209 lines
35 KiB
XML
209 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="24A357C7BB21549D78EF6980A0374AE0" ID-CLB-Dataset="276469" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00768.x" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f338539c-1b3b-400f-8fe0-4eea7aee329a" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5406490" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630346208696" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="Vasconcelos, Raquel, Perera, Ana, Geniez, Philippe, Harris, D. James & Carranza, Salvador" docDate="2012" docId="03C2879370215B03FC55FE051E33FD83" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2011.00768.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 164 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00768.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Tarentola gigas" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="351" masterDocId="FFFBFFEB70375B14FFCAFFC81C11FFAE" masterDocTitle="An integrative taxonomic revision of the Tarentola geckos (Squamata, Phyllodactylidae) of the Cape Verde Islands" masterLastPageNumber="360" masterPageNumber="328" pageNumber="350" updateTime="1699245183539" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="A872FED0476542A1AB1D8E4ACE09D073">An integrative taxonomic revision of the Tarentola geckos (Squamata, Phyllodactylidae) of the Cape Verde Islands</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B6E5FE73D9E472D702161C9089891DBB">Vasconcelos, Raquel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D3C32B07CFF760A37324E436ECEFC6B3">Perera, Ana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A9F918616BFC6F487FF517511624180E">Geniez, Philippe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="E09797AB47230C5619BE8BA3A3B0B641">Harris, D. James</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="98D32A4014464F11BD5B411392AF898B">Carranza, Salvador</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="EFDF46F3386A8822D48BDD2AC70760A4">2012</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C2879370215B03FC55FE051E33FD83" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5479632" ID-GBIF-Taxon="217234604" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5479632" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C2879370215B03FC55FE051E33FD83" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C2879370215B03FC55FE051E33FD83" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="351" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">
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<subSubSection id="C371650E70215B02FC55FE05192DFE4C" box="[927,1340,460,482]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD4368570215B02FC55FE05192DFE4C" blockId="22.[927,1340,460,482]" box="[927,1340,460,482]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">
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<heading id="D09C81E970215B02FC55FE05192DFE4C" box="[927,1340,460,482]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D0670215B02FC55FE05192DFE4C" authority="(BOCAGE, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Bocage" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[927,1340,460,482]" class="Reptilia" family="Phyllodactylidae" genus="Tarentola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
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<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FC55FE05186DFE4F" bold="true" box="[927,1148,461,482]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">TARENTOLA GIGAS</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B7470215B02FB44FE051924FE4C" author="Bocage JV" box="[1166,1333,460,482]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" pagination="287 - 290" refId="ref26748" refString="Bocage JV. 1875. Sur deux Reptiles Nouveaux de l'Archipel du Cap-Vert. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas Physicas e Naturaes, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa 5: 287 - 290." type="journal article" year="1875">BOCAGE, 1875</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C371650E70215B03FCF0FE3C1E33FD83" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="351" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BD4368570215B02FCF0FE3C183BFB9E" blockId="22.[826,1441,499,1347]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">
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<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FCF0FE3C1FA0FDA7" box="[826,945,500,521]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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Giant gecko with SVL above
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<quantity id="4C939B6070215B02FA8FFE3B19B0FDA7" box="[1349,1441,499,521]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
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[maximum SVL
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<quantity id="4C939B6070215B02FC3CFDDA1843FD89" box="[1014,1106,530,552]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="155.0">155 mm</quantity>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B7470215B02FBABFDDA18EBFD86" author="Bocage JV" box="[1121,1274,530,552]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref26782" refString="Bocage JV. 1896. Reptis de algumas possessoes portuguezas d'Africa que existem no museu de Lisboa. Jornal de Sciencias Mathematicas Physicas e Naturae, Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa 2: 1 - 9 (+ 2 plates)." type="book chapter" year="1896">Bocage, 1896</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<quantity id="4C939B6070215B02FAC4FDDA196FFD89" box="[1294,1406,530,552]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.036" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" unit="mm" value="103.6">103.6 mm</quantity>
