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<mods:title id="0D19CA30DFA5E42A41C25455FAB79251">Taxonomy of the Speckled Dace Species Complex (Cypriniformes: Leuciscidae, Rhinichthys) in California, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="89BF680754AFFD96811FFAFA60C5F8E2">Moyle, Peter B.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="35A5C2E4A8EA519E87ACF23E3327B922">Center for Watershed Sciences &amp; Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, 425 LaRue Road, Davis CA 95626 USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="751E0833E2E7EE6F842AE43719092251">Buckmaster, Nicholas</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="451CA5BBC72CF5977573E28D4EC5EAD4">California Department of Fish &amp; Wildlife, 787 Main Street, Bishop, CA 93514 USA. Nick. buckmaster @ wildlife. ca. gov Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis CA 95616 USA. syxsu @ ucdavis. edu Corresponding author. pbmoyle @ ucdavis. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4825 - 4865</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03D1EC51DE07FF8C3FFFFBBFCCFDFF5C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7704119" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209415898" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7704119" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D1EC51DE07FF8C3FFFFBBFCCFDFF5C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D1EC51DE07FF8C3FFFFBBFCCFDFF5C" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<subSubSection id="C3620ECCDE07FF8A3FFFFBBFCCB7FBF4" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE07FF8A3FFFFBBFC9C7FBD0" blockId="18.[151,1279,1086,1149]" box="[151,1279,1086,1113]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<heading id="D08FEA2BDE07FF8A3FFFFBBFC9C7FBD0" bold="true" box="[151,1279,1086,1113]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3FFFFBBFC9C7FBD0" bold="true" box="[151,1279,1086,1113]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE07FF8A3FFFFBBFCFEDFBD1" authority="(Rutter 1903)" authorityName="Moyle &amp; Buckmaster &amp; Su" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Rutter" baseAuthorityYear="1903" box="[151,725,1086,1113]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nevadensis" status="comb. nov." subSpecies="robustus">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3FFFFBBFCF1DFBD0" bold="true" box="[151,549,1086,1113]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Rhinichthys nevadensis robustus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE07FF8A3D5EFBBECFF5FBD1" author="Rutter, C." box="[566,717,1086,1113]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="145 - 148" refId="ref30655" refString="Rutter, C. (1903) Notes on fishes from streams and lakes of northeastern California not tributary to the Sacramento basin. United States Fish Commission Bulletin, 22, 145 - 148. [1902]" type="journal article" year="1903">Rutter 1903</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23F3C2EDE07FF8A3D8BFBBECE83FBD1" box="[739,955,1086,1113]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" rank="species">new combination</taxonomicNameLabel>
, Lahontan Speckled Dace
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE07FF8A3FFFFBE2CCB7FBF4" blockId="18.[151,1279,1086,1149]" box="[151,399,1123,1149]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<tableCitation id="C6FA68FCDE07FF8A3FFFFBE2CDCFFBF4" box="[151,247,1123,1149]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="12.[152,245,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 2. Mean, mode, and range of meristic counts on Santa Ana, Sacramento, Lahontan and Colorado basin populations of Speckled Dace, from Cornelius (1969). The Sacramento fish were from coastal streams just north of the Los Angeles Basin (Santa Maria, San Luis Obispo, Salinas). LL is lateral line." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF070DCFDE19FF943FF0FF16CE74FF7E" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" tableUuid="DF070DCFDE19FF943FF0FF16CE74FF7E">Tables 2</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6FA68FCDE07FF8A3E6BFBE2CC19FBF4" box="[259,289,1123,1149]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[152,245,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Speckled Dace taxa that have been formally described (1856–1984) and that mostly have some connection to Speckled Dace taxa in California (e.g., shared watershed, shared name) or are important in the current Speckled Dace hierarchy. Not included are most subspecies listed in Smith et al. (2017) from Columbia, Colorado, and Bonneville basins, mostly undescribed. The current (2022) status column represents the opinion of the authors and applies to the species or subspecies epithet and not to the genus name. Under Smith et al. (2017), all valid taxa are subspecies of R. osculus, except R. umatilla and R. falcata which are full species. J&amp;E stands for Jordan and Evermann (1896) who made the first revision of Speckled Dace taxonomy and invalidated some species by synonymizing them with A. oscula or A. nubilis." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF070DCFDE11FF9C3FF0FF16C815FE0E" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" tableUuid="DF070DCFDE11FF9C3FF0FF16C815FE0E">
<quantity id="4C80F0A2DE07FF8A3E6BFBE2CC19FBF4" box="[259,289,1123,1149]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" unit="g" value="1.0">1g</quantity>
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;
<figureCitation id="134341C2DE07FF8A3E46FBE2CC40FBF4" box="[302,376,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,489,1626]" captionTargetId="figure-162@2.[156,1431,489,1626]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Top: Lahontan Speckled Dace (ca. 70 mm TL) and cover habitat in Taylor Creek, California, a tributary to Lake Tahoe. The body shape, stripe on head, and speckling are characteristic of live fish in many populations from Mexico to Canada that have been considered to be just one species, Speckled Dace (Rhinichthys osculus). Photo by T. L. Taylor, July 17, 1991. Bottom: Preserved specimen of Sacramento Speckled Dace, collected by John Otterbein Snyder from Alameda Creek, California in 1898, showing basic external anatomy. Note the presence of tiny maxillary barbels on head, an example of a distinctive characteristic of some populations. Photo by Jon Fong, California Academy of Sciences, of specimen SU 16172." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7701359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7701359/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="134341C2DE07FF8A3E15FBE2CCB7FBF4" box="[381,399,1123,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="26.[152,255,1615,1639]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,275,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-59@26.[154,1434,272,1592]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 6. Top. Holotype, Lahontan Speckled Dace, from Rutter (1903). Middle, Long Valley Speckled Dace from Whitmore Marsh, 2014, showing life colors. Photo by Jacob Katz. Bottom: Western Speckled Dace, type specimen, from Evermann and Meek (1898)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7701369" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7701369/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB687A69DE07FF8A3FFFFB26CFDFFB36" box="[151,743,1191,1215]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE07FF8A3FFFFB26CCA6FB36" authorityName="Snyder" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,414,1191,1215]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Agosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nubila" subSpecies="carringtoni">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3FFFFB26CCA6FB36" box="[151,414,1191,1215]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Agosia nubila carringtoni</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD97B56DE07FF8A3ECDFB26CFDFFB36" author="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W." box="[421,743,1191,1215]" page="311" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" year="1896">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE07FF8A3ECDFB26CFDFFB36" author="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W." box="[421,743,1191,1215]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="1 - 1240" refId="ref29041" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W. (1896) The Fishes of North and Middle America. Bulletin, US National Museum, 47, Part 1, 1 - 1240." type="journal article" year="1896">
<collectingCountry id="F36F1DD7DE07FF8A3ECDFB26CCD1FB36" box="[421,489,1191,1215]" name="Jordan" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Jordan</collectingCountry>
and Evermann 1896:311
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB687A69DE07FF8A3FFFFB47CE72FB57" box="[151,842,1222,1246]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<treatmentCitation id="0AD97B56DE07FF8A3FFFFB47CCE7FB57" author="Rutter, C." box="[151,479,1222,1246]" page="148" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" year="1903">
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE07FF8A3FFFFB47CCE7FB57" authority="Rutter 1903: 148" authorityName="Rutter" authorityPageNumber="148" authorityYear="1903" box="[151,479,1222,1246]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Agosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3FFFFB47CC08FB57" box="[151,304,1222,1246]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Agosia robusta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE07FF8A3E5FFB47CCE7FB57" author="Rutter, C." box="[311,479,1222,1246]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="145 - 148" refId="ref30655" refString="Rutter, C. (1903) Notes on fishes from streams and lakes of northeastern California not tributary to the Sacramento basin. United States Fish Commission Bulletin, 22, 145 - 148. [1902]" type="journal article" year="1903">Rutter 1903:148</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AD97B56DE07FF8A3E81FB47CFA9FB57" author="Rutter, C." box="[489,657,1222,1246]" page="139" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" year="1908">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE07FF8A3E81FB47CFA9FB57" author="Rutter, C." box="[489,657,1222,1246]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="105 - 152" refId="ref30694" refString="Rutter, C. (1908) The fishes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin basin, with a study of their distribution and variation. United States Bureau of Fisheries Bulletin, 27, 105 - 152. [1907]" type="journal article" year="1908">Rutter 1908:139</bibRefCitation>
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;
<treatmentCitation id="0AD97B56DE07FF8A3DF4FB47CE72FB57" author="Snyder, J. O." box="[668,842,1222,1246]" page="202" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" year="1917">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE07FF8A3DF4FB47CE72FB57" author="Snyder, J. O." box="[668,842,1222,1246]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="201 - 205" refId="ref31784" refString="Snyder, J. O. (1917) An account of some fishes from Owens River, California. Proceedings, United States National Museum, 54, 201 - 205. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.2233.201" type="journal article" year="1917">Snyder 1917:202</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE07FF8A3FFFFB64CCD2FB74" blockId="18.[151,1103,1191,1400]" box="[151,490,1252,1277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB687A69DE07FF8A3FFFFB64CCD2FB74" box="[151,490,1252,1277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<treatmentCitation id="0AD97B56DE07FF8A3FFFFB64CCD2FB74" author="Snyder, J. O." box="[151,490,1252,1277]" page="33" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" year="1918">
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE07FF8A3FFFFB64CCD2FB74" authority="Snyder 1918: 33" authorityName="Snyder" authorityPageNumber="33" authorityYear="1918" box="[151,490,1252,1277]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Apocope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3FFFFB64CC7AFB75" box="[151,322,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Apocope robusta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE07FF8A3E21FB65CCD2FB74" author="Snyder, J. O." box="[329,490,1252,1277]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="33 - 86" refId="ref31829" refString="Snyder, J. O. (1918) The fishes of the Lahontan system of Nevada and northeastern California. United States Bureau of Fisheries Bulletin, 35, 33 - 86." type="journal article" year="1918">Snyder 1918:33</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE07FF8A3FFFFA82CF4CFA92" blockId="18.[151,1103,1191,1400]" box="[151,628,1283,1307]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB687A69DE07FF8A3FFFFA82CF4CFA92" box="[151,628,1283,1307]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<treatmentCitation id="0AD97B56DE07FF8A3FFFFA82CF4CFA92" author="Evermann, B. W. &amp; Clark, H. W." box="[151,628,1283,1307]" page="55" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" year="1931">
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE07FF8A3FFFFA82CF4CFA92" authority="Evermann and Clark 1931: 55" authorityName="Evermann and Clark" authorityPageNumber="55" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,628,1283,1307]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Apocope" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3FFFFA82CC7AFA92" box="[151,322,1283,1307]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Apocope robusta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE07FF8A3E21FA85CF4CFA92" author="Evermann, B. W. &amp; Clark, H. W." box="[329,628,1283,1307]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="1 - 67" refId="ref27727" refString="Evermann, B. W. &amp; Clark, H. W. (1931) A distributional list of freshwater fishes known to occur in California. Division of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin, 35, 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="1931">Evermann and Clark 1931:55</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE07FF8A3FFFFAA3C977FAB3" blockId="18.[151,1103,1191,1400]" box="[151,1103,1314,1338]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE07FF8A3FFFFAA3CF88FAB3" authority="Hubbs and Miller 1948" authorityName="Hubbs and Miller" authorityYear="1948" box="[151,688,1314,1338]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="osculus" subSpecies="robustus">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3FFFFAA3CC85FAB3" box="[151,445,1314,1338]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Rhinichthys osculus robustus</emphasis>
Hubbs and Miller 1948
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(a, b) and most subsequent publications.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE07FF8A3FFFFAC1CFA0FAD0" blockId="18.[151,1103,1191,1400]" box="[151,664,1344,1369]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB687A69DE07FF8A3FFFFAC1CFA0FAD0" box="[151,664,1344,1369]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<treatmentCitation id="0AD97B56DE07FF8A3FFFFAC1CFA0FAD0" author="Hubbs, C. L. &amp; Miller, R. R. &amp; Hubbs, L. C." box="[151,664,1344,1369]" page="12" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" year="1974">
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE07FF8A3FFFFAC1CFA0FAD0" authority="Hubbs et al. 1974: 12" box="[151,664,1344,1369]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="osculus" subSpecies="robustus">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3FFFFAC1CC85FAD1" box="[151,445,1344,1368]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Rhinichthys osculus robustus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE07FF8A3EACFAC1CFA0FAD0" author="Hubbs, C. L. &amp; Miller, R. R. &amp; Hubbs, L. C." box="[452,664,1344,1369]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="1 - 259" refId="ref28824" refString="Hubbs, C. L., Miller, R. R. &amp; Hubbs, L. C. (1974) Hydrographic history and relict fishes of the North-central Great Basin. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences Memoir, 7, 1 - 259." type="journal article" year="1974">
Hubbs
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3D65FAC0CF78FAD1" box="[525,576,1344,1368]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">et al.</emphasis>
1974:12
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE07FF8A3FFFFADECF72FAF1" blockId="18.[151,1103,1191,1400]" box="[151,586,1375,1400]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
See
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE07FF8A3FAAFAE1CC75FAFE" ID-CoL="6WTP5" authorityName="Gilbert" authorityYear="1893" box="[194,333,1375,1399]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevadensis">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3FAAFAE1CC75FAFE" box="[194,333,1375,1399]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">R. nevadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for additional synonyms
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3620ECCDE07FF8A3FFFFA24C822FA36" box="[151,1306,1445,1472]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE07FF8A3FFFFA24C822FA36" blockId="18.[151,1437,1445,2012]" box="[151,1306,1445,1472]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<materialsCitation id="3B10571ADE07FF8A3FFFFA24C822FA36" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4046207314" box="[151,1306,1445,1472]" collectionCode="USNM" county="Prosser Creek" location="Atkinson" municipality="Rutter" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" specimenCode="USNM 50589" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3FFFFA24CC3CFA36" bold="true" box="[151,260,1445,1471]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<typeStatus id="54C3E3E5DE07FF8A3FFFFA24CC3CFA36" box="[151,260,1445,1471]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:
<specimenCode id="DBDEF53CDE07FF8A3E7BFA24CC8CFA49" box="[275,436,1445,1472]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" type="Museum">USNM 50589</specimenCode>
, collected from
<collectingCounty id="62A625CBDE07FF8A3D00FA27CE30FA36" box="[616,776,1445,1472]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Prosser Creek</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE07FF8A3C7BFA24CEBFFA36" box="[787,903,1445,1471]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">California</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BA3C73DDE07FF8A3CFAFA27CEE0FA49" box="[914,984,1446,1472]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Rutter</collectingMunicipality>
and
<location id="8EA70B9CDE07FF8A3B65FA24C94CFA36" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D1EC51DE07FF8C3FFFFBBFCCFDFF5C:8EA70B9CDE07FF8A3B65FA24C94CFA36" box="[1037,1140,1445,1471]" county="Prosser Creek" municipality="Rutter" name="Atkinson" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" stateProvince="California">Atkinson</location>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE07FF8A3BEAFA24C835FA36" author="Rutter, C." box="[1154,1293,1445,1471]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="145 - 148" refId="ref30655" refString="Rutter, C. (1903) Notes on fishes from streams and lakes of northeastern California not tributary to the Sacramento basin. United States Fish Commission Bulletin, 22, 145 - 148. [1902]" type="journal article" year="1903">Rutter 1903</bibRefCitation>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3620ECCDE07FF8A3FAFFA48CEF3F932" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE07FF8A3FAFFA48CEF3F932" blockId="18.[151,1437,1445,2012]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3FAFFA48CC7AFA6A" bold="true" box="[199,322,1481,1507]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The Lahontan Speckled Dace fits the image of what Speckled Dace are expected to look like (
<figureCitation id="134341C2DE07FF8A3A07FA48CD9CF98E" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,489,1626]" captionTargetId="figure-162@2.[156,1431,489,1626]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Top: Lahontan Speckled Dace (ca. 70 mm TL) and cover habitat in Taylor Creek, California, a tributary to Lake Tahoe. The body shape, stripe on head, and speckling are characteristic of live fish in many populations from Mexico to Canada that have been considered to be just one species, Speckled Dace (Rhinichthys osculus). Photo by T. L. Taylor, July 17, 1991. Bottom: Preserved specimen of Sacramento Speckled Dace, collected by John Otterbein Snyder from Alameda Creek, California in 1898, showing basic external anatomy. Note the presence of tiny maxillary barbels on head, an example of a distinctive characteristic of some populations. Photo by Jon Fong, California Academy of Sciences, of specimen SU 16172." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7701359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7701359/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). It is a small (adults usually &lt;
<quantity id="4C80F0A2DE07FF8A3D62FA6CCF79F981" box="[522,577,1517,1544]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
SL) active fish with blotches on the side that can merge to become a stripe leading to a dark band around the eye. The caudal peduncle is thick, about half the body depth, while the body is subcylindrical (robust). The head is bluntly pointed, with a tiny sub-terminal mouth. Fins are small (the dorsal fin usually has 8 rays, the anal 7 rays). Presence of tiny maxillary barbels at the corners of the mouth is variable as is the presence of a frenum. It is distinguished from the other two subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE07FF8A3C92F9FFC9ACF91E" box="[1018,1172,1661,1687]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nevadensis">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3C92F9FFC9ACF91E" box="[1018,1172,1661,1687]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">R. nevadensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by genomics and by its being endemic to the Lahontan Basin in
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE07FF8A3D35F920CF8DF932" box="[605,693,1697,1723]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Nevada</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE07FF8A3DA8F920CE2FF932" box="[704,791,1697,1723]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Oregon</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE07FF8A3C3AF920CEFFF932" box="[850,967,1697,1723]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">California</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3620ECCDE07FF8B3FAFF944CC37FEEC" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE07FF8B3FAFF944C857FF70" blockId="18.[151,1437,1445,2012]" lastBlockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="520" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE07FF8A3FAFF944CC61F956" bold="true" box="[199,345,1733,1759]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519">Description.</emphasis>
The following is the original description from
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE07FF8A3C12F947C97DF956" author="Rutter, C." box="[890,1093,1733,1760]" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" pagination="145 - 148" refId="ref30655" refString="Rutter, C. (1903) Notes on fishes from streams and lakes of northeastern California not tributary to the Sacramento basin. United States Fish Commission Bulletin, 22, 145 - 148. [1902]" type="journal article" year="1903">Rutter (1903:148)</bibRefCitation>
for Lahontan Speckled Dace. “Body heavy, highest above insertion of pectorals; the ventral outline curved almost as much as the dorsal. Head
<quantity id="4C80F0A2DE07FF8A3FFFF88CCC31F8AE" box="[151,265,1805,1832]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.906" metricValueMax="10.16" metricValueMin="9.652" pageId="18" pageNumber="519" unit="in" value="3.9" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.8">3.8 to 4 in</quantity>
body; snout blunt, but little overlapping the premaxillary and never extending beyond it; mouth oblique, barbels usually absent, present on 10 to 50 per cent of specimens from any one locality. Fins small; D. 8; A. 7; pectoral about equal to head behind nostril variable; caudal moderately forked, middle rays two-thirds length of longest; rudimentary caudal rays forming prominent keels along upper and lower edges of tail; margin of anal slightly rounded, the anterior rays not all produced, not extending beyond posterior rays when fin is depressed. Lateral line nearly always incomplete, but with scattered pores frequently extending to base of caudal; scales 56 to 77, varying about
<quantity id="4C80F0A2DE06FF8B3E37FF16CCAFFF38" box="[351,407,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
any one locality. Usually two dusky lateral stripes, the upper extending from snout to caudal, the lower branching off from the upper behind the head and ending along base of anal; cheek abruptly silvery below lateral stripe; tinged with orange about lower jaw, upper end of gill-opening, and at base of lower fins (p. 148).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE06FF8B3FAFFE82CC37FEEC" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
Note that the coloration described above is based on breeding colors.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3CBEFE82C989FE94" author="Hubbs, C. L. &amp; Miller, R. R. &amp; Hubbs, L. C." box="[982,1201,259,285]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="1 - 259" refId="ref28824" refString="Hubbs, C. L., Miller, R. R. &amp; Hubbs, L. C. (1974) Hydrographic history and relict fishes of the North-central Great Basin. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences Memoir, 7, 1 - 259." type="journal article" year="1974">
Hubbs
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3B4EFE82C967FE94" box="[1062,1119,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">et al.</emphasis>
(1974)
</bibRefCitation>
provide descriptions of the variety of pigmentation patterns present in scattered Speckled Dace populations in the Great Basin and elsewhere.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3620ECCDE06FF8B3FAFFEEFCEA5F968" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE06FF8B3FAFFEEFCF51FC2C" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3FAFFEEFCC59FE01" bold="true" box="[199,353,366,392]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Distribution.</emphasis>
Lahontan Speckled Dace are widely distributed in desert basins in northeastern
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE06FF8B3B91FEEEC853FE00" box="[1273,1387,367,393]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">California</collectingRegion>
and northern
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE06FF8B3E68FE12CC6EFE24" box="[256,342,403,429]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Nevada</collectingRegion>
(
<figureCitation id="134341C2DE06FF8B3E0FFE12CC95FE24" box="[359,429,403,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="13.[152,255,1736,1760]" captionTargetBox="[210,1376,181,1711]" captionTargetId="figure-18@13.[210,1376,181,1711]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 3. Current distribution of Rhinichthys in California and adjacent watersheds. The distributions are only approximate but based on occurrence in HUC 12 watersheds. The numbers refer to populations in the Owens Valley and Death Valley that are included in Amargosa Speckled Dace, R. nevadensis nevadensis and can be recognized as Distinct Population Segments (1) Owens Speckled Dace, (2) Oasis Valley Speckled Dace, (3) Ash Meadows Speckled Dace, and (4) Amargosa River Speckled Dace. Long Valley Speckled Dace are a distinct subspecies. Dace have been extirpated from the south San Francisco Bay-Santa Clara Valley region. See text for more specific distributional information. Information for this map was gleaned from Gesch et al. (2002), Patterson and Kelso (2021), Santos et al. (2013), US Census Bureau (2001), USGS (2004, 2013). Speckled Dace are typically present in a limited number of streams, springs and ditches within each mapped region. Map by Amber Manfree." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7701363" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7701363/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), as described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3DE9FE12CE5DFE24" author="Hubbs, C. L. &amp; Miller, R. R. &amp; Hubbs, L. C." box="[641,869,403,429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="1 - 259" refId="ref28824" refString="Hubbs, C. L., Miller, R. R. &amp; Hubbs, L. C. (1974) Hydrographic history and relict fishes of the North-central Great Basin. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences Memoir, 7, 1 - 259." type="journal article" year="1974">
Hubbs
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3DBBFE12CE36FE24" box="[723,782,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">et al.</emphasis>
(1974)
</bibRefCitation>
. In
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE06FF8B3CFBFE12C93FFE24" box="[915,1031,403,429]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">California</collectingRegion>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3B7DFE12C997FE24" author="Rutter, C." box="[1045,1199,403,429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="145 - 148" refId="ref30655" refString="Rutter, C. (1903) Notes on fishes from streams and lakes of northeastern California not tributary to the Sacramento basin. United States Fish Commission Bulletin, 22, 145 - 148. [1902]" type="journal article" year="1903">Rutter (1903)</bibRefCitation>
collected specimens from Spring Creek, Willow Creek, Susan River, Little Truckee River, and Prosser Creek, all streams on the western edge of the Lahontan basin. It is also common in Eagle Lake and its inflowing streams (Lassen County) and in the watersheds of the Susan, Truckee, Walker and Carson rivers.The Truckee watershed includes Lake Tahoe and Prosser Creek (tributary to the little Truckee River), the
<typeStatus id="54C3E3E5DE06FF8B3DD4FDA2CFD4FDB4" box="[700,748,547,573]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">type</typeStatus>
locality. More broadly, the range of this subspecies includes the drainage of pluvial Lake Lahontan, which covered much of northern
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE06FF8B3CADFDC6C923FDE8" box="[965,1051,583,609]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Nevada</collectingRegion>
and with fringes in
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE06FF8B3B93FDC6C855FDE8" box="[1275,1389,583,609]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">California</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE06FF8B3FFFFDEACDD3FD0C" box="[151,235,619,645]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Oregon</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3F93FDEACCF3FD0C" author="Hubbs, C. L. &amp; Miller, R. R. &amp; Hubbs, L. C." box="[251,459,619,645]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="1 - 259" refId="ref28824" refString="Hubbs, C. L., Miller, R. R. &amp; Hubbs, L. C. (1974) Hydrographic history and relict fishes of the North-central Great Basin. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences Memoir, 7, 1 - 259." type="journal article" year="1974">
Hubbs
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3E26FDEACCBFFD0C" box="[334,391,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">et al.</emphasis>
1974
</bibRefCitation>
). This region is mostly Great Basin Desert today and includes Pyramid Lake,
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE06FF8B3A28FDEAC8A0FD0C" box="[1344,1432,619,645]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Nevada</collectingRegion>
, the largest remnant of Lake Lahontan, and the Humboldt River in
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE06FF8B3CE3FD0ECEDCFD20" box="[907,996,655,681]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Nevada</collectingRegion>
. Wherever there is permanent water in the Lahontan Basin, Speckled Dace are likely to be encountered, including isolated populations in spring systems (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3FF7FD56CC8AFD78" author="Hubbs, C. L. &amp; Miller, R. R." box="[159,434,727,753]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="17 - 166" refId="ref28671" refString="Hubbs, C. L. &amp; Miller, R. R. (1948 a) The Great Basin, with emphasis on glacial and postglacial time. The zoological evidence: correlation between fish distribution and hydrographic history in the desert basins of western United States. University of Utah Bulletin, 38 (20), 17 - 166." type="journal article" year="1948">Hubbs and Miller 1948a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3ED5FD56CFBDFD78" author="Hubbs, C. L. &amp; Miller, R. R. &amp; Hubbs, L. C." box="[445,645,727,753]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="1 - 259" refId="ref28824" refString="Hubbs, C. L., Miller, R. R. &amp; Hubbs, L. C. (1974) Hydrographic history and relict fishes of the North-central Great Basin. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences Memoir, 7, 1 - 259." type="journal article" year="1974">
Hubbs
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3D64FD56CF7CFD78" box="[524,580,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">et al.</emphasis>
1974
