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<mods:title id="5ED76DEE09295BFA2881ABFAAA560C2C">The distribution, taxonomy, and redescription of the geckos Cnemaspis affinis (Stoliczka 1887) and C. flavolineata (Nicholls 1949) with descriptions of a new montane species and two new lowland, karst- dwelling species from Peninsular Malaysia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5FFDA9E1121F7CB317AC82368B8D8778">Grismer, L. Lee</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C662B2BC500E715114B6A402697A36CD">Department of Biology, La Sierra University, 4500 Riverwalk Parkway, Riverside, California, 92515 - 8247 USA. &amp; Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. E-mail: kin _ onn @ yahoo. com</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F52337B6D8A2624EE358BBA61853A969">Grismer, Jesse L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="14C02E83E97546CA8BA3B40BEDDD6D71">Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pensylvania 92108.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="48979B674BB55D3532DBBAD89C6DE706">Wood, Perry L.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A5B215A4249FD4A56AFD378C2157F52B">Department of Biology, Villanova University, 800 Lancaster Avenue, Villanova, Pensylvania 92108.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="330CDE8138889E70AB543CE93A73F40B">Onn, Chan Kin</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="BED25BB32F1567517B98EFF9DBD7FFAB">Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. E-mail: kin _ onn @ yahoo. com</mods:affiliation>
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<subSubSection id="C3076554A210FF84FF54FA66A1C47DEA" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BA236DFA210FF84FF54FA66A2487DCF" blockId="8.[151,560,1471,1572]" box="[151,560,1471,1497]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="D0EA81B3A210FF84FF54FA66A2487DCF" bold="true" box="[151,560,1471,1497]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA210FF84FF54FA66A2487DCF" authority="(Nicholls)" baseAuthorityName="Nicholls" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[151,560,1471,1497]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavolineata">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA210FF84FF54FA66A2487DCF" bold="true" box="[151,560,1471,1497]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA210FF84FF54FA66A1C97DCF" bold="true" box="[151,433,1471,1497]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cnemaspis flavolineata</emphasis>
(Nicholls)
</emphasis>
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</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DFA210FF84FF54FA3BA1C47DEA" blockId="8.[151,560,1471,1572]" box="[151,444,1506,1532]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Titi Wangsa Rock Gecko</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076554A210FF84FF54F9D3A0827E32" box="[151,250,1546,1572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA236DFA210FF84FF54F9D3A0827E32" blockId="8.[151,560,1471,1572]" box="[151,250,1546,1572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<figureCitation id="13262A5AA210FF84FF54F9D3A0827E32" box="[151,250,1546,1572]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1811,1835]" captionTargetBox="[213,1371,513,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-219@5.[213,1377,513,1787]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Upper left; juvenile female Cnemaspis affinis from Pulau Pinang, Penang (LSUHC 8975). Middle left; adult male holotype of C. bayuensis from Kampung Bayu, Kelantan (ZRC 2.6759). Lower left; adult female non-striped form of C. flavolineata from Cameron Highlands, Pahang (LSUDPC 3456). Upper right; adult female paratype of C. karsticola from Gunung Reng, Kelantan (ZRC 2.6763). Middle right; adult female C. mcguirei in night color phase from Bukit Larut, Perak (LSUDPC 4441). Lower right; adult female striped form of C. flavolineata from Frasers Hill, Pahang (LSUHC 8079)." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3076554A210FF84FF54F983A5E37E87" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BA236DFA210FF84FF54F983A5E47E67" blockId="8.[151,1436,1626,1905]" box="[151,1436,1626,1649]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA210FF84FF54F983A2EE7E67" authority="Nicholls, L. 1949: 47" authorityName="Nicholls, L." authorityPageNumber="47" authorityYear="1949" box="[151,662,1626,1649]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavolineatus">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA210FF84FF54F983A1D97E67" box="[151,417,1626,1649]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cnemaspis flavolineatus</emphasis>
Nicholls, L. 1949:47
</taxonomicName>
. A new gekkonid from the Malay Peninsula. Bulletin of the Raffles
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DFA210FF84FF04F9A3A5E37E87" blockId="8.[151,1436,1626,1905]" box="[199,1435,1658,1681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Museum 19:4749.