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on average; (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B7470215B02FC61FDF81846FDE9" author="Schleich HH" box="[939,1111,560,583]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref28565" refString="Schleich HH. 1987. Herpetofauna Caboverdiana. Spixiana 12: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1987">Schleich, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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)]; eye/ear opening ratio 1.5– 2.0 (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B7470215B02FCA6FD871805FDCB" author="Schleich HH" box="[876,1044,591,613]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref28565" refString="Schleich HH. 1987. Herpetofauna Caboverdiana. Spixiana 12: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1987">Schleich, 1987</bibRefCitation>
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); ear–eye/eye–snout distance ratio slightly ³ 1 (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B7470215B02FC2DFDA6188BFD2D" author="Schleich HH" box="[999,1178,622,644]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" pagination="95 - 106" refId="ref28536" refString="Schleich HH. 1984. Die Geckos der Gattung Tarentola der Kapverden (Reptilia: Sauria: Gekkonidae). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 71: 95 - 106." type="journal article" year="1984">Schleich, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B7470215B02FB7BFDA618FAFD2A" author="Schleich HH" box="[1201,1259,622,644]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref28565" refString="Schleich HH. 1987. Herpetofauna Caboverdiana. Spixiana 12: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Eight to 12 supralabials and seven to nine infralabials (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B7470215B02FAF0FD441F65FD6F" author="Schleich HH" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" pagination="95 - 106" refId="ref28536" refString="Schleich HH. 1984. Die Geckos der Gattung Tarentola der Kapverden (Reptilia: Sauria: Gekkonidae). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 71: 95 - 106." type="journal article" year="1984">Schleich, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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); eight to 12 enlarged lamellae under the 4th finger; 160–195 midbody scales (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B7470215B02FB7BFD021954FD71" author="Joger U" box="[1201,1349,713,735]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" pagination="91 - 111" refId="ref27689" refString="Joger U. 1984 b. Die Radiation der Gattung Tarentola in Makaronesien (Reptilia: Sauria: Gekkonidae). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 71: 91 - 111." type="journal article" year="1984">Joger, 1984b</bibRefCitation>
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); flatter apical dorsal tubercles (
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<figureCitation id="13502A0070215B02FB98FD2018BBFD50" box="[1106,1194,744,766]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="13.[144,223,1084,1103]" captionTargetBox="[147,1419,206,1050]" captionTargetId="figure-315@13.[144,1424,197,1055]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Figure 5. Magnified dorsal tubercles of Tarentola species of the Cape Verde Islands." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406500/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13502A0070215B02FB63FD2018A2FD50" box="[1193,1203,744,766]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[164,243,1172,1191]" captionTargetBox="[164,1442,196,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-343@2.[164,1445,194,1142]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Map of the Cape Verde Islands showing the geographical location (latitudes and longitudes) and altitudes of the islands and the origins of the new Tarentola samples included in the genetic (circles) and morphological (diamonds) analyses (Geographic Coordinate System, Datum WGS 84). Island and taxa colours match the colours used on the network analyses. No specimens were found on Sal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406492" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406492/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">1</figureCitation>
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) with 16 transverse rows (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B7470215B02FC41FCCF182EFCB3" author="Schleich HH" box="[907,1087,775,797]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" pagination="95 - 106" refId="ref28536" refString="Schleich HH. 1984. Die Geckos der Gattung Tarentola der Kapverden (Reptilia: Sauria: Gekkonidae). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 71: 95 - 106." type="journal article" year="1984">Schleich, 1984</bibRefCitation>
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); several enlarged tubercles between the eye and the ear opening. Grey dorsal or olive greyish pattern with a broad, light well-defined middorsal line with generally five large saddle-like marks (
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<figureCitation id="13502A0070215B02FC5CFC491FE4FC39" box="[918,1013,897,919]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="14.[164,243,1584,1603]" captionTargetBox="[325,1284,197,1547]" captionTargetId="figure-111@14.[323,1284,195,1555]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figure 6. Typical dorsal patterns of Tarentola species of the Cape Verde Islands (adapted from Joger, 1993)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406502/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Figs 6D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13502A0070215B02FC3FFC491FEEFC39" box="[1013,1023,897,919]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[164,243,1172,1191]" captionTargetBox="[164,1442,196,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-343@2.[164,1445,194,1142]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Map of the Cape Verde Islands showing the geographical location (latitudes and longitudes) and altitudes of the islands and the origins of the new Tarentola samples included in the genetic (circles) and morphological (diamonds) analyses (Geographic Coordinate System, Datum WGS 84). Island and taxa colours match the colours used on the network analyses. No specimens were found on Sal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406492" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406492/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13502A0070215B02FBDAFC491827FC39" box="[1040,1078,897,919]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="15.[144,223,1539,1558]" captionTargetBox="[151,1419,197,1502]" captionTargetId="figure-110@15.[144,1425,194,1509]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Figure 7. Photographs of the dorsal and lateral views of Tarentola of the Cape Verde Islands. A1, T. boavistensis; A2, T. bocagei; A3, T. fogoensis; A4, T. darwini; B1, T. substituta; B2, T. raziana; B3, T. caboverdiana; C, T. nicolauensis; D1, T. gigas (T. gigas brancoensis on the left and T. gigas gigas on the right); D2, T. rudis; D3, T. protogigas protogigas; D4, T. p. hartogi from Brava Island; D5, T. p. hartogi from Rombos Islets; D6, T. maioensis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406504/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">7D</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="13502A0070215B02FBFCFC491851FC39" box="[1078,1088,897,919]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[164,243,1172,1191]" captionTargetBox="[164,1442,196,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-343@2.[164,1445,194,1142]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Map of the Cape Verde Islands showing the geographical location (latitudes and longitudes) and altitudes of the islands and the origins of the new Tarentola samples included in the genetic (circles) and morphological (diamonds) analyses (Geographic Coordinate System, Datum WGS 84). Island and taxa colours match the colours used on the network analyses. No specimens were found on Sal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406492" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406492/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">1</figureCitation>
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); cream ventral parts, yellow on the lower parts; big dark spots on the labials, creating an alternating light and dark pattern; eye iris dark grey with a typical vertical light area around the pupil, joining the upper and lower parts of the eye which are also light.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD4368570215B02FC99FBF11847FAED" blockId="22.[826,1441,499,1347]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">
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It differs from other
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D0670215B02FB88FBF118BEFBE0" authorityName="GRAY" authorityYear="1825" box="[1090,1199,1081,1102]" class="Reptilia" family="Phyllodactylidae" genus="Tarentola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FB88FBF118BEFBE0" box="[1090,1199,1081,1102]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Tarentola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the same clade D,
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<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FC96FB901F63FBC3" box="[860,882,1112,1133]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">T.</emphasis>
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‘
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D0670215B02FCB7FB9F1FA8FBC2" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1906" box="[893,953,1111,1132]" class="Reptilia" family="Phyllodactylidae" genus="Tarentola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rudis">
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<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FCB7FB9F1FA8FBC2" box="[893,953,1111,1132]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">rudis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’ from Santiago, Fogo,
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<collectingRegion id="49AFF86770215B02FB70FB901913FBC3" box="[1210,1282,1112,1133]" country="Cape Verde" name="Brava" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Brava</collectingRegion>
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, Rombos, and
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<collectingRegion id="49AFF86770215B02FCF0FBBE1F67FB22" box="[826,886,1142,1164]" country="Cape Verde" name="Maio" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Maio</collectingRegion>
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, besides from its size, by the absence of a keel on dorsal tubercles. Unlike all other Cape Verdean
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<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D0670215B02FCF0FB7B1FB6FB66" authorityName="GRAY" authorityYear="1825" box="[826,935,1203,1224]" class="Reptilia" family="Phyllodactylidae" genus="Tarentola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FCF0FB7B1FB6FB66" box="[826,935,1203,1224]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Tarentola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, strong vocalisations play a clear role in social behaviour (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B7470215B02FBCEFB1A18ABFB46" author="Schleich HH" box="[1028,1210,1234,1256]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" pagination="78 - 85" refId="ref28502" refString="Schleich HH. 1982 b. Letze Nachforschungen zum Kapverdischen Riesenskinks Macroscincus coctei (Dumeril & Bibron 1839) (Reptilia: Sauria: Scincidae). Salamandra 18: 78 - 85." type="journal article" year="1982">Schleich, 1982b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B7470215B02FB0DFB1A1910FB46" author="Schleich HH" box="[1223,1281,1234,1256]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref28565" refString="Schleich HH. 1987. Herpetofauna Caboverdiana. Spixiana 12: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1987">1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This species avoids vertical surfaces presumably due to its weight, and presents a robust body with typical extreme fat storage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFA4B7470215B02FC55FAE5185BFAED" author="Schleich HH" box="[927,1098,1325,1347]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref28565" refString="Schleich HH. 1987. Herpetofauna Caboverdiana. Spixiana 12: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1987">Schleich, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4368570215B02FCF0FAA51993FA2D" blockId="22.[826,1410,1389,1411]" box="[826,1410,1389,1411]" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FCF0FAA51FDDFA2C" box="[826,972,1389,1410]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Raso and Branco Islets,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37C761570215B02FB3FFAA5196FFA2D" box="[1269,1406,1389,1411]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4368570215B03FCF0FA651D0BFE96" blockId="22.[826,1442,1452,1903]" lastBlockId="23.[144,759,198,557]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="351" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FCF0FA651F67FA4F" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">
|
||
Genetic and phylogeographic remarks:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D0670215B02FAFEFA641F67FA4F" baseAuthorityName="Bocage" baseAuthorityYear="1875" class="Reptilia" family="Phyllodactylidae" genus="Tarentola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">Tarentola gigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is monophyletic in the mtDNA tree from
|
||
<figureCitation id="13502A0070215B02FCF0FA221F8CFA51" box="[826,925,1514,1536]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[144,223,1071,1090]" captionTargetBox="[148,1419,196,1041]" captionTargetId="graphics-165@3.[148,1212,196,1041]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of endemic Cape Verde Tarentola taxa and their relatives from the Canary Islands modified from Vasconcelos et al. (2010) based on cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes. The tree was inferred using maximum likelihood (ML) and GTR+I+G model of sequence evolution (log likelihood = -6468.896) and was rooted using Tarentola americana. Bootstrap support values above 60% for the ML analysis are shown below nodes. Posterior probability (PP) values higher than 95% for the Bayesian analysis are represented by an asterisk (*) and are shown above nodes. Names in bold follow the new taxonomic proposal and non-bold ones the taxonomy accepted in previous recent papers (Carranza et al., 2000; Jesus et al., 2002; Vasconcelos et al., 2010). For further details see Vasconcelos et al. (2010). Characters immediately to the right of island names correspond to the 15 evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) of A, B, C, and D clades recognized in the present work and represented in split green bars. Lines of evidence (in grey): 1, mitochondrial DNA (independent cyt b parsimony networks with a connection limit of 95%; see Appendix 3); 2, nuclear DNA (absence of shared haplotypes in MC1R); 3, morphology (detection of any diagnostic morphological character or a set of a unique combination of characters). Integration approaches (in red) from the most conservative to the most inflationist: ITC stands for integration by total congruence (all lines of evidence should be congruent), IPC stands for integration by partial congruence, retained in the present study (at least two lines of evidence are necessary); IC stands for integration by cumulation (one line of evidence is sufficient). Species are represented in split red bars and subspecies in yellow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406494/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
. Genetic divergence with other taxa within clade D is higher than among taxa within clade B, although lower than among members of clade A: D1–D2, D1–D3, D1–D4, D1–D5, and D1–D6
|
||
<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FAAAF98E1967F9F5" box="[1376,1398,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">p-</emphasis>
|
||
dist (cyt
|
||
<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FCBBF9AC1F6EF9D7" box="[881,895,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">b</emphasis>
|
||
) = 2.4 ± 0.8, 2.8 ± 0.9, 2.6 ± 0.9, 2.8 ± 0.9, and 3.9 ± 1.0%, respectively (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6E9033E70215B02FBA9F94B18A9F936" box="[1123,1208,1666,1689]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="16.[164,228,200,219]" captionText="Table 5. Estimates of evolutionary divergence over cyt b sequence pairs between groups" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
). Most of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FAB8F94B19B1F936" box="[1394,1440,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Snn</emphasis>
|
||
test values for PDC, ACM4, and MC1R are not significant among this clade (Appendix 5). According to the presently selected protocol of integration (IPC), a minimum of two lines of evidence differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D0670215B02FCF0F8D41F83F89F" baseAuthorityName="Bocage" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[826,914,1820,1841]" class="Reptilia" family="Phyllodactylidae" genus="Tarentola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FCF0F8D41F83F89F" box="[826,914,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">T. gigas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D0670215B02FBA6F8D418C8F89F" authorityName="GRAY" authorityYear="1825" box="[1132,1241,1820,1841]" class="Reptilia" family="Phyllodactylidae" genus="Tarentola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FBA6F8D418C8F89F" box="[1132,1241,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Tarentola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37C761570215B02FAD4F8D419B0F89C" box="[1310,1441,1820,1842]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
|
||
except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D0670215B02FC59F8F31834F8FE" authorityName="PROTOGIGAS JOGER" authorityYear="1984" box="[915,1061,1851,1872]" class="Reptilia" family="Phyllodactylidae" genus="Tarentola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="22" pageNumber="350" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="protogigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91FEA9770215B02FC59F8F31834F8FE" box="[915,1061,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">T. protogigas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from which it differs only in morphology (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13502A0070215B02FC18F8911804F8C1" box="[978,1045,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[144,223,1071,1090]" captionTargetBox="[148,1419,196,1041]" captionTargetId="graphics-165@3.[148,1212,196,1041]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of endemic Cape Verde Tarentola taxa and their relatives from the Canary Islands modified from Vasconcelos et al. (2010) based on cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes. The tree was inferred using maximum likelihood (ML) and GTR+I+G model of sequence evolution (log likelihood = -6468.896) and was rooted using Tarentola americana. Bootstrap support values above 60% for the ML analysis are shown below nodes. Posterior probability (PP) values higher than 95% for the Bayesian analysis are represented by an asterisk (*) and are shown above nodes. Names in bold follow the new taxonomic proposal and non-bold ones the taxonomy accepted in previous recent papers (Carranza et al., 2000; Jesus et al., 2002; Vasconcelos et al., 2010). For further details see Vasconcelos et al. (2010). Characters immediately to the right of island names correspond to the 15 evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) of A, B, C, and D clades recognized in the present work and represented in split green bars. Lines of evidence (in grey): 1, mitochondrial DNA (independent cyt b parsimony networks with a connection limit of 95%; see Appendix 3); 2, nuclear DNA (absence of shared haplotypes in MC1R); 3, morphology (detection of any diagnostic morphological character or a set of a unique combination of characters). Integration approaches (in red) from the most conservative to the most inflationist: ITC stands for integration by total congruence (all lines of evidence should be congruent), IPC stands for integration by partial congruence, retained in the present study (at least two lines of evidence are necessary); IC stands for integration by cumulation (one line of evidence is sufficient). Species are represented in split red bars and subspecies in yellow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406494/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="350">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Consequently, it is considered a different species, although not fulfilling the rule in respect to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D0670205B03FED2FF2D1DBBFF54" authorityName="PROTOGIGAS JOGER" authorityYear="1984" box="[280,426,229,250]" class="Reptilia" family="Phyllodactylidae" genus="Tarentola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="protogigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91FEA9770205B03FED2FF2D1DBBFF54" box="[280,426,229,250]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="351">T. protogigas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, due to several ecological, behavioural and geographical differences (see Discussion).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD4368570205B03FF62FE881E33FD83" blockId="23.[144,759,198,557]" pageId="23" pageNumber="351">
|
||
The two subspecies,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91FEA9770205B03FE50FE891E1EFEF8" box="[410,527,321,342]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="351">
|
||
T. g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6B4D0670205B03FE19FE891E1EFEF8" baseAuthorityName="Bocage" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[467,527,321,342]" class="Reptilia" family="Phyllodactylidae" genus="Tarentola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="23" pageNumber="351" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gigas">gigas</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B91FEA9770205B03FD84FE891CBFFEDA" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="351">T. g. brancoensis</emphasis>
|
||
, are not reciprocally monophyletic (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13502A0070205B03FD87FE971E9FFEDB" box="[589,654,351,373]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[144,223,1071,1090]" captionTargetBox="[148,1419,196,1041]" captionTargetId="graphics-165@3.[148,1212,196,1041]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of endemic Cape Verde Tarentola taxa and their relatives from the Canary Islands modified from Vasconcelos et al. (2010) based on cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes. The tree was inferred using maximum likelihood (ML) and GTR+I+G model of sequence evolution (log likelihood = -6468.896) and was rooted using Tarentola americana. Bootstrap support values above 60% for the ML analysis are shown below nodes. Posterior probability (PP) values higher than 95% for the Bayesian analysis are represented by an asterisk (*) and are shown above nodes. Names in bold follow the new taxonomic proposal and non-bold ones the taxonomy accepted in previous recent papers (Carranza et al., 2000; Jesus et al., 2002; Vasconcelos et al., 2010). For further details see Vasconcelos et al. (2010). Characters immediately to the right of island names correspond to the 15 evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) of A, B, C, and D clades recognized in the present work and represented in split green bars. Lines of evidence (in grey): 1, mitochondrial DNA (independent cyt b parsimony networks with a connection limit of 95%; see Appendix 3); 2, nuclear DNA (absence of shared haplotypes in MC1R); 3, morphology (detection of any diagnostic morphological character or a set of a unique combination of characters). Integration approaches (in red) from the most conservative to the most inflationist: ITC stands for integration by total congruence (all lines of evidence should be congruent), IPC stands for integration by partial congruence, retained in the present study (at least two lines of evidence are necessary); IC stands for integration by cumulation (one line of evidence is sufficient). Species are represented in split red bars and subspecies in yellow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406494/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="351">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the level of genetic divergence is very low,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91FEA9770205B03FDB7FEB61E82FE3D" box="[637,659,382,403]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="351">p-</emphasis>
|
||
dist (cyt
|
||
<emphasis id="B91FEA9770205B03FF5AFE541C8FFE1F" box="[144,158,412,433]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="351">b</emphasis>
|
||
) = 0.2 ± 0.2% (data not shown). Only one of the three lines of evidence (morphology) differentiates the two island populations. Consequently, according to the IPC protocol, these are considered distinct subspecies (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13502A0070205B03FF3BFDDE1D28FD82" box="[241,313,534,556]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="3.[144,223,1071,1090]" captionTargetBox="[148,1419,196,1041]" captionTargetId="graphics-165@3.[148,1212,196,1041]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of endemic Cape Verde Tarentola taxa and their relatives from the Canary Islands modified from Vasconcelos et al. (2010) based on cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes. The tree was inferred using maximum likelihood (ML) and GTR+I+G model of sequence evolution (log likelihood = -6468.896) and was rooted using Tarentola americana. Bootstrap support values above 60% for the ML analysis are shown below nodes. Posterior probability (PP) values higher than 95% for the Bayesian analysis are represented by an asterisk (*) and are shown above nodes. Names in bold follow the new taxonomic proposal and non-bold ones the taxonomy accepted in previous recent papers (Carranza et al., 2000; Jesus et al., 2002; Vasconcelos et al., 2010). For further details see Vasconcelos et al. (2010). Characters immediately to the right of island names correspond to the 15 evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) of A, B, C, and D clades recognized in the present work and represented in split green bars. Lines of evidence (in grey): 1, mitochondrial DNA (independent cyt b parsimony networks with a connection limit of 95%; see Appendix 3); 2, nuclear DNA (absence of shared haplotypes in MC1R); 3, morphology (detection of any diagnostic morphological character or a set of a unique combination of characters). Integration approaches (in red) from the most conservative to the most inflationist: ITC stands for integration by total congruence (all lines of evidence should be congruent), IPC stands for integration by partial congruence, retained in the present study (at least two lines of evidence are necessary); IC stands for integration by cumulation (one line of evidence is sufficient). Species are represented in split red bars and subspecies in yellow." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406494" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406494/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="351">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="13502A0070205B03FE82FDDF1D47FD82" box="[328,342,535,556]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[144,223,1728,1747]" captionTargetBox="[144,1425,195,1699]" captionTargetId="figure-0@9.[144,1425,195,1699]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. Parsimony networks corresponding to the PDC, ACM4 and MC1R nDNA sequence variation in Tarentola from the Cape Verde Islands. Lines represent a mutational step, circles haplotypes and dots missing haplotypes. The size of circles is proportional to the number of haplotypes and colours to the number of individuals. The dotted circles represent the most probable ancestral haplotype. Samples from the same island are similarly coloured but with different tonalities for different taxa. For correspondences of sample and location codes see Appendix 1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5406496" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5406496/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="351">3</figureCitation>
|
||
and Appendix 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |