194 lines
36 KiB
XML
194 lines
36 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="7E772C89AC8F66A8767FB5D61548033D">Larval and pupal morphology of Pyractonema nigripennis Solier (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Photinini) and comparative notes with other Photinini larvae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="03C40D80EF556B2614A53CD46258B903">Archangelsky, Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="A3E662137D1ECB675E046527C134AA26">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="80228AC0D1FF0B55817B2422933B4388" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.197621</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="507327BBA143848CF3DA54CE7A9345FD" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1D50924E6AD826DF5B90E5C77FEDA652" type="Zenodo-Dep">197621</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03817D25FF8DAC24DEED29AEFE2F5BF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5688520" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119395647" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5688520" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03817D25FF8DAC24DEED29AEFE2F5BF5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03817D25FF8DAC24DEED29AEFE2F5BF5" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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<subSubSection id="C3329FB8FF8DAC20DEED29AEFDFF59D5" box="[151,536,706,732]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF8DAC20DEED29AEFDFF59D5" blockId="1.[151,536,706,732]" box="[151,536,706,732]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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<heading id="D0DF7B5FFF8DAC20DEED29AEFDFF59D5" bold="true" box="[151,536,706,732]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C28B7B0FF8DAC20DEED29AEFDFF59D5" ID-CoL="4QPZX" authority="Solier" authorityName="Solier" box="[151,536,706,732]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Pyractonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">
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<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8DAC20DEED29AEFDFF59D5" bold="true" box="[151,536,706,732]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8DAC20DEED29AEFE2F59D5" bold="true" box="[151,456,706,732]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Pyractonema nigripennis</emphasis>
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Solier
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3329FB8FF8DAC24DEED2866FE2F5BF5" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF8DAC20DEED2866FB465866" blockId="1.[151,1437,778,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8DAC20DEED2866FDC6582D" bold="true" box="[151,545,778,804]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Description of last larval instar.</emphasis>
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Length:
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<quantity id="4CD061D6FF8DAC20DCF12866FCC4582D" box="[651,803,778,804]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="16.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="15.0">15 to 17 mm</quantity>
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, width 2.6 to 2.8 mm. Body elongate, almost parallelsided, slightly flattened dorsoventrally (
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DCEB285CFD3B5843" box="[657,732,816,842]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="2.[151,271,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[352,1234,371,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[352,1234,371,1479]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Pyractonema nigripennis. 1 — Last larval instar, lateral view; 2 — Last larval instar, detail of thoracic dorsal coloration; 3 — pupa, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197622/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). Color dark brown dorsally, with light brown margins, ventrally light brown except for dark brown sternal plates and dark brown laterotergites.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF8DAC20DEBC2816FC185F93" blockId="1.[151,1437,778,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8DAC20DEBC2816FE93589A" box="[198,372,890,915]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Head capsule:</emphasis>
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Length: 1.60 mm; width: 1.35 mm. Prognathous, subquadrate, dorsoventrally flattened, robust (
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DE8F28CCFEA558B3" box="[245,322,928,954]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,271,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[344,1239,309,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[341,1246,306,1576]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 7. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 4 — Head capsule, dorsal view; 5 — Head capsule, ventral view; 6 — Mandible, dorsal view; 7 — Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 4 - 5: 1 mm; Figs. 6 - 7: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197623/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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); partially retractable within the prothorax (
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DD1828CCFC4C58B3" box="[866,939,928,954]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="2.[151,271,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[352,1234,371,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[352,1234,371,1479]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Pyractonema nigripennis. 1 — Last larval instar, lateral view; 2 — Last larval instar, detail of thoracic dorsal coloration; 3 — pupa, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197622/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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), leaving only antennae and mouthparts exposed. Head capsule not fused ventrally (
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DCCF28A9FCE658D6" box="[693,769,965,991]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,271,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[344,1239,309,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[341,1246,306,1576]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 7. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 4 — Head capsule, dorsal view; 5 — Head capsule, ventral view; 6 — Mandible, dorsal view; 7 — Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 4 - 5: 1 mm; Figs. 6 - 7: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197623/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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), basal part of head softer (white areas on
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DB6C28A9FA6858D6" box="[1302,1423,965,991]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,271,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[344,1239,309,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[341,1246,306,1576]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 7. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 4 — Head capsule, dorsal view; 5 — Head capsule, ventral view; 6 — Mandible, dorsal view; 7 — Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 4 - 5: 1 mm; Figs. 6 - 7: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197623/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Figs. 4–5</figureCitation>
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). Labrum and clypeus fused. Ecdysial line not developed in last instar larva. Head with three internal ridges, one transverse at midlength, the other forming a Y-shaped structure extending from the base of antennae and coming together at middle of transverse ridge. One pair of small lateral stemmata posterior to base of antennae. Epipharynx formed by two oval plates covered with several transverse rows of microtrichiae; hypopharynx as a small triangular sclerite covered by a dense pubescence.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF8DAC20DEBC2FC9FB6C5E96" blockId="1.[151,1437,778,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8DAC20DEBC2FC9FED95FB7" box="[198,318,1189,1214]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Antennae:</emphasis>
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Large, three-segmented, partially retractable within membranous base (
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DAEE2FC9FB3B5FB6" box="[1172,1244,1189,1215]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,273,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[310,1275,389,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[304,1283,381,1510]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 8 — Antenna, dorsal view; 9 — Maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 10 — Maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view; 11 — Maxillary palpus, dorsal view; 12 — Apical sensorium of labial palpus, ventral view. Scale bars: Figs. 8 – 9: 0.2 mm; Figs. 10 – 11: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197624/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
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); originating on lateroapical edges of head capsule (
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DC412FA6FD635FED" box="[571,644,1226,1252]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,271,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[344,1239,309,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[341,1246,306,1576]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 7. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 4 — Head capsule, dorsal view; 5 — Head capsule, ventral view; 6 — Mandible, dorsal view; 7 — Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 4 - 5: 1 mm; Figs. 6 - 7: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197623/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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); membranous base with sclerotized area on outer margin, covered by medium length setae. Basal antennomere widest, partially sclerotized, with basal dorsal sclerite separated from rest of antennomere by membranous area, all segments covered by setae, those in the middle larger and stouter than basal and apical ones. Second antennomere narrower, as long as basal one, also covered by setae, carrying across its apex both a large globular sensorium as long as third antennomere and the third antennomere, which is the shortest, with several short setae and three narrow sensoria.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF8DAC20DEBC2EC7FE635DC3" blockId="1.[151,1437,778,2036]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8DAC20DEBC2EC7FEA75ECD" box="[198,320,1451,1476]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Mandible:</emphasis>
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Symmetrical, strongly falcate, with an inner channel opening subapically on outer edge (
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DB1B2EC6FF2D5EE3" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,271,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[344,1239,309,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[341,1246,306,1576]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 7. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 4 — Head capsule, dorsal view; 5 — Head capsule, ventral view; 6 — Mandible, dorsal view; 7 — Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 4 - 5: 1 mm; Figs. 6 - 7: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197623/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Figs. 6–7</figureCitation>
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). Retinaculum present, forming one sharp inner tooth on apical third of mandible. Inner margin of mandible and base of retinaculum with blunt cuticular projections which become setiform towards base of mandible in dorsal view. Basal half of mandible, in ventral view, with patches of dense pubescence (
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DB3E2D76FA6A5D3D" box="[1348,1421,1562,1588]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,271,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[344,1239,309,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[341,1246,306,1576]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 7. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 4 — Head capsule, dorsal view; 5 — Head capsule, ventral view; 6 — Mandible, dorsal view; 7 — Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 4 - 5: 1 mm; Figs. 6 - 7: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197623/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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). One strong dorsal seta close to base of retinaculum. Sensory (hyaline) appendage on outer margin of mandible before channel opening, present in other larval
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<taxonomicName id="4C28B7B0FF8DAC20DCBC2D09FCB05D76" box="[710,855,1637,1663]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lampyridae</taxonomicName>
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, missing (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB9B1C2FF8DAC20DDB52D09FAAB5D76" author="Archangelsky" box="[975,1356,1637,1663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Archangelsky, M. & Branham, M. A. (1998) Description of the preimaginal stages of Pyractomena borealis (Randall, 1838) (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), and notes on its biology. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 100, 421 - 430." type="journal article" year="1998">Archangelsky & Branham 1998</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB9B1C2FF8DAC20DB232D09FA705D76" author="Archangelsky" box="[1369,1431,1637,1663]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Archangelsky, M. & Branham, M. A. (2001) Description of the last instar and pupa of Pyropyga nigricans (Coleoptera: Lampyridae: Photinini), and comparison with larvae of other Photinini genera. Canadian Entomologist, 133, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2001">2001</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB9B1C2FF8DAC20DEED2DE6FDCC5DAD" author="Branham" box="[151,555,1674,1700]" pageId="1" pageNumber="38" refString="Branham, M. A. & Archangelsky, M. (2000) Description of the last larval instar and pupa of Lucidota atra (Olivier, 1790) (Coleoptera: Lampyridae), with a discussion of abdominal segment homology across life stages. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 102, 869 - 877." type="journal article" year="2000">Branham & Archangelsky, 2000</bibRefCitation>
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). Base of mandible with an inner membranous lobe covered by a dense pubescence (
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DF542DDCFE925DC3" box="[302,373,1712,1738]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,271,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[344,1239,309,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[341,1246,306,1576]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 7. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 4 — Head capsule, dorsal view; 5 — Head capsule, ventral view; 6 — Mandible, dorsal view; 7 — Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 4 - 5: 1 mm; Figs. 6 - 7: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197623/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF8DAC23DEBC2DB9FB575A4E" blockId="1.[151,1437,778,2036]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,152,327]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8DAC20DEBC2DB9FECB5DE7" box="[198,300,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Maxilla:</emphasis>
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Long and robust, closely attached along the sides of the stipes to the labium (
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DAB02DB9FAF95DE6" box="[1226,1310,1749,1775]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,271,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[344,1239,309,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[341,1246,306,1576]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 7. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 4 — Head capsule, dorsal view; 5 — Head capsule, ventral view; 6 — Mandible, dorsal view; 7 — Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 4 - 5: 1 mm; Figs. 6 - 7: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197623/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DB562DB9FADA5DE6" box="[1324,1341,1749,1775]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,273,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[310,1275,389,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[304,1283,381,1510]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 8 — Antenna, dorsal view; 9 — Maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 10 — Maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view; 11 — Maxillary palpus, dorsal view; 12 — Apical sensorium of labial palpus, ventral view. Scale bars: Figs. 8 – 9: 0.2 mm; Figs. 10 – 11: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197624/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">9</figureCitation>
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). Cardo elongate, irregularly shaped, bearing 13–15 setae on ventral surface; contacting a transverse basal plate. Stipes very broad, surface covered with small setae and bearing 14–15 strong and long setae on ventral and outer surfaces; dorsally with numerous setae and a longitudinal strip of pubescence on disk. Galea large (
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DB412C29FF505C8D" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,273,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[310,1275,389,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[304,1283,381,1510]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 8 — Antenna, dorsal view; 9 — Maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 10 — Maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view; 11 — Maxillary palpus, dorsal view; 12 — Apical sensorium of labial palpus, ventral view. Scale bars: Figs. 8 – 9: 0.2 mm; Figs. 10 – 11: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197624/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Figs. 9– 10</figureCitation>
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), two-segmented, basal segment about two times as long as second segment and bearing two setae on outer margin; distal segment short, subconical, bearing five stout setae and two slender apical sensoria. Lacinia large, membranous, twice as long as galea, covered by a dense pubescence. Palpus apparently threesegmented (