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3DE7FD56CEF9FD78" author="Deacon, J. E. &amp; Williams, J. E." box="[655,961,727,753]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="113 - 118" refId="ref27446" refString="Deacon, J. E. &amp; Williams, J. E. (1984) Annotated list of the fishes of Nevada. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97 (1), 113 - 118." type="journal article" year="1984">Deacon and Williams 1984</bibRefCitation>
). They often co-occur with other Lahontan endemic fishes, such as Tahoe Sucker (
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE06FF8B3D55FD7ACE17FC9C" authorityName="Gill &amp; Jordan" authorityYear="1878" box="[573,815,763,789]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Catostomidae" genus="Catostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tahoensis">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3D55FD7ACE17FC9C" box="[573,815,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Catostomus tahoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Lahontan Redside (
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE06FF8B3B72FD7AC826FC9D" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[1050,1310,763,789]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Richardsonius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="egregius">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3B72FD7AC826FC9D" box="[1050,1310,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Richardsonius egregius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Lahontan Tui Chubs (
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3E77FC9ECF73FCB0" box="[287,587,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE06FF8B3E77FC9ECF7FFCB0" box="[287,583,799,825]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Siphatales" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bicolor" subSpecies="subspp">Siphatales bicolor subspp</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
) and Lahontan Cutthroat Trout (
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE06FF8B3CA8FC9EC9DFFCB0" baseAuthorityName="Girard" baseAuthorityYear="1856" box="[960,1255,799,825]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Oncorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="clarki" subSpecies="lewisi">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3CA8FC9EC9DFFCB0" box="[960,1255,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3A69FC9EC8A9FCB0" author="Moyle, P. B." box="[1281,1425,799,825]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" refId="ref29646" refString="Moyle, P. B. (2002) Inland Fishes of California, Revised and Expanded. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 504 pp." type="book" year="2002">Moyle 2002</bibRefCitation>
). In recent years, Lahontan Speckled Dace have managed to colonize the headwaters of the North Fork Mokelumne River (Central Valley watershed) as the result of a water project. Lahontan Redsides were also transferred by this same route (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3E48FC0ACF65FC2C" author="Garcia &amp; Associates" box="[288,605,907,933]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" refId="ref27904" refString="Garcia &amp; Associates (2000) The Distribution and Abundance of the Benthic Macroinvertebrate Fauna and Fish Populations in Tributaries Leading into and including the North Fork Mokelumne and Mainstem Mokelumne Rivers. Final Report Volume 3. Prepared for Pacific Gas and Electric Company by Garcia and Associates, San Anselmo, California. [unknown pagination]" type="book" year="2000">Garcia and Associates 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE06FF8B3FAFFC2FCF8CFBF4" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3FAFFC2FCC8BFC41" bold="true" box="[199,435,942,968]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Genetics/Genomics.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3ED2FC2ECF9DFC40" author="Billman, E. J. &amp; Lee, J. B. &amp; Young, D. O. &amp; McKell, M. D. &amp; Evans, R. P. &amp; Shiozawa, D. K." box="[442,677,943,969]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="39 - 48" refId="ref26847" refString="Billman, E. J., Lee, J. B., Young, D. O., McKell, M. D., Evans, R. P. &amp; Shiozawa, D. K. (2010) Phylogenetic divergence in a desert fish: differentiation of Speckled Dace within the Bonneville, Lahontan, and upper Snake River basins. Western North American Naturalist, 70 (1), 39 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.3398 / 064.070.0105" type="journal article" year="2010">
Billman
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3D73FC2ECF6BFC40" box="[539,595,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
analyzed mtDNA of dace from the Great Basin; they found support for three distinct lineages (clades): Lahontan, northern Bonneville (Snake River), and southern Bonneville.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3A31FC52CC12FB98" author="Smith, G. R. &amp; Chow, J. &amp; Unmack, P. J. &amp; Markle, D. F. &amp; Dowling, T. E." pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="1 - 83" refId="ref31441" refString="Smith, G. R., Chow, J., Unmack, P. J., Markle, D. F. &amp; Dowling, T. E. (2017) Evolution of the Rhinichthys osculus complex (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Western North America. Miscellaneous Publications Museum of Zoology University of Michigan, 204 (2), 1 - 83" type="journal article" year="2017">
Smith
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3FFFFC76CDEBFB98" box="[151,211,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">et al.</emphasis>
(2017)
</bibRefCitation>
, using mtDNA, meristics, morphometrics, and fossils, placed all Speckled Dace into three clades, Lahontan, Pacific Northwest (Columbia) and
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE06FF8B3DC8FB9ACE34FBBC" box="[672,780,1051,1077]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Colorado</collectingRegion>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3C70FB9ACEF6FBBC" author="Su, Y. &amp; Moyle, P. B. &amp; Campbell, M. A. &amp; Finger, A. J. &amp; O'Rourke, S. &amp; Baumsteiger, J. &amp; Miller, M. R." box="[792,974,1051,1077]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="695 - 710" refId="ref32073" refString="Su, Y., Moyle, P. B., Campbell, M. A., Finger, A. J., O'Rourke, S., Baumsteiger, J. &amp; Miller, M. R. (2022) Population genomic analysis of the Speckled Dace species complex identifies three distinct lineages in California. Transactions of American Fisheries Society, 151, 695 - 710. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tafs. 10388" type="journal article" year="2022">
Su
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3C56FB9ACE40FBBC" box="[830,888,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">et al.</emphasis>
(2022)
</bibRefCitation>
, using genomics, provide strong support for Lahontan Speckled Dace as a distinct lineage that is a subspecies of Desert Speckled Dace, as are Amargosa Speckled Dace and Long Valley Speckled Dace.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE06FF8B3FAFFB06CC9BFA14" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3FAFFB06CC29FB28" bold="true" box="[199,273,1159,1185]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Notes.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3E70FB06CC97FB28" author="Rutter, C." box="[280,431,1159,1185]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="105 - 152" refId="ref30694" refString="Rutter, C. (1908) The fishes of the Sacramento-San Joaquin basin, with a study of their distribution and variation. United States Bureau of Fisheries Bulletin, 27, 105 - 152. [1907]" type="journal article" year="1908">Rutter (1908)</bibRefCitation>
found considerable overlap in morphometrics between Lahontan Speckled Dace and dace from the Sacramento drainage, so treated them together as one species. This move was generally not accepted, presumably because the fish faunas of the two basins are otherwise very different. Comparisons of meristics and other features of Lahontan Speckled Dace with those of other dace species and subspecies (including Amargosa and Long Valley Speckled Dace) reflect that there are no external features to easily distinguish the dace subspecies (
<tableCitation id="C6FA68FCDE06FF8B3FF7FABACDC7FADC" box="[159,255,1339,1365]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="12.[152,245,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 2. Mean, mode, and range of meristic counts on Santa Ana, Sacramento, Lahontan and Colorado basin populations of Speckled Dace, from Cornelius (1969). The Sacramento fish were from coastal streams just north of the Los Angeles Basin (Santa Maria, San Luis Obispo, Salinas). LL is lateral line." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF070DCFDE19FF943FF0FF16CE74FF7E" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" tableUuid="DF070DCFDE19FF943FF0FF16CE74FF7E">Tables 2</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6FA68FCDE06FF8B3E62FABACC21FADC" box="[266,281,1339,1365]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="29.[152,245,151,175]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="TABLE 3. Mean values of meristics of Amargosa Speckled Dace (from Amargosa River, Ash Meadows, and Owens Valley) compared to Long Valley and Lahontan Speckled Dace, from Sada et al. (1993). LLS, lateral line scales; LLP, lateral line scales with pores, PFR, pectoral-fin rays; PEFR, pelvic; Vert, vertebrae; Barbels, percent with maxillary barbels; STB canal, percent with a complete supratemporal canal; Frenum, percent with complete frenum. All counts are mean numbers." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF070DCFDE08FF853FF0FF16CC03FEB6" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" tableUuid="DF070DCFDE08FF853FF0FF16CC03FEB6">3</tableCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="134341C2DE06FF8B3E4EFABACCBAFADC" box="[294,386,1339,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[152,255,1650,1674]" captionTargetBox="[156,1431,489,1626]" captionTargetId="figure-162@2.[156,1431,489,1626]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Top: Lahontan Speckled Dace (ca. 70 mm TL) and cover habitat in Taylor Creek, California, a tributary to Lake Tahoe. The body shape, stripe on head, and speckling are characteristic of live fish in many populations from Mexico to Canada that have been considered to be just one species, Speckled Dace (Rhinichthys osculus). Photo by T. L. Taylor, July 17, 1991. Bottom: Preserved specimen of Sacramento Speckled Dace, collected by John Otterbein Snyder from Alameda Creek, California in 1898, showing basic external anatomy. Note the presence of tiny maxillary barbels on head, an example of a distinctive characteristic of some populations. Photo by Jon Fong, California Academy of Sciences, of specimen SU 16172." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7701359" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7701359/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Figure 1</figureCitation>
). Our genomic analysis nevertheless shows that Lahontan Speckled Dace is a valid subspecies that is found throughout the Lahontan basin, wherever there is permanent water. The following lines of evidence support this conclusion.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE06FF8B3FAFFA26C950F980" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3FAFFA26CC7CFA48" bold="true" box="[199,324,1447,1473]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Taxonomy</emphasis>
. The Lahontan Speckled Dace was described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3C0EFA26CEC5FA48" author="Rutter, C." box="[870,1021,1447,1473]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="145 - 148" refId="ref30655" refString="Rutter, C. (1903) Notes on fishes from streams and lakes of northeastern California not tributary to the Sacramento basin. United States Fish Commission Bulletin, 22, 145 - 148. [1902]" type="journal article" year="1903">Rutter (1903)</bibRefCitation>
and recognized as a full species until ichthyologist Carl Hubbs and others started calling it a subspecies,
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3CE5FA4AC9E3FA6C" box="[909,1243,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE06FF8B3CE5FA4AC9EFFA6C" box="[909,1239,1483,1509]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Rhinichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="osculus" subSpecies="robustus">Rhinichthys osculus robustus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
This designation was justified by the lack of features easily separating it from other Speckled Dace taxa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE06FF8B3FAFF993C92EF9D8" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3FAFF993CC8FF9A5" bold="true" box="[199,439,1554,1580]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Geography/Geology</emphasis>
. The distribution of Lahontan Speckled Dace coincides with the northern part of the region called the Great Basin Desert (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3D54F9B6CE49F9D8" author="Deacon, J. E. &amp; Williams, J. E." box="[572,881,1591,1617]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="113 - 118" refId="ref27446" refString="Deacon, J. E. &amp; Williams, J. E. (1984) Annotated list of the fishes of Nevada. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 97 (1), 113 - 118." type="journal article" year="1984">Deacon and Williams 1984</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3C15F9B6C932F9D8" author="Moyle, P. B." box="[893,1034,1591,1617]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" refId="ref29646" refString="Moyle, P. B. (2002) Inland Fishes of California, Revised and Expanded. University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 504 pp." type="book" year="2002">Moyle 2002</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE06FF8B3FAFF9DBCEA5F968" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3FAFF9DBCC9CF9FD" bold="true" box="[199,420,1626,1652]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Genomics/genetics</emphasis>
. Three genetic/genomic studies have shown that Lahontan Speckled Dace belong to a distinct evolutionary lineage as do the two other subspecies of Desert Speckled Dace (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3B0FF9FEC80EF910" author="Oakey, D. D. &amp; Douglas, M. E. &amp; Douglas, M. R." box="[1127,1334,1663,1689]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="207 - 221" refId="ref30094" refString="Oakey, D. D., Douglas, M. E. &amp; Douglas, M. R. (2004) Small fish in a large landscape: diversification of Rhinichthys osculus (Cyprinidae) in western North America, Copeia, 2004 (2), 207 - 221. https: // doi. org / 10.1643 / CG- 02 - 264 R 1" type="journal article" year="2004">
Oakey
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3BD2F9FEC9CBF910" box="[1210,1267,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3A2AF9FECC2CF934" author="Billman, E. J. &amp; Lee, J. B. &amp; Young, D. O. &amp; McKell, M. D. &amp; Evans, R. P. &amp; Shiozawa, D. K." pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="39 - 48" refId="ref26847" refString="Billman, E. J., Lee, J. B., Young, D. O., McKell, M. D., Evans, R. P. &amp; Shiozawa, D. K. (2010) Phylogenetic divergence in a desert fish: differentiation of Speckled Dace within the Bonneville, Lahontan, and upper Snake River basins. Western North American Naturalist, 70 (1), 39 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.3398 / 064.070.0105" type="journal article" year="2010">
Billman
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3FFFF922CDF1F934" box="[151,201,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">et al</emphasis>
, 2010
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3E48F922CCF2F934" author="Su, Y. &amp; Moyle, P. B. &amp; Campbell, M. A. &amp; Finger, A. J. &amp; O'Rourke, S. &amp; Baumsteiger, J. &amp; Miller, M. R." box="[288,458,1699,1725]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="695 - 710" refId="ref32073" refString="Su, Y., Moyle, P. B., Campbell, M. A., Finger, A. J., O'Rourke, S., Baumsteiger, J. &amp; Miller, M. R. (2022) Population genomic analysis of the Speckled Dace species complex identifies three distinct lineages in California. Transactions of American Fisheries Society, 151, 695 - 710. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tafs. 10388" type="journal article" year="2022">
Su
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3E2DF922CC47F934" box="[325,383,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">et al.</emphasis>
, 2022
</bibRefCitation>
). The long isolation of this subspecies in the region is reflected in the lack of genomic evidence for recent hybridization with other dace species/subspecies.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3620ECCDE06FF8C3FAFF96ACCFDFF5C" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="521" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE06FF8B3FAFF96ACCCFF8F8" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3FAFF96ACC76F88C" bold="true" box="[199,334,1771,1797]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Etymology.</emphasis>
The Lahontan Speckled Dace was originally described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3CB4F96AC94BF88C" author="Rutter, C." box="[988,1139,1771,1797]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="145 - 148" refId="ref30655" refString="Rutter, C. (1903) Notes on fishes from streams and lakes of northeastern California not tributary to the Sacramento basin. United States Fish Commission Bulletin, 22, 145 - 148. [1902]" type="journal article" year="1903">Rutter (1903)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C7826C4DE06FF8B3BF0F96AC879F88C" authorityName="Rutter" authorityYear="1903" box="[1176,1345,1771,1797]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cyprinidae" genus="Agosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cypriniformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robusta">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3BF0F96AC879F88C" box="[1176,1345,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Agosia robusta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
without explanation of the species name, although he described the body as heavy, perhaps reflecting the roundness of the body in cross-section, the blunt snout, and thick caudal peduncle.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE920B6DE06FF8B3CC6F8B2C968F8C4" author="Gilbert, C. H." box="[942,1104,1843,1869]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520" pagination="229 - 234" refId="ref28014" refString="Gilbert, C. H. (1893) Report on the fishes of the Death Valley expedition collected in southern California and Nevada in 1891 with descriptions of new species. U. S. Department of Agriculture, North American Fauna, 7, 229 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.3996 / nafa. 7.0003" type="journal article" year="1893">Gilbert (1893)</bibRefCitation>
also described the Amargosa Speckled Dace as being robust.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC75D47DE06FF8C3FAFF8FBCCFDFF5C" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1436,151,213]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="521" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">
<emphasis id="B90C8155DE06FF8B3FAFF8FBCCF9F81D" bold="true" box="[199,449,1914,1940]" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Conservation Status.</emphasis>
The Lahontan Speckled Dace is widespread and abundant in many places in the Great Basin Desert and in streams and lakes of the Eastern Sierra
<collectingRegion id="49BC93A5DE06FF8B3C58F81ECEB1F830" box="[816,905,1951,1977]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="19" pageNumber="520">Nevada</collectingRegion>
. Because streams are increasingly dammed and diverted for human use, dace populations are increasingly fragmented. Speckled Dace are rare in or absent from most reservoirs. The safe status of Lahontan Speckled Dace should therefore not be taken for granted, especially in the face of climate change.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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