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<mods:title id="54C6B0822A39C01DAB16D0707D890D90">SEM study of species of Oswaldella Stechow, 1919 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Kirchenpaueriidae), with an annotated checklist of the species of the genus</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C287C628197C04D4F48B7428877C67" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107476" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119646511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6107476" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C287C628197C04D4F48B7428877C67" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C287C628197C04D4F48B7428877C67" lastPageNumber="419" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<subSubSection id="C371655B28197C04D4F48B742DA379F9" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD436D028197C04D4F48B742E837926" blockId="18.[151,657,357,416]" box="[151,657,357,383]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<heading id="D09C81BC28197C04D4F48B742E837926" bold="true" box="[151,657,357,383]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D5328197C04D4F48B742E837926" ID-CoL="75CJL" authority="Stepanjants, 1979" authorityName="Stepanjants" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,657,357,383]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Oswaldella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="shetlandica">
<emphasis id="B91FEAC228197C04D4F48B742E837926" bold="true" box="[151,657,357,383]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<emphasis id="B91FEAC228197C04D4F48B742DBD7926" bold="true" box="[151,431,357,383]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Oswaldella shetlandica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B2128197C04D5D68B742E837926" author="Stepanjants" box="[437,657,357,383]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" refString="Stepanjants, S. D. (1979) Hydroids of the antarctic and subantarctic waters. In: Biological Results of the Soviet Antarctic Expeditions, 6. Issledovaniya Fauny Morei, 20 (30), pp. 1 - 200, pls. 1 - 25. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1979">Stepanjants, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD436D028197C04D4F48B962DA379F9" blockId="18.[151,657,357,416]" box="[151,433,391,416]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
(
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D4FC8B962CE779F9" box="[159,245,391,416]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanjants, 1979. A, hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae and gonothecae; B, cauline apophysis showing axillary nematophores and mamelons; C D, unforked hydrocladial internodes (C frontal view, D lateral view); E, distal unforked hydrocladial internode (note the sharp distal end of internode); F, gonotheca. Scale bar: 400 µm (A), 100 µm (C E) and 50 µm (B F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Figs 12</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D5628B962D0F79F9" box="[257,285,391,416]" captionStart="FIGURE 16" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 16. Detail of the area from which mesial nematophore emerges. A, Oswaldella bifurca; B, Oswaldella delicata; C, Oswaldella elongata; D, Oswaldella erratum; E, Oswaldella frigida; F, Oswaldella garciacarrascosai; G, Oswaldella grandis; H, Oswaldella incognita; I, Oswaldella laertesi; J, Oswaldella niobae; K, Oswaldella rigida; L, Oswaldella shetlandica; M, Oswaldella stepanjantsae; N, Oswaldella vervoorti; O, Oswaldella sp. Scale bar: 20 µm (A O)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245903/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">16</figureCitation>
L, 18D, 20E)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C371655B28197C04D4F48BDB2DF07A73" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD436D028197C04D4F48BDB2DF07A73" blockId="18.[151,1436,458,1086]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<emphasis id="B91FEAC228197C04D4F48BDB2D9A79BA" bold="true" box="[151,392,458,483]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Material examined.</emphasis>
Spanish
<collectingCountry id="F37C764028197C04D59E8BDB2E7779BA" box="[509,613,458,483]" name="Antarctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Expedition Bentart 2006:
<emphasis id="B91FEAC228197C04D7CF8BDB285379BA" bold="true" box="[940,1089,458,483]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Stn Low 45</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B91FEAC228197C04D0358BDB28C679BA" box="[1110,1236,458,483]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Hespérides</emphasis>
,
<date id="FFD5101028197C04D08A8BDB298579BA" box="[1257,1431,458,483]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" value="2006-02">February 2006</date>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE5F501728197C04D4F48BFC2D0F7A5F" box="[151,285,493,518]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" precision="1" value="-63.43171">63.43171°S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE5F501728197C04D54A8BFC2DBA7A5F" box="[297,424,493,518]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" precision="5" value="-62.2116">62.2116°W</geoCoordinate>
(Low
<collectingCountry id="F37C764028197C04D5978BFC2E297A5F" box="[500,571,493,518]" name="Iceland" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Island</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F37C764028197C04D6258BFC2EBC7A5F" box="[582,686,493,518]" name="Antarctica" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
Peninsula),
<quantity id="4C939B3528197C04D7598BFC2F617A5F" box="[826,883,493,518]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" unit="m" value="86.0">86 m</quantity>
(Department of Zoology, University of Valencia, BENTART 2006—LOW 45).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C371655B28197C04D4A488242D167BAF" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD436D028197C04D4A488242D867AE1" blockId="18.[151,1436,458,1086]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<emphasis id="B91FEAC228197C04D4A488242D4B7A17" bold="true" box="[199,345,565,590]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Description.</emphasis>
Polysiphonic, unbranched stems, up to
<quantity id="4C939B3528197C04D74988242F987A14" box="[810,906,565,589]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
high, divided into internodes. Angle between cauline apophyses and stem ca. 45°. Cauline apophyses with four nematophores: two axillary ones, each emerging through simple hole in perisarc, and two other nematophores, each emerging through a strongly developed mamelon (
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D542888E2D617AE1" box="[289,371,671,696]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanjants, 1979. A, hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae and gonothecae; B, cauline apophysis showing axillary nematophores and mamelons; C D, unforked hydrocladial internodes (C frontal view, D lateral view); E, distal unforked hydrocladial internode (note the sharp distal end of internode); F, gonotheca. Scale bar: 400 µm (A), 100 µm (C E) and 50 µm (B F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD436D028197C04D4A488D2285C7BE9" blockId="18.[151,1436,458,1086]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
Hydrocladia much branched (
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D64188D22E6A7A82" box="[546,632,707,732]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanjants, 1979. A, hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae and gonothecae; B, cauline apophysis showing axillary nematophores and mamelons; C D, unforked hydrocladial internodes (C frontal view, D lateral view); E, distal unforked hydrocladial internode (note the sharp distal end of internode); F, gonotheca. Scale bar: 400 µm (A), 100 µm (C E) and 50 µm (B F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
A), with up to fourth-order hydrocladia. First hydrocladial internode bifurcated, with two similar prongs (
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D65288F72E907AA6" box="[561,642,742,767]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanjants, 1979. A, hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae and gonothecae; B, cauline apophysis showing axillary nematophores and mamelons; C D, unforked hydrocladial internodes (C frontal view, D lateral view); E, distal unforked hydrocladial internode (note the sharp distal end of internode); F, gonotheca. Scale bar: 400 µm (A), 100 µm (C E) and 50 µm (B F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
A).
<collectingCountry id="F37C764028197C04D6CE88F72EC87AA6" box="[685,730,742,767]" name="India" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">End</collectingCountry>
of distal internodes peak-shaped (
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D03988F728B87AA6" box="[1114,1194,742,767]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanjants, 1979. A, hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae and gonothecae; B, cauline apophysis showing axillary nematophores and mamelons; C D, unforked hydrocladial internodes (C frontal view, D lateral view); E, distal unforked hydrocladial internode (note the sharp distal end of internode); F, gonotheca. Scale bar: 400 µm (A), 100 µm (C E) and 50 µm (B F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
A, E). Mesial inferior nematophore emerging from very strongly marked swelling at proximal third of internode (
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D0CA891828E97B7B" box="[1193,1275,777,802]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanjants, 1979. A, hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae and gonothecae; B, cauline apophysis showing axillary nematophores and mamelons; C D, unforked hydrocladial internodes (C frontal view, D lateral view); E, distal unforked hydrocladial internode (note the sharp distal end of internode); F, gonotheca. Scale bar: 400 µm (A), 100 µm (C E) and 50 µm (B F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
CE); without nematotheca (
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D555893C2D9A7B1F" box="[310,392,813,838]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanjants, 1979. A, hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae and gonothecae; B, cauline apophysis showing axillary nematophores and mamelons; C D, unforked hydrocladial internodes (C frontal view, D lateral view); E, distal unforked hydrocladial internode (note the sharp distal end of internode); F, gonotheca. Scale bar: 400 µm (A), 100 µm (C E) and 50 µm (B F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
CE). Hydrotheca elongate, placed on middle of internode. Abcauline wall convex at distal part. Free part of adcauline wall much separated from internode (
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D70F89412FAF7B30" box="[876,957,848,873]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanjants, 1979. A, hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae and gonothecae; B, cauline apophysis showing axillary nematophores and mamelons; C D, unforked hydrocladial internodes (C frontal view, D lateral view); E, distal unforked hydrocladial internode (note the sharp distal end of internode); F, gonotheca. Scale bar: 400 µm (A), 100 µm (C E) and 50 µm (B F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
D). Mesial superior nematophore arising at axil between internode and free part of adcauline wall (
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D76089652F477BD4" box="[771,853,884,909]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanjants, 1979. A, hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae and gonothecae; B, cauline apophysis showing axillary nematophores and mamelons; C D, unforked hydrocladial internodes (C frontal view, D lateral view); E, distal unforked hydrocladial internode (note the sharp distal end of internode); F, gonotheca. Scale bar: 400 µm (A), 100 µm (C E) and 50 µm (B F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
D). Hydrothecal aperture kidney-shaped (
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D1448965296A7BD4" box="[1319,1400,884,909]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanjants, 1979. A, hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae and gonothecae; B, cauline apophysis showing axillary nematophores and mamelons; C D, unforked hydrocladial internodes (C frontal view, D lateral view); E, distal unforked hydrocladial internode (note the sharp distal end of internode); F, gonotheca. Scale bar: 400 µm (A), 100 µm (C E) and 50 µm (B F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
D), adcaudally directed; free part of adcauline wall strongly directed inwards (
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D7BA898628387BE9" box="[985,1066,919,944]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanjants, 1979. A, hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae and gonothecae; B, cauline apophysis showing axillary nematophores and mamelons; C D, unforked hydrocladial internodes (C frontal view, D lateral view); E, distal unforked hydrocladial internode (note the sharp distal end of internode); F, gonotheca. Scale bar: 400 µm (A), 100 µm (C E) and 50 µm (B F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD436D028197C04D4A489AA2D167BAF" blockId="18.[151,1436,458,1086]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
Gonothecae pear-shaped, with distal, large, circular aperture; female gonotheca (
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D00689AA28A47B8A" box="[1125,1206,955,980]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanjants, 1979. A, hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae and gonothecae; B, cauline apophysis showing axillary nematophores and mamelons; C D, unforked hydrocladial internodes (C frontal view, D lateral view); E, distal unforked hydrocladial internode (note the sharp distal end of internode); F, gonotheca. Scale bar: 400 µm (A), 100 µm (C E) and 50 µm (B F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
F) much larger than male one.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C371655B28197C04D4A48E1328877C67" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD436D028197C04D4A48E1328877C67" blockId="18.[151,1436,458,1086]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">
<emphasis id="B91FEAC228197C04D4A48E132D297C42" bold="true" box="[199,315,1026,1051]" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Remarks.</emphasis>
Cauline apophyses with a single mamelon have also been reported (cf.
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B2128197C04D01E8E122CC67C67" author="Pena" pageId="18" pageNumber="419" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2004) Species of Oswaldella Stechow, 1919 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Kirchenpaueriidae) from US Antarctic expeditions, with the description of three new species. Journal of Natural History, 38, 805 - 861. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 0022293021000045154" type="journal article" year="2004">Peña Cantero &amp; Vervoort 2004</bibRefCitation>
). The relatively large size of the aperture of the mamelons is noteworthy (
<figureCitation id="13502A5528197C04D0428E3428667C67" box="[1057,1140,1061,1086]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="19.[151,250,1902,1924]" captionTargetBox="[253,1333,193,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[253,1333,193,1881]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 12. Oswaldella shetlandica Stepanjants, 1979. A, hydrocladial branching and disposition of hydrothecae and gonothecae; B, cauline apophysis showing axillary nematophores and mamelons; C D, unforked hydrocladial internodes (C frontal view, D lateral view); E, distal unforked hydrocladial internode (note the sharp distal end of internode); F, gonotheca. Scale bar: 400 µm (A), 100 µm (C E) and 50 µm (B F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/245899/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="419">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
B).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>