313 lines
40 KiB
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313 lines
40 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AF290FC2E09C64A62A99D41A7D245963">A new species of Xeroderus Gray, 1835 (Phasmida: Phasmatidae: Xeroderinae) from Papua New Guinea and notes on the genus</mods:title>
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<treatment id="0393878AFFE59B500695FF4B5F20FA16" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784583" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209475493" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7784583" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0393878AFFE59B500695FF4B5F20FA16" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0393878AFFE59B500695FF4B5F20FA16" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="445" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE59B530695FF4B5C4FFF3A" ID-CoL="8P2WL" ID-ENA="524019" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,349,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Xeroderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B530695FF4B5C06FF39" bold="true" box="[151,276,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Xeroderus</emphasis>
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Gray
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<subSubSection id="C3206517FFE59B530695FF675C00FF5E" box="[151,274,187,213]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B85369CFFE59B530695FF675C00FF5E" blockId="1.[151,349,151,213]" box="[151,274,187,213]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13012A19FFE59B53069DFF675C1BFF5E" box="[159,265,187,213]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="1.[151,250,1634,1658]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,250,1918,1942]" captionStartId-2="4.[151,250,1917,1941]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,250,1903,1927]" captionStartId-4="7.[151,250,1470,1494]" captionStartId-5="8.[151,250,1921,1945]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1428,448,1607]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1425,465,1894]" captionTargetBox-2="[173,1434,314,1890]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,597,1880]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1436,181,1446]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1436,181,1898]" captionTargetId-0="figure-75@1.[151,1436,448,1611]" captionTargetId-1="figure-90@3.[151,1436,453,1894]" captionTargetId-2="figure-88@4.[151,1436,309,1894]" captionTargetId-3="figure-212@6.[151,1436,597,1880]" captionTargetId-4="figure-17@7.[151,1436,181,1446]" captionTargetId-5="figure-28@8.[151,1436,181,1898]" captionTargetPageId-0="1" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionTargetPageId-4="7" captionTargetPageId-5="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 1: Xeroderus kirbyi Gray, 1835. A. ♀ Queensland, 14 km S. of Bundaberg, 1.ii.1971, H. Frauca, on trunk of Eucalyptus citriodora dorsal view [ANIC], photo by PDB; B. Head & thorax of ♀ Queensland, Garradunga, J. Hasenpusch, dorsal view [O. Conle collection] photo by Oskar Conle; C. End of abdomen of lectotype ♀, lateral view [OUMNH], photo by PDB, Phasmida Species File; D. End of abdomen of same specimen, ventral view [OUMNH], photo by PDB; E. F. Eggs from Queensland, Garradunga, photo by Jack Hasenpusch; G. Eggs from Queensland, Herberton, photo by Ethan Beaver. Captions for figures (PDB = Paul D. Brock, FHH = Frank H. Hennemann)" captionText-1="FIGURE 2: Xeroderus kirbyi Gray, 1835. A. ♁ Queensland, Garradunga, in dorsal view [F. Hennemann coll. No. 0839-2]; B. C. D. End of abdomen of same ♁ lateral, dorsal and ventral views; E. F. G. Head & thorax of same ♁ lateral, dorsal and ventral views. All photos by FHH." captionText-2="FIGURE 3: Xeroderus conlei sp. n. A. ♀ holotype, dorsal view [MNHU]; B. ventral view; C. lateral view; D. Head & thorax, in dorsal view; E. F. G. End of abdomen lateral, dorsal and ventral views. All photos by Oskar Conle." captionText-3="FIGURE 4: Distribution map of Xeroderus species." captionText-4="FIGURE 5: Queensland, Golden Hole, Biggs Recreation area, Bartle Frere. Riverine lowland tropical rainforest habitat of Xeroderus kirbyi, photos by Ross Coupland." captionText-5="FIGURE 6: A. B. Live specimens of Xeroderus kirbyi in nature, showing superbly camouflaged female and male, photos by Ross Coupland; C. on boulder, photo by Sophie Kalkowski-Pope." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784529" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784534" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784538" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784542" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784544" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784551" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7784529/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7784534/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7784538/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7784542/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/7784544/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/7784551/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Figs. 1–6</figureCitation>
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)
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<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B530695FEDF5C27FE96" bold="true" box="[151,309,259,285]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">
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<typeStatus id="5481883EFFE59B530695FEDF5DC0FE96" box="[151,210,259,285]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE59B53073EFEDF5F64FE95" ID-CoL="8QQYB" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[316,630,259,286]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Xeroderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kirbii">
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<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B53073EFEDF5CE1FE96" box="[316,499,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Xeroderus kirbii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE59B5307F8FEDF5F64FE95" author="Gray G. R." box="[506,630,259,286]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" refId="ref5360" refString="Gray G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the Species of Insects Belonging to the Family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8697" type="book" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
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[=
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE59B53049FFEDF5E8FFE96" ID-CoL="5CCY3" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[669,925,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Xeroderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kirbyi">
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<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B53049FFEDF5E4BFE96" box="[669,857,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Xeroderus kirbyi</emphasis>
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Gray
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], by original monotypy.
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE59B5306C5FEFB5CFFFECA" ID-CoL="8P2WL" authority="Gray, 1835: 32" authorityName="Gray" authorityPageNumber="32" authorityYear="1835" box="[199,493,295,322]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Xeroderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B5306C5FEFB5C29FECA" box="[199,315,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Xeroderus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE59B530740FEFB5CFFFECA" author="Gray G. R." box="[322,493,295,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" refId="ref5360" refString="Gray G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the Species of Insects Belonging to the Family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8697" type="book" year="1835">Gray, 1835: 32</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9B108DFFE59B5307FBFEFB5E35FECA" author="Otte, D. & Brock, P. D." box="[505,807,295,322]" page="341" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" year="2005">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE59B5307FBFEFB5E35FECA" author="Otte, D. & Brock, P. D." box="[505,807,295,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" refId="ref5589" refString="Otte, D. & Brock, P. D. (2005) Phasmida Species File. Catalog of Stick and Leaf Insects of the world. The Insect Diversity Association at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 414 pp." type="book" year="2005">Otte and Brock, 2005: 341</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9B108DFFE59B530531FEFB59D7FECA" author="Brock, P. D. & Hasenpusch, J. W." box="[819,1221,295,321]" page="180" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" year="2009">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE59B530531FEFB59D7FECA" author="Brock, P. D. & Hasenpusch, J. W." box="[819,1221,295,321]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" refId="ref4903" refString="Brock, P. D. & Hasenpusch, J. W. (2009 a) The complete field guide to stick and leaf insects of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, 204 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / 9780643097087" type="book" year="2009">Brock and Hasenpusch, 2009a: 180</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9B108DFFE59B5302D3FEFB5C19FEED" author="Brock, P. D. & Buscher, T. H." page="561" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" year="2022">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE59B5302D3FEFB5C19FEED" author="Brock, P. D. & Buscher, T. H." pageId="1" pageNumber="444" refId="ref4764" refString="Brock, P. D. & Buscher, T. H. (2022) Stick and leaf-insects of the world. Phasmids. N. A. P. Editions, Verrieres-le-Buisson, 612 pp." type="book" year="2022">Brock & Büscher, 2022: 561</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. (Additional checklist and other references in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE59B53050DFE975EC9FEEE" author="Brock, P. D. & Buscher, T. & Baker, E." box="[783,987,331,358]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" refId="ref4802" refString="Brock, P. D., Buscher, T. & Baker, E. (2023) Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Phasmida. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 1 January 2023)" type="url" year="2023">
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Brock
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<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B530559FE905E81FEEE" box="[859,915,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2023
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</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B85369CFFE59B5306C5FEB35976FE01" blockId="1.[151,1436,259,394]" box="[199,1124,367,394]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB2A11B2FFE59B5306C5FEB35976FE01" box="[199,1124,367,394]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A9B108DFFE59B5306C5FEB35F36FE02" author="Sjostedt, Y." box="[199,548,367,393]" page="43" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" year="1918">
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<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE59B5306C5FEB35F36FE02" ID-CoL="8NPZ3" authority="Sjostedt, 1918: 43" authorityName="Sjostedt" authorityPageNumber="43" authorityYear="1918" box="[199,548,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Cooktownia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B5306C5FEB35C5CFE02" box="[199,334,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Cooktownia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE59B530754FEB35F36FE02" author="Sjostedt, Y." box="[342,548,367,393]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" pagination="1 - 61" refId="ref5684" refString="Sjostedt, Y. (1918) Results of Dr E. Mjoberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia 1910 - 1913. 17. Mantidae and Phasmidae. Arkiv for Zoologi, 11 (19), 1 - 61, pls. 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1918">Sjöstedt, 1918: 43</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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. (Synonymised by Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007: 75)
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</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B530695F9BE5C06F9F0" bold="true" box="[151,276,1634,1659]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">FIGURE 1:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE59B53071AF9BF5F25F9F0" ID-CoL="5CCY3" authority="Gray, 1835" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[280,567,1635,1659]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Xeroderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kirbyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B53071AF9BF5CD2F9F0" box="[280,448,1635,1659]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Xeroderus kirbyi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE59B5307C7F9BF5F25F9F0" author="Gray G. R." box="[453,567,1635,1659]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" refId="ref5360" refString="Gray G. R. (1835) Synopsis of the Species of Insects Belonging to the Family of Phasmidae. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman, London, 48 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8697" type="book" year="1835">Gray, 1835</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B53043DF9BE5F45F9F1" bold="true" box="[575,599,1634,1658]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">A.</emphasis>
|
||
♀ Queensland, 14 km S. of Bundaberg, 1.ii.1971, H. Frauca, on trunk of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE59B53032EF9BF5DECF914" ID-CoL="3BPRV" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eucalyptus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="citriodora">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B53032EF9BF5DECF914" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Eucalyptus citriodora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dorsal view [ANIC], photo by PDB;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B530476F95B5F99F914" bold="true" box="[628,651,1671,1695]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Head & thorax of ♀ Queensland, Garradunga, J. Hasenpusch, dorsal view [O. Conle collection] photo by Oskar Conle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B53043AF9765F43F949" bold="true" box="[568,593,1706,1730]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">C.</emphasis>
|
||
End of abdomen of lectotype ♀, lateral view [OUMNH], photo by PDB,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE59B530338F977588FF948" ID-CoL="8NKFG" box="[1338,1437,1707,1731]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Phasmida</taxonomicName>
|
||
Species File;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B530727F9135C2CF96C" bold="true" box="[293,318,1743,1767]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">D.</emphasis>
|
||
End of abdomen of same specimen, ventral view [OUMNH], photo by PDB;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B53026CF91359B3F96C" bold="true" box="[1134,1185,1743,1767]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">E. F.</emphasis>
|
||
Eggs from Queensland, Garradunga, photo by Jack Hasenpusch;
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B530434F92E5F42F881" bold="true" box="[566,592,1778,1802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">G.</emphasis>
|
||
Eggs from Queensland, Herberton, photo by Ethan Beaver.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85369CFFE59B530695F8CA5E8AF8A4" blockId="1.[151,1437,1634,1839]" box="[151,920,1814,1839]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B530695F8CA5C7DF8A5" bold="true" box="[151,367,1814,1838]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Captions for figures</emphasis>
|
||
(PDB = Paul D. Brock, FHH = Frank H. Hennemann)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85369CFFE59B5006C5F8815CA1FE96" blockId="1.[151,1437,1884,2019]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,1437]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="445" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B5306C5F8815CF7F8FC" bold="true" box="[199,485,1885,1911]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Generic characteristics.</emphasis>
|
||
Based on morphology, closely related to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE59B53023CF8825806F8FC" ID-CoL="8NVZZ" authority="Stal, 1877" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1877" box="[1086,1300,1884,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Nisyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B53023CF8825986F8FC" box="[1086,1172,1886,1911]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Nisyrus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE59B53029FF8805806F8FC" author="Stal, C." box="[1181,1300,1884,1911]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" pagination="62 - 69" refId="ref5731" refString="Stal, C. (1877) Especes nouvelles de Phasmides. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 20, 62 - 69" type="journal article" year="1877">Stål, 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which also has lateral lobes on abdominal segments, originally erroneously thought to be gill-like appendages indicating a semi-aquatic lifestyle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE59B530794F8795F74F84B" author="Waterhouse, C. O." box="[406,614,1957,1984]" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" pagination="498 - 499" refId="ref5862" refString="Waterhouse, C. O. (1895) Observations on the supposed semiaquatic phasmid, Cotylosoma dipneustictum W. - M. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 6, 15, 498 - 499. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222939508680210" type="journal article" year="1895">Waterhouse, 1895</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE59B5304FFF87A5E41F834" ID-CoL="8NVZZ" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1877" box="[765,851,1958,1983]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Nisyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B5304FFF87A5E41F834" box="[765,851,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Nisyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are easily distinguished by its broader body and the presence of only rudimentary alae, that reach no further than the 3
|
||
<superScript id="7C4F9BD4FFE59B530583F8155E9DF85C" attach="left" box="[897,911,1993,2007]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">rd</superScript>
|
||
abdominal segment and males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE59B530312F8165874F868" ID-CoL="8NVZZ" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1877" box="[1296,1382,1994,2019]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Nisyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="1" pageNumber="444" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE59B530312F8165874F868" box="[1296,1382,1994,2019]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="444">Nisyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lack the large, leaf-like cerci seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE69B500402FF4B5F66FF3A" ID-CoL="8P2WL" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[512,628,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Xeroderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B500402FF4B5F66FF3A" box="[512,628,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Xeroderus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE69B50050CFF4B5E90FF3A" ID-CoL="8P2WL" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[782,898,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Xeroderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B50050CFF4B5E90FF3A" box="[782,898,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Xeroderus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
readily differ from the almost spherical eggs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE69B500695FF675DFFFF5F" ID-CoL="8NVZZ" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1877" box="[151,237,187,212]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Nisyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B500695FF675DFFFF5F" box="[151,237,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Nisyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by being sub-cylindrical and elongate in shape. Moreover,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE69B50058FFF675913FF5E" ID-CoL="8P2WL" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[909,1025,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Xeroderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B50058FFF675913FF5E" box="[909,1025,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Xeroderus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only occurs in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D760CFFE69B500307FF67587EFF5E" box="[1285,1388,187,213]" name="Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D760CFFE69B500695FF035C7FFF72" box="[151,365,223,249]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
while
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE69B5007B4FF035F1EFF73" ID-CoL="8NVZZ" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1877" box="[438,524,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Nisyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B5007B4FF035F1EFF73" box="[438,524,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Nisyrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is distributed throughout the Pacific Ocean with records from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D760CFFE69B5002BEFF0359F4FF72" box="[1212,1254,223,249]" name="Fiji" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D760CFFE69B5002EDFF035825FF72" box="[1263,1335,223,249]" name="Tonga" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Tonga</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D760CFFE69B500343FF03588FFF72" box="[1345,1437,223,249]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D760CFFE69B5006F2FEDF5CBDFE96" box="[240,431,259,285]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206517FFE69B5006C5FEFA5CBAFB62" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85369CFFE69B5006C5FEFA5CDCFBBE" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B5006C5FEFA5CBFFECF" bold="true" box="[199,429,294,324]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">
|
||
Description (♂,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3CFD15FFE69B50078AFEF45C8FFECF" box="[392,413,296,324]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Medium sized, large-winged Xeroderinae (body length ♁ 52.0–70.0 mm,
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3CFD15FFE69B500302FEFB5807FECA" box="[1280,1301,295,321]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
85.0–106.0 mm), some specimens with distinct dark and pale mottling pattern on body and tegmina as well as costal region of alae, resembling lichen. Head rounded, about as long as wide, with sparse tubercles on vertex, eyes large; three distinct ocelli present, the hind pair larger. Antennae longer than length of profemora in
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3CFD15FFE69B500276FE4F599BFE26" box="[1140,1161,403,429]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
, in ♁ longer and bristly, reaching beyond length of outstretched protibiae; segments variable in length (24–28 segments), with broad basal segment and variable length subsequent segments. Pronotum slightly shorter than head or about same length, with central impression; sparse tubercles and a pair of central spines in one species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE69B500203FE235971FD92" authority="Brock & Hennemann, 2023" authorityName="Brock & Hennemann" authorityYear="2023" box="[1025,1123,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Xeroderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conlei" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B500203FE235971FD92" box="[1025,1123,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">X. conlei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D57F5FFE69B500268FE2359B4FD92" box="[1130,1190,511,537]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
). Mesonotum broader than head and pronotum (less so in ♁), less than 2x length of pronotum, with raised central area, armed with short to larger, broad lateral spines and several on the disc i.e. main part of raised area; outer and lateral spines/tubercles more numerous and conspicuous and varying in thickness. Lateral margins of meso- and metathorax with series of lobes. Ventral surface of head, thorax and abdomen smooth, lacking tubercles, flattened. Metathorax similar length to mesothorax with lateral lobes or spines. Median segment similar length to metathorax. Tegmina broad, oval; alae large reaching up to end of 9
|
||
<superScript id="7C4F9BD4FFE69B500410FD0A5F0DFD6F" attach="left" box="[530,543,726,740]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">th</superScript>
|
||
abdominal segment; brownish or transparent, occasionally with coloured inner margin. Abdomen elongate, parallel-sided. Both sexes with large fin-like lateral lobes on abdominal terga, although the lobes can be more rounded, but much smaller on segments 9–10 or just 10. Male anal segment shorter than 9
|
||
<superScript id="7C4F9BD4FFE69B5006A7FC9E5DA0FCDB" attach="left" box="[165,178,834,848]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">th</superScript>
|
||
segment, distinctly tectiform medio-longitudinally and narrow, split into large hemi-terga forming an arch-like structure; these denticulated interiorly. No vomer in ♁. Poculum swollen, subtruncate at broad tip, not reaching end of 9
|
||
<superScript id="7C4F9BD4FFE69B5006C1FC565DC2FC13" attach="left" box="[195,208,906,920]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">th</superScript>
|
||
abdominal segment. Female subgenital plate with rounded or tapered tip, reaching end of abdominal segment 9 or end of abdomen. Cerci of ♁ leaf-like, shorter than or just exceeding length of anal segment. Legs moderately long and slender, with hindlegs just about reaching end of abdomen in ♁, end of segment
|
||
<quantity id="4CC29B79FFE69B50029AFC0F59F3FC66" box="[1176,1249,979,1005]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.905" metricValueMax="2.032" metricValueMin="1.778" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" unit="in" value="7.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="7.0">7–8 in</quantity>
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3CFD15FFE69B5002EBFC0F59EDFC66" box="[1257,1279,979,1005]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" type="female">♀</specimenCount>
|
||
. Femora with well spread paired spines, some similarly shaped to abdominal lobes. Tarsi well over half length of tibiae (fore tarsi longest), slender, not lobed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85369CFFE69B5006C5FBE35CBAFB62" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B5006C5FBE35C84FBD3" bold="true" box="[199,406,1086,1113]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">
|
||
Egg (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13012A19FFE69B500707FBE25C40FBD3" box="[261,338,1086,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[151,1428,448,1607]" captionTargetId="figure-75@1.[151,1436,448,1611]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1: Xeroderus kirbyi Gray, 1835. A. ♀ Queensland, 14 km S. of Bundaberg, 1.ii.1971, H. Frauca, on trunk of Eucalyptus citriodora dorsal view [ANIC], photo by PDB; B. Head & thorax of ♀ Queensland, Garradunga, J. Hasenpusch, dorsal view [O. Conle collection] photo by Oskar Conle; C. End of abdomen of lectotype ♀, lateral view [OUMNH], photo by PDB, Phasmida Species File; D. End of abdomen of same specimen, ventral view [OUMNH], photo by PDB; E. F. Eggs from Queensland, Garradunga, photo by Jack Hasenpusch; G. Eggs from Queensland, Herberton, photo by Ethan Beaver. Captions for figures (PDB = Paul D. Brock, FHH = Frank H. Hennemann)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7784529" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7784529/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E-G).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Fairly large (length> 8.0 mm) and elongate. Capsule sub-cylindrical,>2x longer than wide or high, gently arched longitudinally, with raised sculpturing and some pitting; polar area with a distinct transverse indention. Micropylar plate small and oval, only about one-sixth the length of capsule and somewhat displaced towards the polar end of capsule. Operculum roughly circular with some obtuse swellings and a small, narrow peglike capitulum in centre.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3206517FFE69B5006C5FB2E5F20FA16" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B85369CFFE69B5006C5FB2E5F20FA16" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B5006C5FB2E5C5DFA87" bold="true" box="[199,335,1266,1292]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Comments.</emphasis>
|
||
The much broader
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE69B500434FB2F594FFA86" authority="Redtenbacher, 1908: 359" authorityName="Redtenbacher" authorityPageNumber="359" authorityYear="1908" box="[566,1117,1266,1293]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Xeroderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B500434FB2F5E24FA86" box="[566,822,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Xeroderus brevipennis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE69B500542FB2F594FFA86" author="Redtenbacher, J." box="[832,1117,1266,1293]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" refId="ref5635" refString="Redtenbacher, J. (1908) Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden III. (Brunner von Wattenwyl, K. and Redtenbacher, J. (1906 - 1908 )). W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 339 - 589, pls. 16 - 27." type="book" year="1908">Redtenbacher, 1908: 359</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="5481883EFFE69B50026DFB2F59B3FA86" box="[1135,1185,1267,1293]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality: Santa
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FEF87EFFE69B50035BFB2F588EFA86" box="[1369,1436,1267,1293]" country="Solomon Islands" name="Isabel" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Isabel</collectingRegion>
|
||
Island,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D760CFFE69B5006EBFACB5CB4FABA" box="[233,422,1303,1329]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
) is found to be a member of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE69B5004E5FACB5ECDFABA" authority="Stal, 1877: 66" authorityName="Stal" authorityPageNumber="66" authorityYear="1877" box="[743,991,1302,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Nisyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B5004E5FACB5E2FFABB" box="[743,829,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Nisyrus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE69B500541FACA5ECDFABA" author="Stal, C." box="[835,991,1302,1329]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" pagination="62 - 69" refId="ref5731" refString="Stal, C. (1877) Especes nouvelles de Phasmides. Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique, 20, 62 - 69" type="journal article" year="1877">Stål, 1877: 66</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and is here transferred from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE69B500320FACB5884FABA" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1835" box="[1314,1430,1303,1329]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Xeroderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B500320FACB5884FABA" box="[1314,1430,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Xeroderus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE69B500695FAE75CE3FADE" authority="(Redtenbacher)" authorityName="Brock & Hennemann" authorityYear="2023" baseAuthorityName="Redtenbacher" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[151,497,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Xeroderus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevipennis" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B500695FAE75C2EFADE" box="[151,316,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">N. brevipennis</emphasis>
|
||
(Redtenbacher)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B5007F9FAE75F76FADE" bold="true" box="[507,612,1339,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27D57F5FFE69B5007F9FAE75F76FADE" box="[507,612,1339,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is the first record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE69B50055EFAE75EF5FADE" authority="Stal" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1877" box="[860,999,1338,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Phasmatidae" genus="Nisyrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phasmida" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B50055EFAE75EA0FADF" box="[860,946,1339,1364]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Nisyrus</emphasis>
|
||
Stål
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D760CFFE69B500259FAE7580EFADE" box="[1115,1308,1339,1365]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Following synonymy proposed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE69B5007A0FA835FA0FAF2" author="Brock, P. D. & Buscher, T. H." box="[418,690,1375,1401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" refId="ref4764" refString="Brock, P. D. & Buscher, T. H. (2022) Stick and leaf-insects of the world. Phasmids. N. A. P. Editions, Verrieres-le-Buisson, 612 pp." type="book" year="2022">Brock & Büscher, 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the additional five
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3A4D1FFFE69B500594FA835957FAF2" box="[918,1093,1375,1401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B500594FA835EFEFAF3" box="[918,1004,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Nisyrus</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D760CFFE69B50028EFA8359A4FAF2" box="[1164,1206,1375,1401]" name="Fiji" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D760CFFE69B5002C0FA83581AFAF2" box="[1218,1288,1375,1401]" name="Tonga" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Tonga</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32D760CFFE69B500342FA83588EFAF2" box="[1344,1436,1375,1401]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAB4B6DFFE69B50069DFA5F5C7EFA16" author="Brock, P. D. & Buscher, T. & Baker, E." box="[159,364,1411,1437]" pageId="2" pageNumber="445" refId="ref4802" refString="Brock, P. D., Buscher, T. & Baker, E. (2023) Phasmida Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Phasmida. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 1 January 2023)" type="url" year="2023">
|
||
Brock
|
||
<emphasis id="B94EEA8EFFE69B5006EEFA5F5C36FA16" box="[236,292,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="445">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2023
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) require revision.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |