6–8). The pharyngeal teeth (1,4-4,1 or 2,4-4,2) are strongly hooked and have only a slight grinding surface Color is highly variable but most fish over
|
||
<quantity box="[534,588,1231,1258]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
SL have dark speckles on the sides and back, dark blotches on the sides that often coalesce to resemble a dark lateral band, and a stripe on the head that runs through the snout. The background color on the back and sides is dusky yellow to dark olive, with the belly yellowish to whitish. The bases of the fins of both sexes turn orange to red during breeding and males often have red snouts and lips as well. Presence of maxillary barbels and a frenum is variable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rutter, C." box="[199,406,1411,1438]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" pagination="105 - 152" refId="ref30694" refString="Rutter, C. (1908) The fishes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin basin, with a study of their distribution and variation. United States Bureau of Fisheries Bulletin, 27, 105 - 152. [1907]" type="journal article" year="1908">Rutter (1908:140)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that Sacramento dace were quite variable in their characteristics and found that Sacramento dace from 12 localities (n=94) had 49–77 scales in the lateral line, 7–9 dorsal rays, and 6–8 anal rays.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cornelius, R. H." box="[151,342,1483,1509]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" refId="ref27318" refString="Cornelius, R. H. (1969) The Systematics and Zoogeography of Rhinichthys osculus (Girard) in Southern California. M. A. Thesis, California State University, Fullerton, California, 195 pp." type="book" year="1969">Cornelius (1969)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
using data from six localities, counted 54–82 scales on the lateral line (mean 70, n = 123); other counts: scale rows above the lateral line (12–20, mean 16, N = 124) scale rows below lateral line (10–19, mean 14, n = 121), vertebrae (34–39, mean 37, n=99), dorsal-fin rays (7–9, mean 8, n=131), anal-fin rays (5–8, mean 7, n =129). See also
|
||
<tableCitation box="[331,416,1591,1617]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="29.[152,245,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 3. Mean values of meristics of Amargosa Speckled Dace (from Amargosa River, Ash Meadows, and Owens Valley) compared to Long Valley and Lahontan Speckled Dace, from Sada et al. (1993). LLS, lateral line scales; LLP, lateral line scales with pores, PFR, pectoral-fin rays; PEFR, pelvic; Vert, vertebrae; Barbels, percent with maxillary barbels; STB canal, percent with a complete supratemporal canal; Frenum, percent with complete frenum. All counts are mean numbers." pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="530" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,353,1627,1653]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The Sacramento Speckled Dace is found in streams and lakes in the Goose Lake (
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1301,1387,1627,1653]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[151,267,1663,1689]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
) and Pit River watersheds, the Sacramento River and its tributaries, the Salinas basin, and, in the far south, San Luis Obispo Creek, Arroyo Grande, and the Santa Maria River (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1037,1139,1699,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[152,255,1736,1760]" captionTargetBox="[210,1376,181,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[210,1376,181,1711]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Current distribution of Rhinichthys in California and adjacent watersheds. The distributions are only approximate but based on occurrence in HUC 12 watersheds. The numbers refer to populations in the Owens Valley and Death Valley that are included in Amargosa Speckled Dace, R. nevadensis nevadensis and can be recognized as Distinct Population Segments (1) Owens Speckled Dace, (2) Oasis Valley Speckled Dace, (3) Ash Meadows Speckled Dace, and (4) Amargosa River Speckled Dace. Long Valley Speckled Dace are a distinct subspecies. Dace have been extirpated from the south San Francisco Bay-Santa Clara Valley region. See text for more specific distributional information. Information for this map was gleaned from Gesch et al. (2002), Patterson and Kelso (2021), Santos et al. (2013), US Census Bureau (2001), USGS (2004, 2013). Speckled Dace are typically present in a limited number of streams, springs and ditches within each mapped region. Map by Amber Manfree." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7701363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7701363/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is conspicuous by its absence from the San Joaquin River watershed, although
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rutter, C." box="[810,963,1735,1762]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" pagination="105 - 152" refId="ref30694" refString="Rutter, C. (1908) The fishes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin basin, with a study of their distribution and variation. United States Bureau of Fisheries Bulletin, 27, 105 - 152. [1907]" type="journal article" year="1908">Rutter (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
collected two small dace from the Kings River at Centerville. Collections made on Los Gatos Creek, an east-side tributary to the San Joaquin River, in 1941 contained Speckled Dace but there are no records of them since then (R. Leidy, pers. comm., 2021).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="28.[151,1437,331,1978]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">
|
||
Sacramento Speckled Dace are absent naturally from the Russian River watershed and from all other coastal watersheds, except the San Lorenzo River, Salinas River, San Luis Obispo Creek and the Santa Maria River in southern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[257,374,1915,1941]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="28" pageNumber="529">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
. They are also absent from Clear Lake (Lake County) and its tributaries. However, they are present in Cache Creek which flows out of Clear Lake (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moyle, P. B." box="[775,915,1951,1977]" pageId="28" pageNumber="529" refId="ref29646" refString="Moyle, P. B. (2002) Inland Fishes of California, Revised and Expanded. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 504 pp." type="book" year="2002">Moyle 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, unpublished data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="29" pageNumber="530" startId="29.[152,245,151,175]">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[151,1437,151,319]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[152,273,151,175]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Mean values of meristics of Amargosa Speckled Dace (from Amargosa River, Ash Meadows, and Owens Valley) compared to Long Valley and Lahontan Speckled Dace, from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sada, D. W. & Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F." box="[911,1108,187,211]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" pagination="1 - 52" refId="ref30776" refString="Sada, D. W., Britten, H. B. & Brussard, P. F. (1993) Morphometric and genetic differentiation among Death Valley System Rhinichthys osculus. CDFG Inland Fisheries Repor t, Contract, FG 0524, 1 - 52." type="book chapter" year="1993">
|
||
Sada
|
||
<emphasis box="[971,1026,187,211]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1993)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. LLS, lateral line scales; LLP, lateral line scales with pores, PFR, pectoral-fin rays; PEFR, pelvic; Vert, vertebrae; Barbels, percent with maxillary barbels; STB canal, percent with a complete supratemporal canal; Frenum, percent with complete frenum. All counts are mean numbers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<table box="[166,1392,335,1120]" gridcols="10" gridrows="20" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,335,359]" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,335,359]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Locality</th>
|
||
<th box="[431,456,335,359]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">N</th>
|
||
<th box="[521,566,335,359]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">LLS</th>
|
||
<th box="[611,656,335,359]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">LLP</th>
|
||
<th box="[700,745,335,359]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">PFR</th>
|
||
<th box="[789,850,335,359]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">PEFR</th>
|
||
<th box="[899,941,335,359]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Vert</th>
|
||
<th box="[988,1077,335,359]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Barbels</th>
|
||
<th box="[1124,1213,335,359]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">ST canal</th>
|
||
<th box="[1275,1392,335,359]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Frenum</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,371,395]" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1">
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,371,395]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">(% with)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,371,395]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">(%)</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,371,395]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">(% present)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,411,435]" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,1392,411,435]" colspan="10" colspanRight="9" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,343,411,435]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Amargosa River</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,452,476]" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,452,476]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Tecopa</th>
|
||
<td box="[431,456,452,476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">34</td>
|
||
<td box="[521,566,452,476]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">54</td>
|
||
<td box="[611,656,452,476]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">27</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,745,452,476]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">13</td>
|
||
<td box="[789,850,452,476]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">7</td>
|
||
<td box="[899,941,452,476]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">37</td>
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,452,476]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">90</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,452,476]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,452,476]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,492,517]" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,492,517]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Beatty NV</th>
|
||
<td box="[431,456,492,517]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">54</td>
|
||
<td box="[521,566,492,517]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">56</td>
|
||
<td box="[611,656,492,517]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">51</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,745,492,517]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">13</td>
|
||
<td box="[789,850,492,517]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">7</td>
|
||
<td box="[899,941,492,517]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">37</td>
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,492,517]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,492,517]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,492,517]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,532,556]" gridrow="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,532,556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Ash Meadows</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,572,597]" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,572,597]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Bradford Spring, NV</th>
|
||
<td box="[431,456,572,597]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">10</td>
|
||
<td box="[521,566,572,597]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">48</td>
|
||
<td box="[611,656,572,597]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">32</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,745,572,597]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">13</td>
|
||
<td box="[789,850,572,597]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">7</td>
|
||
<td box="[899,941,572,597]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">37</td>
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,572,597]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,572,597]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,572,597]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,613,637]" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,613,637]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Tubbs Ranch NV</th>
|
||
<td box="[431,456,613,637]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">10</td>
|
||
<td box="[521,566,613,637]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">48</td>
|
||
<td box="[611,656,613,637]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">40</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,745,613,637]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">14</td>
|
||
<td box="[789,850,613,637]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">7</td>
|
||
<td box="[899,941,613,637]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">37</td>
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,613,637]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">40</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,613,637]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,613,637]" gridcol="9" gridrow="7" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,652,677]" gridrow="8" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,1392,652,677]" colspan="10" colspanRight="9" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,312,652,677]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Owens Valley</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,693,717]" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,693,717]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">A1 Drain</th>
|
||
<td box="[431,456,693,717]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">30</td>
|
||
<td box="[521,566,693,717]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">62</td>
|
||
<td box="[611,656,693,717]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">42</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,745,693,717]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">13</td>
|
||
<td box="[789,850,693,717]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">7</td>
|
||
<td box="[899,941,693,717]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">37</td>
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,693,717]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,693,717]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,693,717]" gridcol="9" gridrow="9" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,733,758]" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,733,758]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Pine Creek</th>
|
||
<td box="[431,456,733,758]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">31</td>
|
||
<td box="[521,566,733,758]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">63</td>
|
||
<td box="[611,656,733,758]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">45</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,745,733,758]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">13</td>
|
||
<td box="[789,850,733,758]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">7</td>
|
||
<td box="[899,941,733,758]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">37</td>
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,733,758]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">80</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,733,758]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,733,758]" gridcol="9" gridrow="10" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,774,798]" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,774,798]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Little Lake</th>
|
||
<td box="[431,456,774,798]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">49</td>
|
||
<td box="[521,566,774,798]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">65</td>
|
||
<td box="[611,656,774,798]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">62</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,745,774,798]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">13</td>
|
||
<td box="[789,850,774,798]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">7</td>
|
||
<td box="[899,941,774,798]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">37</td>
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,774,798]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,774,798]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,774,798]" gridcol="9" gridrow="11" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,814,838]" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,814,838]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Canal, S Bishop</th>
|
||
<td box="[431,456,814,838]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">30</td>
|
||
<td box="[521,566,814,838]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">62</td>
|
||
<td box="[611,656,814,838]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">42</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,745,814,838]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">13</td>
|
||
<td box="[789,850,814,838]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">7</td>
|
||
<td box="[899,941,814,838]" gridcol="6" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">38</td>
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,814,838]" gridcol="7" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">90</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,814,838]" gridcol="8" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,814,838]" gridcol="9" gridrow="12" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,854,878]" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,854,878]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Marble Creek</th>
|
||
<td box="[431,456,854,878]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">35</td>
|
||
<td box="[521,566,854,878]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">55</td>
|
||
<td box="[611,656,854,878]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">13</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,745,854,878]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">13</td>
|
||
<td box="[789,850,854,878]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">7</td>
|
||
<td box="[899,941,854,878]" gridcol="6" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">37</td>
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,854,878]" gridcol="7" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,854,878]" gridcol="8" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,854,878]" gridcol="9" gridrow="13" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,894,918]" gridrow="14" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,1392,894,918]" colspan="10" colspanRight="9" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,295,894,918]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Long Valley</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,935,959]" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,935,959]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Whitmore Marsh</th>
|
||
<td box="[431,456,935,959]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">59</td>
|
||
<td box="[521,566,935,959]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">62</td>
|
||
<td box="[611,656,935,959]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">26</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,745,935,959]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">14</td>
|
||
<td box="[789,850,935,959]" gridcol="5" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">7</td>
|
||
<td box="[899,941,935,959]" gridcol="6" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">36</td>
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,935,959]" gridcol="7" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,935,959]" gridcol="8" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,935,959]" gridcol="9" gridrow="15" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,975,999]" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,975,999]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Hot Creek</th>
|
||
<td box="[431,456,975,999]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">29</td>
|
||
<td box="[521,566,975,999]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">60</td>
|
||
<td box="[611,656,975,999]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">20</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,745,975,999]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">14</td>
|
||
<td box="[789,850,975,999]" gridcol="5" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">8</td>
|
||
<td box="[899,941,975,999]" gridcol="6" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">37</td>
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,975,999]" gridcol="7" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,975,999]" gridcol="8" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">90</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,975,999]" gridcol="9" gridrow="16" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,1015,1039]" gridrow="17" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,1392,1015,1039]" colspan="10" colspanRight="9" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[166,339,1015,1039]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Lahontan Basin</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,1055,1080]" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,1055,1080]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Huntington Cr</th>
|
||
<td box="[431,456,1055,1080]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">39</td>
|
||
<td box="[521,566,1055,1080]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">63</td>
|
||
<td box="[611,656,1055,1080]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">50</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,745,1055,1080]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">13</td>
|
||
<td box="[789,850,1055,1080]" gridcol="5" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">8</td>
|
||
<td box="[899,941,1055,1080]" gridcol="6" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">37</td>
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,1055,1080]" gridcol="7" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">80</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,1055,1080]" gridcol="8" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">80</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,1055,1080]" gridcol="9" gridrow="18" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[166,1392,1096,1120]" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<th box="[166,381,1096,1120]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Reese River NV</th>
|
||
<td box="[431,456,1096,1120]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">59</td>
|
||
<td box="[521,566,1096,1120]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">68</td>
|
||
<td box="[611,656,1096,1120]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">66</td>
|
||
<td box="[700,745,1096,1120]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">14</td>
|
||
<td box="[789,850,1096,1120]" gridcol="5" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">8</td>
|
||
<td box="[899,941,1096,1120]" gridcol="6" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">39</td>
|
||
<td box="[988,1077,1096,1120]" gridcol="7" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
<td box="[1124,1213,1096,1120]" gridcol="8" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">50</td>
|
||
<td box="[1275,1392,1096,1120]" gridcol="9" gridrow="19" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">100</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[151,1437,1167,2022]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,377,1167,1193]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Zoogeography.</emphasis>
|
||
The Sacramento basin is a large, well-defined region, isolated by the Sierra
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1236,1322,1167,1193]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
Range on the east, the Coast Range on the west, and the Cascade Range in the north. The ancestors of this highly endemic freshwater dispersant fish fauna have ancient roots in ancient lakes and rivers of the region to the east, now drained mostly by tributaries to the Snake River (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Minckley, W. L. & Hendrickson, D. A. & Bond, C. E." box="[606,835,1275,1301]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" pagination="519 - 614" refId="ref29499" refString="Minckley, W. L., Hendrickson, D. A. & Bond, C. E. (1986) Geography of western North America freshwater fishes: Description and relationship to intercontinental tectonism. In: Hocutt, C. H. & Wiley, E. O. (Eds.), The Zoogeography of North American Freshwater Fishes. New York, John Wiley and Sons, pp. 519 - 614." type="book chapter" year="1986">
|
||
Minckley
|
||
<emphasis box="[722,770,1275,1301]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">et al</emphasis>
|
||
1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moyle, P. B." box="[846,986,1275,1301]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" refId="ref29646" refString="Moyle, P. B. (2002) Inland Fishes of California, Revised and Expanded. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 504 pp." type="book" year="2002">Moyle 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Speckled Dace presumably entered the region by first colonizing the Klamath Basin with other Great Basin fishes and then by expanding their population to the Sacramento-San Joaquin basin when Klamath River headwaters connected to the region via the Pit River. Dace then found it possible to colonize most of the entire basin (except where noted), reaching as far south as the Santa Maria River (via the Pajaro-Salinas River system). The Sacramento Speckled Dace thus became a member of one of the most highly endemic assemblages of freshwater dispersing fishes in the western
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1183,1243,1455,1481]" name="United States of America" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The Sacramento Speckled Dace, however, may have been a rather late addition to this fauna, which would explain its close genetic relationship with Klamath Speckled Dace.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[151,1437,1167,2022]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,427,1563,1589]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Genetics/genomics.</emphasis>
|
||
The Sacramento Speckled Dace is one of three lineages, defined by genomics, that make up the Western Speckled Dace,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[505,790,1599,1625]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="klamathensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[505,790,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Rhinichthys klamathensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, G. R. & Chow, J. & Unmack, P. J. & Markle, D. F. & Dowling, T. E." box="[804,1001,1599,1625]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref31441" refString="Smith, G. R., Chow, J., Unmack, P. J., Markle, D. F. & Dowling, T. E. (2017) Evolution of the Rhinichthys osculus complex (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Western North America. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan, 204 (2), 1 - 83" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis box="[880,936,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Su, Y. & Moyle, P. B. & Campbell, M. A. & Finger, A. J. & O'Rourke, S. & Baumsteiger, J. & Miller, M. R." box="[1013,1173,1599,1625]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" pagination="695 - 710" refId="ref32073" refString="Su, Y., Moyle, P. B., Campbell, M. A., Finger, A. J., O'Rourke, S., Baumsteiger, J. & Miller, M. R. (2022) Population genomic analysis of the Speckled Dace species complex identifies three distinct lineages in California. Transactions of American Fisheries Society, 151, 695 - 710. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tafs. 10388" type="journal article" year="2022">
|
||
Su
|
||
<emphasis box="[1049,1105,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The three lineages are also supported by Wiesenfeld
|
||
<emphasis box="[489,545,1635,1661]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Smith, G. R. & Chow, J. & Unmack, P. J. & Markle, D. F. & Dowling, T. E." box="[681,892,1635,1661]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref31441" refString="Smith, G. R., Chow, J., Unmack, P. J., Markle, D. F. & Dowling, T. E. (2017) Evolution of the Rhinichthys osculus complex (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Western North America. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan, 204 (2), 1 - 83" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis box="[755,811,1635,1661]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2017)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
using mtDNA and microsatellites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="531" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[151,1437,1167,2022]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,328,1671,1697]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. The species name honors the Achomawi people (“river people”) whose historic homelands were along the Pit River and tributaries in northeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[739,855,1707,1733]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, from Goose Lake to Pit River Falls, and beyond (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dixon, R. B." box="[159,298,1743,1769]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" pagination="208 - 220" refId="ref27487" refString="Dixon, R. B. (1908) Notes on the Achomawi and Atsugewii Indians of northern California. American Anthropologist, 10 (2), 208 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / aa. 1908.10.2.02 a 00030" type="journal article" year="1908">Dixon 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Pit River is a branch of the Sacramento River that drains much of northeastern
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1259,1376,1743,1769]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
. This region includes the Fall River system and Achjumawi Lava Springs State Park. The Speckled Dace is one of the most abundant native fishes in streams flowing through Achomawi lands. Alternate spellings include Achjumawi and Achumawi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dixon, R. B." box="[334,473,1851,1877]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" pagination="208 - 220" refId="ref27487" refString="Dixon, R. B. (1908) Notes on the Achomawi and Atsugewii Indians of northern California. American Anthropologist, 10 (2), 208 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1525 / aa. 1908.10.2.02 a 00030" type="journal article" year="1908">Dixon 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="29.[151,1437,1167,2022]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1437,151,825]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="531" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
The scientific names have a confusing history, starting with
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W." box="[956,1318,1887,1914]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" pagination="1 - 1240" refId="ref29041" refString="Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W. (1896) The Fishes of North and Middle America. Bulletin, US National Museum, 47, Part 1, 1 - 1240." type="journal article" year="1896">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[956,1035,1887,1913]" name="Jordan" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Evermann (1896)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who did not mention by name Speckled Dace in the Sacramento or Klamath rivers. They did include Sacramento Speckled Dace, vaguely from California, within
|
||
<emphasis box="[727,1043,1959,1986]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Snyder" authorityYear="1908" box="[727,1039,1959,1986]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Agosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nubila" subSpecies="carringtoni">Agosia nubila carringtoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This taxon was first described in 1876 as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[254,501,1996,2022]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Apocope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carringtoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[254,501,1996,2022]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Apocope carringtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Utah.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W." box="[652,1003,1995,2022]" pageId="29" pageNumber="530" pagination="1 - 1240" refId="ref29041" refString="Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W. (1896) The Fishes of North and Middle America. Bulletin, US National Museum, 47, Part 1, 1 - 1240." type="journal article" year="1896">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[652,731,1995,2021]" name="Jordan" pageId="29" pageNumber="530">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Evermann (1896)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
basically used this taxon to include miscellaneous Great Basin populations, and provisionally fish from the Lahontan Basin, as well as from various localities in southern and central California. “These California and Nevada forms may be distinct species, but if so, we are unable to define them (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W." box="[730,1119,223,249]" pageId="30" pageNumber="531" pagination="1 - 1240" refId="ref29041" refString="Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W. (1896) The Fishes of North and Middle America. Bulletin, US National Museum, 47, Part 1, 1 - 1240." type="journal article" year="1896">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[730,811,223,249]" name="Jordan" pageId="30" pageNumber="531">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Evermann 1896:312
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).”
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Snyder, J. O." box="[1151,1323,223,249]" pageId="30" pageNumber="531" pagination="69 - 102" refId="ref31713" refString="Snyder, J. O. (1908) Relationships of the fish fauna of the lakes of Southeastern Oregon. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Bulletin, 27, 69 - 102." type="journal article" year="1908">Snyder (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
followed
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W." box="[151,502,259,285]" pageId="30" pageNumber="531" pagination="1 - 1240" refId="ref29041" refString="Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W. (1896) The Fishes of North and Middle America. Bulletin, US National Museum, 47, Part 1, 1 - 1240." type="journal article" year="1896">
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[151,230,259,285]" name="Jordan" pageId="30" pageNumber="531">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Evermann (1896)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in using
|
||
<emphasis box="[616,817,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="531">
|
||
A. n.
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[682,817,259,284]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Apocope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carringtoni">carringtoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
for a grab-bag of Speckled Dace from Oregon and California. By default,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[439,574,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Apocope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carringtoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[439,574,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="531">carringtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
became the species epithet for Sacramento Speckled Dace as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Snyder" authorityYear="1913" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Agosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carringtoni">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="531">Agosia carringtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Snyder, J. O." box="[304,461,331,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="531" pagination="49 - 72" refId="ref31749" refString="Snyder, J. O. (1913) The fishes of the streams tributary to San Francisco Bay. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Fisheries, 32, 49 - 72." type="journal article" year="1913">Snyder 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Snyder, J. O." box="[476,537,331,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="531" pagination="201 - 205" refId="ref31784" refString="Snyder, J. O. (1917) An account of some fishes from Owens River, California. Proceedings, United States National Museum, 54, 201 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.2233.201" type="journal article" year="1917">1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Shapovalov and Dill" authorityYear="1950" box="[607,990,331,357]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="osculus" subSpecies="carringtoni">
|
||
<emphasis box="[607,990,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="531">Rhinichthys osculus carringtoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shapovalov, L. & Dill, W. A." box="[1008,1330,330,357]" pageId="30" pageNumber="531" pagination="382 - 391" refId="ref31318" refString="Shapovalov, L. & Dill, W. A. (1950) A check list of the fresh-water and anadromous fishes of California. California Fish and Game, 36, 382 - 391" type="journal article" year="1950">Shapovalov and Dill 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kimsey, J. B. & Fisk, L. O." pageId="30" pageNumber="531" pagination="453 - 479" refId="ref29080" refString="Kimsey, J. B. & Fisk, L. O. (1960) Keys to the freshwater and anadromous fishes of California. California Fish and Game, 46, 453 - 479." type="journal article" year="1960">Kimsey and Fisk 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moyle, P. B." box="[340,495,367,393]" pageId="30" pageNumber="531" refId="ref29620" refString="Moyle, P. B. (1976) Inland Fishes of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 405 pp." type="book" year="1976">Moyle (1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moyle, P. B." box="[506,567,367,393]" pageId="30" pageNumber="531" refId="ref29646" refString="Moyle, P. B. (2002) Inland Fishes of California, Revised and Expanded. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 504 pp." type="book" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) did not provide a name for Sacramento populations. See
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1242,1329,367,393]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[152,245,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Speckled Dace taxa that have been formally described (1856–1984) and that mostly have some connection to Speckled Dace taxa in California (e.g., shared watershed, shared name) or are important in the current Speckled Dace hierarchy. Not included are most subspecies listed in Smith et al. (2017) from Columbia, Colorado, and Bonneville basins, mostly undescribed. The current (2022) status column represents the opinion of the authors and applies to the species or subspecies epithet and not to the genus name. Under Smith et al. (2017), all valid taxa are subspecies of R. osculus, except R. umatilla and R. falcata which are full species. J&E stands for Jordan and Evermann (1896) who made the first revision of Speckled Dace taxonomy and invalidated some species by synonymizing them with A. oscula or A. nubilis." pageId="30" pageNumber="531">Table 1</tableCitation>
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||
for other synonyms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="30.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="30" pageNumber="531">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[199,450,438,464]" pageId="30" pageNumber="531">Conservation Status.</emphasis>
|
||
The Sacramento Speckled Dace is widespread and abundant in the Sacramento River and tributaries, the Pit River system, Pajaro-Salinas watershed, San Luis Obispo Creek, and the Santa Maria River. It seems to have been extirpated from the San Joaquin River and tributaries although old records are scarce. The Speckled Dace is also absent from streams tributary to the San Francisco Estuary, including the
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1244,1365,547,573]" name="Guadeloupe" pageId="30" pageNumber="531">Guadalupe</collectingCountry>
|
||
River and tributaries, Coyote Creek, and Alameda Creek, for which there are historic records (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Leidy, R. A." box="[1160,1294,583,609]" pageId="30" pageNumber="531" refId="ref29229" refString="Leidy, R. A. (2007) Ecology, Assemblage Structure, Distribution, and Status of Fishes in Streams Tributary to the San Francisco Estuary. San Francisco Estuary Institute Contribution, 530 pp." type="book" year="2007">Leidy 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, R.L. Leidy, pers. comm. 2021). The dace was extirpated from Coyote Creek in the 1970s (Scoppettone and Smith 1976; J.J. Smith, pers. comm. 2021) and from Alameda Creek in the early 1900s (R. Leidy, pers. com. 2021). It has been extirpated from the Pajaro River, which flows into Monterey Bay, although it is still found in the upper and middle reaches of the San Benito River, a tributary to the Pajaro (J. J. Smith, pers. comm. 2021). The historic records, though few, indicate that the Speckled Dace was extirpated from these watersheds as the result of dams, habitat change, and diversions of water, coupled with severe drought.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
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||
</document> |