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<document id="E8DE23F680CE3583CCA30031B3AFCBCC" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.274057" ID-GBIF-Dataset="110170d6-04fe-42cf-a1b1-ae5501c4741f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="274057" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459803537467" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Duellman, William E. &amp; Hedges, Blair" docDate="2008" docId="D45487D0FFB2FFE0FF2DFE4DFB6FF949" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01675p066.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1675" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Phrynopus tribulosus Duellman &amp; Hedges, 2008, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="286DFFA8FFB6FFE5FFBAFF9AFFC8FFBB" masterDocTitle="Two new minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera oriental in Peru" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="59" pageNumber="63" updateTime="1698220239093" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="68ED5D9183EF0D41AF59F1F16D875638">Two new minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera oriental in Peru</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="4459FA5AD3149A9ED6B10476CE648D43">Duellman, William E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0DB003531A3BF227226B3DA8A1B01B2C">Hedges, Blair</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="206A374DA751FDFEB7FD39D1B9B9A939">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="CF08E84D0EB6B3FB9F1019CCFC1A6FC8">1675</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="4F235D2076DAA48AF48765FF9712AA32" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9B94FCE12235337DECAD52A55FB8DE64" type="Zenodo-Dep">274057</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="D45487D0FFB2FFE0FF2DFE4DFB6FF949" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5659416" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119352305" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5659416" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D45487D0FFB2FFE0FF2DFE4DFB6FF949" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D45487D0FFB2FFE0FF2DFE4DFB6FF949" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<subSubSection id="14E7654DFFB2FFE1FF2DFE4DFDFAFE4A" box="[151,562,471,497]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB2FFE1FF2DFE4DFDFAFE4A" blockId="4.[151,562,471,497]" box="[151,562,471,497]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<heading id="070A81AAFFB2FFE1FF2DFE4DFDFAFE4A" bold="true" box="[151,562,471,497]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" reason="1">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FF2DFE4DFDFAFE4A" bold="true" box="[151,562,471,497]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FF2DFE4DFE53FE4A" box="[151,411,471,497]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tribulosus" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FF2DFE4DFE53FE4A" bold="true" box="[151,411,471,497]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Phrynopus tribulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="75BA57AFFFB2FFE1FE18FE4DFDFAFE4A" box="[418,562,471,497]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14E7654DFFB2FFE1FF2DFDB8FBB6FDDF" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB2FFE1FF2DFDB8FBB6FDDF" blockId="4.[151,1437,546,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FF2DFDB8FEC4FD80" box="[151,268,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<typeStatus id="83468864FFB2FFE1FF2DFDB8FECEFD80" box="[151,262,546,571]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
KU 291630, adult male, from
<quantity id="9B059B23FFB2FFE1FD2EFDB8FD22FD87" box="[660,746,546,572]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" unit="km" value="2.9">2.9 km</quantity>
N,
<quantity id="9B059B23FFB2FFE1FC9AFDB8FCBEFD87" box="[800,886,546,572]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" unit="km" value="5.5">5.5 km</quantity>
E (airline) Oxapampa,
<quantity id="9B059B23FFB2FFE1FB24FDB8FB36FD87" box="[1182,1278,546,572]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" unit="m" value="2600.0">2600 m</quantity>
,
<geoCoordinate id="39C95001FFB2FFE1FAB5FDB8FA5FFD87" box="[1295,1431,546,572]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" precision="15" value="-10.543889">10°32'38&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="39C95001FFB2FFE1FF2DFDD0FEEFFDDF" box="[151,295,586,612]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" precision="15" value="-75.352776">75°21'10&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, Departamento Pasco,
<collectingCountry id="24EA7656FFB2FFE1FD89FDD0FDA4FDDF" box="[563,620,586,612]" name="Peru" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Peru</collectingCountry>
, obtained on
<date id="28431006FFB2FFE1FCB2FDD0FC59FDDF" box="[776,913,586,612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" value="1987-07-03">3 July 1987</date>
by S. Blair Hedges.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14E7654DFFB2FFE1FF7FFDE8FD6EF99F" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB2FFE1FF7FFDE8FE8FFBA7" blockId="4.[151,1437,546,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FF7FFDE8FE8DFD37" bold="true" box="[197,325,626,652]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A species of
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FE57FDE8FDA4FD30" box="[493,620,626,651]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FE57FDE8FDA4FD30" box="[493,620,626,651]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Phrynopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
characterized by: (1) skin on dorsum finely shagreen with scattered small tubercles; that on venter smooth; dorsolateral folds absent; discoidal fold absent; (2) tympanic membrane not differentiated; tympanic annulus absent; (3) snout moderately short, bluntly rounded in dorsal view, rounded and inclined anteroventrally in profile; (4) upper eyelid bearing small tubercles, narrower than IOD; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers absent; (6) vocal slits and nuptial pads absent; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; tips of fingers rounded, barely expanded; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercles absent; (10) heel bearing one subconical tubercle, outer edge of tarsus with row of subconical tubercles; inner tarsal fold absent; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, about equal in size to rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary plantar tubercles absent; (12) toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing absent; Toes III and V equal in length; tips of toes rounded; (13) dorsum green with brown markings; (24) SVL in one male
<quantity id="9B059B23FFB2FFE1FF6DFB98FE8BFBA7" box="[215,323,1026,1052]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.52" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" unit="mm" value="15.2">15.2 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB2FFE1FF7CFBB0FD6EF99F" blockId="4.[151,1437,546,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
The presence of a single subconical tubercle on the heel and a row of subconical tubercles on the outer edge of the tarsus distinguishes
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FDB6FBC9FCC0FBD7" box="[524,776,1107,1132]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tribulosus">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FDB6FBC9FCC0FBD7" box="[524,776,1107,1132]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Phrynopus tribulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from most other species in the genus.
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FB76FBC9FE73FB2F" authority="Lehr &amp; Aguilar, P." authorityName="Lehr &amp; Aguilar, P." class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barthlenae">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FB76FBC9FF1FFB2F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Phrynopus barthlenae</emphasis>
Lehr &amp; Aguilar,
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FE12FBE1FE73FB2F" box="[424,443,1147,1172]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">P.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
k o t o s h Lehr, and
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FD2FFBE1FC98FB2F" authority="Lehr" authorityName="Lehr" box="[661,848,1146,1172]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oblivius">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FD2FFBE1FCD9FB2F" box="[661,785,1147,1172]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">P. oblivius</emphasis>
Lehr
</taxonomicName>
have several small tubercles on the heel, and the last two species also have small tubercles on the outer edge of the tarsus; of these species,
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FB09FB39FA86FB07" box="[1203,1358,1187,1212]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barthlenae">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FB09FB39FA86FB07" box="[1203,1358,1187,1212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">P. barthlenae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FA3CFB39FF3CFB5F" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oblivius">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FA3CFB39FF3CFB5F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">P. oblivius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differ from
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FE3FFB51FDDFFB5F" box="[389,535,1227,1252]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tribulosus">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FE3FFB51FDDFFB5F" box="[389,535,1227,1252]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">P. tribulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having Toe V slightly longer than Toe III (instead of equal in length) and in color pattern—gray and black dorsally and ventrally in
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FCF0FB69FC26FAB7" box="[842,1006,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FCF0FB69FC22FAB7" box="[842,1002,1267,1292]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barthlenae">P. barthlenae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
mottled tan and brown dorsally and ventrally in
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FE92FA81FE50FA8F" box="[296,408,1307,1332]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">P. k o t o s h,</emphasis>
and white spots on a brown dorsum and red venter in
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FB8AFA81FB7BFA8F" box="[1072,1203,1307,1332]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FB8AFA81FB78FA8F" box="[1072,1200,1307,1332]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oblivius">P. oblivius</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The tubercles in
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FA3CFA81FF2AFAE7" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bracki">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FA3CFA81FF2AFAE7" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">P. bracki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FEA6FAD9FE78FAE7" box="[284,432,1347,1372]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dagmarae">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FEA6FAD9FE78FAE7" box="[284,432,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">P. dagmarae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are larger and much like those in
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FCF8FAD9FB87FAE7" box="[834,1103,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FCF8FAD9FC1EFAE7" box="[834,982,1347,1372]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tribulosus">P. tribulosus</taxonomicName>
;
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FC5CFAD9FB87FAE7" box="[998,1103,1347,1372]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bracki">P. bracki</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FB51FAD9FAB5FAE7" box="[1259,1405,1347,1372]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tribulosus">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FB51FAD9FAB5FAE7" box="[1259,1405,1347,1372]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">P. tribulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having Toe V slightly longer than Toe III (instead of equal in length), vomerine teeth present (absent in
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FAF6FAF1FF2AFA17" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tribulosus">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FAF6FAF1FF2AFA17" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">P. tribulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and in coloration—predominately brown dorsally and ventrally.
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FC55FA09FB24FA17" box="[1007,1260,1427,1452]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tribulosus">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FC55FA09FB24FA17" box="[1007,1260,1427,1452]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Phrynopus tribulosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most like
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FA3CFA09FEDDFA6F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FA3CFA09FED9FA6F" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dagmarae">P. dagmarae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which differs by being larger with a more robust body and in lacking vocal slits. Also,
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FAB3FA21FA54FA6F" box="[1289,1436,1467,1492]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dagmarae">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FAB3FA21FA54FA6F" box="[1289,1436,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">P. dagmarae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a red blotch in the groin; some individuals are brown and others are green (
<figureCitation id="C4C62A43FFB2FFE1FB8EFA78FBBEFA47" box="[1076,1142,1506,1532]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1298,1322]" captionTargetBox="[274,1313,557,1270]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[274,1313,557,1271]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Species of Phrynopus: (A) P. auriculatus, KU 261633, male holotype, 13.4 mm SVL; (B) P. tribulosus, KU 261630, male holotype, 15.2 mm SVL.; (C) P. peruanus, MTD 46802, male, 22.5 mm SVL, from Puna of Maraynioc, Pasco, Peru; (D) P. dagmarae, MHNSM 20453, male, 26.6 mm SVL, from 15 km SE Maraypata, Huánuco, Peru. A and B by S. B. Hedges; C and D by E. Lehr." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274058/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
D). See
<tableCitation id="117F037DFFB2FFE1FB62FA78FAE7FA47" box="[1240,1327,1506,1532]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,431,455]" captionTargetBox="[159,1421,488,1364]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Structural characters of the known species of Phrynopus." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/0882664EFFB5FFE6FF2DFE35FCB9FE7C" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" tableUuid="0882664EFFB5FFE6FF2DFE35FCB9FE7C">Table 1</tableCitation>
for comparisons with all other species of
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FDA5F991FD6EF99F" box="[543,678,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB2FFE1FDA5F991FD6AF99F" box="[543,674,1547,1572]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phrynopus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14E7654DFFB2FFE0FF7FF9A8FF3BFBF1" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" type="description">
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB2FFE1FF7FF9A8FD87F837" blockId="4.[151,1437,546,2012]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB2FFE1FF7FF9A8FE3BF9F7" bold="true" box="[197,499,1586,1612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
Description of
<typeStatus id="83468864FFB2FFE1FE3AF9A8FE26F9F7" box="[384,494,1586,1612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Adult male with white testes; body moderately slender; head as wide as body, slightly longer than wide; head width 33.6% SVL; head length 34.9% SVL; snout bluntly rounded, nearly truncate in dorsal view, rounded and slightly inclined anteroventrally in profile; canthus slightly curved, rounded in profile; loreal region distinctly concave; lips not flared; nostrils not protuberant, directed laterally; internarial region not depressed; top of head slightly convex; width of upper eyelid much less (64.7%) than IOD; eye large, its diameter much greater than its distance from nostril; tympanum and supratympanic fold absent. Tongue longer than broad, shallowly notched posteriorly, free behind for about one fourth of its length; choanae small, ovoid, partially concealed by palatal shelf of maxillary; dentigerous processes of vomers not visible; vocal slits absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB2FFE0FF7CF800FD74FE19" blockId="4.[151,1437,546,2012]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,1778]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
Forelimb slender; ulnar tubercles absent; palmar tubercle large, ovoid, slightly bifurcate distally, barely larger than elliptical thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles large, rounded to subconical; supernumerary tubercles absent; fingers slender, lacking lateral fringes; relative lengths of fingers I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III; tips of fingers barely expanded, rounded, lacking circumferential grooves; nuptial pads absent.
<collectingCountry id="24EA7656FFB3FFE0FBF4FF5AFB41FF61" box="[1102,1161,192,218]" name="India" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Hind</collectingCountry>
limb short, moderately slender; tibia length 44.1% SVL; foot length 44.7% SVL; heel bearing small, subconical tubercle; outer edge of tarsus having three broad subconical tubercles; inner tarsal fold absent; inner metatarsal tubercle ovoid, about same size as round outer metatarsal tubercle; subarticular tubercles small, rounded; supernumerary tubercles absent; toes slender, lacking lateral fringes; relative lengths of toes I&lt;II&lt;III=V&lt;IV; tips of toes narrow, rounded, lacking circumferential grooves.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB3FFE0FF7CFE2AFCD7FDA1" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Skin on dorsum smooth with scattered, small, round tubercles most prominent on flanks and hind limbs; tubercles on upper eyelids small; dorsolateral folds absent; skin on venter smooth; discoidal fold not evident; skin around cloaca and ventrolateral to cloaca granular.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB3FFE0FF7CFDB2FB1AFD01" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
Coloration of
<typeStatus id="83468864FFB3FFE0FED0FDB2FE19FDF9" box="[362,465,552,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in preservative: Dorsum pale tan with brown markings consisting of canthal stripe, labial bars, postorbital stripe, interorbital bar, blotch on medial surface of forearm, and middorsal rectangular mark on body; cloacal area dark brown continuous with dark brown longitudinal stripe on posterior surface of thigh; flanks pale brown; faint brown bars on hind limbs; venter cream with brown blotches.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB3FFE0FF7CFD52FDDEFC69" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
Coloration of
<typeStatus id="83468864FFB3FFE0FED0FD52FE18FD59" box="[362,464,712,738]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in life: Dorsal surfaces of head, body, and limbs dull green with dark brown markings consisting of canthal stripe, three labial bars on each upper lip, short postorbital stripe, broad interorbital bar, irregularly bordered diagonal mark from behind orbit to X-shaped mark on midbody, blotch on medial surfaces of forearms, and diagonal bars on hind limbs (
<figureCitation id="C4C62A43FFB3FFE0FC82FCDAFCB6FCE1" box="[824,894,832,858]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,1298,1322]" captionTargetBox="[274,1313,557,1270]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[274,1313,557,1271]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Species of Phrynopus: (A) P. auriculatus, KU 261633, male holotype, 13.4 mm SVL; (B) P. tribulosus, KU 261630, male holotype, 15.2 mm SVL.; (C) P. peruanus, MTD 46802, male, 22.5 mm SVL, from Puna of Maraynioc, Pasco, Peru; (D) P. dagmarae, MHNSM 20453, male, 26.6 mm SVL, from 15 km SE Maraypata, Huánuco, Peru. A and B by S. B. Hedges; C and D by E. Lehr." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/274058/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B); flanks tannish green with brown smudge anteriorly and dark brown blotch in upper groin; posterior surfaces of thighs dark brown; Fingers I and II and Toes I–III dull greenish yellow; other digits brown; venter; posterior surfaces of thighs lacking flash marks; iris dark brown with gold flecks.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB3FFE0FF7CFC7AFF3BFBF1" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
Measurements of
<typeStatus id="83468864FFB3FFE0FE2DFC7AFE35FC41" box="[407,509,992,1018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
in mm: SVL 15.2; tibia length 6.7; foot length 6.8; head length 5.3; head width 5.1; interorbital distance 1.7; width of eyelid 1.1; internarial distance 1.7; eye-nostril distance 1.3; diameter of eye 2.0.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14E7654DFFB3FFE0FF7FFBCDFCC2FB21" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB3FFE0FF7FFBCDFCC2FB21" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FF7FFBCDFDCCFBCA" bold="true" box="[197,516,1111,1137]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
The species is known only from the
<typeStatus id="83468864FFB3FFE0FC74FBC2FBC9FBC9" box="[974,1025,1112,1138]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
locality in humid montane forest, where it was found deep within a mossy bank by day.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14E7654DFFB3FFE0FF7FFB3DFDA1FB51" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB3FFE0FF7FFB3DFDA1FB51" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FF7FFB3DFE9AFB7A" bold="true" box="[197,338,1191,1217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Etymology.</emphasis>
The specific name is Latin meaning thorny. The name refers to the short, thorn-like tubercles on the heel and outer edge of the tarsus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="14E7654DFFB3FFE0FF7FFB6DFB6FF949" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB3FFE0FF7FFB6DFCD6F991" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FF7FFB6DFE99FAAA" bold="true" box="[197,337,1271,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Discussion.</emphasis>
Species of
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FE6DFB62FD9EFAAA" box="[471,598,1272,1297]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FE6DFB62FD9EFAAA" box="[471,598,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Phrynopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have restricted distributions at elevations of
<quantity id="9B059B23FFB3FFE0FBDBFB62FACAFAA9" box="[1121,1282,1272,1298]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="3300.0" valueMax="4400.0" valueMin="2200.0">2200–4400 m</quantity>
in the Andes in central
<collectingCountry id="24EA7656FFB3FFE0FEAAFABAFE82FA81" box="[272,330,1312,1338]" name="Peru" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Peru</collectingCountry>
. Most frequently they are the only anurans found at the higher elevations, and there are few cases of sympatric pairs of species—
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FDECFAD2FD25FADA" box="[598,749,1352,1377]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dagmarae">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FDECFAD2FD25FADA" box="[598,749,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">P. dagmarae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FC96FAD2FBA2FADA" box="[812,1130,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FC96FAD2FC0DFADA" box="[812,965,1352,1377]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tautzorum">P. tautzorum</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FC6EFAD2FBA2FADA" box="[980,1130,1352,1377]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="heimorum">P. heimorum</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FB12FAD2FA8FFADA" box="[1192,1351,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FB12FAD2FA8BFADA" box="[1192,1347,1352,1377]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hortspauli">P. hortspauli</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FA3CFAD2FF2BFA32" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kotosh">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FA3CFAD2FF2BFA32" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">P. kotosh</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FEA1FAEAFE51FA32" box="[283,409,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">P. m o n t i u m</emphasis>
all at elevations above
<quantity id="9B059B23FFB3FFE0FD14FAEAFCCEFA31" box="[686,774,1392,1418]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2900.0">2900 m</quantity>
in Departamento Huánuco;
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FBF5FAEAFB2AFA32" box="[1103,1250,1392,1417]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juninensis">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FBF5FAEAFB2AFA32" box="[1103,1250,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">P. juninensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FAA3FAEAFA50FA32" box="[1305,1432,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">P. m o n t i u m</emphasis>
as well as
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FEA8FA02FE45FA0A" box="[274,397,1432,1457]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="oblivius">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FEA8FA02FE45FA0A" box="[274,397,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">P. oblivius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FE7DFA02FD99FA0A" box="[455,593,1432,1457]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="peruanus">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FE7DFA02FD99FA0A" box="[455,593,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">P. peruanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at elevations in excess of
<quantity id="9B059B23FFB3FFE0FC33FA02FC2BFA09" box="[905,995,1432,1458]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
in Departamento Junín;
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FABDFA02FA54FA0A" box="[1287,1436,1432,1457]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="juninensis">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FABDFA02FA54FA0A" box="[1287,1436,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">P. juninensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FF73FA5AFE8AFA62" box="[201,322,1472,1497]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paucari">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FF73FA5AFE8AFA62" box="[201,322,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">P. paucari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at an elevation of
<quantity id="9B059B23FFB3FFE0FD9AFA5AFDB2FA61" box="[544,634,1472,1498]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="3600.0">3600 m</quantity>
in Departamento Pasco (
<bibRefCitation id="386C4B37FFB3FFE0FC1EFA5AFBFBFA61" author="Lehr" box="[932,1075,1472,1498]" pageId="5" pageNumber="65" refString="Lehr, E. (2007 b) Rediscovery of Phrynopus peruanus Peters, 1874 (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae). Zootaxa, 1485, 51 - 57." type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="b">Lehr 2007b</bibRefCitation>
; Lehr et al. 2002, 2005b). The
<typeStatus id="83468864FFB3FFE0FF2DFA72FF02F9B9" box="[151,202,1512,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
locality of the two new species at an elevation of
<quantity id="9B059B23FFB3FFE0FC90FA72FC4DF9B9" box="[810,901,1512,1538]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2600.0">2600 m</quantity>
harbors three species of
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FB09FA72FAF1F9BA" box="[1203,1337,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FB09FA72FAFDF9BA" box="[1203,1333,1512,1537]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phrynopus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the two species described herein plus
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FE49F98AFCD3F991" authority="Hedges, 1990" authorityName="Hedges" authorityYear="1990" box="[499,795,1552,1578]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bracki">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FE49F98AFD93F992" box="[499,603,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">P. bracki</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="386C4B37FFB3FFE0FDD0F98AFCD9F991" author="Hedges" box="[618,785,1552,1578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="65" refString="Hedges, S. B. (1990) A new species of Phrynopus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Peru. Copeia, 1990, 108 - 112." type="journal article" year="1990">Hedges, 1990</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C4236C6FFB3FFE0FF7CF9A2FB6FF949" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
In the Andes in central
<collectingCountry id="24EA7656FFB3FFE0FE62F9A2FDC5F9E9" box="[472,525,1592,1618]" name="Peru" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Peru</collectingCountry>
species of
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FD2BF9A2FCD8F9EA" box="[657,784,1592,1617]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FD2BF9A2FCD8F9EA" box="[657,784,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Phrynopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
generally occur at higher elevations than do
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FAA4F9A2FF72F9C2" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FAA4F9A2FF7EF9C2" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pristimantis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The localities in the vicinity of Oxapampa are the lowest for species of
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FBB4F9FAFB45F9C2" box="[1038,1165,1632,1657]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FBB4F9FAFB45F9C2" box="[1038,1165,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Phrynopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. At the
<typeStatus id="83468864FFB3FFE0FB57F9FAFAD7F9C1" box="[1261,1311,1632,1658]" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">type</typeStatus>
locality at
<quantity id="9B059B23FFB3FFE0FF2DF912FF3CF919" box="[151,244,1672,1698]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2600.0">2600 m</quantity>
, the three species of
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FE54F912FDA5F91A" box="[494,621,1672,1697]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FE54F912FDA5F91A" box="[494,621,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Phrynopus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur sympatrically with
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FC19F912FB10F91A" box="[931,1240,1672,1697]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bromeliaceus">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FC19F912FB10F91A" box="[931,1240,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Pristimantis bromeliaceus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FAA9F912FF21F972" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FAA9F912FF2DF972" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhabdocnemus">P. rhabdocnemus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
and at San Alberto at
<quantity id="9B059B23FFB3FFE0FE48F92AFD86F971" box="[498,590,1712,1738]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="2200.0">2200 m</quantity>
,
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FDE0F92AFCE4F972" box="[602,812,1712,1737]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Phrynopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bracki">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FDE0F92AFCE4F972" box="[602,812,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Phrynopus bracki</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs sympatrically with these same two species of
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FF2DF942FEE5F94A" box="[151,301,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FF2DF942FEE1F94A" box="[151,297,1752,1777]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pristimantis</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
plus
<taxonomicName id="9BFD4D45FFB3FFE0FED7F942FDBDF94A" box="[365,629,1752,1777]" class="Amphibia" family="Strabomantidae" genus="Pristimantis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sagittulus">
<emphasis id="6E89EAD4FFB3FFE0FED7F942FDBDF94A" box="[365,629,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="64">Pristimantis sagittulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="386C4B37FFB3FFE0FD3FF942FC18F949" author="Duellman" box="[645,976,1752,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="65" refString="Duellman, W. E. &amp; Hedges, S. B. (2005) Eleutherodactyline frogs (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Cordillera Yanachaga in central Peru. Copeia, 2005, 526 - 538." type="journal article" year="2005">Duellman and Hedges 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="386C4B37FFB3FFE0FC66F942FB53F949" author="Lehr" box="[988,1179,1752,1778]" pageId="5" pageNumber="65" refString="Lehr, E., Aguilar, C. &amp; Duellman, W. E. (2004) A striking new species of Eleutherodactylus from Andean Peru (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Herpetologica, 60, 275 - 280." type="journal article" year="2004">Lehr et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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