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<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8DAC20DF542CB6FE6B5CFD" box="[302,396,2010,2036]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,273,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[310,1275,389,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[304,1283,381,1510]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 8 — Antenna, dorsal view; 9 — Maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 10 — Maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view; 11 — Maxillary palpus, dorsal view; 12 — Apical sensorium of labial palpus, ventral view. Scale bars: Figs. 8 – 9: 0.2 mm; Figs. 10 – 11: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197624/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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), basal palpomere largest, subquadrate, longer than other two segments combined, covered with numerous setae; second palpomere ring-shaped bearing several setae; distal palpomere subconical, bearing a globular sensorium-like structure at base on outer margin and four short, slender sensoria on dorsal side. Between second and third palpomeres there is a very small narrow plate dorsally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8EAC23DB162B8EFF525A2B" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,273,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[310,1275,389,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[304,1283,381,1510]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 8 — Antenna, dorsal view; 9 — Maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 10 — Maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view; 11 — Maxillary palpus, dorsal view; 12 — Apical sensorium of labial palpus, ventral view. Scale bars: Figs. 8 – 9: 0.2 mm; Figs. 10 – 11: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197624/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
), bearing 3–4 setae, which could be interpreted either as a subdivision of the second or third segment, or as a vestigial palpomere (in which case the palpus should be considered as four-segmented).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF579CBBFF8EAC23DEED2EB7FCED5D1B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197622/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" targetBox="[352,1234,371,1478]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF8EAC23DEED2EB7FCED5D1B" blockId="2.[151,1436,1499,1554]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8EAC23DEED2EB7FEA15EFA" bold="true" box="[151,326,1499,1523]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">FIGURES 1–3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28B7B0FF8EAC23DF342EB7FD845EFB" box="[334,611,1499,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Pyractonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8EAC23DF342EB7FD845EFB" box="[334,611,1499,1522]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Pyractonema nigripennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 1—Last larval instar, lateral view; 2—Last larval instar, detail of thoracic dorsal coloration; 3—pupa, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF8EAC23DEBC2D2DFF2B5C33" blockId="2.[151,1437,1600,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8EAC23DEBC2D2DFECE5D53" box="[198,297,1601,1626]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Labium:</emphasis>
|
||
Closely attached to maxilla, formed by a short and strongly sclerotized prementum, mentum (mostly membranous) and submentum. Prementum heart-shaped, in both dorsal and ventral views with a distal apical cleft (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8EAC23DF142DE7FE265DAC" box="[366,449,1675,1701]" captionStart="FIGURES 4 – 7" captionStartId="3.[151,271,1598,1622]" captionTargetBox="[344,1239,309,1571]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[341,1246,306,1576]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 4 – 7. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 4 — Head capsule, dorsal view; 5 — Head capsule, ventral view; 6 — Mandible, dorsal view; 7 — Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 4 - 5: 1 mm; Figs. 6 - 7: 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197623/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Figs. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8EAC23DFB42DE7FE385DAC" box="[462,479,1675,1701]" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,273,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[310,1275,389,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[304,1283,381,1510]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 8 — Antenna, dorsal view; 9 — Maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 10 — Maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view; 11 — Maxillary palpus, dorsal view; 12 — Apical sensorium of labial palpus, ventral view. Scale bars: Figs. 8 – 9: 0.2 mm; Figs. 10 – 11: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197624/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">9</figureCitation>
|
||
); bearing numerous setae both dorsally and ventrally, lacking brushes of cuticular spines dorsally. Palpus two-segmented; basal segment short, wider than long, bearing several setae; distal segment longer and narrower, pointed and bearing a large, globose sensorium at base on outer margin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8EAC23DB162DBAFF505C1C" captionStart="FIGURES 8 – 12" captionStartId="4.[151,273,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[310,1275,389,1505]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[304,1283,381,1510]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 8 – 12. Pyractonema nigripennis, last larval instar. 8 — Antenna, dorsal view; 9 — Maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 10 — Maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view; 11 — Maxillary palpus, dorsal view; 12 — Apical sensorium of labial palpus, ventral view. Scale bars: Figs. 8 – 9: 0.2 mm; Figs. 10 – 11: 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197624/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
), lacking setae. Submentum longer than wide, strongly sclerotized, with a pair of very large setae on basal half.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF8EAC22DEBC2C2AFAA35BF5" blockId="2.[151,1437,1600,2037]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,152,252]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8EAC23DEBC2C2AFEC25C56" box="[198,293,1862,1887]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Thorax:</emphasis>
|
||
Three-segmented. Pronotum subcircular, wider at base, containing retracted head in repose (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8EAC23DB162C2AFF425C8C" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="2.[151,271,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[352,1234,371,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[352,1234,371,1479]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Pyractonema nigripennis. 1 — Last larval instar, lateral view; 2 — Last larval instar, detail of thoracic dorsal coloration; 3 — pupa, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197622/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Meso- and metanotum suboval, wider than long, with rounded margins. Thoracic tergites subdivided by sagittal line (that of pronotum incomplete), with one clear line on each side, subparallel to sagittal line (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8EAC23DB162CFCFF4F5CD9" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="2.[151,271,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[352,1234,371,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[352,1234,371,1479]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Pyractonema nigripennis. 1 — Last larval instar, lateral view; 2 — Last larval instar, detail of thoracic dorsal coloration; 3 — pupa, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197622/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Lateral areas of meso- and metathorax formed by two laterotergites, anterior one of mesothorax bearing a biforous spiracle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8EAC23DF172CB7FE555CFC" box="[365,434,2011,2037]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="2.[151,271,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[352,1234,371,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[352,1234,371,1479]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Pyractonema nigripennis. 1 — Last larval instar, lateral view; 2 — Last larval instar, detail of thoracic dorsal coloration; 3 — pupa, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197622/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="39">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Prosternum subtrapezoidal, poorly sclerotized, extending above and to the sides of coxae, carrying a large episternum and a narrow epimeron. Meso- and metasternum subdivided by a transverse fold into an unsclerotized anterior basisternum, and a poorly sclerotized sternellum, subdivided into three plates, lateral ones carrying the episterna and epimera, medial one elongate, as an inverse
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F33F8CA3FF8FAC22DB512B8EFAA75BF5" box="[1323,1344,226,252]" name="Italy" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Y</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF579CBBFF8FAC22DEED2D52FAC55D7C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197623/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" targetBox="[344,1239,309,1571]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF8FAC22DEED2D52FAC55D7C" blockId="3.[151,1436,1598,1653]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8FAC22DEED2D52FEA15D5F" bold="true" box="[151,326,1598,1622]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">FIGURES 4–7.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28B7B0FF8FAC22DF342D52FD845D5C" box="[334,611,1598,1621]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Pyractonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8FAC22DF342D52FD845D5C" box="[334,611,1598,1621]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Pyractonema nigripennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, last larval instar. 4—Head capsule, dorsal view; 5—Head capsule, ventral view; 6—Mandible, dorsal view; 7—Mandible, ventral view. Scale bars, Figs. 4-5: 1 mm; Figs. 6-7: 0.2 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF8FAC22DEBC2DC8FDB95C24" blockId="3.[151,1437,1699,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8FAC22DEBC2DC8FEEF5DB4" box="[198,264,1700,1725]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Legs:</emphasis>
|
||
Five-segmented, coxae long and robust, subtriangular; trochanters smaller, subtriangular in lateral view; femora larger than trochanters, subtrapezoidal, with a long seta in medial inner portion; tibiotarsi as long as femora, tapering towards distal end, with a double row of strong setae on inner margin; pretarsi strong, simple, with a pair of stout basal setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF8FAC22DEBC2C55FA7A5CE1" blockId="3.[151,1437,1699,2024]" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF8FAC22DEBC2C55FED95C5B" box="[198,318,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Ten-segmented, tapering towards posterior end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF8FAC22DDE02C55FC045C5A" box="[922,995,1849,1875]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="2.[151,271,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[352,1234,371,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[352,1234,371,1479]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Pyractonema nigripennis. 1 — Last larval instar, lateral view; 2 — Last larval instar, detail of thoracic dorsal coloration; 3 — pupa, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197622/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="40">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Segments one to seven similar in shape, subrectangular, wider at posterior end; segment eight subquadrate, narrower than preceding segments; segment nine subquadrate, smaller than preceding segment; segment ten interpreted as the narrow ring surrounding anal region and carrying holdfast organ. Tergites one to eight with sagittal line, tergites one to seven with one clear line on each side, subparallel to sagittal line, segments eight and nine evenly dark.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF88AC25DEED2BF4FD165A4E" blockId="4.[151,1437,152,327]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Sternites one to nine small, subquadrate, dark colored except for lightly colored sternite eight. Pleural areas well developed, segments one to seven subdivided, upper plate (laterotergite) large, suboval, carrying spiracles, lower plate (laterosternite) small, narrowly subtriangular, that of segment seven very narrow; pleura eight membranous, bearing a round photic organ (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF88AC25DC8D2A64FCD85A2B" box="[759,831,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="2.[151,271,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[352,1234,371,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[352,1234,371,1479]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Pyractonema nigripennis. 1 — Last larval instar, lateral view; 2 — Last larval instar, detail of thoracic dorsal coloration; 3 — pupa, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197622/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
); pleural areas of segments nine and ten reduced. Biforous spiracles present on pleurites one to eight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF579CBBFF88AC25DEED2E97FBEF5D5B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197624/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" targetBox="[310,1275,389,1505]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF88AC25DEED2E97FBEF5D5B" blockId="4.[151,1436,1531,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF88AC25DEED2E97FEB05D1A" bold="true" box="[151,343,1531,1555]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">FIGURES 8–12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C28B7B0FF88AC25DF242E97FD9E5D1B" box="[350,633,1531,1554]" class="Insecta" family="Lampyridae" genus="Pyractonema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="41" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigripennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF88AC25DF242E97FD9E5D1B" box="[350,633,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Pyractonema nigripennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, last larval instar. 8—Antenna, dorsal view; 9—Maxillolabial complex, ventral view; 10—Maxillary palpus and galea, ventral view; 11—Maxillary palpus, dorsal view; 12—Apical sensorium of labial palpus, ventral view. Scale bars: Figs. 8–9: 0.2 mm; Figs. 10–11: 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF88AC25DEBC2DECFD745DC9" blockId="4.[151,1436,1664,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF88AC25DEBC2DECFE265D93" bold="true" box="[198,449,1664,1690]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Description of pupa</emphasis>
|
||
. Length: 13.5 mm, maximum width: 3.9 mm at base of pronotum. White in color, strongly curved, ventrally concave (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF88AC25DC462DCAFD645DC9" box="[572,643,1702,1728]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="2.[151,271,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[352,1234,371,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[352,1234,371,1479]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Pyractonema nigripennis. 1 — Last larval instar, lateral view; 2 — Last larval instar, detail of thoracic dorsal coloration; 3 — pupa, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197622/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF88AC25DEBC2DA0FC935C02" blockId="4.[151,1436,1664,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF88AC25DEBC2DA0FEE85DEC" box="[198,271,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Head:</emphasis>
|
||
Completely covered by pronotum in dorsal view (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1313D0B6FF88AC25DD162DA7FC525DEC" box="[876,949,1739,1765]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="2.[151,271,1499,1523]" captionTargetBox="[352,1234,371,1478]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[352,1234,371,1479]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Pyractonema nigripennis. 1 — Last larval instar, lateral view; 2 — Last larval instar, detail of thoracic dorsal coloration; 3 — pupa, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197622/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Eyes small, on sides of head; antennae inserted in front of eyes, extending to distal end of mesotibiae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF88AC25DEBC2C7AFDFF5CA9" blockId="4.[151,1436,1664,2027]" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF88AC25DEBC2C7AFEC25C26" box="[198,293,1814,1839]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Thorax:</emphasis>
|
||
Pronotum large, subcircular, covering head. Meso- and metanotum shorter, subrectangular, carrying wing pads on sides; wingpads reaching distal end of second abdominal segment. First and second pair of legs fully visible in ventral view; third pair of legs partially covered by wingpads. One pair of spiracles present on pleura of mesothorax.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B97CC33FF88AC24DEBC2CC0FE2F5BF5" blockId="4.[151,1436,1664,2027]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,252]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95C1021FF88AC25DEBC2CC0FED95CCC" box="[198,318,1964,1989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="41">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Tergites one to seven subtrapezoidal, wider than long; segment eight subquadrangular; segments one to eight with posterolateral projections directed posteriorly. Sternite one reduced, sternites two to eight subrectangular, becoming narrower towards end, with posterolateral corners projected posteriorly. Spiracles present on abdominal pleural areas of segments one to eight. Photic organs present on margins of segment eight, functional.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |