1333 lines
165 KiB
XML
1333 lines
165 KiB
XML
<document id="FDDD58350B8982C3A5CFB055C446B438" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.176703" ID-GBIF-Dataset="139b5452-0935-4a80-b1c3-c72c8e7e7baa" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="176703" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459838374341" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gonzaga, Luiz Pedreira, Carvalhaes, André M. P. & Buzzetti, Dante R. C." docDate="2007" docId="E62787D8E66B5C05FF19FEBAFC5CF915" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01473p044.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1473" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Formicivora grantsaui Gonzaga, Carvalhaes & Buzzetti, 2007, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="41" masterDocId="1A1EFFA0E6685C15FF8EFFF0FFD1FFE7" masterDocTitle="A new species of Formicivora antwren from the Chapada Diamantina, eastern Brazil (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae)" masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="28" updateTime="1698224008277" updateUser="plazi">
|
||
<mods:mods id="911508549B5F078B2C5F2FC5A23993B0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="923000AAB011955E1904A912B5EEB7E1">
|
||
<mods:title id="F53F25B8656EEF8DB4759B16C3376E9A">A new species of Formicivora antwren from the Chapada Diamantina, eastern Brazil (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="960EF5C44CF6274707E1465B785697AD" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="45A060366FB656BF8D215A2DF977FD04">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E08E2C37834BA8B0982A09EEEAB5027A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="50578FA3129170822371EADBD9E015E7">Gonzaga, Luiz Pedreira</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="C304E7A7060781CE664D0EBD089C162D" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="B5AC9C88CAFF6816C1842C2A5EA13E3D">
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||
<mods:roleTerm id="A7C71A81540B99D11B7C4958BB20FF6B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="6E5671B5504F4431BAD84AA7F39A9C6F">Carvalhaes, André M. P.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="27469F8D42A1D7490B64FA5D8DBB44FF" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="BEA2BC1B94AC0C6C7EA49B3BA8F3E7E7">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="D07446485D67BAECE670DBEE9BE4EFE1">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="736591E955AC719D3D4F0D7A80ECA5CD">Buzzetti, Dante R. C.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="2185EB0760B675BACDAAD3244C5100DC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="85C559ED21CC7A100DEE1E7E0DDE43E0" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6E0513D553741B90552B2E8FAEF8E4DD">
|
||
<mods:title id="82D58C36F7DEF2A9C0E77547D573E276">Zootaxa</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="AF38CB1C0568D314421ABAB292BDD8E9">
|
||
<mods:date id="54092500E574A5E3CC95919A2E11DEA2">2007</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="7BDCB10FF6F0240D1146358AA7D96EAD" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="4577E2DC493599BC011336698B736D79">1473</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="A4337CD8EF3AC51C9354EA1343EEA2BF" unit="page">
|
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<mods:start id="66F0A9269E2CD57BF00D78B86F82D982">25</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="2F66668DC5EB89D92B7D7CD59CD73575">44</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="A4F29FB5F509706235A99C1274583341">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B74032E2253852527DE232708F28376D" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.176703</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3662E8D78055EA420F872572247B85F0" type="GBIF-Dataset">139b5452-0935-4a80-b1c3-c72c8e7e7baa</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5F34D9A849751CF29A7339374560FAAE" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="3C25068CD89F0EF0EED4CDBF9649E155" type="Zenodo-Dep">176703</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="E62787D8E66B5C05FF19FEBAFC5CF915" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5658465" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119359522" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5658465" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E62787D8E66B5C05FF19FEBAFC5CF915" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E62787D8E66B5C05FF19FEBAFC5CF915" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<subSubSection id="26946545E66B5C16FF19FEBAFF3EFE60" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66B5C16FF19FEBAFDDFFE83" blockId="3.[151,526,330,391]" box="[151,526,330,356]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<heading id="357981A2E66B5C16FF19FEBAFDDFFE83" bold="true" box="[151,526,330,356]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FF19FEBAFDDFFE83" bold="true" box="[151,526,330,356]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66B5C16FF19FEBAFE79FE83" ID-CoL="6JHY2" box="[151,424,330,356]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FF19FEBAFE79FE83" bold="true" box="[151,424,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Formicivora grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47C957A7E66B5C16FE3EFEBAFDDFFE83" box="[432,526,330,356]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66B5C16FF19FE9DFF3EFE60" blockId="3.[151,526,330,391]" box="[151,239,365,391]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE66B5C16FF11FE9DFF34FE60" box="[159,229,365,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1970,1994]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,379,1962]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[264,1323,374,1964]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov. in its habitat near the type locality (Mucugê, Bahia). Above: adult male. Below: female-plumaged bird (Photos by Sidnei Sampaio)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176705/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="26946545E66B5C16FF19FE47FAD2FB1F" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66B5C16FF19FE47FE76FD23" blockId="3.[151,1437,439,2032]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FF19FE47FEC1FE36" bold="true" box="[151,272,439,465]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE66B5C16FF19FE47FEDAFE36" box="[151,267,439,465]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FE99FE48FEB4FE35" box="[279,357,440,466]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">MNRJ</collectionCode>
|
||
44149: adult male (skull 100% ossified; right testis 4.2 mm, left 3.6 mm) from the valley of the Rio Cumbuca (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E66B5C16FEFCFE12FE2DFE1B" box="[370,508,480,508]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="-12.974722">12o58’29”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E66B5C16FD86FE12FD4AFE1B" box="[520,667,480,508]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="-41.358055">41o21’29”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elevation
|
||
<quantity id="A9769B2BE66B5C16FC96FE12FCB4FE1B" box="[792,869,482,508]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="860.0">860 m</quantity>
|
||
), 3.5 km northeast of the town of Mucugê, in the municipality of Mucugê, state of Bahia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1699765EE66B5C16FDFCFDFAFD6CFDC3" box="[626,701,522,548]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
; mist-netted
|
||
<date id="1A30100EE66B5C16FCDAFDFAFBE6FDC3" box="[852,1079,522,548]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2002-11-22">22 November 2002</date>
|
||
by LPG and
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FB5DFDFAFAF8FDC3" box="[1235,1321,522,548]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">AMPC</collectionCode>
|
||
, prepared as a skin by LPG; carcass (including post-rostral skull) preserved in alcohol; molting feathers on body and head, plumage slightly worn. Calls tape-recorded by LPG (
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FCEFFDAAFC7FFD93" box="[865,942,602,628]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">ASEC</collectionCode>
|
||
10614-10616). Flattened wing length
|
||
<quantity id="A9769B2BE66B5C16FAF1FDAAFF19FD7B" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
; tail length
|
||
<quantity id="A9769B2BE66B5C16FEDCFD72FE79FD7B" box="[338,424,642,668]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="59.0">59 mm</quantity>
|
||
; bill from anterior edge of nostril 8.5 mm; exposed culmen 12.5 mm; tarsus 19.5 mm; weight 9.0 g (light fat).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66B5C16FF49FD22FBB1FBB3" blockId="3.[151,1437,439,2032]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FF49FD22FE9AFD0B" bold="true" box="[199,331,722,748]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE66B5C16FF49FD22FE96FD0B" box="[199,327,722,748]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FED8FD22FE75FD0B" box="[342,420,722,748]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zi1i-a0b5" name="Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">MNRJ</collectionCode>
|
||
44150: adult female (skull ossified, well-developed egg in oviduct 16.1 mm x 11.5 mm) paired with
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE66B5C16FEE6FD0AFE03FCF3" box="[360,466,762,788]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, same date and site, molting feathers on wing, tail, head and body, prepared as a skin; voice recordings
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FE2EFCD2FE3AFCDB" box="[416,491,802,828]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">ASEC</collectionCode>
|
||
10614-10615.
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FD10FCD2FD3EFCDB" box="[670,751,802,828]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">MPEG</collectionCode>
|
||
60419: adult female (skull ossified, ovarium 5.7 mm, oviduct moderately developed) collected
|
||
<date id="1A30100EE66B5C16FDDDFCBAFCE9FC83" box="[595,824,842,868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2002-11-14">14 November 2002</date>
|
||
, same site as
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE66B5C16FC5AFCBAFBECFC83" box="[980,1085,842,868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, molting feathers on tail, head and body, prepared as a skin.
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FD88FC82FD89FC6B" box="[518,600,882,908]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">MPEG</collectionCode>
|
||
60420: adult male (skull ossified, right testis 3.3 mm, left 4.1 mm), paired with
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FEADFC6AFEA4FC53" box="[291,373,922,948]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/90vz-swjg" name="Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">MPEG</collectionCode>
|
||
60419, same date and site, molting feathers on head and body, prepared as a skin.
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FAB4FC6AFA4DFC53" box="[1338,1436,922,948]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
76676: adult male (skull ossified, right testis 2.8 mm, left testis 3.0 mm), collected
|
||
<date id="1A30100EE66B5C16FBE3FC32FA85FC3B" box="[1133,1364,962,988]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2002-11-28">28 November 2002</date>
|
||
, same site as
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE66B5C16FF7CFC1AFE8AFBE3" box="[242,347,1002,1028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, molting feathers on head and body, prepared as a skin; voice recording
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FB7DFC1AFAEFFBE3" box="[1267,1342,1002,1028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">ASEC</collectionCode>
|
||
10515.
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FF19FBE2FF28FBCB" box="[151,249,1042,1068]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
76677: adult female (skull ossified, ovarium 3.9 mm, oviduct not developed) paired with
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FAB4FBE2FA4DFBCB" box="[1338,1436,1042,1068]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
76676, same date and site, molting feathers on wing and breast, prepared as a skin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66B5C16FF49FB92FAD2FB1F" blockId="3.[151,1437,439,2032]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FF49FB92FD07FB9B" bold="true" box="[199,726,1122,1148]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Additional specimens (non-type material).</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FD53FB92FCF3FB9B" box="[733,802,1122,1148]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e1gk-b74h" name="The Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide (Italian National Antarctic Museum in Genoa)." pageId="3" pageNumber="28">MNA</collectionCode>
|
||
2690 and
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FC10FB92FC33FB9B" box="[926,994,1122,1148]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/e1gk-b74h" name="The Museo Nazionale dell'Antartide (Italian National Antarctic Museum in Genoa)." pageId="3" pageNumber="28">MNA</collectionCode>
|
||
2691 (spirit specimens): adult males, Serra do Ribeirão (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E66B5C16FEF7FB7EFDD2FB4F" box="[377,515,1163,1192]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="-12.558333">12o33’30”S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E66B5C16FD9FFB7EFD72FB4F" box="[529,675,1163,1192]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" precision="15" value="-41.42028">41o25’13”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elevation
|
||
<quantity id="A9769B2BE66B5C16FCAAFB7EFCA2FB4F" box="[804,883,1166,1192]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="950.0">950 m</quantity>
|
||
), municipality of Lençóis,
|
||
<date id="1A30100EE66B5C16FB3DFB7EFF04FB37" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="1999-02-17" valueMax="1999-02-19" valueMin="1999-02-17">17 and 19 February 1999</date>
|
||
; RG 2924 (skin): adult male, Igatu, municipality of Andaraí,
|
||
<date id="1A30100EE66B5C16FC2BFB46FB94FB37" box="[933,1093,1206,1232]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="1965-05-18">18 May 1965</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FBDFFB46FB44FB37" box="[1105,1173,1206,1232]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">UFRJ</collectionCode>
|
||
0 798 (flat skin): adult male, Igatu, municipality of Andaraí,
|
||
<date id="1A30100EE66B5C16FDDCFB2EFCE6FB1F" box="[594,823,1246,1272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" value="2002-11-16">16 November 2002</date>
|
||
; voice recordings
|
||
<collectionCode id="089FAE0BE66B5C16FB83FB2EFB89FB1F" box="[1037,1112,1246,1272]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">ASEC</collectionCode>
|
||
10541-10542.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="26946545E66B5C11FF48FAF5FB7EFE9D" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66B5C16FF48FAF5FB26F8E7" blockId="3.[151,1437,439,2032]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FF48FAF5FE97FAF8" bold="true" box="[198,326,1285,1311]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FEC1FAF6FD48FAF8" box="[335,665,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Morphology and coloration</emphasis>
|
||
. Females of the new species differ from those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66B5C16FB7CFAF6FAA7FAF8" box="[1266,1398,1286,1311]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FB7CFAF6FAA7FAF8" box="[1266,1398,1286,1311]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66B5C16FA08FAF6FEE6FAA0" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanogaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FA08FAF6FEE6FAA0" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. melanogaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FEFCFADEFE36FAA0" box="[370,487,1326,1351]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. s e r r a n a</emphasis>
|
||
by lacking a facial black mask and by having the sides of the head, throat, and breast whitish with black streaks (vs. no streaks). From
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66B5C16FCAFFAA6FC12FA88" box="[801,963,1366,1391]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FCAFFAA6FC12FA88" box="[801,963,1366,1391]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. acutirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66B5C16FC72FAA6FB7CFA88" box="[1020,1197,1366,1391]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erythronotos">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FC72FAA6FB7CFA88" box="[1020,1197,1366,1391]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. erythronotos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the new species differs by possessing 12 rectrices (vs.
|
||
<quantity id="A9769B2BE66B5C16FDB0FA8EFDAAFA7F" box="[574,635,1406,1432]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity>
|
||
the former and 10 or
|
||
<quantity id="A9769B2BE66B5C16FC0DFA8EFC11FA7F" box="[899,960,1406,1432]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.048" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" unit="in" value="12.0">12 in</quantity>
|
||
the latter) with large (vs. absent or narrower) white tips and by the adult males having the sides of the head, throat, and breast black separated from upperparts by a white eyestripe continuing and broadening down the sides of the neck and breast (vs. no stripe). Both females and adult males of the new species differ from those of
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FB91FA06FBB8F9E8" box="[1055,1129,1526,1551]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE66B5C16FBF3FA06FB3DF9F7" box="[1149,1260,1526,1552]" captionStart="FIGURES 3 – 5" captionStartId="5.[151,269,1918,1942]" captionTargetBox="[420,1154,206,1884]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[420,1177,194,1884]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3 – 5. From left to right in each figure: holotype of Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov. (MNRJ 44149); male F. rufa collected at the same locality (MNRJ 44151); female paratype of F. grantsaui sp. nov. (MNRJ 44150); and female F. rufa collected at the same locality (MNRJ 44153); 3, ventral view; 4, lateral view; 5, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176706/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Figs. 3–5</figureCitation>
|
||
) by having the flanks brown (vs. yellowish ochraceous), the upperparts darker and, more strikingly, by having the underwing-coverts grey and white (vs. entirely white,
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE66B5C16FD5BF9B6FC96F987" box="[725,839,1606,1632]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStartId-0="6.[151,255,1056,1080]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,255,1700,1724]" captionTargetBox-0="[264,1323,194,1032]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1322,1203,1676]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[264,1323,194,1032]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[264,1323,1203,1676]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Comparison of underwing-coverts in specimens of Formicivora from Mucugê, Bahia. Left: grey and white in F. grantsaui sp. nov. (above: male MZUSP 76676; below: female MNRJ 44150). Right: entirely white in F. r u f a (above: male MNRJ 44154; below: female MNRJ 44153)." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Syntype of Myiothera rufa Wied (AMNH 5353), collected in the interior of Bahia, showing white underwing-coverts." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/176707/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/176708/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Figs. 6–7</figureCitation>
|
||
). From most recognized taxa in the
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FB7FF9B6FA85F9B8" box="[1265,1364,1606,1631]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. g r i s e a</emphasis>
|
||
complex the new species differs by the streaked (vs. plain) pattern of females, being similar in this respect to
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FAE7F99EFEF3F948" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. g. orenocensis</emphasis>
|
||
, from which it differs by having the flanks brown (vs. white) and by having the outer rectrices edged white (vs. extensively white).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66B5C16FDCBF94EFD03F930" box="[581,722,1726,1751]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FDCBF94EFD03F930" box="[581,722,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs further from
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FC4DF94EFBF4F930" box="[963,1061,1726,1751]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. g r i s e a</emphasis>
|
||
by possessing a longer tail (tail length> 105% wing length, vs. <100% wing length), similar to both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66B5C16FC49F916FBBBF918" box="[967,1130,1766,1791]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FC49F916FBBBF918" box="[967,1130,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. acutirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FB2DF916FB3CF918" box="[1187,1261,1766,1791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66B5C11FF49F8FEFB7EFE9D" blockId="3.[151,1437,439,2032]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,152,378]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FF49F8FEFED2F8C0" box="[199,259,1806,1831]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Vo ic e</emphasis>
|
||
. Distinguished from all other taxa in the genus by having a two-part alarm call formed by more than two (rarely only two) notes. This call
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE66B5C16FDDCF8C6FD55F8B7" box="[594,644,1846,1872]" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">type</typeStatus>
|
||
has been hypothesized to be derived within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66B5C16FB00F8C6FF0FF89F" authority="Gonzaga 2001" authorityName="Gonzaga" authorityYear="2001" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FB00F8C6FAF3F8A8" box="[1166,1314,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Formicivora</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE66B5C16FABCF8C6FF07F89F" author="Gonzaga" pageId="3" pageNumber="42" refString="Gonzaga, L. P. (2001) Analise Filogenetica do Genero Formicivora Swainson, 1825 (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) Baseada em Caracteres Morfologicos e Vocais. PhD dissertation. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, xv + 215 pp." type="book" year="2001">Gonzaga 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, contributing to define a clade that includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66B5C16FD64F8AEFC5CF890" box="[746,909,1886,1911]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FD64F8AEFC5CF890" box="[746,909,1886,1911]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. acutirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FC12F8AEFC36F890" box="[924,999,1886,1911]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
, and the
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FBD6F8AEFB6AF890" box="[1112,1211,1886,1911]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. g r i s e a</emphasis>
|
||
complex (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE66B5C16FAB2F8AEFF69F847" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 12" captionStartId="8.[151,269,1765,1789]" captionTargetBox="[277,1315,805,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,794,1741]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 12. The alarm call shared by: 9, Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov. (ASEC 10549); 10, F. r u f a (ASEC 3186); 11, F. acutirostris (MBBR s / no.); and 12, F. g r i s e a (ASEC 3011) presents a similar first note with a rapid descending frequency modulation followed by a second part, having up to three additional notes, whose structure is more variable among the several taxa. In F. grantsaui this final part most often has two very short notes (but see Figs. 13 – 14), while in the other species it always has only one note (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2 %, DFT size 16384 points)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176710/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Figs. 9– 12</figureCitation>
|
||
). A very short and distinctively modulated territorial (duet) call also differentiates
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66B5C16FB2FF876FAE3F878" box="[1185,1330,1926,1951]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FB2FF876FAE3F878" box="[1185,1330,1926,1951]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all other species in the genus. A homologous call has been recorded from
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FC58F85EFBE8F820" box="[982,1081,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. g r i s e a</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66B5C16FBF8F85EFB11F820" box="[1142,1216,1966,1991]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
, showing a different sound structure in each of these species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE66B5C16FD10F826FCFCF817" box="[670,813,2006,2032]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 18" captionStartId="10.[151,269,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,599,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[264,1323,594,1770]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 18. Territorial (duet) call of: 15, Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov. (ASEC 10545); 16, F. r u f a (ASEC 2818); 17 – 18, variants of F. g r i s e a (ASEC 2990 and 3012 respectively). Notice the shorter call with distinctive ascending / descending frequency modulation of notes in F. grantsaui (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2 %, DFT size 32768 points)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176712/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="28">Figs. 15–18</figureCitation>
|
||
), but it is apparently absent from the repertoire of the other species in this clade,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66C5C11FE5EFF68FDA3FF56" box="[464,626,152,177]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66C5C11FE5EFF68FDA3FF56" box="[464,626,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">F. acutirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, possibly as a secondary loss (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE66C5C11FC5BFF68FB54FF55" author="Gonzaga" box="[981,1157,152,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="42" refString="Gonzaga, L. P. (2001) Analise Filogenetica do Genero Formicivora Swainson, 1825 (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) Baseada em Caracteres Morfologicos e Vocais. PhD dissertation. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, xv + 215 pp." type="book" year="2001">Gonzaga 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Another striking diagnostic vocal character state between the new species and
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66C5C11FCCDFF30FC5EFF3E" box="[835,911,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
is the pace of the loudsong, which is much slower in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66C5C11FE84FF18FE46FEE6" box="[266,407,232,257]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66C5C11FE84FF18FE46FEE6" box="[266,407,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(c. 2 notes/s vs. c. 14 notes/s;
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE66C5C11FD77FF18FC59FEE5" box="[761,904,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 20" captionStartId="11.[151,269,917,941]" captionTargetBox="[268,1319,197,890]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[264,1323,194,893]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 20. Loudsong of: 19, Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov., showing six notes from a much longer series (ASEC 10549); 20, F. r u f a recorded at the same locality, showing a complete song phrase (ASEC 10539). Notice the pace about 7 times faster in F. r u f a. Inset in each figure is an enlargement on the time scale (same scale for all) to show more comparative detail (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2 %, DFT size 4096 points)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176713/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Figs. 19–20</figureCitation>
|
||
); as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66C5C11FC57FF18FBADFEE6" box="[985,1148,232,257]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66C5C11FC57FF18FBADFEE6" box="[985,1148,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">F. acutirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, these notes do not form phrases with a stereotyped duration such as those of the loudsong of
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66C5C11FC39FEE0FBD0FECE" box="[951,1025,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
. Furthermore, the new species differs from
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66C5C11FE83FEC8FE88FEB6" box="[269,345,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
and other species of the genus by its distress call, which is a series of a few weak whistles (vs. a sharp trill). A similar distress call has been recorded also in
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66C5C11FC12FE90FC2EFE9E" box="[924,1023,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">F. g r i s e a</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE66C5C11FB9DFE90FB73FE9D" box="[1043,1186,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="11.[151,269,1799,1823]" captionTargetBox="[266,1317,1140,1771]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[264,1323,1133,1775]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Distress call of: 21, Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov., two consecutive whistles (ASEC 10615, from the holotype); 22, F. g r i s e a, two consecutive whistles (JMCS 07 / 39); 23, F. r u f a, a complete trill (ASEC 3184). All recordings made from mist-netted birds. (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2 %, DFT size 16384 points)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176714/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Figs. 21–23</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E66C5C11FF19F842FCDEF80B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176705/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[264,1322,379,1962]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66C5C11FF19F842FCDEF80B" blockId="4.[151,1436,1970,2028]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66C5C11FF19F842FECAF82D" bold="true" box="[151,283,1970,1994]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66C5C11FEAAF842FDCBF82E" box="[292,538,1970,1993]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66C5C11FEAAF842FDCBF82E" box="[292,538,1970,1993]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">Formicivora grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47C957A7E66C5C11FDADF842FDAAF82D" box="[547,635,1970,1994]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66C5C11FDADF842FDAAF82D" bold="true" box="[547,635,1970,1994]" pageId="4" pageNumber="29">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
in its habitat near the type locality (Mucugê, Bahia). Above: adult male. Below: female-plumaged bird (Photos by Sidnei Sampaio).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E66D5C10FF19F88EFB74F83D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176706/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" targetBox="[420,1154,206,1884]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66D5C10FF19F88EFB74F83D" blockId="5.[151,1434,1918,2010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66D5C10FF19F88EFE95F871" bold="true" box="[151,324,1918,1942]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">FIGURES 3–5.</emphasis>
|
||
From left to right in each figure: holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66D5C10FCB2F88EFBE3F872" box="[828,1074,1918,1941]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66D5C10FCB2F88EFBE3F872" box="[828,1074,1918,1941]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">Formicivora grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47C957A7E66D5C10FBB4F88EFB41F871" box="[1082,1168,1918,1942]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66D5C10FBB4F88EFB41F871" bold="true" box="[1082,1168,1918,1942]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(MNRJ 44149); male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66D5C10FA06F88EFF15F85F" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66D5C10FA06F88EFF15F85F" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">F. rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected at the same locality (MNRJ 44151); female paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66D5C10FCF0F851FC2CF85F" box="[894,1021,1953,1976]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66D5C10FCF0F851FC2CF85F" box="[894,1021,1953,1976]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47C957A7E66D5C10FB8AF850FB88F85F" box="[1028,1113,1952,1976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66D5C10FB8AF850FB88F85F" bold="true" box="[1028,1113,1952,1976]" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(MNRJ 44150); and female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66D5C10FA06F851FF15F83D" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66D5C10FA06F851FF15F83D" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="30">F. rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected at the same locality (MNRJ 44153); 3, ventral view; 4, lateral view; 5, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E66E5C13FF19FBD0FCD4FB9A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176707/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[264,1323,194,1032]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66E5C13FF19FBD0FCD4FB9A" blockId="6.[151,1436,1056,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66E5C13FF19FBD0FEC8FBDF" bold="true" box="[151,281,1056,1080]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of underwing-coverts in specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66E5C13FCC9FBD1FC1FFBDF" box="[839,974,1057,1080]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66E5C13FCC9FBD1FC1FFBDF" box="[839,974,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Formicivora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mucugê, Bahia. Left: grey and white in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66E5C13FF3BFBB3FEE8FBBD" box="[181,313,1091,1114]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66E5C13FF3BFBB3FEE8FBBD" box="[181,313,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47C957A7E66E5C13FECDFBB3FE4AFBBC" box="[323,411,1091,1115]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66E5C13FECDFBB3FE4AFBBC" bold="true" box="[323,411,1091,1115]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(above: male MZUSP 76676; below: female MNRJ 44150). Right: entirely white in
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66E5C13FADCFBB3FA49FBBD" box="[1362,1432,1091,1114]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
(above: male MNRJ 44154; below: female MNRJ 44153).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E66E5C13FF19F954FEF8F939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176708/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[264,1322,1203,1676]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66E5C13FF19F954FEF8F939" blockId="6.[151,1435,1700,1758]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66E5C13FF19F954FECBF95B" bold="true" box="[151,282,1700,1724]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Syntype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66E5C13FE2CF954FD56F95C" authority="Wied" authorityName="Wied" box="[418,647,1700,1723]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Myiothera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66E5C13FE2CF954FD94F95C" box="[418,581,1700,1723]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Myiothera rufa</emphasis>
|
||
Wied
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AMNH 5353), collected in the interior of Bahia, showing white underwing-coverts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="26946545E66E5C05FF49F8FCFCD1FA55" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="6" pageNumber="31" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66E5C12FF49F8FCFCAAFE2D" blockId="6.[151,1436,1804,2030]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,152,458]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66E5C13FF49F8FCFE8EF8C1" bold="true" box="[199,351,1804,1830]" pageId="6" pageNumber="31">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Adult males: crown, back and rump Verona Brown (223B), frontal feathers greyish. Crown feathers darker along rachides, giving it a slightly streaked appearance. No interscapular patch. Sides of head (including lores) and underparts from chin to belly black, bordered by a white stripe going down from above the lores to the sides of the belly through the sides of neck and breast. Posterior portion of belly and crissum grey. Flanks Sayal Brown (223C). Wing feathers Vandyke Brown (121), inner webs with whitish edges. Upper wing-coverts black with white terminal spots. Underwing-coverts dark grey in the basal two-thirds, white in the distal third. Tail feathers with white tips that are narrower (c.
|
||
<quantity id="A9769B2BE66F5C12FC73FF68FB90FF55" box="[1021,1089,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
in fresh plumage) in the central feathers and increasingly broader (up to c.
|
||
<quantity id="A9769B2BE66F5C12FD4EFF30FCD4FF3D" box="[704,773,192,218]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) towards the outer feathers; white on the tips of the two outer pairs of tail feathers extending along the edge of the outer webs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE66F5C12FC6CFF18FBFBFEE5" box="[994,1066,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="7.[155,259,1169,1193]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,514,1144]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[264,1323,514,1145]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 8. Underside of the tail of the holotype of Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov. (MNRJ 44149), showing the pattern of white marks and two-toned (grey and black) coloration of the outer feathers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176709/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Upper surface of tail feathers Vandyke Brown (121), becoming darker towards the tip. Under surface of the tail feathers (especially the outer ones) two-toned, grey with a broad black subterminal band (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE66F5C12FC11FEC8FC37FEB5" box="[927,998,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="7.[155,259,1169,1193]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,514,1144]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[264,1323,514,1145]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 8. Underside of the tail of the holotype of Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov. (MNRJ 44149), showing the pattern of white marks and two-toned (grey and black) coloration of the outer feathers." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176709/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). Females: differ from males by having upperparts slightly paler than males, Raw Umber (23) instead of Verona Brown (223B), and sides of the head and underparts white with black streaks (c.
|
||
<quantity id="A9769B2BE66F5C12FD5FFE78FCC4FE45" box="[721,789,392,418]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide on chest). Tail composed of 12 rectrices, strongly graduated (outer rectrices 38%–47% shorter than central ones).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E66F5C12FF15FB61FC32FB2C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176709/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[264,1322,514,1144]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66F5C12FF15FB61FC32FB2C" blockId="7.[151,1436,1169,1227]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66F5C12FF15FB61FECCFB4E" bold="true" box="[155,285,1169,1193]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Underside of the tail of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66F5C12FD48FB62FC6BFB4E" box="[710,954,1170,1193]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66F5C12FD48FB62FC6BFB4E" box="[710,954,1170,1193]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Formicivora grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66F5C12FC4EFB61FBC4FB4E" bold="true" box="[960,1045,1169,1193]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47C957A7E66F5C12FC4EFB61FBC4FB4E" box="[960,1045,1169,1193]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(MNRJ 44149), showing the pattern of white marks and two-toned (grey and black) coloration of the outer feathers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66F5C12FF49FB09FC79FADB" blockId="7.[151,1436,1273,1380]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66F5C12FF49FB09FD97FAF4" bold="true" box="[199,582,1273,1299]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Coloration of soft parts in life.</emphasis>
|
||
irides brown; bill black (basal half of mandible grey in females), palate and tongue orange; tarsi and toes plumbeous-grey, soles yellowish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66F5C12FF49FAB9FDC5FA83" blockId="7.[151,1436,1273,1380]" box="[199,532,1353,1380]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66F5C12FF49FAB9FEAFFA84" bold="true" box="[199,382,1353,1379]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Morphometry.</emphasis>
|
||
See
|
||
<tableCitation id="230C0375E66F5C12FE39FABAFDDEFA83" box="[439,527,1354,1380]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,1433,1457]" captionTargetBox="[155,1415,1532,2016]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometric data of specimens of Formicivora grantsaui." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3AF16646E66F5C12FF19FA69FC5EFA56" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" tableUuid="3AF16646E66F5C12FF19FA69FC5EFA56">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E66F5C12FF19FA69FC5EFA56" ID-Table-UUID="3AF16646E66F5C12FF19FA69FC5EFA56" box="[151,911,1433,1457]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/3AF16646E66F5C12FF19FA69FC5EFA56" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" targetBox="[155,1415,1532,2016]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66F5C12FF19FA69FC5EFA56" blockId="7.[151,911,1433,1457]" box="[151,911,1433,1457]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE66F5C12FF19FA69FED9FA56" bold="true" box="[151,264,1433,1457]" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphometric data of specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE66F5C12FD1AFA6AFC5AFA56" box="[660,907,1434,1457]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">Formicivora grantsaui</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66F5C1DFE5CFA21FED5FD05" blockId="7.[466,1214,1489,1512]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,738]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
Males Females
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFF49FF67FEA2FF56" bold="true" box="[199,371,151,177]" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">Vocalizations.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFEF0FF68FD5DFF56" box="[382,652,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">Alarm or contact call.</emphasis>
|
||
This call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE6605C1DFC9DFF68FC8DFF55" box="[787,860,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURES 9 – 12" captionStartId="8.[151,269,1765,1789]" captionTargetBox="[277,1315,805,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[264,1323,794,1741]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 9 – 12. The alarm call shared by: 9, Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov. (ASEC 10549); 10, F. r u f a (ASEC 3186); 11, F. acutirostris (MBBR s / no.); and 12, F. g r i s e a (ASEC 3011) presents a similar first note with a rapid descending frequency modulation followed by a second part, having up to three additional notes, whose structure is more variable among the several taxa. In F. grantsaui this final part most often has two very short notes (but see Figs. 13 – 14), while in the other species it always has only one note (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2 %, DFT size 16384 points)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176710/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
) is usually delivered when a bird is apparently alarmed or trying to re-establish contact to its mate. It is typically repeated at short intervals (range = 0.6–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6605C1DFAF9FF30FF75FEE5" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" precision="5555" value="-3.0">3.0 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, mean =
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6605C1DFE9CFF18FE8BFEE5" box="[274,346,232,258]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" precision="555" value="-1.13">1.13 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, SD = 0.39,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFE7EFF18FE2EFEE6" box="[496,511,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 147 calls from at least 5 birds) forming a long series that may contain 47 or more consecutive calls at an average delivery rate of 0.75 calls/s (range = 0.61–0.95, SD = 0.11,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFA9DFEE0FAF3FECE" box="[1299,1314,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 7 series from at least 5 birds). The first part of this two-parted call is formed by a single note, and the second part most often (93%,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFEA2FE90FEEAFE9E" box="[300,315,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 286 calls from at least 7 birds) presents two notes, rarely one or three (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE6605C1DFB20FE90FA91FE9D" box="[1198,1344,352,378]" captionStart="FIGURES 13 – 14" captionStartId="9.[151,269,739,763]" captionTargetBox="[274,1319,197,711]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[264,1323,194,715]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 13 – 14. Infrequent variants of the alarm call of Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov.: 13, with only one note on the second part of the call (ASEC 10512); 14, with three notes on the second part of the call (ASEC 10517). Notice that the first part of the call shows no significant variation in the note structure (see Fig. 9) (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, filter bandwidth 533 Hz, overlap 93.75 %, FFT size 16384 points)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176711/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">Figs. 13–14</figureCitation>
|
||
). These infrequent variant calls are mixed in among a series of more typical (three-noted) calls given by an individual, not given in independent series by different individuals. Three-note calls have an average duration of
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6605C1DFADAFE40FA4AFE2D" box="[1364,1435,432,458]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" precision="555" value="-0.26">0.26 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(range = 0.2–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6605C1DFEBBFE28FEBCFE15" box="[309,365,472,498]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" precision="5555" value="-0.3">0.3 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, SD = 0.02,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFD8EFE28FDDEFE16" box="[512,527,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 188 calls from at least 6 birds) and an average “max frequency” of 3.4 kHz (range = 3.1–4.4 kHz, SD = 0.23,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFDA0FDF0FDECFDFE" box="[558,573,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 194 calls from at least 6 birds), being noticeably the sharpest voice of the repertoire. On one occasion, a female-plumaged bird that approached the observer in response to tape playback delivered a series of these calls in which the last note of each call was prolonged in a harsh sound that was like a short version of scolding calls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE6605C1DFD3AFD88FCDDFD75" box="[692,780,632,658]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 25" captionStartId="12.[151,269,739,763]" captionTargetBox="[270,1316,200,708]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,194,715]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 25. Calls of Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov. (ASEC 10512): 24, a transition call between a series of alarm calls (see Fig. 9) and scolding calls; 25, a typical scolding call. Notice that the last note of the call in Fig. 24 is prolonged in a harsh sound, like a short version of the scolding call (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, filter bandwidth 533 Hz, overlap 93.75 %, FFT size 16384 points)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176715/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
|
||
). This transitional series was followed without interruption by a series of purely harsh and longer scolding calls (see below), after which the bird stopped calling and departed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE66F5C12FE5CFA0CFEF9F807" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<table id="1C8EC46EE66FA3EAFF15FA0CFA56F807" box="[155,1415,1532,2016]" gridcols="10" gridrows="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<tr id="D0BE348CE66FA3EAFF15FA0CFA56F9F4" box="[155,1415,1532,1555]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFF15FA0CFDC1F9F4" box="[155,528,1532,1555]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">MNA</th>
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFDA7FA0CFDB6F9F4" box="[553,615,1532,1555]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">MNA</th>
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD0FFA0CFD19F9F4" box="[641,712,1532,1555]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">MNRJ</th>
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD6DFA0CFCFCF9F4" box="[739,813,1532,1555]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">MPEG</th>
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFCC7FA0CFC73F9F4" box="[841,930,1532,1555]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">MZUSP</th>
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFC31FA0CFC25F9F4" box="[959,1012,1532,1555]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">RG</th>
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB80FA0CFB9DF9F4" box="[1038,1100,1532,1555]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">UFRJ</th>
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFBEBFA0CFB7DF9F4" box="[1125,1196,1532,1555]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">MNRJ</th>
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB46FA0CFAC3F9F4" box="[1224,1298,1532,1555]" gridcol="8" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">MPEG</th>
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFAA0FA0CFA56F9F4" box="[1326,1415,1532,1555]" gridcol="9" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">MZUSP</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D0BE348CE66FA3EAFF15F9D7FA56F98C" box="[155,1415,1575,1643]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFF15F9D7FDC1F98C" box="[155,528,1575,1643]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">2690 Wing length a 51</th>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFDA7F9D7FDB6F98C" box="[553,615,1575,1643]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">2691 52</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD0FF9D7FD19F98C" box="[641,712,1575,1643]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">44149 50</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD6DF9D7FCFCF98C" box="[739,813,1575,1643]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">60420 52</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFCC7F9D7FC73F98C" box="[841,930,1575,1643]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">76676 50</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFC31F9D7FC25F98C" box="[959,1012,1575,1643]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">2924 53</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB80F9D7FB9DF98C" box="[1038,1100,1575,1643]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">0 798 52</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFBEBF9D7FB7DF98C" box="[1125,1196,1575,1643]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">44150 51</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB46F9D7FAC3F98C" box="[1224,1298,1575,1643]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">60419 50</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFAA0F9D7FA56F98C" box="[1326,1415,1575,1643]" gridcol="9" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">76677 49</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D0BE348CE66FA3EAFF15F98FFA56F97F" box="[155,1415,1663,1688]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFF15F98FFDC1F97F" box="[155,528,1663,1688]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Tail length a 60</th>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFDA7F98FFDB6F97F" box="[553,615,1663,1688]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">56.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD0FF98FFD19F97F" box="[641,712,1663,1688]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">59</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD6DF98FFCFCF97F" box="[739,813,1663,1688]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">61</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFCC7F98FFC73F97F" box="[841,930,1663,1688]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">54</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFC31F98FFC25F97F" box="[959,1012,1663,1688]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">58.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB80F98FFB9DF97F" box="[1038,1100,1663,1688]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">60.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFBEBF98FFB7DF97F" box="[1125,1196,1663,1688]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">59</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB46F98FFAC3F97F" box="[1224,1298,1663,1688]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">57.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFAA0F98FFA56F97F" box="[1326,1415,1663,1688]" gridcol="9" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">57</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D0BE348CE66FA3EAFF15F95CFA56F90F" box="[155,1415,1708,1768]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFF15F95CFDC1F90F" box="[155,528,1708,1768]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Length difference between 28 central and outer rectrices a</th>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFDA7F95CFDB6F90F" box="[553,615,1708,1768]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">25</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD0FF95CFD19F90F" box="[641,712,1708,1768]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">27</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD6DF95CFCFCF90F" box="[739,813,1708,1768]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">23</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFCC7F95CFC73F90F" box="[841,930,1708,1768]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">21</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFC31F95CFC25F90F" box="[959,1012,1708,1768]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">23</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB80F95CFB9DF90F" box="[1038,1100,1708,1768]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">25</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFBEBF95CFB7DF90F" box="[1125,1196,1708,1768]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">26</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB46F95CFAC3F90F" box="[1224,1298,1708,1768]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">22</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFAA0F95CFA56F90F" box="[1326,1415,1708,1768]" gridcol="9" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">24</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D0BE348CE66FA3EAFF15F90CFA56F8A4" box="[155,1415,1788,1859]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFF15F90CFDC1F8A4" box="[155,528,1788,1859]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Bill length a (from nostril) 8.5 Culmen length a 13.5</th>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFDA7F90CFDB6F8A4" box="[553,615,1788,1859]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">8.5 13</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD0FF90CFD19F8A4" box="[641,712,1788,1859]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">8.5 12.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD6DF90CFCFCF8A4" box="[739,813,1788,1859]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">9 13.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFCC7F90CFC73F8A4" box="[841,930,1788,1859]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">8.5 12.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFC31F90CFC25F8A4" box="[959,1012,1788,1859]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">9 13.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB80F90CFB9DF8A4" box="[1038,1100,1788,1859]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">8.5 13</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFBEBF90CFB7DF8A4" box="[1125,1196,1788,1859]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">8.5 12.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB46F90CFAC3F8A4" box="[1224,1298,1788,1859]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">8.5 12.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFAA0F90CFA56F8A4" box="[1326,1415,1788,1859]" gridcol="9" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">8.5 12.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D0BE348CE66FA3EAFF15F8A7FA56F897" box="[155,1415,1879,1904]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFF15F8A7FDC1F897" box="[155,528,1879,1904]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Tarsus length a 19</th>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFDA7F8A7FDB6F897" box="[553,615,1879,1904]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">19</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD0FF8A7FD19F897" box="[641,712,1879,1904]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">19.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD6DF8A7FCFCF897" box="[739,813,1879,1904]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">19.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFCC7F8A7FC73F897" box="[841,930,1879,1904]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">19</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFC31F8A7FC25F897" box="[959,1012,1879,1904]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">20</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB80F8A7FB9DF897" box="[1038,1100,1879,1904]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">21</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFBEBF8A7FB7DF897" box="[1125,1196,1879,1904]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">20.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB46F8A7FAC3F897" box="[1224,1298,1879,1904]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">20</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFAA0F8A7FA56F897" box="[1326,1415,1879,1904]" gridcol="9" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">19</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D0BE348CE66FA3EAFF15F874FA56F879" box="[155,1415,1924,1950]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFF15F874FDC1F879" box="[155,528,1924,1950]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">Weight b -</th>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFDA7F874FDB6F879" box="[553,615,1924,1950]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">-</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD0FF874FD19F879" box="[641,712,1924,1950]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">9.0</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFD6DF874FCFCF879" box="[739,813,1924,1950]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">9.1</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFCC7F874FC73F879" box="[841,930,1924,1950]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">8.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFC31F874FC25F879" box="[959,1012,1924,1950]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">11.0</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB80F874FB9DF879" box="[1038,1100,1924,1950]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">11.0</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFBEBF874FB7DF879" box="[1125,1196,1924,1950]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">11.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFB46F874FAC3F879" box="[1224,1298,1924,1950]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">10.5</td>
|
||
<td id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFAA0F874FA56F879" box="[1326,1415,1924,1950]" gridcol="9" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">9.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="D0BE348CE66FA3EAFF15F837FA56F807" box="[155,1415,1991,2016]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="32" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1" rowspan-9="1">
|
||
<th id="936F5DF0E66FA3EAFF15F837FDC1F807" box="[155,528,1991,2016]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="32">a mm; b grams.</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E6605C1DFF19F915FDADF84D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176710/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[277,1315,805,1735]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6605C1DFF19F915FDADF84D" blockId="8.[151,1436,1765,1962]" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFF19F915FE81F91A" bold="true" box="[151,336,1765,1789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">FIGURES 9–12.</emphasis>
|
||
The alarm call shared by: 9,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6605C1DFD06F916FCADF91A" box="[648,892,1766,1789]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFD06F916FCADF91A" box="[648,892,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">Formicivora grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47C957A7E6605C1DFC0DF915FC09F91A" box="[899,984,1765,1789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFC0DF915FC09F91A" bold="true" box="[899,984,1765,1789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(ASEC 10549); 10,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFB3BF916FB29F91A" box="[1205,1272,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
(ASEC 3186); 11,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6605C1DFF33F8F8FE80F8F8" box="[189,337,1800,1823]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFF33F8F8FE80F8F8" box="[189,337,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">F. acutirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MBBR s/no.); and 12,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFDDCF8F8FD7DF8F8" box="[594,684,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">F. g r i s e a</emphasis>
|
||
(ASEC 3011) presents a similar first note with a rapid descending frequency modulation followed by a second part, having up to three additional notes, whose structure is more variable among the several taxa. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6605C1DFE39F8BEFDE9F882" box="[439,568,1870,1893]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6605C1DFE39F8BEFDE9F882" box="[439,568,1870,1893]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="33">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this final part most often has two very short notes (but see Figs. 13–14), while in the other species it always has only one note (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2%, DFT size 16384 points).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E6615C1CFF19FD13FBC7FC85" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176711/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" targetBox="[274,1319,197,711]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6615C1CFF19FD13FBC7FC85" blockId="9.[151,1436,739,866]" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFF19FD13FE8FFD1C" bold="true" box="[151,350,739,763]" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">FIGURES 13–14.</emphasis>
|
||
Infrequent variants of the alarm call of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6615C1CFC88FD13FC2BFD1D" box="[774,1018,739,762]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFC88FD13FC2BFD1D" box="[774,1018,739,762]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">Formicivora grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47C957A7E6615C1CFB8FFD13FB87FD1C" box="[1025,1110,739,763]" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFB8FFD13FB87FD1C" bold="true" box="[1025,1110,739,763]" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
: 13, with only one note on the second part of the call (ASEC 10512); 14, with three notes on the second part of the call (ASEC 10517). Notice that the first part of the call shows no significant variation in the note structure (see Fig. 9) (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, filter bandwidth 533 Hz, overlap 93.75%, FFT size 16384 points).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6615C1CFF49FC66FC1DFB2F" blockId="9.[151,1436,918,2024]" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFF49FC66FE7FFC48" box="[199,430,918,943]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">Territorial duet call</emphasis>
|
||
. This pair duet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE6615C1CFDE0FC66FD13FC57" box="[622,706,918,944]" captionStart="FIGURES 15 – 18" captionStartId="10.[151,269,1794,1818]" captionTargetBox="[270,1318,599,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[264,1323,594,1770]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURES 15 – 18. Territorial (duet) call of: 15, Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov. (ASEC 10545); 16, F. r u f a (ASEC 2818); 17 – 18, variants of F. g r i s e a (ASEC 2990 and 3012 respectively). Notice the shorter call with distinctive ascending / descending frequency modulation of notes in F. grantsaui (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2 %, DFT size 32768 points)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176712/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
|
||
) is often delivered at the end of a song bout, but may also take place as an isolated series of calls. Up to 9 calls have been recorded in a sequence (range = 3–9,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFA85FC4EFACBFC30" box="[1291,1306,958,983]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 8). Each call is a very short syllable composed of two or three notes, most often (63%,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFB90FC16FBFCFC18" box="[1054,1069,998,1023]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 57 calls from at least 8 birds) three notes, with an average duration of
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6615C1CFDF6FBFEFD60FBCF" box="[632,689,1038,1064]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" precision="5555" value="-0.1">0.1 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(range = 0.08–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6615C1CFCE7FBFEFC63FBCF" box="[873,946,1038,1064]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" precision="555" value="-0.13">0.13 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, SD = 0.014,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFBD4FBFEFBB8FBC0" box="[1114,1129,1038,1063]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 63 calls from at least 8 birds) and an average “max frequency” of 3.0 kHz (range = 2.6–3.9 kHz, SD = 0.26,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFBF5FBC6FB5BFBA8" box="[1147,1162,1078,1103]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 63 calls from at least 8 birds). Sometimes, the call seems to be composed of only one note with three linked parts, each of these with a deep ascending/descending modulation in both frequency and amplitude. Whichever the case, the highest frequency always occurs in the middle (or second note) of the call.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6615C1CFF49FB26FC96F94F" blockId="9.[151,1436,918,2024]" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFF49FB26FEEAFB08" box="[199,315,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">Loudsong</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFEC3FB26FE5FFB08" box="[333,398,1238,1263]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6615C1CFE16FB26FDF7FB17" author="Willis" box="[408,550,1238,1264]" pageId="9" pageNumber="43" refString="Willis, E. O. (1967) Behavior of Bicolored Antbirds. University of California Publications in Zoology, 79, 1 - 132." type="journal article" year="1967">Willis 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1699765EE6615C1CFDB2FB26FD8DFB17" box="[572,604,1238,1264]" name="American Samoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the other species of the genus (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6615C1CFC75FB26FB7CFB17" author="Gonzaga" box="[1019,1197,1238,1264]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Gonzaga, L. P. (2001) Analise Filogenetica do Genero Formicivora Swainson, 1825 (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) Baseada em Caracteres Morfologicos e Vocais. PhD dissertation. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, xv + 215 pp." type="book" year="2001">Gonzaga 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the loudsong of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6615C1CFA08FB26FED9FAF0" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFA08FB26FED9FAF0" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE6615C1CFE95FB0EFEA4FAFF" box="[283,373,1278,1304]" captionStart="FIGURES 19 – 20" captionStartId="11.[151,269,917,941]" captionTargetBox="[268,1319,197,890]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[264,1323,194,893]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 19 – 20. Loudsong of: 19, Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov., showing six notes from a much longer series (ASEC 10549); 20, F. r u f a recorded at the same locality, showing a complete song phrase (ASEC 10539). Notice the pace about 7 times faster in F. r u f a. Inset in each figure is an enlargement on the time scale (same scale for all) to show more comparative detail (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2 %, DFT size 4096 points)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176713/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">Fig. 19</figureCitation>
|
||
) is a steady repetition, with occasional hesitations (i.e. occasional lengthened intervals between notes), of very short notes (<
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6615C1CFDEBFAD6FD4FFAA7" box="[613,670,1318,1344]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" precision="5555" value="-0.1">0.1 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) with a sharp descending frequency modulation. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6615C1CFA81FAD6FA44FAD8" box="[1295,1429,1318,1343]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFA81FAD6FA44FAD8" box="[1295,1429,1318,1343]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">F.grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the notes have an average duration of
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6615C1CFDD4FABEFD70FA8F" box="[602,673,1358,1384]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" precision="555" value="-0.07">0.07 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(range = 0.06–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6615C1CFCD6FABEFC71FA8F" box="[856,928,1358,1384]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" precision="555" value="-0.08">0.08 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, SD = 0.006,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFBC8FABEFB84FA80" box="[1094,1109,1358,1383]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 507 notes from at least 8 birds), an average “max frequency” of 3.1 kHz (range = 2.6–3.6 kHz, SD = 0.15,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFBC1FA86FB8FFA68" box="[1103,1118,1398,1423]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 507 notes from at least 8 birds) and are uttered in a deliberate way, at an average pace of 2.1 notes per second (range = 1.5–2.7, SD = 0.35,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFF54FA36FF38FA38" box="[218,233,1478,1503]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 31 series from at least 8 birds). Bandwidth of each note is about 3.0 kHz, with an average highest frequency of 4.4 kHz (range = 3.8–5.2 kHz, SD = 0.26) and an average lowest frequency of 1.4 kHz (range = 1.1–1.8 kHz, SD = 0.12,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFE34F9E6FE18F9C8" box="[442,457,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 507 notes from at least 8 birds). In all but one of 8 individuals recorded, the notes show a rapid inflection at the middle. A recording made by B. M. Whitney at Morro do Pai Inácio that appeared in a CD publication (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6615C1CFE70F996FCD3F967" author="Isler" box="[510,770,1638,1664]" pageId="9" pageNumber="42" refString="Isler, P. R., & Whitney, B. M. (2002) Songs of the Antbirds. Thamnophilidae, Formicariidae and Conopophagidae. Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds, Ithaca, New York, audio CD." type="book" year="2002">Isler & Whitney 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as one of the two included examples of the loudsong of
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFF19F97EFF30F940" box="[151,225,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
is, in fact, a sample of the loudsong of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6615C1CFD3DF97EFCEEF940" box="[691,831,1678,1703]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFD3DF97EFCEEF940" box="[691,831,1678,1703]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6615C1CFF49F946FE2EF87F" blockId="9.[151,1436,918,2024]" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFF49F946FEB0F928" box="[199,353,1718,1743]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">Distress call.</emphasis>
|
||
This call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE6615C1CFE51F946FDE5F937" box="[479,564,1718,1744]" captionStart="FIGURES 21 – 23" captionStartId="11.[151,269,1799,1823]" captionTargetBox="[266,1317,1140,1771]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[264,1323,1133,1775]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURES 21 – 23. Distress call of: 21, Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov., two consecutive whistles (ASEC 10615, from the holotype); 22, F. g r i s e a, two consecutive whistles (JMCS 07 / 39); 23, F. r u f a, a complete trill (ASEC 3184). All recordings made from mist-netted birds. (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2 %, DFT size 16384 points)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176714/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
) was recorded from birds handled after capture in mist-nets. It consists of a very soft whistle with a rapid attack and a descending/ascending frequency modulation, around an average “max frequency” of 2.58 kHz (range = 2.3–3.1 kHz, SD = 0.20,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFC16F8F6FC76F8F8" box="[920,935,1798,1823]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 103 notes from 2 birds) and an average duration of
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6615C1CFEAEF8DEFEB4F8AF" box="[288,357,1838,1864]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" precision="555" value="-0.27">0.27 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(range = 0.2–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6615C1CFD85F8DEFD95F8AF" box="[523,580,1838,1864]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="34" precision="5555" value="-0.4">0.4 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, SD = 0.04,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFD56F8DEFD36F8A0" box="[728,743,1838,1863]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 103 notes from 2 birds). It is usually delivered in groups of 2–5 calls, rarely more (n = 37 call groups from 2 birds), at irregular intervals that apparently depend on the level of discomfort of the bird.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6615C1FFF48F856FC41FDFD" blockId="9.[151,1436,918,2024]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,152,538]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6615C1CFF48F856FEB9F858" box="[198,360,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">Scolding call.</emphasis>
|
||
This call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE6615C1CFE69F856FDECF827" box="[487,573,1958,1984]" captionStart="FIGURES 24 – 25" captionStartId="12.[151,269,739,763]" captionTargetBox="[270,1316,200,708]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[264,1323,194,715]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 24 – 25. Calls of Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov. (ASEC 10512): 24, a transition call between a series of alarm calls (see Fig. 9) and scolding calls; 25, a typical scolding call. Notice that the last note of the call in Fig. 24 is prolonged in a harsh sound, like a short version of the scolding call (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, filter bandwidth 533 Hz, overlap 93.75 %, FFT size 16384 points)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176715/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
|
||
) was recorded from both adult males and female-plumaged birds as they approached the observer in response to playback.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1699765EE6615C1CFD68F83EFCD7F80F" box="[742,774,1998,2024]" name="American Samoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="34">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
with the alarm call, it may be delivered in a long series with up to 16 or more consecutive calls, at an average delivery rate of 0.7 calls/s (range = 0.3–1.1, SD = 0.3,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6625C1FFA03FF68FA4DFF56" box="[1421,1436,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 8 series from at least 3 birds). Each call has an average duration of
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6625C1FFC31FF30FBD4FF3D" box="[959,1029,192,218]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" precision="555" value="-0.56">0.56 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
(range = 0.4–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6625C1FFB24FF30FB33FF3D" box="[1194,1250,192,218]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" precision="5555" value="-0.9">0.9 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, SD = 0.08,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6625C1FFAFBFF30FA55FF3E" box="[1397,1412,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 99 calls from at least 3 birds) and an average “max frequency” of 4.6 kHz (range = 3.4–6.0 kHz, SD = 0.61,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6625C1FFA03FF18FA4DFEE6" box="[1421,1436,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 99 calls from at least 3 birds). The interval between consecutive calls is quite variable (range = 0.2–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6625C1FFAD0FEE0FA46FECD" box="[1374,1431,272,298]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" precision="5555" value="-5.1">5.1 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, mean =
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0BBA5009E6625C1FFF78FEC8FEFEFEB5" box="[246,303,312,338]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" precision="5555" value="-1.2">1.2 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, SD = 1.04,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6625C1FFE4AFEC8FE02FEB6" box="[452,467,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 90 calls from at least 3 birds). The harsh sound of this voice results from a periodic modulation in both amplitude and frequency of the carrier, which is represented in the narrow-band audiospectrogram as a series of sidebands, each looking like a zigzag horizontal line, and in the broad-band spectrogram as a series of broad-band frequency vertical lines. A similar call was recorded from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6625C1FFB73FE40FAB2FE2E" box="[1277,1379,432,457]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisea">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6625C1FFB73FE40FAB2FE2E" box="[1277,1379,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">F. grisea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
near Santo Amaro, Bahia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1699765EE6625C1FFE19FE28FE0EFE15" box="[407,479,472,498]" name="Brazil" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE6625C1FFE61FE28FD99FE15" box="[495,584,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="12.[151,255,1465,1489]" captionTargetBox="[350,1238,926,1435]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[342,1244,920,1441]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 26. Two consecutive scolding calls of Formicivora grisea from coastal Bahia, Brazil (MLNS 35741) (see Figs. 24 – 25) (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2 %, DFT size 32768 points)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176716/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
|
||
), but it seems not to be commonly delivered by any other species of the genus, at least not as frequently as it seems to be by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6625C1FFD72FDF0FC59FDFE" box="[764,904,512,537]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6625C1FFD72FDF0FC59FDFE" box="[764,904,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E6625C1FFF19F8F2FCEBF866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176712/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" targetBox="[270,1318,599,1764]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6625C1FFF19F8F2FCEBF866" blockId="10.[151,1436,1794,1921]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6625C1FFF19F8F2FEB0F8FD" bold="true" box="[151,353,1794,1818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">FIGURES 15–18.</emphasis>
|
||
Territorial (duet) call of: 15,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6625C1FFD3CF8F2FC78F8FE" box="[690,937,1794,1817]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6625C1FFD3CF8F2FC78F8FE" box="[690,937,1794,1817]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">Formicivora grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47C957A7E6625C1FFC3AF8F2FBDFF8FD" box="[948,1038,1794,1818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6625C1FFC3AF8F2FBDFF8FD" bold="true" box="[948,1038,1794,1818]" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(ASEC 10545); 16,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6625C1FFB74F8F2FA90F8FE" box="[1274,1345,1794,1817]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
(ASEC 2818); 17–18, variants of
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6625C1FFE20F8D5FDD9F8DB" box="[430,520,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">F. g r i s e a</emphasis>
|
||
(ASEC 2990 and 3012 respectively). Notice the shorter call with distinctive ascending/descending frequency modulation of notes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6625C1FFD24F8B8FCFBF8B8" box="[682,810,1864,1887]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6625C1FFD24F8B8FCFBF8B8" box="[682,810,1864,1887]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="35">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2%, DFT size 32768 points).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E6635C1EFF19FC65FE5CFBD0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176713/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" targetBox="[268,1319,197,890]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6635C1EFF19FC65FE5CFBD0" blockId="11.[151,1436,917,1079]" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6635C1EFF19FC65FEB0FC4A" bold="true" box="[151,353,917,941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">FIGURES 19–20.</emphasis>
|
||
Loudsong of: 19,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6635C1EFDB8FC65FCFCFC4B" box="[566,813,917,940]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6635C1EFDB8FC65FCFCFC4B" box="[566,813,917,940]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Formicivora grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47C957A7E6635C1EFCB6FC65FC43FC4A" box="[824,914,917,941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6635C1EFCB6FC65FC43FC4A" bold="true" box="[824,914,917,941]" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, showing six notes from a much longer series (ASEC 10549); 20,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6635C1EFEFDFC48FE69FC28" box="[371,440,952,975]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
recorded at the same locality, showing a complete song phrase (ASEC 10539). Notice the pace about 7 times faster in
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6635C1EFE48FC2BFDDBFC15" box="[454,522,987,1010]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
. Inset in each figure is an enlargement on the time scale (same scale for all) to show more comparative detail (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2%, DFT size 4096 points).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E6635C1EFF19F8F7FDC5F861" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176714/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" targetBox="[266,1317,1140,1771]" targetPageId="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6635C1EFF19F8F7FDC5F861" blockId="11.[151,1436,1799,1926]" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6635C1EFF19F8F7FE8CF8F8" bold="true" box="[151,349,1799,1823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">FIGURES 21–23.</emphasis>
|
||
Distress call of: 21,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6635C1EFDB8F8F7FCF8F8F9" box="[566,809,1799,1822]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6635C1EFDB8F8F7FCF8F8F9" box="[566,809,1799,1822]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">Formicivora grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47C957A7E6635C1EFCA1F8F7FC55F8F8" box="[815,900,1799,1823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="36" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6635C1EFCA1F8F7FC55F8F8" bold="true" box="[815,900,1799,1823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, two consecutive whistles (ASEC 10615, from the holotype); 22,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6635C1EFEBAF8DAFE5EF8A6" box="[308,399,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">F. g r i s e a</emphasis>
|
||
, two consecutive whistles (JMCS 07/39); 23,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6635C1EFC0AF8DAFC19F8A6" box="[900,968,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="36">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
, a complete trill (ASEC 3184). All recordings made from mist-netted birds. (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2%, DFT size 16384 points).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E6645C19FF19FD13FD3AFC85" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176715/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" targetBox="[270,1316,200,708]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6645C19FF19FD13FD3AFC85" blockId="12.[151,1436,739,866]" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6645C19FF19FD13FE8FFD1C" bold="true" box="[151,350,739,763]" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">FIGURES 24–25.</emphasis>
|
||
Calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6645C19FE31FD13FD62FD1D" box="[447,691,739,762]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6645C19FE31FD13FD62FD1D" box="[447,691,739,762]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Formicivora grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47C957A7E6645C19FD37FD13FCD4FD1D" box="[697,773,739,762]" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" rank="species">sp.nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(ASEC 10512): 24, a transition call between a series of alarm calls (see Fig. 9) and scolding calls; 25, a typical scolding call. Notice that the last note of the call in Fig. 24 is prolonged in a harsh sound, like a short version of the scolding call (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, filter bandwidth 533 Hz, overlap 93.75%, FFT size 16384 points).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E6645C19FF19FA49FF39F9F1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176716/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" targetBox="[350,1238,926,1435]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6645C19FF19FA49FF39F9F1" blockId="12.[151,1437,1465,1558]" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6645C19FF19FA49FEF7FA36" bold="true" box="[151,294,1465,1489]" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
|
||
Two consecutive scolding calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6645C19FD17FA4AFCB8FA36" box="[665,873,1466,1489]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grisea">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6645C19FD17FA4AFCB8FA36" box="[665,873,1466,1489]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Formicivora grisea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from coastal Bahia, Brazil (MLNS 35741) (see Figs. 24–25) (window function Blackman, amplitude logarithmic, window size 533 samples, overlap 96.2%, DFT size 32768 points).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6645C19FF48F9B9FE35F89B" blockId="12.[151,1437,1609,2036]" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6645C19FF48F9B9FE63F984" bold="true" box="[198,434,1609,1635]" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Geographic range.</emphasis>
|
||
The new species is known thus far only from the Serra do Sincorá, on the eastern escarpments of the Chapada
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6645C19FE64F982FDA7F96B" box="[490,630,1650,1676]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Diamantina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="12" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diamantina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Central Bahia, eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1699765EE6645C19FC01F982FC06F96B" box="[911,983,1650,1676]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(for a general description and bird list of this region, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6645C19FEF5F96AFDBBF953" author="Giulietti" box="[379,618,1690,1716]" pageId="12" pageNumber="42" refString="Giulietti, A. M., Pirani, J. R. & Harley, R. M. (1997) Espinhaco Range region, eastern Brazil. In: Davis, S. D., Heywood, V. H., Herrera-MacBryde, O., Villa-Lobos, J. & Hamilton, A. (Eds.) Centres of Plant Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for Their Conservation. Vol. 3: The Americas. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, England. Available from http: // www. nmnh. si. edu / botany / projects / cpd / sa / sa 20. htm (accessed 22 September 2006)." type="book chapter" year="1997">
|
||
Giulietti
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6645C19FE69F96AFDCCF954" box="[487,541,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6645C19FD27F96AFC5BF953" author="Parrini" box="[681,906,1690,1716]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refString="Parrini, R., Raposo, M. A., Pacheco, J. F., Carvalhaes, A. M. P., Melo Junior, T. A., Fonseca, P. S. M. & Minns, J. (1999) Birds of the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. Cotinga, 11, 86 - 95." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Parrini
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6645C19FC8DF96AFC90F954" box="[771,833,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this range,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6645C19FBC5F96AFB0DF954" box="[1099,1244,1690,1715]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6645C19FBC5F96AFB0DF954" box="[1099,1244,1690,1715]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been documented by specimens or voice recordings from several sites between
|
||
<quantity id="A9769B2BE6645C19FC6EF932FBFCF93B" box="[992,1069,1730,1756]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" unit="m" value="850.0">850 m</quantity>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="A9769B2BE6645C19FBE2F932FB17F93B" box="[1132,1222,1730,1756]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" unit="m" value="1100.0">1100 m</quantity>
|
||
at four localities, although it certainly occurs more extensively within the area bounded by these records (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE6645C19FB2EF91AFB34F8E3" box="[1184,1253,1770,1796]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1592,1616]" captionTargetBox="[296,1304,197,1581]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[296,1304,197,1581]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Chapada Diamantina region in the Espinhaço Range, eastern Brazil, showing land above 1000 m and localities mentioned in the text (adapted from Davis et al. 1997)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176704/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
): Morro do Pai Inácio, in the municipality of Palmeiras; the valley of the Rio Ribeirão, in the municipality of Lençóis; Vale do Paty and near Igatu, both in the municipality of Andaraí; and the valley of the Rio Cumbuca and other sites around the town of Mucugê.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6645C18FF48F87AFBBDFEE5" blockId="12.[151,1437,1609,2036]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,152,258]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Currently, only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6645C19FE0EF87AFDEFF844" box="[384,574,1930,1955]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanogaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6645C19FE0EF87AFDEFF844" box="[384,574,1930,1955]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">F. melanogaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been recorded further north of Morro do Pai Inácio, in the Morro do Chapéu region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6645C19FEDCF842FDC4F82B" author="Naumburg" box="[338,533,1970,1996]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refString="Naumburg, E. M. B. (1939) Studies of birds from eastern Brazil and Paraguay, based on a collection made by Emil Kaempfer. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 76, 231 - 276." type="journal article" year="1939">Naumburg 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6645C19FDAFF842FD29F82B" author="Parrini" box="[545,760,1970,1996]" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refString="Parrini, R., Raposo, M. A., Pacheco, J. F., Carvalhaes, A. M. P., Melo Junior, T. A., Fonseca, P. S. M. & Minns, J. (1999) Birds of the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. Cotinga, 11, 86 - 95." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Parrini
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6645C19FDF6F842FD62F82C" box="[632,691,1970,1995]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and south of Mucugê, near the town of Ibicoara (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6645C19FAC4F842FEC8F813" author="Parrini" pageId="12" pageNumber="43" refString="Parrini, R., Raposo, M. A., Pacheco, J. F., Carvalhaes, A. M. P., Melo Junior, T. A., Fonseca, P. S. M. & Minns, J. (1999) Birds of the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. Cotinga, 11, 86 - 95." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Parrini
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6645C19FF19F82AFF03F814" box="[151,210,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and only
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6645C19FE15F82AFE37F814" box="[411,486,2010,2035]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="37">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
was documented further west (specimen from Rio de Contas: MNRJ 39000 and voice recordings by R. Parrini from the nearby Pico das Almas). Our survey of the Chapada
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6655C18FB7DFF68FAADFF55" box="[1267,1404,152,178]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Diamantina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diamantina</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<date id="1A30100EE6655C18FF19FF30FE85FF3D" box="[151,340,192,218]" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" value="2002-11">November 2002</date>
|
||
also included a brief search for the new species north of Lençóis (using tape playback) but, as did previous workers, we found only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6655C18FDC3FF18FCD8FEE6" box="[589,777,232,257]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanogaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6655C18FDC3FF18FCD8FEE6" box="[589,777,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">F. melanogaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
there, near Morro do Chapéu.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E6655C18FF19F87CFCF9F821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176717/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" targetBox="[264,1322,492,1908]" targetPageId="13">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6655C18FF19F87CFCF9F821" blockId="13.[151,1436,1932,1991]" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6655C18FF19F87CFEF8F843" bold="true" box="[151,297,1932,1956]" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">FIGURE 27.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6655C18FEBCF87DFE30F843" box="[306,481,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Campo rupestre</emphasis>
|
||
vegetation on rocky outcrops of the Serra do Sincorá, Chapada
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6655C18FB26F87CFAF6F844" box="[1192,1319,1932,1955]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Diamantina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="13" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diamantina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6655C18FF19F85FFE5BF821" box="[151,394,1967,1990]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6655C18FF19F85FFE5BF821" box="[151,394,1967,1990]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">Formicivora grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6655C18FE1FF85FFE36F820" bold="true" box="[401,487,1967,1991]" pageId="13" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="47C957A7E6655C18FE1FF85FFE36F820" box="[401,487,1967,1991]" pageId="13" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Photos by Charles Ozanick).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6665C1BFF48FF67FEECFE15" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFF48FF67FD50FF56" bold="true" box="[198,641,151,177]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Habitat and ecological segregation.</emphasis>
|
||
The new species inhabits primarily the
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFBEFFF68FAC8FF56" box="[1121,1305,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">campo rupestre</emphasis>
|
||
vegetation occurring on the rocky outcrops above
|
||
<quantity id="A9769B2BE6665C1BFDEEFF30FD7BFF3D" box="[608,682,192,218]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" unit="m" value="800.0">800 m</quantity>
|
||
of elevation on the slopes of stream valleys or high plateaus and at exposed ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE6665C1BFEF9FF18FE00FEE5" box="[375,465,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="13.[151,255,1932,1956]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,492,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[264,1323,314,1908]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 27. Campo rupestre vegetation on rocky outcrops of the Serra do Sincorá, Chapada Diamantina, habitat of Formicivora grantsaui sp. nov. (Photos by Charles Ozanick)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176717/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
|
||
). This landscape is composed of ancient Precambrian sandstones and conglomerates, eroded and dissected by water; soils are thin and nutrient-poor, with acid sands mixed with black peat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFF11FEC8FE11FEB5" author="Harley" box="[159,448,312,338]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" refString="Harley, R. M. & Giulietti, A. M. (2004) Wild Flowers of The Chapada Diamantina. RiMa, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 319 pp." type="book" year="2004">Harley & Giulietti 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A century and more ago, the Chapada
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFC14FEC8FBF2FEB5" box="[922,1059,312,338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Diamantina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diamantina</taxonomicName>
|
||
was an important area in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1699765EE6665C1BFADAFEC8FA4DFEB5" box="[1364,1436,312,338]" name="Brazil" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
for diamond and gold extraction. Most of the area was converted to a National Park in 1985 and the economy is slowly shifting to ecotourism (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFD94FE78FD7DFE45" author="Funch" box="[538,684,392,418]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" refString="Funch, R. (1999). A Visitor's Guide to The Chapada Diamantina Mountains. Secretaria de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Salvador, Bahia, 216 pp." type="book" year="1999">Funch 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although vegetation may be recovering from past disturbance from mining activities and direct exploitation (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFD5CFE40FC2FFE2D" author="Harley" box="[722,1022,432,458]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" refString="Harley, R. M. & Giulietti, A. M. (2004) Wild Flowers of The Chapada Diamantina. RiMa, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 319 pp." type="book" year="2004">Harley & Giulietti 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), fire is a major permanent threat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFF11FE28FEE1FE15" author="Funch" box="[159,304,472,498]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" refString="Funch, R. (1999). A Visitor's Guide to The Chapada Diamantina Mountains. Secretaria de Ciencia e Tecnologia, Salvador, Bahia, 216 pp." type="book" year="1999">Funch 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6665C1BFF49FDF0FB25FCD5" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Characteristic plants of the
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFD89FDF0FD6CFDFE" box="[519,701,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">campo rupestre</emphasis>
|
||
near the type-locality (Mucugê) are the stemless palm
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFAB3FDF0FEB2FDA5" authority="Palmae" authorityName="Palmae" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Syagrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="harleyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFAB3FDF0FF3BFDA6" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Syagrus harleyi</emphasis>
|
||
(Palmae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the “canelas-de-ema”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFD0DFDD8FD31FDA6" box="[643,736,552,577]" class="Liliopsida" family="Velloziaceae" genus="Vellozia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFD0DFDD8FD31FDA6" box="[643,736,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Vellozia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFCBCFDD8FC1CFDA5" box="[818,973,552,578]" class="Liliopsida" family="Velloziaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pandanales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Velloziaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the “imbé”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFBF6FDD8FEDCFD8D" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Philodendron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saxicolum">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFBF6FDD8FA4AFDA6" box="[1144,1435,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Philodendron saxicolum</emphasis>
|
||
(Araceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the “mocó”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFE39FDA0FCE4FD8D" authority="Guttiferae" authorityName="Guttiferae" box="[439,821,592,618]" class="Insecta" family="Clusiidae" genus="Clusia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burlemarxii">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFE39FDA0FD4BFD8E" box="[439,666,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Clusia burlemarxii</emphasis>
|
||
(Guttiferae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFCC8FDA0FC33FD8E" box="[838,994,592,617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lychnophora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFCC8FDA0FC33FD8E" box="[838,994,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Lychnophora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (Compositae),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFB50FDA0FA8EFD8E" box="[1246,1375,592,617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Calliandra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFB50FDA0FA8EFD8E" box="[1246,1375,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Calliandra</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (Leg. Mimosoidea),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFE07FD88FC5BFD75" box="[393,906,632,658]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malpighiaceae" genus="Verrucularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glaucophylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFE07FD88FD6EFD76" box="[393,703,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Verrucularia glaucophylla</emphasis>
|
||
(Malpighiaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFC18FD88FBBBFD76" box="[918,1130,632,657]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" genus="Marcetia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="taxifolia">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFC18FD88FBBBFD76" box="[918,1130,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Marcetia taxifolia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and many other members of its family (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFEB6FD50FDDBFD5D" box="[312,522,672,698]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Melastomataceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Melastomataceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the bottle cactus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFD66FD50FB01FD5D" box="[744,1232,672,698]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Stephanocereus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="luetzelburgii">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFD66FD50FBEBFD5E" box="[744,1082,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Stephanocereus luetzelburgii</emphasis>
|
||
(Cactaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the grasses
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFAE8FD50FE84FD06" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Eragrostis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="petrensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFAE8FD50FE84FD06" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Eragrostis petrensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFE00FD38FE27FD06" box="[398,502,712,737]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFE00FD38FE27FD06" box="[398,502,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Panicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFDA3FD38FD65FD05" box="[557,692,712,738]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Gramineae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" order="Cyperales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Gramineae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), everlastings (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFCEDFD38FBDFFD05" box="[867,1038,712,738]" class="Liliopsida" family="Eriocaulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Eriocaulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), terrestrial orchids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFB70FD38FA45FD05" box="[1278,1428,712,738]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Orchidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and bromeliads (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFED1FD00FDD6FCED" box="[351,519,752,778]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bromeliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), myrtles (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFD08FD00FCD9FCED" box="[646,776,752,778]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myrtaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), the “flecha”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFC38FD00FAB5FCED" box="[950,1380,752,778]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Lagenocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rigidus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFC38FD00FB6AFCEE" box="[950,1211,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Lagenocarpus rigidus</emphasis>
|
||
(Cyperaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the “feijão-seco”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFEEAFCE8FD8BFCD6" box="[356,602,792,817]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Humiriaceae" genus="Humiria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="balsamifera">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFEEAFCE8FD8BFCD6" box="[356,602,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Humiria balsamifera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFDECFCE8FC69FCD5" box="[610,952,792,818]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" rank="variety" variety="parvifolia">
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFD1AFCE8FCD9FCD6" box="[660,776,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">parvifolia</emphasis>
|
||
(Humiriaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFC46FCE8FB36FCD5" author="Harley" box="[968,1255,792,818]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" refString="Harley, R. M. & Giulietti, A. M. (2004) Wild Flowers of The Chapada Diamantina. RiMa, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 319 pp." type="book" year="2004">Harley & Giulietti 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6665C1BFF49FCB0FDECFC1D" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Other birds occurring with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFD88FCB0FD45FCBE" box="[518,660,832,857]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFD88FCB0FD45FCBE" box="[518,660,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in this habitat are:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFCFAFCB0FA9FFCBD" authority="Lesson & Delattre" authorityName="Lesson & Delattre" box="[884,1358,832,858]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Phaethornis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pretrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFCFAFCB0FB88FCBE" box="[884,1113,832,857]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Phaethornis pretrei</emphasis>
|
||
(Lesson & Delattre)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFAD7FCB0FE4DFC66" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Chlorostilbon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureoventris">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFAD7FCB0FE4DFC66" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Chlorostilbon aureoventris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(d´Orbigny & Lafresnaye),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFD7FFC98FC36FC66" box="[753,999,872,897]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Augastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lumachella">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFD7FFC98FC36FC66" box="[753,999,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Augastes lumachella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFC76FC98FA46FC65" authority="Swainson" authorityName="Swainson" box="[1016,1431,872,898]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Thamnophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="torquatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFC76FC98FAC8FC66" box="[1016,1305,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Thamnophilus torquatus</emphasis>
|
||
Swainson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFF19FC60FDC3FC4D" authority="Wied" authorityName="Wied" box="[151,530,912,938]" class="Aves" family="Tyrannidae" genus="Polystictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFF19FC60FE65FC4E" box="[151,436,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Polystictus superciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
(Wied)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFDAEFC60FC90FC4D" authority="Pelzeln" authorityName="Pelzeln" box="[544,833,912,938]" class="Aves" family="Tyrannidae" genus="Elaenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFDAEFC60FD0EFC4E" box="[544,735,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Elaenia cristata</emphasis>
|
||
Pelzeln
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFCC1FC60FADDFC4D" authority="Vieillot" authorityName="Vieillot" box="[847,1292,912,938]" class="Aves" family="Thraupidae" genus="Schistochlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ruficapillus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFCC1FC60FB45FC4E" box="[847,1172,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Schistochlamys ruficapillus</emphasis>
|
||
(Vieillot)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFA94FC60FE53FC35" authority="Vieillot" authorityName="Vieillot" class="Aves" family="Icteridae" genus="Gnorimopsar" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chopi">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFA94FC60FED9FC36" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Gnorimopsar chopi</emphasis>
|
||
(Vieillot)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFE1CFC48FD1AFC35" authority="Vieillot" authorityName="Vieillot" box="[402,715,952,978]" class="Aves" family="Cardinalidae" genus="Saltator" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atricollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFE1CFC48FDB4FC36" box="[402,613,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Saltator atricollis</emphasis>
|
||
Vieillot
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFD55FC48FC37FC35" authority="Pelzeln" authorityName="Pelzeln" box="[731,998,952,978]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Sicalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="citrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFD55FC48FC53FC36" box="[731,898,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Sicalis citrina</emphasis>
|
||
Pelzeln
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFC78FC48FAB3FC35" authority="Muller" authorityName="Muller" box="[1014,1378,952,978]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Zonotrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFC78FC48FB20FC36" box="[1014,1265,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Zonotrichia capensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Müller)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFF19FC10FDECFC1D" authority="Strickland." authorityName="Strickland." box="[151,573,992,1018]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Embernagra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFF19FC10FE67FC1E" box="[151,438,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Embernagra longicauda</emphasis>
|
||
Strickland.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6665C1BFF49FBF8FD51FA85" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">
|
||
In
|
||
<date id="1A30100EE6665C1BFF66FBF8FE7AFBC5" box="[232,427,1032,1058]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" value="2002-11">November 2002</date>
|
||
, we found that
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFDE8FBF8FD63FBC6" box="[614,690,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
may be locally sympatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFBBCFBF8FB10FBC6" box="[1074,1217,1032,1057]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFBBCFBF8FB10FBC6" box="[1074,1217,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Around Mucugê, pairs of
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFF79FBC0FE93FBAE" box="[247,322,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
were common at the
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFDCAFBC0FD7DFBAE" box="[580,684,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">cerrados</emphasis>
|
||
(locally known as “campos gerais”,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFBD3FBC0FAABFBAD" author="Harley" box="[1117,1402,1072,1098]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" refString="Harley, R. M. & Giulietti, A. M. (2004) Wild Flowers of The Chapada Diamantina. RiMa, Sao Carlos, Sao Paulo, Brazil, 319 pp." type="book" year="2004">Harley & Giulietti 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 106) in flatter areas with lateritic soils mixed with sand west of the Serra do Sincorá, along the dirt road to the town of Palmeiras (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE6665C1BFE04FB70FE37FB7D" box="[394,486,1152,1178]" captionStart="FIGURE 28. C" captionStartId="15.[151,255,1371,1395]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,741,1347]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[264,1323,554,1348]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 28. C errado vegetation (“ campos gerais ”) on lateritic soils west of the Serra do Sincorá, Chapada Diamantina, habitat of Formicivora rufa (Photo by Charles Ozanick)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176718/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
|
||
), and some apparently isolated males were recorded in the valley of the Rio Mucugê, just south of the town, an obviously very disturbed area. One of these males was singing within hearing distance of at least one female-plumaged
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFD2BFB20FCE3FB0E" box="[677,818,1232,1257]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFD2BFB20FCE3FB0E" box="[677,818,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which we found slightly higher up on a rocky slope. An apparently permanent ecological segregation exists between
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFC06FB08FC03FAF6" box="[904,978,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFB80FB08FBA1FAF6" box="[1038,1136,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">F. g r i s e a</emphasis>
|
||
when they occur in sympatry (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFF6CFAD0FE8DFADD" author="Sick" box="[226,348,1312,1338]" pageId="14" pageNumber="43" refString="Sick, H. (1955) O aspecto fitofisionomico da paisagem do medio rio das Mortes, Mato Grosso, e a avifauna da regiao. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 42 (part 2), 541 - 576." type="journal article" year="1955">Sick 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFEE9FAD0FDF8FADD" author="Silva" box="[359,553,1312,1338]" pageId="14" pageNumber="43" refString="Silva, J. M. C., Oren, D. C., Roma, J. C. & Henriques, L. M. P. (1997) Composition and distribution patterns of the avifauna of an amazonian upland savanna, Amapa, Brazil. Ornithological Monographs, 48, 743 - 762." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
Silva
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFE25FAD0FE34FADE" box="[427,485,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFDBBFAD0FD33FADD" author="Gonzaga" box="[565,738,1312,1338]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" refString="Gonzaga, L. P. (2001) Analise Filogenetica do Genero Formicivora Swainson, 1825 (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) Baseada em Caracteres Morfologicos e Vocais. PhD dissertation. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, xv + 215 pp." type="book" year="2001">Gonzaga 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and it would be expected to exist also in the Chapada
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFAE6FAD0FF24FA85" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Diamantina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diamantina</taxonomicName>
|
||
between
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFEEBFAB8FE7EFA86" box="[357,431,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFE62FAB8FDA8FA86" box="[492,633,1352,1377]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFE62FAB8FDA8FA86" box="[492,633,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6665C1BFF49FA9FFD47F945" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,2018]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFF49FA9FFEAEFA6E" bold="true" box="[199,383,1391,1417]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Nomenclature.</emphasis>
|
||
Once it was demonstrated that the birds found in the campos rupestres of the Serra do Sincorá are not the same taxon as what is currently known as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFCF4FA68FB97FA56" box="[890,1094,1432,1457]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFCF4FA68FB97FA56" box="[890,1094,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Formicivora rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFB03FA68FA5EFA55" author="Zimmer" box="[1165,1423,1432,1458]" pageId="14" pageNumber="43" refString="Zimmer, K. J. & Isler, M. L. (2003) Family Thamnophilidae (Typical Antbirds). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D. A. (Eds.), Handbook of The Birds of The World, Vol. 8. Broadbills to Tapaculos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp. 448 - 681." type="book" year="2003">Zimmer & Isler 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), from which they are clearly diagnosable by plumage coloration, vocalizations and preferred habitat, it became important to determine the identity of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6665C1BFD1DFA18FD28F9E5" box="[659,761,1512,1538]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFCABFA18FBA1F9E5" authority="Wied, 1831" authorityName="Wied" authorityYear="1831" box="[805,1136,1512,1538]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Myiothera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFCABFA18FC0BF9E6" box="[805,986,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Myiothera rufa</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFC6AFA18FBA1F9E5" author="Wied" box="[996,1136,1512,1538]" pageId="14" pageNumber="43" refString="Wied, Prince Maximilian zu (1831) Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien, Vol. 3, Part 2. Gr. H. S. priv. Landes- Industrie-Comptoirs, Weimar, 1277 pp." type="book" year="1831">Wied, 1831</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which were collected at unspecified localities in the interior of Bahia (“aus den inneren Gegenden der Provinz Bahiá”:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFB78F9E0FAA8F9CD" author="Wied" box="[1270,1401,1552,1578]" pageId="14" pageNumber="43" refString="Wied, Prince Maximilian zu (1831) Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien, Vol. 3, Part 2. Gr. H. S. priv. Landes- Industrie-Comptoirs, Weimar, 1277 pp." type="book" year="1831">Wied 1831</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 1098; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFEC0F9C8FE06F9B5" author="Allen" box="[334,471,1592,1618]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" refString="Allen, J. A. (1889) On the Maximilian types of South American birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2, 209 - 276." type="journal article" year="1889">Allen 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFE69F9C8FD24F9B5" author="LeCroy" box="[487,757,1592,1618]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" refString="LeCroy, M. & Sloss, R. (2000) Type specimens of birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Part 3. Passeriformes: Eurylaimidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Furnariidae, Formicariidae, Conopophagidae, and Rhinocryptidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 257, 1 - 88." type="journal article" year="2000">LeCroy & Sloss 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These specimens were examined at our request by M. LeCroy and subsequently also by AMPC and S. Kenney, to rule out the possibility that this name could be applied to the taxon we are describing here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6665C1AFF49F940FD26FE15" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,2018]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,152,498]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">
|
||
Any decision based on the general coloration of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6665C1BFCABF940FCB2F92D" box="[805,867,1712,1738]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFC07F940FC31F92E" box="[905,992,1712,1737]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Myiothera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFC07F940FC31F92E" box="[905,992,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">M. rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be flawed, given the possibility that their colors have faded owing to the long exposure to light that Maximilian specimens have suffered (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFF19F8F0FECDF8FD" author="Allen" box="[151,284,1792,1818]" pageId="14" pageNumber="42" refString="Allen, J. A. (1889) On the Maximilian types of South American birds in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 2, 209 - 276." type="journal article" year="1889">Allen 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and given that the streaking of underparts is subject to much variation in
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFB07F8F0FB05F8FE" box="[1161,1236,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
, as discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFF19F8D8FEF3F8A5" author="Pinto" box="[151,290,1832,1858]" pageId="14" pageNumber="43" refString="Pinto, O. (1940) Nova contribuicao a ornitologia de Mato-Grosso. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 2, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1940">Pinto (1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6665C1BFEA1F8D8FEBFF8A5" author="Pinto" box="[303,366,1832,1858]" pageId="14" pageNumber="43" refString="Pinto, O. (1947) Contribuicao a ornitologia do Baixo Amazonas: estudo critico de uma colecao de aves do Estado do Para. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 5, 311 - 482." type="journal article" year="1947">1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For these reasons, the most useful diagnostic character is the coloration of the underwingcoverts, which are grey and white in both sexes of one species, and white in both sexes of the other. Based on this premise, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6665C1BFEEFF888FE16F875" box="[353,455,1912,1938]" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
were checked with an special attention paid to this feature. Both specimens, which are quite rufescent, have the underwing-coverts white (
|
||
<figureCitation id="F6B52A4BE6665C1BFCADF850FCBAF85D" box="[803,875,1952,1978]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1700,1724]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,1203,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[264,1323,1203,1676]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 7. Syntype of Myiothera rufa Wied (AMNH 5353), collected in the interior of Bahia, showing white underwing-coverts." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176708/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
), which makes them distinct from the birds we described here, and is in full agreement with the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6665C1BFC65F838FB95F806" box="[1003,1092,1992,2017]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Myiothera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="14" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6665C1BFC65F838FB95F806" box="[1003,1092,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="39">M. rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which it is stated that the anterior part of the wing, as well as the underwing-coverts, are white (“vorderer Flügelbug weiss, eben so die inneren Flügeldeckfedern”:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFE50FF30FDB1FF3D" author="Wied" box="[478,608,192,218]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Wied, Prince Maximilian zu (1831) Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte von Brasilien, Vol. 3, Part 2. Gr. H. S. priv. Landes- Industrie-Comptoirs, Weimar, 1277 pp." type="book" year="1831">Wied 1831</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 1097). M. LeCroy (
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFCE0FF30FC7DFF3E" box="[878,940,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">in litt</emphasis>
|
||
. to LPG 2003), informed us that “unfortunately, the wings of both specimens have been glued on with huge globs of glue that make it difficult to see the underwings (...). However, I have done my best to pull the feathers loose from the worst of the glue and I see no indication of any dark feathers in the underwing-coverts. They appear all white, even though stuck together.” One of the few authors to have reported the presence of white underwing-coverts in
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFA9AFE90FAB0FE9E" box="[1300,1377,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
was
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFF19FE78FE81FE45" author="Zimmer" box="[151,336,392,418]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Zimmer, J. T. (1932) Studies of Peruvian birds. V. The genera Herpsilochmus, Microrhopias, Formicivora, Hypocnemis, Hypocnemoides, and Myrmochanes. American Museum Novitates, 538, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1932">Zimmer (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in his detailed description of
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFD35FE78FCA9FE46" box="[699,888,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">F. r. urubambae</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1699765EE6675C1AFC4DFE78FC2CFE45" box="[963,1021,392,418]" name="Peru" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It is not clear, however, if he also considered this character when examining the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6675C1AFD34FE40FD29FE2D" box="[698,760,432,458]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6675C1AFCAEFE40FCA9FE2E" box="[800,888,432,457]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Myiothera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFCAEFE40FCA9FE2E" box="[800,888,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">M. rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Most of modern descriptions of
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFA8DFE40FA9FFE2E" box="[1283,1358,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
in the ornithological literature do not mention this feature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="3AF16646E6675C1AFF19FAABFD22FA72" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/176718/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" targetBox="[264,1322,741,1347]" targetPageId="15">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6675C1AFF19FAABFD22FA72" blockId="15.[151,1436,1371,1430]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFF19FAABFEF7FA94" bold="true" box="[151,294,1371,1395]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">FIGURE 28.</emphasis>
|
||
C
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFEB0FAACFE56FA94" box="[318,391,1372,1395]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">errado</emphasis>
|
||
vegetation (“campos gerais”) on lateritic soils west of the Serra do Sincorá, Chapada
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6675C1AFA97FAACFA49FA94" box="[1305,1432,1372,1395]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Diamantina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diamantina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6675C1AFE8DFA8FFE6DFA71" box="[259,444,1407,1430]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFE8DFA8FFE6DFA71" box="[259,444,1407,1430]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">Formicivora rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Photo by Charles Ozanick).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6675C1AFF49FA39FEA2F894" blockId="15.[151,1437,1481,2027]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">
|
||
The conclusion that Wied's
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6675C1AFD97FA39FD51FA04" box="[537,640,1481,1507]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
belong to the species currently recognized as
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFB38FA39FAD2FA05" box="[1206,1283,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
is also supported by the fact that all the localities visited by Wied in the interior of Bahia, where he might have collected the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6675C1AFF4BF9E9FEFAF9D4" box="[197,299,1561,1587]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6675C1AFED7F9E9FE65F9D5" box="[345,436,1561,1586]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFED7F9E9FE65F9D5" box="[345,436,1561,1586]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">M. rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lie more than
|
||
<quantity id="A9769B2BE6675C1AFDFEF9E9FD1CF9D4" box="[624,717,1561,1587]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
to the south of the Chapada
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6675C1AFBBCF9E9FB6FF9D4" box="[1074,1214,1561,1587]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Diamantina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diamantina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, betwen the upper courses of Rio Pardo and Rio Gavião, close to the border between Bahia and Minas Gerais (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFA9DF9B1FF07F964" author="Bokermann" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" refString="Bokermann, W. C. A. (1957) Atualizacao do itinerario da viagem do Principe de Wied ao Brasil (1815 - 1817). Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 10, 209 - 251." type="journal article" year="1957">Bokermann 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite an apparently ill-informed claim that these specimens “never came from Bahia” (Hellmayr
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFA0BF999FA4AF965" box="[1413,1435,1641,1666]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">in</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFF19F961FE88F94C" author="Naumburg" box="[151,345,1681,1707]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Naumburg, E. M. B. (1939) Studies of birds from eastern Brazil and Paraguay, based on a collection made by Emil Kaempfer. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 76, 231 - 276." type="journal article" year="1939">Naumburg 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFEE0F961FD91F94C" author="Naumburg" box="[366,576,1681,1707]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Naumburg, E. M. B. (1939) Studies of birds from eastern Brazil and Paraguay, based on a collection made by Emil Kaempfer. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 76, 231 - 276." type="journal article" year="1939">Naumburg (1939)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded, “after a thorough study [of coloration patterns], that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6675C1AFAD0F961FA4DF94C" box="[1374,1436,1681,1707]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6675C1AFF39F949FEC1F935" box="[183,272,1721,1746]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFF39F949FEC1F935" box="[183,272,1721,1746]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">M. rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
came from Minas Geraes border of Bahia”, in agreement with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFC70F949FB64F934" author="Zimmer" box="[1022,1205,1721,1747]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Zimmer, J. T. (1932) Studies of Peruvian birds. V. The genera Herpsilochmus, Microrhopias, Formicivora, Hypocnemis, Hypocnemoides, and Myrmochanes. American Museum Novitates, 538, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1932">Zimmer (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who stated that “if these
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6675C1AFF54F911FEC9F91C" box="[218,280,1761,1787]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">types</typeStatus>
|
||
are truly from Bahia they must be from some extreme southern locality”.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFB0DF911FAC1F91C" author="Pinto" box="[1155,1296,1761,1787]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Pinto, O. (1940) Nova contribuicao a ornitologia de Mato-Grosso. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 2, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1940">Pinto (1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFA92F911FA89F91C" author="Pinto" box="[1308,1368,1761,1787]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Pinto, O. (1947) Contribuicao a ornitologia do Baixo Amazonas: estudo critico de uma colecao de aves do Estado do Para. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 5, 311 - 482." type="journal article" year="1947">1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) concluded the same. There seems to be no reason to doubt that the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6675C1AFC1EF8F9FC27F8C4" box="[912,1014,1801,1827]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6675C1AFBAFF8F9FBAAF8C5" box="[1057,1147,1801,1826]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFBAFF8F9FBAAF8C5" box="[1057,1147,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">M. rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were collected by Wied during his sojourn in the interior of Bahia, and that he never reached the known range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6675C1AFB5DF8C1FAB3F8AD" box="[1235,1378,1841,1866]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFB5DF8C1FAB3F8AD" box="[1235,1378,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFF19F8A9FEB7F894" author="Bokermann" box="[151,358,1881,1907]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" refString="Bokermann, W. C. A. (1957) Atualizacao do itinerario da viagem do Principe de Wied ao Brasil (1815 - 1817). Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 10, 209 - 251." type="journal article" year="1957">Bokermann 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6675C05FF49F871FE60FDFD" blockId="15.[151,1437,1481,2027]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,152,1778]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1699765EE6675C1AFF49F871FF39F87C" box="[199,232,1921,1947]" name="American Samoa" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
evidently have our predecessors (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFD3EF871FC6EF87C" author="Cory" box="[688,959,1921,1947]" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" refString="Cory, C. B. & Hellmayr, C. E. (1924) Catalogue of Birds of the Americas. Part III: Pteroptochidae, Conopophagidae, Formicariidae. Field Museum of Natural History Publications, Zoological Series, 13, 1 - 369." type="journal article" year="1924">Cory & Helmayr 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFC42F871FBA0F87C" author="Zimmer" box="[972,1137,1921,1947]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Zimmer, J. T. (1932) Studies of Peruvian birds. V. The genera Herpsilochmus, Microrhopias, Formicivora, Hypocnemis, Hypocnemoides, and Myrmochanes. American Museum Novitates, 538, 1 - 27." type="journal article" year="1932">Zimmer 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFBF0F871FAD3F87C" author="Pinto" box="[1150,1282,1921,1947]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Pinto, O. (1936) Contribuicao a ornitologia de Goias: notas criticas sobre uma colleccao de aves feitas (sic) no sul do estado. Revista do Museu Paulista, 20, 1 - 171." type="journal article" year="1936">Pinto 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFA81F871FA9DF87C" author="Pinto" box="[1295,1356,1921,1947]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Pinto, O. (1940) Nova contribuicao a ornitologia de Mato-Grosso. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 2, 1 - 37." type="journal article" year="1940">1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFAD4F871FA46F87C" author="Pinto" box="[1370,1431,1921,1947]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Pinto, O. (1947) Contribuicao a ornitologia do Baixo Amazonas: estudo critico de uma colecao de aves do Estado do Para. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 5, 311 - 482." type="journal article" year="1947">1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6675C1AFF19F859FE88F824" author="Naumburg" box="[151,345,1961,1987]" pageId="15" pageNumber="43" refString="Naumburg, E. M. B. (1939) Studies of birds from eastern Brazil and Paraguay, based on a collection made by Emil Kaempfer. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 76, 231 - 276." type="journal article" year="1939">Naumburg 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we have assumed that Wied’s
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6675C1AFD42F859FCDBF824" box="[716,778,1961,1987]" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6675C1AFCBFF859FC32F825" box="[817,995,1961,1986]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Myiothera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6675C1AFCBFF859FC32F825" box="[817,995,1961,1986]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="40">Myiothera rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are adult females. The possibility has been raised, however, that they might be immatures and that “it is possible that the underwing-coverts would be light, then become dark when adult” (B.Whitney
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FD75FF68FCE8FF56" box="[763,825,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">in litt</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007). Although this entirely hypothetical speculation cannot be categorically disproved in the absence of known immature specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FB44FF30FA8AFF3E" box="[1226,1371,192,217]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FB44FF30FA8AFF3E" box="[1226,1371,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is highly unlikely 1) that such an anomalous molt sequence would actually exist; 2) that both of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6785C05FA9BFF18FAADFEE5" box="[1301,1404,232,258]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FF19FEE0FF21FECE" box="[151,240,272,297]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Myiothera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FF19FEE0FF21FECE" box="[151,240,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">M. rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be immature birds; 3) that immature birds from the
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FC3CFEE0FB51FECE" box="[946,1152,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">campos rupestres</emphasis>
|
||
of the Serra do Sincorá would prove to have entirely white underwing-coverts and still be similar in every other aspect to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6785C05FABBFEC8FA4AFEB5" box="[1333,1435,312,338]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FF38FE90FEDCFE9E" box="[182,269,352,377]" class="Aves" family="Turdidae" genus="Myiothera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FF38FE90FEDCFE9E" box="[182,269,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">M. rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and 4) that what we have named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FD14FE90FCF6FE9E" box="[666,807,352,377]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FD14FE90FCF6FE9E" box="[666,807,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs (or occurred) outside the Chapada
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FA9DFE90FA4DFE9D" box="[1299,1436,352,378]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Diamantina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diamantina</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the localities visited by Wied in the interior of Bahia or, conversely, that he somehow obtained specimens from the
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FE8FFE40FE1CFE2E" box="[257,461,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">campos rupestres</emphasis>
|
||
of the Serra do Sincorá by other means. Therefore we prefer the most parsimonious hypothesis, which is that Wied's
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6785C05FDAEFE28FD56FE15" box="[544,647,472,498]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
represent the taxon that has traditionally been associated with the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FF53FDF0FE7BFDFE" box="[221,426,512,537]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufa">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FF53FDF0FE7BFDFE" box="[221,426,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Formicivora rufa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6785C05FF49FDD7FD42FBC5" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,1778]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FF49FDD7FD96FDA6" bold="true" box="[199,583,551,577]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Systematics and biogeography.</emphasis>
|
||
The Espinhaço Range has been regarded as an unparalleled area of endemism in eastern South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1699765EE6785C05FE2DFDA0FDD9FD8D" box="[419,520,592,618]" name="United States of America" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
for vascular plants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6785C05FD78FDA0FC30FD8D" author="Giulietti" box="[758,993,592,618]" pageId="16" pageNumber="42" refString="Giulietti, A. M., Pirani, J. R. & Harley, R. M. (1997) Espinhaco Range region, eastern Brazil. In: Davis, S. D., Heywood, V. H., Herrera-MacBryde, O., Villa-Lobos, J. & Hamilton, A. (Eds.) Centres of Plant Diversity: A Guide and Strategy for Their Conservation. Vol. 3: The Americas. IUCN Publications Unit, Cambridge, England. Available from http: // www. nmnh. si. edu / botany / projects / cpd / sa / sa 20. htm (accessed 22 September 2006)." type="book chapter" year="1997">
|
||
Giulietti
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FCEFFDA0FC45FD8E" box="[865,916,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and also holds a number of endemic birds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6785C05FF6EFD88FE7FFD75" author="Bibby" box="[224,430,632,658]" pageId="16" pageNumber="42" refString="Bibby, C. J., Collar, N. J., Crosby, M. J., Heath, M. F., Imboden, C., Johnson, T. H., Long, A. J., Stattersfield, A. J., & Thirgood, S. J. (1992) Putting Biodiversity on The Map: Priority Areas for Global Conservation. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, U. K., 90 pp." type="book" year="1992">
|
||
Bibby
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FEBFFD88FEBAFD76" box="[305,363,632,657]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1992
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and other terrestrial vertebrates (e.g. lizards,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6785C05FC46FD88FB57FD75" author="Rodrigues" box="[968,1158,632,658]" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" refString="Rodrigues, M. T. (1988) Distribution of lizards of the genus Tropidurus in Brazil (Sauria, Iguanidae). In: Vanzolini, P. E. & Heyer, W. R. (Eds.), Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns. Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 305 - 315." type="book chapter" year="1988">Rodrigues 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). From a biogeographic point of view, the endemic avifauna of the Espinhaço Range seems to be composed of several distinct elements, as its taxa have their putative closest relatives in the Amazonian lowlands, the Guianan plateaus, or the Andean highlands. However, phylogenetic hypotheses based on parsimony analysis of morphological, molecular and ecological data that could provide a basis for biogeographic hypotheses of vicariance do not exist for most genera of Neotropical birds and plants, and the Espinhaço endemic taxa are no exceptions, which prevents any further advance in the understanding of possible past connections between those areas and the Espinhaço Range. Similarly, it is not possible to propose any hypothesis of evolutionary history for
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FABBFC60FF19FC36" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">F. g r a n t - saui</emphasis>
|
||
, as its position in the group that encompasses its closest relatives (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FC5DFC48FBA7FC36" box="[979,1142,952,977]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acutirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FC5DFC48FBA7FC36" box="[979,1142,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">F. acutirostris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FB0AFC48FB37FC36" box="[1156,1254,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">F. g r i s e a</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FAA4FC48FAA5FC36" box="[1322,1396,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
) is not known, pending a phylogenetic analysis that should ideally include samples of the entire
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FB54FC10FAEDFC1E" box="[1242,1340,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">F. g r i s e a</emphasis>
|
||
species complex and several populations of
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FDB1FBF8FD58FBC6" box="[575,649,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">F. r u f a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6785C05FF49FBC0FCD1FA55" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,1778]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">
|
||
Endemic bird taxa whose proposed sister relatives occur in the north of the continent are four hummingbirds:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FF6EFBA8FCE0FB95" authority="Ruschi" authorityName="Ruschi" box="[224,817,1112,1138]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Campylopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="largipennis" subSpecies="diamantinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FF6EFBA8FD06FB96" box="[224,727,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Campylopterus largipennis diamantinensis</emphasis>
|
||
Ruschi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FCB2FBA8FB27FB95" authority="Ruschi" authorityName="Ruschi" box="[828,1270,1112,1138]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Colibri" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="delphinae" subSpecies="greenewalti">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FCB2FBA8FB4AFB96" box="[828,1179,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Colibri delphinae greenewalti</emphasis>
|
||
Ruschi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FABCFBA8FA4DFB96" box="[1330,1436,1112,1137]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Augastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FABCFBA8FA4DFB96" box="[1330,1436,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Augastes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. It is noteable that speciation has taken place along the Espinhaço Range itself within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FAA5FB70FA44FB7E" box="[1323,1429,1152,1177]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Augastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FAA5FB70FA44FB7E" box="[1323,1429,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Augastes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, its two allospecies replacing one another in the more or less disjunct northern and southern portions of this geological complex (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FE03FB20FDE1FB0E" box="[397,560,1232,1257]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Augastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lumachella">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FE03FB20FDE1FB0E" box="[397,560,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">A. lumachella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FDE6FB20FCA1FB0D" authority="Temminck" authorityName="Temminck" box="[616,880,1232,1258]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Augastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FDE6FB20FD39FB0E" box="[616,744,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">A. scutatus</emphasis>
|
||
Temminck
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively). The presumed closest relative of these species is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FEDCFB08FD40FAF5" authority="Bourcier" authorityName="Bourcier" box="[338,657,1272,1298]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Schistes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="geoffroyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FEDCFB08FDF0FAF6" box="[338,545,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Schistes geoffroyi</emphasis>
|
||
Bourcier
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the Andes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6785C05FCEDFB08FC0FFAF5" author="Sick" box="[867,990,1272,1298]" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" refString="Sick, H. (1993) Birds in Brazil: a Natural History. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 703 pp." type="book" year="1993">Sick 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6785C05FC64FB08FB19FAF5" author="Schuchmann" box="[1002,1224,1272,1298]" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" refString="Schuchmann, K. L. (1999) Genus Augastes. In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (Eds.), Handbook of The Birds of The World, Vol. 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbirds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, p. 660." type="book chapter" year="1999">Schuchmann 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Relationships of the canastero
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FEB6FAD0FD8BFADD" authority="Vielliard" authorityName="Vielliard" box="[312,602,1312,1338]" class="Aves" family="Furnariidae" genus="Asthenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="luizae">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FEB6FAD0FE3CFADE" box="[312,493,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Asthenes luizae</emphasis>
|
||
Vielliard
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are not certainly known but possible close relatives occur in the southern part of continent and in the Andes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6785C05FDD3FAB8FD06FA85" author="Sick" box="[605,727,1352,1378]" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" refString="Sick, H. (1993) Birds in Brazil: a Natural History. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 703 pp." type="book" year="1993">Sick 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6785C05FD6DFAB8FC56FA85" author="Remsen" box="[739,903,1352,1378]" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" refString="Remsen, J. V. (2003) Family Furnariidae (Ovenbirds). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D. A. (Eds.), Handbook of The Birds of The World, Vol. 8. Broadbills to Tapaculos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, pp. 162 - 357." type="book" year="2003">Remsen 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is worth pointing that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FB3AFAB8FA87FA86" box="[1204,1366,1352,1377]" class="Aves" family="Trochilidae" genus="Augastes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Apodiformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lumachella">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FB3AFAB8FA87FA86" box="[1204,1366,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">A. lumachella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FAEAFAB8FEFCFA6E" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">C. d. greeenewalti</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FEE4FA80FE2BFA6E" box="[362,506,1392,1417]" class="Aves" family="Thamnophilidae" genus="Formicivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grantsaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FEE4FA80FE2BFA6E" box="[362,506,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">F. grantsaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are restricted to the northern portion of the Espinhaço Range, the other three endemic taxa being restricted to its southern portion.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="26946545E6785C05FF49FA30FBE7F9B5" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6785C05FF49FA30FBE7F9B5" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,1778]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FF49FA30FE32FA3E" ID-CoL="4LNX5" box="[199,483,1472,1497]" class="Aves" family="Tyrannidae" genus="Polystictus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superciliaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FF49FA30FE32FA3E" box="[199,483,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Polystictus superciliaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FD91FA30FC91FA3E" box="[543,832,1472,1497]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Embernagra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longicauda">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FD91FA30FC91FA3E" box="[543,832,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Embernagra longicauda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share the main part of their geographical and ecological distributions along all the Espinhaço Range, where they are typical of the
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FBEAFA18FACDF9E6" box="[1124,1308,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">campo rupestre</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6785C05FAA2FA18FF2AF9CD" author="Parrini" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" refString="Parrini, R., Raposo, M. A., Pacheco, J. F., Carvalhaes, A. M. P., Melo Junior, T. A., Fonseca, P. S. M. & Minns, J. (1999) Birds of the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil. Cotinga, 11, 86 - 95." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Parrini
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FA09FA18FF7FF9CE" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, neither species can longer be considered endemic to this mountain complex because they also have been recorded from other mountain ranges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0A1F4B3FE6785C05FC80F9C8FBF8F9B5" author="Vasconcelos" box="[782,1065,1592,1618]" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" refString="Vasconcelos, M. F., Maldonado-Coelho, M. & Buzzetti, D. R. C. (2003) Range extensions for the Gray-backed Tachuri (Polystictus superciliaris) and the Pale-throated Serra-finch (Embernagra longicauda) with a revision on their geographic distribution. Ornitologia Neotropical, 14 (4), 477 - 489." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Vasconcelos
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FC26F9C8FC0AF9B6" box="[936,987,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="26946545E6785C05FF49F9AFFC5CF915" pageId="16" pageNumber="41" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="6E3136CEE6785C05FF49F9AFFC5CF915" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,1778]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">
|
||
<emphasis id="5CFAEADCE6785C05FF49F9AFFE85F99E" bold="true" box="[199,340,1631,1657]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
We are pleased to name this new species after Rolf Grantsau, who first noticed its distinctiveness, and in recognition of his contributions to the study of Brazilian birds.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1699765EE6785C05FB88F978FBF6F945" box="[1030,1063,1672,1698]" name="American Samoa" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
common names for this species we propose Sincorá Antwren (English) and Papa-formigas-do-Sincorá (Portuguese), referring to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B135886CE6785C05FAE7F940FA4AF92D" box="[1385,1435,1712,1738]" pageId="16" pageNumber="41">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality region, the Serra do Sincorá in the Chapada
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A98E4D4DE6785C05FD72F928FC58F915" box="[764,905,1752,1778]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Podostemaceae" genus="Diamantina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="42" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Diamantina</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |