treatments-xml/data/03/94/A3/0394A3592F678E1E02BAFB61FEC1FADF.xml
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<mods:title id="19E0EE7C3EC2AAFA813E5B9C1FE092D1">Ultrastructure of attachment specializations of hexapods (Arthropoda): evolutionary patterns inferred from a revised ordinal phylogeny</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A897648EF8A87ECEFC52AEF8F7B309FC">R. G. Beutel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F7F8945FFD77C1820538BC66F0F43B75">S. N. Gorb</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="67BFB9E8BE6FF6B8866F2B1CE3142B90">J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Research</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="70D40A51FD8CC23B1C93A4CBFB1EA022">2001</mods:date>
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10
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Tarsi are five­segmented. An arolium is present or absent. Tarsomeres 14 are usually equipped with euplantulae (
<figureCitation id="13060ECA2F678E1E02BDFB36FF79FAB7" box="[151,248,1271,1293]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[1132,1165,405,424]" captionTargetBox="[149,976,192,769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[144,979,190,771]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3. Diversity of the leg attachment devices (gray­colored areas) in hexapods. (a) Arolium (smooth). (b) Pulvilli (smooth or hairy). (c) Empodial pulvillus (ep) (hairy). (d) Hairy adhesive soles of tarsomeres. (e) Eversible pretarsal bladder (smooth). (f) Eversible structure between tibia and tarsus (smooth). (g) Fossula spongiosa (hairy). (h) Euplantulae (eu) and claw pad (cp) (both smooth). (i) Tarsal thorns transformed into adhesive structures (th), claw pad (cp) (both smooth). (j) Adhesive claw setae" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2360333/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">Figs 3a,h</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="13060ECA2F678E1E032EFB36FEA5FAB7" box="[260,292,1271,1293]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[182,215,1663,1682]" captionTargetBox="[220,1453,190,1630]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[220,1453,190,1630]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4. Details of hexapod tarsi and pretarsi. (A) Lepisma saccharina (Zygentoma), foreleg, pretarsus, lateral aspect. (B) Paraleptophlebia sp. (Ephemeroptera), midleg, pretarsus, ventral aspect. (C) Blatella germanica (Blattodea), midleg, tarsus, ventro­lateral aspect. (D) Omocestus viridulus (Caelifera), foreleg, tarsus, ventral aspect. (E) Cercopis vulnerata (Auchenorrhyncha), midleg, pretarsus, ventro­lateral aspect. (F) Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera), pretarsus, ventral aspect. (G, H) Schistocerca gregaria (Caelifera), foreleg, arolium sagittal section, triple stain after Cason. (I) Brachyptera risi (Plecoptera), midleg, arolium, sagittal section, triple stain after Cason. (J) Cercopis vulnerata (Auchenorrhyncha), midleg, sagittal section, triple stain after Cason. Black arrows indicate ventral directions. AR, arolium; CP, claw pad; EU, euplantulae; RD, chitinous threads; TAR, tarsal segments; TI, tibia; UN, claw, UN1, ephemeropteran hook­like claw, UN2, ephemeropteran pad­bearing claw" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2360341/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="180">4C</figureCitation>
). Reduction of adhesive structures occurs often in cavernicolous forms (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC6FBE2F678E1E03ADFAD4FE76FA91" author="Roth, L. M." box="[391,503,1301,1323]" journalOrPublisher="Insects of Australia, Vol. 1. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press" pageId="3" pageNumber="180" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref16410" refString="Roth, L. M.; 1991: Blattodea Blattaria (Cockroaches). In: CSIRO (ed.), Insects of Australia, Vol. 1. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 320 - 329." title="Blattodea Blattaria (Cockroaches)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="CSIRO" year="1991">Roth 1991</bibRefCitation>
). The arolium cuticle bears chitinous threads oriented at some angle to the surface (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAC6FBE2F678E1E00F2FAF3FEB4FADF" author="Roth, L. M. &amp; Willis, E. R." journalOrPublisher="J. Exp. Biol." pageId="3" pageNumber="180" pagination="483 - 517" part="119" refId="ref16374" refString="Roth, L. M.; Willis, E. R., 1952: Tarsal structure and climbing ability of cockroaches. J. Exp. Biol. 119, 483 - 517." title="Tarsal structure and climbing ability of cockroaches" type="journal article" year="1952">Roth and Willis 1952</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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