<typeStatus id="54A6887DA210FF84FE67F9A3A1A17E87" box="[420,473,1658,1681]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type</typeStatus>
locality: “the Gap below Frasers Hill, on the Pahang-Selangor boundary”, Peninsular
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3076554A210FF84FF04F943A2B17F67" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA236DFA210FF84FF04F943A2B17F67" blockId="8.[151,1436,1626,1905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<collectingCountry id="F30A764FA210FF84FF04F943A1547EA7" box="[199,300,1690,1713]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA210FF84FF54F963A2597EC7" authority="Smith 1922: 268" authorityName="Smith" authorityPageNumber="268" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,545,1722,1745]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kendallii">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA210FF84FF54F963A1087EC7" box="[151,368,1722,1745]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cnemaspis kendallii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2EA210FF84FEB5F963A2597EC7" author="Smith, M. A." box="[374,545,1722,1745]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="197 - 199" refId="ref14000" refString="Smith, M. A. (1922) On a collection of reptiles and batrachians from the mountains of Pahang, Malay Peninsula. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum. 10, 197 - 199." type="journal article" year="1922">Smith 1922:268</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA210FF84FF54F903A2517EE7" authority="Grandison 1972: 80" authorityName="Grandison" authorityPageNumber="80" authorityYear="1972" box="[151,553,1754,1777]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA210FF84FF54F903A12E7EE7" box="[151,342,1754,1777]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cnemaspis affinis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2EA210FF84FE9FF903A2517EE7" author="Grandison, A. G. C." box="[348,553,1754,1777]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="45 - 101" refId="ref13111" refString="Grandison, A. G. C. (1972) The Gunong Benom Expedition 1967. 5. Reptiles and amphibians of Gunong Benom with a description of a new species of Macrocalamus. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 23, 45 - 101." type="journal article" year="1972">Grandison 1972:80</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA210FF84FF54F923A27D7F07" authority="Dring 1979: 223" authorityName="Dring" authorityPageNumber="223" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,517,1786,1809]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA210FF84FF54F923A12E7F07" box="[151,342,1786,1809]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cnemaspis affinis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2EA210FF84FE9FF923A27D7F07" author="Dring, J. C." box="[348,517,1786,1809]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="181 - 241" refId="ref13015" refString="Dring, J. C. (1979) Amphibians and reptiles from northern Trengganu, Malaysia, with descriptions of two new geckos: Cnemaspis and Cyrtodactylus. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Zoology) 34, 181 - 241." type="journal article" year="1979">Dring 1979:223</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA210FF84FF54F8C3A2537F27" authority="Kluge 1993: 6" authorityName="Kluge" authorityPageNumber="6" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,555,1818,1841]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavolineata">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA210FF84FF54F8C3A1EA7F27" box="[151,402,1818,1841]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cnemaspis flavolineata</emphasis>
Kluge 1993:6
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA210FF84FF54F8E3A37F7F47" authority="Manthey &amp; Grossmann 1997: 211" authorityName="Manthey &amp; Grossmann" authorityPageNumber="211" authorityYear="1997" box="[151,775,1850,1873]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavolineatus">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA210FF84FF54F8E3A1E57F47" box="[151,413,1850,1873]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cnemaspis flavolineatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2EA210FF84FE60F8E3A37F7F47" author="Manthey, U. &amp; Grossmann, W." box="[419,775,1850,1873]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" refId="ref13841" refString="Manthey, U. &amp; Grossmann, W. (1997) Amphibien &amp; Reptilien Sudostasiens. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Munster, Germany. 512 pp." type="book" year="1997">Manthey &amp; Grossmann 1997:211</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA210FF84FF54F883A2B17F67" authority="Rosler 2000: 62" authorityName="Rosler" authorityPageNumber="62" authorityYear="2000" box="[151,713,1882,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavolineata" subGenus="Cnemaspis">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA210FF84FF54F883A1747F67" box="[151,268,1882,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cnemaspis</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B969EACDA210FF84FED8F883A1E87F67" box="[283,400,1882,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Cnemaspis</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B969EACDA210FF84FE63F883A2677F67" box="[416,543,1882,1905]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">flavolineata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2EA210FF84FDE5F883A2B17F67" author="Rosler, H." box="[550,713,1882,1905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="28 - 153" refId="ref13970" refString="Rosler, H. (2000) Kommentierte Liste der rezenten, subrezenten und fossilen Gecko-Taxa (Reptilia: Gekkonomorpha). Gekkota, 2, 28 - 153." type="journal article" year="2000">Rösler 2000:62</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076554A211FF85FF54FF4EA3707A0C" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BA236DFA211FF85FF54FF4EA3707A0C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA211FF85FF54FF4EA17778A7" bold="true" box="[151,271,151,177]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Adult males reaching
<quantity id="4CE59B3AA211FF85FDE2FF41A2F178A4" box="[545,649,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.02" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="40.2">40.2 mm</quantity>
SVL, adult females reaching
<quantity id="4CE59B3AA211FF85FC2AFF41A42A78A4" box="[1001,1106,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.12" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="mm" value="41.2">41.2 mm</quantity>
SVL; 810 supralabials; 7 10 infralabials; large, lateral postmentals separated at midline by one or two smaller postmentals; forearm scales, subtibials, ventrals, subcaudals, and dorsal tubercles keeled; 2224 paravertebral tubercles; tubercles on flanks, relatively small, not linearly arranged; lateral caudal tubercles within lateral caudal furrow; ventrolateral caudal tubercles present anteriorly; median subcaudal row not enlarged; no enlarged, keeled, row of median subcaudals; caudal tubercles encircle tail; femoral pores absent; continuous row of five precloacal, pore-bearing scales; two or three postcloacal tubercles; subtibials not shield-like; no enlarged, metatarsal scales; 2326 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; no distinct, large, dark spots on neck; no white markings on flanks; no dark shoulder patch enclosing ocelli; no light, postscapular band; distinct, dark, caudal bands absent; subcaudal region pigmented, not immaculate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076554A211FF86FF06FDFEA5237A0C" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BA236DFA211FF85FF06FDFEA1A17BBC" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA211FF85FF06FDFEA12E7A57" bold="true" box="[197,342,551,577]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Description</emphasis>
. Head oblong in dorsal profile, moderate in size, somewhat narrow, flattened, distinct from neck; snout short, slightly concave in lateral profile; postnasal region constricted medially, flat; scales of rostrum keeled, raised, slightly larger than those on occiput; supraorbital ridges weak; shallow frontorostral sulcus; canthus rostralis nearly absent, smoothly rounded; eye large; extra-brillar fringe scales largest anteriorly; pupil round; ear opening oval, taller than wide; rostral slightly concave, usually divided dorsally by longitudinal groove; rostral bordered posteriorly by supranasals and 13 small azygous scales and laterally by first supralabials; 810 raised supralabials of similar size; 810 infralabials, decreasing in size posteriorly; nostrils elliptical, oriented posterodorsally; bordered posteriorly by small, granular, postnasal scales; mental large, triangular, bordered posteriorly by two, large, postmentals separated medially by two smaller scales; gular and throat scales keeled, raised.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DFA211FF85FF06FC61A5137F7C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Body slender, elongate; small, keeled, dorsal scales equal in size throughout body, intermixed with several large, multicarinate tubercles more or less randomly arranged; tubercles extend from occiput to base of tail; tubercles on flanks not enlarged, moderate in size; pectoral and abdominal scales keeled, raised, slightly elongate, subimbricate, equal in size throughout; ventral scales slightly larger than dorsal scales; five precloacal, pore-bearing scales not separated medially by intervening scales; precloacal depression absent; femoral pores absent; forelimbs moderately long, slender; dorsal scales of brachium raised, keeled; dorsal scales of forearm same as brachials, those on anterior margin keeled; ventral scales of brachium raised, juxtaposed; scales beneath forearm, raised, keeled, juxtaposed; palmar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; digits long with an inflected joint; claws recurved; lamellae beneath first phalanges granular proximally, widened distally; lamellae beneath phalanx immediately following inflection granular, lamellae of distal phalanges wide; interdigital webbing present; fingers increase in length from first to fourth with fourth and fifth equal in length; hind limbs slightly longer and thicker than forelimbs; dorsal scales of thigh keeled, raised, juxtaposed; scales of anterior margin of thigh keeled; ventral scales of thigh raised, keeled; subtibial scales keeled, raised with no enlarged, anterior row; plantar scales smooth, juxtaposed, raised; no enlarged, submetatarsal scales beneath first metatarsal; digits elongate with an inflected jointed; claws recurved; lamellae beneath first phalanges granular proximally, widened distally; lamellae beneath phalanx immediately following inflection granular, lamellae of distal phalanges wide; interdigital webbing weak; toes increase in length from first to fourth with fourth and fifth equal in length; 2326 subdigital lamellae on fourth toe; caudal scales arranged in segmented whorls; anterior, dorsal, caudal scales raised, keeled, juxtaposed; shallow middorsal caudal furrow; deeper, single lateral furrow; no enlarged, median subcaudal scale row; subcaudal scales keeled; no median row of enlarged, keeled, subcaudal scales; a paravertebral and lateral longitudinal row of large, keeled caudal tubercles on either side of midline; tubercles within anterior one-third to one-half of lateral furrow; ventrolateral row of caudal tubercles anteriorly, fading posteriorly; transverse tubercle rows encircle tail; two or three enlarged postcloacal tubercles on lateral surface of hemipenial swellings at base of tail; tail 1.3% of SVL.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BA236DFA212FF86FF06FF4EA5237A0C" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1058]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA212FF86FF06FF4EA13478A7" bold="true" box="[197,332,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Coloration</emphasis>
. Dorsal ground color yellow-brown to olive-brown overlain by faint, orange reticulum in juveniles; small dark and light markings on top of head with a thin, black, interorbital bar; faint, dark lines radiating out from eye; paired, dark markings on nape followed by small, dark, paravertebral blotches alternating with diffuse yellowish blotches extending to base of tail; many specimens have a wide, yellowish, vertebral stripe extending from nape onto anterior portion of tail; yellow blotches on flanks tend to be transversely arranged in specimens with vertebral stripe but more randomly arranged in specimens lacking stripe; black shoulder patches absent; no distinct, white to yellow postscapular band; very faint, dark and light bands encircling tail; irregularly shaped, dark and light markings on limbs; faint, dark and light bands encircling digits; ventral surfaces of head, body, and limbs dull beige, immaculate; subcaudal region darker, pigmented, not immaculate; juveniles more boldly marked. There is no sexual dimorphism in color pattern.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076554A212FF86FF06FDFEA29E7AAC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BA236DFA212FF86FF06FDFEA29E7AAC" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1058]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA212FF86FF06FDFEA1267A57" bold="true" box="[197,350,551,577]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA212FF86FEADFDF1A2FA7A57" authorityName="Rosler" authorityYear="2000" box="[366,642,552,577]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavolineata">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA212FF86FEADFDF1A2FA7A57" box="[366,642,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cnemaspis flavolineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is known from the Titi Wangsa Range at Cameron Highlands,
<collectingRegion id="49D9F83DA212FF86FAA5FDF1A0B97A7C" country="Malaysia" name="Pahang" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pahang</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2EA212FF86FF11FD89A1EA7A7C" author="Lim, K. K. P. &amp; Leong, T. M. &amp; Lim, B. L." box="[210,402,592,618]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="49 - 57" refId="ref13795" refString="Lim, K. K. P., Leong, T. M. &amp; Lim, B. L. (2002) Herpetofaunal records from Cameron Highlands, peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Wildlife and Parks, 20, 49 - 57." type="journal article" year="2002">
Lim
<emphasis id="B969EACDA212FF86FECDFD89A13A7A7F" box="[270,322,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2EA212FF86FE63FD89A2837A7C" author="Manthey, U. &amp; Grossmann, W." box="[416,763,592,618]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref13841" refString="Manthey, U. &amp; Grossmann, W. (1997) Amphibien &amp; Reptilien Sudostasiens. Natur und Tier-Verlag, Munster, Germany. 512 pp." type="book" year="1997">Manthey &amp; Grossmann 1997</bibRefCitation>
) and Frasers Hill,
<collectingRegion id="49D9F83DA212FF86FC26FD89A4437A7C" box="[997,1083,592,618]" country="Malaysia" name="Pahang" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pahang</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2EA212FF86FB8EFD89A5447A7C" author="Leong, T. M. &amp; Lim, K. P. L." box="[1101,1340,592,618]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref13678" refString="Leong, T. M. &amp; Lim, K. P. L. (2003) Herpetofaunal records from Fraser's Hill, Peninsular Malaysia, with larval descriptions of Limnonectes nitidus and Theloderma asperum (Amphibia: Ranidae and Rhacophoridae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 51,123 - 136." type="book" year="2003">Leong &amp; Lim 2003</bibRefCitation>
). It also occurs on Gunung Benom,
<collectingRegion id="49D9F83DA212FF86FE2EFDA1A23B7A84" box="[493,579,632,658]" country="Malaysia" name="Pahang" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pahang</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2EA212FF86FD94FDA1A3647A84" author="Grandison, A. G. C." box="[599,796,632,658]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="45 - 101" refId="ref13111" refString="Grandison, A. G. C. (1972) The Gunong Benom Expedition 1967. 5. Reptiles and amphibians of Gunong Benom with a description of a new species of Macrocalamus. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Zoology), 23, 45 - 101." type="journal article" year="1972">Grandison 1972</bibRefCitation>
) along the western flank of the Titi Wangsa Range approximately
<quantity id="4CE59B3AA212FF86FE84FD79A1E97AAC" box="[327,401,672,698]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="km" value="38.0">38 km</quantity>
east of Frasers Hill (
<figureCitation id="13262A5AA212FF86FD53FD79A2AD7AAC" box="[656,725,672,698]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1292,1316]" captionTargetBox="[157,1428,203,1260]" captionTargetId="figure-376@2.[151,1436,197,1265]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution of Cnemaspis affinis, C. bayuensis, C. flavolineata, C. karsticola, and C. mcguirei in Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand and the general contours and location of the Bintang, Titi Wangsa, and Timur ranges." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076554A212FF86FF05FD1EA2E87BC4" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BA236DFA212FF86FF05FD1EA2E87BC4" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1058]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA212FF86FF05FD1EA1477AF7" bold="true" box="[198,319,711,737]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks.</emphasis>
The original description of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA212FF86FD4BFD11A4247AF4" authority="(Nicholls 1949)" baseAuthorityName="Nicholls" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[648,1116,712,738]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavolineata">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA212FF86FD4BFD11A3E47AF7" box="[648,924,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cnemaspis flavolineata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2EA212FF86FC6FFD11A42C7AF4" author="Nicholls, L." box="[940,1108,712,738]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="47 - 49" refId="ref13869" refString="Nicholls, L. (1949) A new gekkonid from the Malay Peninsula. Bulletin of the Raffles Museu m 19, 47 - 49." type="journal article" year="1949">Nicholls 1949</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
was based on an immature male (SVL
<quantity id="4CE59B3AA212FF86FEDCFD29A1FF7B1C" box="[287,391,752,778]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.77" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="27.7">27.7 mm</quantity>
) from Frasers Hill,
<collectingRegion id="49D9F83DA212FF86FDB4FD29A2B57B1C" box="[631,717,752,778]" country="Malaysia" name="Pahang" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pahang</collectingRegion>
thought to be unique in having a pentagonal mental scale and a yellow vertebral stripe.
<bibRefCitation id="EF8C4B2EA212FF86FE06FCC1A2277B24" author="Dring, J. C." box="[453,607,792,818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="181 - 241" refId="ref13015" refString="Dring, J. C. (1979) Amphibians and reptiles from northern Trengganu, Malaysia, with descriptions of two new geckos: Cnemaspis and Cyrtodactylus. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History (Zoology) 34, 181 - 241." type="journal article" year="1979">Dring (1979)</bibRefCitation>
noted that mental scale morphology varied considerably in the southern Thai populations of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA212FF86FE74FC99A2407B4F" authorityName="Grismer &amp; Grismer &amp; Wood &amp; Onn" authorityYear="2008" box="[439,568,832,857]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA212FF86FE74FC99A2407B4F" box="[439,568,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cnemaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which prompted him to consider
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA212FF86FC0EFC99A4057B4F" baseAuthorityName="Nicholls" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[973,1149,832,857]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavolineata">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA212FF86FC0EFC99A4057B4F" box="[973,1149,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. flavolineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a junior synonym of
<emphasis id="B969EACDA212FF86FA42FC99A0907B97" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA212FF86FA42FC99A09C7B97" authorityName="Dring" authorityYear="1979" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">C. affinis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Additionally, we have seen both stripped and unstriped individuals of
<taxonomicName id="4C1D4D5CA212FF86FBF5FCB1A49E7B97" baseAuthorityName="Nicholls" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[1078,1254,872,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Gekkonidae" genus="Cnemaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavolineata">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA212FF86FBF5FCB1A49E7B97" box="[1078,1254,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C. flavolineata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="13262A5AA212FF86FB3BFCB1A5397B94" box="[1272,1345,872,898]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,255,1811,1835]" captionTargetBox="[213,1371,513,1787]" captionTargetId="figure-219@5.[213,1377,513,1787]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Upper left; juvenile female Cnemaspis affinis from Pulau Pinang, Penang (LSUHC 8975). Middle left; adult male holotype of C. bayuensis from Kampung Bayu, Kelantan (ZRC 2.6759). Lower left; adult female non-striped form of C. flavolineata from Cameron Highlands, Pahang (LSUDPC 3456). Upper right; adult female paratype of C. karsticola from Gunung Reng, Kelantan (ZRC 2.6763). Middle right; adult female C. mcguirei in night color phase from Bukit Larut, Perak (LSUDPC 4441). Lower right; adult female striped form of C. flavolineata from Frasers Hill, Pahang (LSUHC 8079)." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
). However, as detailed below, there are numerous other differences in scalation and color pattern to justify the recognition of these lineages as separate species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3076554A212FF86FF05FC06A26A7C34" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BA236DFA212FF86FF05FC06A26A7C34" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,1058]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B969EACDA212FF86FF05FC06A1CE7BEF" bold="true" box="[198,438,991,1017]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Material examined</emphasis>
.
<collectingRegion id="49D9F83DA212FF86FE04FC39A25A7BEC" box="[455,546,992,1018]" country="Malaysia" name="Pahang" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pahang</collectingRegion>
: Cameron Highlands
<collectionCode id="ED0CAE1AA212FF86FCEBFC39A3F07BEC" box="[808,904,992,1018]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gc15-4qsc" name="La Sierra University, Herpetological Collection" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">LSUHC</collectionCode>
9110, HC 303, Frasers Hill
<collectionCode id="ED0CAE1AA212FF86FB2DFC39A5367BEC" box="[1262,1358,992,1018]" country="0" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gc15-4qsc" name="La Sierra University, Herpetological Collection" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">LSUHC</collectionCode>
8079; Gunung Benom
<collectionCode id="ED0CAE1AA212FF86FE9BFBD1A1FE7C34" box="[344,390,1032,1058]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bristol Museum" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">BM</collectionCode>
1967.2781.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>