treatments-xml/data/46/06/AF/4606AF6BCE4C5C416CAAF94AFE58FE79.xml

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<mods:title id="BC145C9A919CBE292D3C50548DFE6FF2">A comprehensive and integrative re-description of Synchaeta tremula (Müller, 1786) and the newly rediscovered Synchaeta tremuloida Pourriot, 1965 (Rotifera: Synchaetidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="EB2607B0CAD84E8E7240795EC5C61CF9">Wilke, Tanja</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B74BEBCA5466F58789F71211A56A621D">Ahlrichs, Wilko H.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="4606AF6BCE4C5C416CAAF94AFE58FE79" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6029925" ID-GBIF-Taxon="131878079" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6029925" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4606AF6BCE4C5C416CAAF94AFE58FE79" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4606AF6BCE4C5C416CAAF94AFE58FE79" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="512" pageId="2" pageNumber="505">
<subSubSection id="86B54DF6CE4C5C4A6CAAF94AFE42F936" box="[151,459,1669,1695]" pageId="2" pageNumber="505" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4C5C4A6CAAF94AFE42F936" blockId="2.[151,459,1669,1695]" box="[151,459,1669,1695]" pageId="2" pageNumber="505">
<heading id="9558A911CE4C5C4A6CAAF94AFE42F936" bold="true" box="[151,459,1669,1695]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="505" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE4C5C4A6CAAF94AFE42F936" ID-CoL="7B9C9" authority="Muller, 1786" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[151,459,1669,1695]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="2" pageNumber="505" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4C5C4A6CAAF94AFE42F936" bold="true" box="[151,459,1669,1695]" pageId="2" pageNumber="505">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4C5C4A6CAAF94AFE9DF936" bold="true" box="[151,276,1669,1695]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="505">S. tremula</emphasis>
(Müller, 1786)
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="86B54DF6CE4C5C4A6CAAF903FE36F815" pageId="2" pageNumber="505" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4C5C4A6CAAF903FD3BF8DD" blockId="2.[151,1436,1740,1981]" pageId="2" pageNumber="505">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4C5C4A6CAAF903FE4DF94C" bold="true" box="[151,452,1740,1765]" pageId="2" pageNumber="505">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
Individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE4C5C4A6E49F903FD6EF94D" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[628,743,1740,1764]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="2" pageNumber="505" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4C5C4A6E49F903FD6EF94D" box="[628,743,1740,1764]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="505">S. tremula</emphasis>
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were found in monthly samples (each n = 3) from 
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March to May 
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in the plankton of both Schlossteich (ST) and Löschteich (LT). No males were observed. Both of these permanent freshwater ponds exhibit steady water in- and outflows and presented similar conditions over this time period, with a temperature of 13.2 ± 3.4 °C, a pH of 7.8 ± 0.1, an oxygen content of 94.7 ± 11.0% and 10.3 ± 
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/l, and a conductivity of 438.0 ± 83.6 µS/cm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4C5C4A6CFAF84FFE36F815" blockId="2.[151,1436,1740,1981]" pageId="2" pageNumber="505">
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<collectingCounty id="277166F1CE4C5C4A6CFAF84FFECCF830" box="[199,325,1920,1945]" pageId="2" pageNumber="505">Specimens</collectingCounty>
for LM deposited at the 
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of 
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.
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, 
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11585 a–c.
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<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4D5C4B6CFAFF58FE99FF7D" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6CFAFF58FE6DFF19" bold="true" box="[199,484,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">Morphological analysis.</emphasis>
The following morphological descriptions are of mature, parthenogenetic females of 
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6CAAFF73FE80FF7D" box="[151,265,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">S. tremula</emphasis>
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.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6CFAFF10FEF4FF51" bold="true" box="[199,381,223,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">Measurements.</emphasis>
Total body length including toes: 257.0 ± 30.0 µm (range: 200–290 µm), n = 10
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4D5C4B6CFAFECAFC95FEB5" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,933]" box="[199,796,260,285]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">Foot length: 55.5 ± 6.9 µm (range: 40–65 µm), n= 10</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4D5C4B6CFAFEE7FC93FEE9" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,933]" box="[199,794,295,320]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">Toe length: 12.6 ± 2.8 µm (range: 10–15 µm), n = 10</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4D5C4B6CFAFE83FB0FFECD" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,933]" box="[199,1158,332,357]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">Body width at the level of the auricles: 144.0 ± 19.8 µm (range: 105–175 µm), n = 10</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4D5C4B6CFAFEA0FD7CFC0D" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,933]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6CFAFEA0FEA4FE21" bold="true" box="[199,301,367,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">Habitus.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE4D5C4B6D09FEBFFE2EFE21" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[308,423,368,392]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="3" pageNumber="506" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6D09FEBFFE2EFE21" box="[308,423,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">S. tremula</emphasis>
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exhibits a flexible epidermis. The body can be subdivided broadly into the head and neck region, the trunk region, and the foot and toes. The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6EE3FE5BFC9CFE04" bold="true" box="[734,789,404,429]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">neck</emphasis>
is not constricted and shows a gradual transition into the trunk region, making the head region not distinctly demarcated. The overall 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6FD1FE78FBFBFE79" bold="true" box="[1004,1138,439,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">body shape</emphasis>
is conical, being widest in the head region at the level of the auricles and gradually narrowing caudally. The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B681EFE13FB2CFE5C" bold="true" box="[1059,1189,476,501]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">apical field</emphasis>
is flat or very slightly convex. Each dorsolateral 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6DFFFE30FE71FDB1" bold="true" box="[450,504,511,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">style</emphasis>
on the apical field is raised on a shallow mount (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4D5C4B681BFE30FBFDFDB1" box="[1062,1140,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4D5C4B68A4FDCFFB2EFDB1" box="[1177,1191,512,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">3</figureCitation>
A; sm). The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6903FE30FA12FDB1" bold="true" box="[1342,1435,511,536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">auricles</emphasis>
are small, laterally directed and not clearly protruding (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4D5C4B6F39FDEBFCCEFD95" box="[772,839,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A; au). Several slight transversal folds are present in the neck region. In the head region, the apical part of the 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6F1BFD88FCF5FDC9" bold="true" box="[806,892,583,608]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">mastax</emphasis>
shows a slight yellow to orange tone (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4D5C4B6909FD88FAF1FDC9" box="[1332,1400,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A; mx). The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6D3AFDA3FE29FD2C" bold="true" box="[263,416,620,645]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">trunk region</emphasis>
is entirely filled by the internal organs, with the stomach uniquely exhibiting a green and yellow to brownish colour (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4D5C4B6DDAFD40FDB9FD01" box="[487,560,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A, B; st). The remaining body of 
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE4D5C4B6FDCFD5FFBD3FD01" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[993,1114,656,680]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="3" pageNumber="506" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6FDCFD5FFBD3FD01" box="[993,1114,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">S. tremula</emphasis>
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is almost transparent. The integument of the trunk features a few weak longitudinal and transversal striations dorsally. The distal part of the trunk presents a barely accentuated 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6E13FD18FCA8FD59" bold="true" box="[558,801,727,752]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">anal-pseudosegment</emphasis>
that itself bears two lateral antennae (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4D5C4B68E9FD18FA91FD59" box="[1236,1304,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C; aps, la). The conical 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6D1EFD33FEDBFCBC" bold="true" box="[291,338,764,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">foot</emphasis>
is up to one-fifth of the overall body length and bends dorsally (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4D5C4B680EFD33FB08FCBD" box="[1075,1153,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4D5C4B689AFD33FB3CFCBD" box="[1191,1205,764,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">3</figureCitation>
B; fo). The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B697EFD33FAFBFCBC" bold="true" box="[1347,1394,764,789]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">toes</emphasis>
are about one-quarter to one-fifth of the overall foot length including the toes, with a shape varying continuously among specimens from conical and blunt to pointed and sharp, but never curving outwardly. The entire foot is filled by separated and paired 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6DD6FCA8FD0BFC29" bold="true" box="[491,642,871,896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">pedal glands</emphasis>
of equal size (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4D5C4B6F1AFCA8FCE3FC29" box="[807,874,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A; pg). The latter are voluminous proximally and decrease in capacity distally before ending in the toes.
</paragraph>
<caption id="9AD04EF5CE4D5C4B6CAAF889FC1DF833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="506" targetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4D5C4B6CAAF889FC1DF833" blockId="3.[151,1436,1862,1946]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6CAAF889FE9DF8F2" bold="true" box="[151,276,1862,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
LM images of the habitus of 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6E7AF889FDF1F8F5" bold="true" box="[583,632,1862,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">A, B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE4D5C4B6E42F888FD6FF8F5" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[639,742,1862,1884]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="3" pageNumber="506" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6E42F888FD6FF8F5" box="[639,742,1862,1884]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">S. tremula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6F27F889FCC5F8F5" bold="true" box="[794,844,1862,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">C, D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE4D5C4B6F69F888FC55F8F5" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[852,988,1862,1884]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="3" pageNumber="506" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6F69F888FC55F8F5" box="[852,988,1862,1884]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6FD1F889FBACF8F5" bold="true" box="[1004,1061,1862,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">A, C,</emphasis>
dorsal; 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4D5C4B6845F888FB26F8F5" bold="true" box="[1144,1199,1863,1884]" pageId="3" pageNumber="506">B, D,</emphasis>
lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4A5C4C6CFAFF58FBBDFD01" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6CFAFF58FE03FF19" bold="true" box="[199,394,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Rotatory organ.</emphasis>
The rotatory organ is composed of eight 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6F49FF58FB83FF19" bold="true" box="[884,1034,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">ciliary fields</emphasis>
: two dorsal, two dorsolateral, two lateral and two ventrolateral ones (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6E1EFF73FDFBFF7D" box="[547,626,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
B &amp; 3 C; dcf, dlcf, lcf, vlcf). Each of the dorsal as well as each of the ventrolateral ciliary fields are separated from one other by a narrow gap. The gap between each of the dorsal and each of the dorsolateral ciliary fields is even narrower, creating an impression of continuous dorsal cilia bands. Each lateral ciliary field is distinctly separated from each dorsolateral and ventrolateral ciliary field and is located on laterally directed ear-like prominences, the 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6E99FE83FC88FECC" bold="true" box="[676,769,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">auricles</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6F2CFE83FCD6FECD" box="[785,863,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6FB9FE83FC1BFECD" box="[900,914,332,356]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">2</figureCitation>
A; au). On the apical field, numerous sensory receptors are present, including two dorsal and two dorsolateral sensory 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6FE6FEA0FB95FE21" bold="true" box="[987,1052,367,392]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">styles</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6813FEA0FBF7FE21" box="[1070,1150,367,392]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
B &amp; 3 C; dst, lst). Each dorsal stylus is situated ventrally to the gap between each dorsal and dorsolateral ciliary field, whereas each dorsolateral stylus is located next to each auricle between the dorso- and ventrolateral ciliary fields. The latter styles are raised on shallow prominences on which a cluster of 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6F5FFE13FBD0FE5C" bold="true" box="[866,1113,476,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">ampulla shaped cilia</emphasis>
is present (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C68E1FE13FA96FE5D" box="[1244,1311,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C; asc). In the centre of the apical field, two distinctly separated 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6ECDFE30FC24FDB1" bold="true" box="[752,941,511,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">apical receptors</emphasis>
are present that are each composed of a tuft of sensory cilia (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6D6CFDEBFE17FD95" box="[337,414,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
B &amp; 3 C; ar). A 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6E66FDEBFD73FD94" bold="true" box="[603,762,548,573]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">gland meatus</emphasis>
is located laterally to each apical receptor (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C68DFFDEBFAA6FD95" box="[1250,1327,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
B &amp; 3 C; gm). In the ventral half of the apical field, three pairs of 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6F19FD88FC7AFDC9" bold="true" box="[804,1011,583,608]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">ciliated receptors</emphasis>
are found on each side of the mouth (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6CA2FDA3FF65FD2D" box="[159,236,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
B &amp; 3 C; mr 1–3). Two vertically arranged pairs are located laterally to the mouth, with a third pair situated ventrolaterally to it. A thin ciliary band adjoins to the mouth dorsally and laterally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4A5C4C6CFAFD7BFAAEFAA5" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6CFAFD7BFDBFFD64" bold="true" box="[199,566,692,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Nervous and sensory systems.</emphasis>
The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6E4AFD7BFCC2FD64" bold="true" box="[631,843,692,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">cerebral ganglion</emphasis>
is situated centrally in the dorsal head region and contains two 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6D0EFD18FE5BFD59" bold="true" box="[307,466,727,752]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">cerebral eyes</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6DD8FD18FDA3FD59" box="[485,554,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B; br) that are slightly separated or incompletely fused and are of equal or marginally unequal size (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6D81FD33FD8BFCBD" box="[444,514,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A). Pigment granules, when present, are accumulated at the cerebral eyespots. Frontal eyespots were never observed. On the apical field, two dorsal and two dorsolateral tactile 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C68E7FCD0FA92FC91" bold="true" box="[1242,1307,799,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">styles</emphasis>
are present that are each composed of several long sensory cilia. The base of each dorsal stylus is not thickened, but slightly so in each dorsolateral stylus, where it constitutes a shallow mount (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6F42FCA8FC44FC29" box="[895,973,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6FC9FCA7FB8BFC29" box="[1012,1026,872,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">3</figureCitation>
A; sm). Each stylus is connected to the brain by a single cerebral nerve. The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6E5CFC43FC97FC0C" bold="true" box="[609,798,908,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">apical receptors</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6F13FC43FCF5FC0D" box="[814,892,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
B &amp; 3 C; ar) are paired and distinctly separated, with each one comprising a tuft of cilia that arises from a sub-surfaced pocket and is connected to the brain by a single cerebral nerve. Each pair of ciliated 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6E48FC1BFCB0FC44" bold="true" box="[629,825,980,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">mouth receptors</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6F75FC1BFC1CFC45" box="[840,917,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
B &amp; 3 C; mr 1–3) is composed of two slightly separated tufts of sensory cilia that are raised on shallow prominences. The immovable and unpaired 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C696CFC38FF71FB9C" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">dorsal antenna</emphasis>
is centrally located on a prominence in the neck region caudal to the cerebral eye (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C68AAFBD3FB6DFB9D" box="[1175,1252,1052,1077]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
A &amp; 3 B; da). It is composed of a tuft of dorsally oriented sensory cilia that project through a circular pore in the integument that itself is surrounded by a low epidermal fold. The base of the sensory cilia arises from a sub-surfaced pocket from which two nerves connect the dorsal antenna with the brain. Paired immovable 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C682BFB48FB50FB09" bold="true" box="[1046,1241,1159,1184]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">lateral antennae</emphasis>
are present, each located laterally in the centre of the anal-pseudosegment (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6F16FB63FCE6FB6D" box="[811,879,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C; la). For each antenna, a tuft of caudolaterally oriented sensory cilia projects through a pore in the integument that is likewise surrounded by a low epidermal fold. The base of each ciliary tuft also arises in a sub-surfaced pocket and is connected to a single nerve.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4A5C4C6CFAFAD8FC37F881" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6CFAFAD8FE1FFA99" bold="true" box="[199,406,1303,1328]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Digestive system.</emphasis>
The digestive tract is subdivided into the mouth, mastax, oesophagus, foregut, stomach, intestine and the cloaca. The apical 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6E0DFAF3FDF7FAFC" bold="true" box="[560,638,1340,1365]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">mouth</emphasis>
is located below the longitudinal axis of the body, is oriented slightly ventrally and opens directly into the mastax cavity (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6EE7FA90FCAEFAD1" box="[730,807,1375,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6F77FAAFFCD1FAD1" box="[842,856,1376,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">3</figureCitation>
B). It is surrounded dorsally and laterally by ciliary bands (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6CD1FA4BFEBAFA35" box="[236,307,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
B). The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6D99FA4BFE73FA34" bold="true" box="[420,506,1412,1437]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">mastax</emphasis>
is a functional unit comprising the extensive trophus elements together with a complex muscular apparatus that interconnects the mouth with the oesophagus (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C681BFA68FBE3FA69" box="[1062,1130,1447,1472]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A, B; mx). It occupies the entire head and neck region in its length but not entirely in its width. The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6FE7FA03FB1AFA4C" bold="true" box="[986,1171,1484,1509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">virgate trophus</emphasis>
is specifically of the 
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE4A5C4C69BAFA03FF64F9A1" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C69BAFA03FF64F9A1" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">S. tremula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<typeStatus id="1114A0DFCE4A5C4C6CC8FA3EFEA0F9A0" box="[245,297,1521,1545]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">type</typeStatus>
, the morphology of which is described in the section “Trophi of 
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE4A5C4C682DFA3FFB0AF9A1" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[1040,1155,1520,1544]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C682DFA3FFB0AF9A1" box="[1040,1155,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">S. tremula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE4A5C4C6880FA3FFADCF9A1" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[1213,1365,1520,1544]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="4" pageNumber="507" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6880FA3FFADCF9A1" box="[1213,1365,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
”. The short 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6CEAF9DBFEE9F984" bold="true" box="[215,352,1556,1581]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">oesophagus</emphasis>
originates from the dorsal mastax region and is extended in its caudal half to form a contractile 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6CAAF9F8FF67F9F9" bold="true" box="[151,238,1591,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">foregut</emphasis>
that inserts itself into the dorsally situated and large-celled 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6FA9F9F8FC71F9F9" bold="true" box="[916,1016,1591,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">stomach</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C683AF9F8FBDFF9F9" box="[1031,1110,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6841F9F7FB03F9F9" box="[1148,1162,1592,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">3</figureCitation>
B; fg, oe, st). The inner wall of the mostly yellow to brownish coloured stomach is densely covered by long cilia and peristaltic movements can be observed frequently in live individuals (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6E94F9B0FD7FF931" box="[681,758,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6F26F94FFCA0F931" box="[795,809,1664,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">3</figureCitation>
A, B; st). At the level of the transition from the foregut to the stomach, a pair of ovate to kidney-shaped 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6EFEF96BFCE3F914" bold="true" box="[707,874,1700,1725]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">gastric glands</emphasis>
is present, one on each side of the digestive tract (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6CA2F908FF6AF949" box="[159,227,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A; gg). Caudally, a distinct constriction is present in the transition from the stomach to the 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C68C1F908FAE8F949" bold="true" box="[1276,1377,1735,1760]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">intestine</emphasis>
. The intestine is very short and connects the stomach to the similarly very short 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6FC9F923FBB6F8AC" bold="true" box="[1012,1087,1772,1797]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">cloaca</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6872F923FB17F8AD" box="[1103,1182,1772,1797]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C68F8F923FB5AF8AD" box="[1221,1235,1772,1796]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">3</figureCitation>
B; in) that opens dorsally to the environment at the distal end of the anal-pseudosegment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4A5C4C6CFAF8FBFDE9F8D9" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6CFAF8FBFE43F8E4" bold="true" box="[199,458,1844,1869]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Reproductive system.</emphasis>
The unpaired, large vitellarium is located ventrally in the trunk region and exhibits eight large nuclei (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6D55F898FE3CF8D9" box="[360,437,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6DE4F897FE6EF8D9" box="[473,487,1880,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">3</figureCitation>
A, B; vit).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4A5C4C6CFAF8B3FA8CF810" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6CFAF8B3FE16F83C" bold="true" box="[199,415,1916,1941]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Excretory system.</emphasis>
The protonephridial bladder is located ventrally in the distal part of trunk and opens into the cloaca (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6D2AF86FFEEDF811" box="[279,356,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
&amp; 
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE4A5C4C6DB5F86FFE1FF811" box="[392,406,1952,1976]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">3</figureCitation>
B; pb). Contractile movements can be observed frequently in live individuals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4A5C4D6CFAF80BFE58FF51" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="508" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4A5C4C6CFAF80BFE46F874" bold="true" box="[199,463,1988,2013]" pageId="4" pageNumber="507">Swimming behaviour.</emphasis>
Individuals are pelagic and swim in a straightforward motion with a quick rotation about the longitudinal axis. They also adhere themselves frequently to objects (e.g. plants) via a mucus thread secreted by the pedal glands, combined with a quick twisting movement about their longitudinal axis. 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4B5C4D6CFAFF10FEC8FF51" bold="true" box="[199,321,223,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
See 
<tableCitation id="832D2BC6CE4B5C4D6D4AFF10FE42FF51" box="[375,459,223,248]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic features distinguishing S. tremula and S. tremuloida with respect to their habitat preferences, ecological data, swimming behaviour and morphology." pageId="5" pageNumber="508">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="9AD04EF5CE4B5C4D6CAAF89DFED0F84C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" targetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE4B5C4D6CAAF89DFED0F84C" blockId="5.[151,1436,1874,2021]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4B5C4D6CAAF89DFE9AF8CE" bold="true" box="[151,275,1874,1896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
SEM photographs of the habitus of 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4B5C4D6EB6F89DFD35F8C1" bold="true" box="[651,700,1874,1896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A–C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE4B5C4D6EFEF89CFCA2F8C1" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[707,811,1874,1896]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4B5C4D6EFEF89CFCA2F8C1" box="[707,811,1874,1896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">S. tremula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4B5C4D6F62F89DFC04F8CE" bold="true" box="[863,909,1874,1895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">D–F</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE4B5C4D6FA9F89CFB94F8C1" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[916,1053,1874,1896]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="5" pageNumber="508" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4B5C4D6FA9F89CFB94F8C1" box="[916,1053,1874,1896]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4B5C4D6810F89DFBECF8CE" bold="true" box="[1069,1125,1874,1895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">A, D,</emphasis>
dorsally; 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4B5C4D68F0F89DFA8BF8CE" bold="true" box="[1229,1282,1874,1895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">B, E,</emphasis>
apically; 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE4B5C4D6955F89DFA15F8CE" bold="true" box="[1384,1436,1874,1896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="508">C, F,</emphasis>
anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1–3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="9AD04EF5CE485C4E6CAAF8D7FD61F805" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="509" targetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE485C4E6CAAF8D7FD61F805" blockId="6.[151,1436,1816,1964]" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE485C4E6CAAF8D7FE9BF884" bold="true" box="[151,274,1816,1838]" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Drawings of the habitus of 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE485C4E6E13F8D7FDD6F887" bold="true" box="[558,607,1816,1838]" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">A–C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE485C4E6E58F8D6FD44F887" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[613,717,1816,1838]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="6" pageNumber="509" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE485C4E6E58F8D6FD44F887" box="[613,717,1816,1838]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">S. tremula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE485C4E6EC3F8D6FCA5F887" bold="true" box="[766,812,1817,1838]" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">D–F</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE485C4E6F0EF8D6FC33F887" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[819,954,1816,1838]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="6" pageNumber="509" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE485C4E6F0EF8D6FC33F887" box="[819,954,1816,1838]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE485C4E6FF4F8D7FB88F887" bold="true" box="[969,1025,1816,1838]" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">A, D,</emphasis>
dorsal; 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE485C4E686EF8D6FB0EF887" bold="true" box="[1107,1159,1817,1838]" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">B, E,</emphasis>
lateral; 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE485C4E68E6F8D7FA84F887" bold="true" box="[1243,1293,1816,1838]" pageId="6" pageNumber="509">C, F,</emphasis>
apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1–3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="9AD04EF5CE495C4F6CAAFF57FD6BFF66" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE495C4F6CAAFF57FD6BFF66" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,207]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6CAAFF57FE85FF06" bold="true" box="[151,268,152,175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Diagnostic features distinguishing 
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE495C4F6EABFF58FC8FFF06" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[662,774,151,175]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6EABFF58FC8FFF06" box="[662,774,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">S. tremula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE495C4F6F7CFF58FC5AFF06" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[833,979,151,175]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6F7CFF58FC5AFF06" box="[833,979,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with respect to their habitat preferences, ecological data, swimming behaviour and morphology.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE495C4F6DF4FF24FAE1FB63" blockId="7.[457,1079,234,256]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,1057,2018]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6DF4FF24FBBEFEA9" box="[457,1079,234,256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE495C4F6DF4FF24FDB9FEA9" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[457,560,234,256]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">S. tremula</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE495C4F6F8DFF24FBBEFEA9" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[944,1079,234,256]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">S. tremuloida</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6CAAFBEEFE47FB93" bold="true" box="[151,462,1057,1082]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
Individuals of 
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE495C4F6EB1FBEDFCA1FB90" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[652,808,1057,1081]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6EB1FBEDFCA1FB90" box="[652,808,1057,1081]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were found in monthly samples (each n = 3) from 
<date id="BA1138BDCE495C4F6CAAFB8AFEC4FBF7" box="[151,333,1093,1118]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" value="2015-11">November 2015</date>
to 
<date id="BA1138BDCE495C4F6D4EFB89FD83FBF7" box="[371,522,1093,1118]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" value="2016-01">
January 
<quantity id="0957B398CE495C4F6DEFFB8AFD83FBF7" box="[466,522,1093,1118]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.12064" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" unit="in" value="2016.0">2016</quantity>
</date>
in partially frozen, temporary puddles at Haarenniederung (HN) and Haarenstau (HS). Again, no males were observed. Both habitats exhibit no steady water in- or outflow, contain a high amount of decomposing organic matter, and presented similar conditions with a temperature of 6.9 ± 2.2 °C, a pH of 6.30 ± 0.07, a low oxygen content of 40.0 ± 3.0 % and 3.9 ± 
<quantity id="0957B398CE495C4F6ECFFB7DFCCBFB63" box="[754,834,1201,1226]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" unit="mg" value="0.9">0.9 mg</quantity>
/l, and a low conductivity of 230.0 ± 17.7 µS/cm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE495C4F6CA2FEDBFE7FFC5D" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<table id="BCAFECDDCE49A3B76CAAFEDBFA06FC5D" box="[151,1423,276,1012]" gridcols="3" gridrows="14" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFEDBFA06FE83" box="[151,1423,276,298]" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFEDBFE3DFE83" box="[151,436,276,298]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Time of occurrence</th>
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FEDBFC0AFE83" box="[443,899,276,298]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Spring (March to May)</th>
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76F8DFEDBFA06FE83" box="[944,1423,276,298]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Winter (November to January)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFEF2FA06FEFA" box="[151,1423,317,339]" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFEF2FE3DFEFA" box="[151,436,317,339]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Habitat</th>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FEF2FC0AFEFA" box="[443,899,317,339]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Permanent freshwater ponds</td>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76F8DFEF2FA06FEFA" box="[944,1423,317,339]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Temporary freshwater puddles</td>
</tr>
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFEA9FA06FED5" box="[151,1423,358,380]" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFEA9FE3DFED5" box="[151,436,358,380]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Body shape</th>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FEA9FC0AFED5" box="[443,899,358,380]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Overall body conical, widest in head region</td>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76F8DFEA9FA06FED5" box="[944,1423,358,380]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Bell-shaped, widest at auricles and trunk region</td>
</tr>
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFE5FFA06FE0F" box="[151,1423,400,422]" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFE5FFE3DFE0F" box="[151,436,400,422]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Dorsolateral styles</th>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FE5FFC0AFE0F" box="[443,899,400,422]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Raised on very shallow mounts</td>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76F8DFE5FFA06FE0F" box="[944,1423,400,422]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Raised on shallow to medium mounts</td>
</tr>
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFE76FA06FE66" box="[151,1423,441,463]" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFE76FE3DFE66" box="[151,436,441,463]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Auricle conspicuousness</th>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FE76FC0AFE66" box="[443,899,441,463]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Auricles small and not protruding</td>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76F8DFE76FA06FE66" box="[944,1423,441,463]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Auricles medium sized and protruding</td>
</tr>
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFE2DFA06FDBE" box="[151,1423,482,535]" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFE2DFE3DFDBE" box="[151,436,482,535]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Neck region</th>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FE2DFC0AFDBE" box="[443,899,482,535]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Not constricted with gradual transition into trunk</td>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76F8DFE2DFA06FDBE" box="[944,1423,482,535]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Constricted, demarcates head and trunk regions</td>
</tr>
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFDE5FA06FDF6" box="[151,1423,554,607]" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFDE5FE3DFDF6" box="[151,436,554,607]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Lateral antennae</th>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FDE5FC0AFDF6" box="[443,899,554,607]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Located laterally in the centre of the anal- pseudosegment</td>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76F8DFDE5FA06FDF6" box="[944,1423,554,607]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Located laterally within the crease between caudal trunk region and anal-pseudosegment</td>
</tr>
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFDBDFA06FD21" box="[151,1423,626,648]" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFDBDFE3DFD21" box="[151,436,626,648]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Orientation of foot</th>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FDBDFC0AFD21" box="[443,899,626,648]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Foot bends dorsally</td>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76F8DFDBDFA06FD21" box="[944,1423,626,648]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Foot bends ventrally</td>
</tr>
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFD53FA06FD1B" box="[151,1423,668,690]" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFD53FE3DFD1B" box="[151,436,668,690]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Mastax width</th>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FD53FC0AFD1B" box="[443,899,668,690]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Not as wide as head and neck region</td>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76F8DFD53FA06FD1B" box="[944,1423,668,690]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">As wide as head and neck region</td>
</tr>
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFD0AFA06FD72" box="[151,1423,709,731]" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFD0AFE3DFD72" box="[151,436,709,731]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Ventral hook of uncus</th>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FD0AFC0AFD72" box="[443,899,709,731]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Thin and sharp</td>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76F8DFD0AFA06FD72" box="[944,1423,709,731]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Blunt</td>
</tr>
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFD21FA06FCAD" box="[151,1423,750,772]" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFD21FE3DFCAD" box="[151,436,750,772]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Distal cauda tip</th>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FD21FC0AFCAD" box="[443,899,750,772]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Blunt and not broadened</td>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76F8DFD21FA06FCAD" box="[944,1423,750,772]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Broadened</td>
</tr>
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFCD7FA06FC87" box="[151,1423,792,814]" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFCD7FE3DFC87" box="[151,436,792,814]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Forward swimming motion</th>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FCD7FC0AFC87" box="[443,899,792,814]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Straight</td>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76F8DFCD7FA06FC87" box="[944,1423,792,814]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Straight to slightly coiled</td>
</tr>
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFC8EFA06FCDF" box="[151,1423,833,886]" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFC8EFE3DFCDF" box="[151,436,833,886]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Rotation while adhering at objects</th>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FC8EFC0AFCDF" box="[443,899,833,886]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Quick twisting around longitudinal axis</td>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76F8DFC8EFA06FCDF" box="[944,1423,833,886]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Slow twisting around longitudinal axis</td>
</tr>
<tr id="709F1C3FCE49A3B76CAAFC15FA06FC5D" box="[151,1423,986,1012]" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" rowspan-2="1">
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE495C4F6CAAFC15FE7FFC5D" authority="Pourriot, 1965" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,502,986,1012]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
<th id="334E7543CE49A3B76CAAFC15FE3DFC5D" box="[151,436,986,1012]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6CAAFC15FEB3FC5D" bold="true" box="[151,314,986,1012]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
Pourriot,
</th>
<td id="334E7543CE49A3B76D86FC15FC0AFC5D" box="[443,899,986,1012]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">1965</td>
</taxonomicName>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE495C4F6CFAFB1AFDC3FAB8" blockId="7.[151,1436,1057,2018]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<materialsCitation id="7EC71420CE495C4F6CFAFB1AFDC3FAB8" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1563874478" collectionCode="ZMB" county="Specimens" location="Generalkatalog Freilebende Wurmer" municipality="Natural History Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Berlin">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6CFAFB1AFB6AFB47" bold="true" box="[199,1251,1237,1262]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<collectingCounty id="277166F1CE495C4F6CFAFB1AFECCFB47" box="[199,325,1237,1262]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Specimens</collectingCounty>
for LM and SEM deposited at the 
<collectingMunicipality id="2E748407CE495C4F6F1DFB1AFBD5FB47" box="[800,1116,1237,1262]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Natural History Museum</collectingMunicipality>
of 
<collectingRegion id="0C6BD09FCE495C4F68ACFB1AFB57FB47" box="[1169,1246,1237,1262]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Berlin</collectingRegion>
.
</emphasis>
<location id="CB7048A6CE495C4F68CCFB1AFE08FAB8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4606AF6BCE4C5C416CAAF94AFE58FE79:CB7048A6CE495C4F68CCFB1AFE08FAB8" county="Specimens" municipality="Natural History Museum" name="Generalkatalog Freilebende Wurmer" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" stateProvince="Berlin">Generalkatalog Freilebende Würmer</location>
, 
<collectionCode id="A8BE86B8CE495C4F6DB1FB35FE41FAB8" box="[396,456,1274,1297]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum f<>r Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">ZMB</collectionCode>
11586 a–e.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE495C4F6CFAFAD2FEBAFAF0" blockId="7.[151,1436,1057,2018]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6CFAFAD2FE6DFA9F" bold="true" box="[199,484,1309,1334]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Morphological analysis.</emphasis>
The following morphological descriptions are of mature, parthenogenetic females of 
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE495C4F6CAAFA8DFEA4FAF0" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[151,301,1345,1369]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6CAAFA8DFEA4FAF0" box="[151,301,1345,1369]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE495C4F6CFAFAAAFA8AFAD7" blockId="7.[151,1436,1057,2018]" box="[199,1283,1381,1406]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6CFAFAAAFEF4FAD7" bold="true" box="[199,381,1381,1406]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Measurements.</emphasis>
Total body length including toes: 274.5 ± 22.5 µm (range: 245–325 µm), n = 10
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE495C4F6CFAFA45FCAAFA0B" blockId="7.[151,1436,1057,2018]" box="[199,803,1417,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Foot length: 52.0 ± 5.4 µm (range: 45–65 µm), n = 10</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE495C4F6CFAFA61FC93FA6F" blockId="7.[151,1436,1057,2018]" box="[199,794,1453,1478]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Toe length: 15.5 ± 1.6 µm (range: 15–20 µm), n = 10</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE495C4F6CFAFA1EFB0CFA43" blockId="7.[151,1436,1057,2018]" box="[199,1157,1489,1514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Body width at the level of the auricles: 139.0 ± 13.2 µm (range: 110–155 µm), n = 10</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE495C406CFAFA3AFE98FF7D" blockId="7.[151,1436,1057,2018]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="511" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6CFAFA3AFEA4F9A7" bold="true" box="[199,301,1525,1550]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Habitus.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE495C4F6D05FA39FE5BF9A4" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[312,466,1525,1549]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="7" pageNumber="510" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6D05FA39FE5BF9A4" box="[312,466,1525,1549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
exhibits a flexible epidermis. The body can be subdivided into the head and neck region, the trunk region, and the foot and toes. The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6EE4F9D6FC99F99B" bold="true" box="[729,784,1561,1586]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">neck</emphasis>
region is constricted and delimits the head from the trunk region. The overall 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6D45F9F2FE3DF9FF" bold="true" box="[376,436,1597,1622]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">body</emphasis>
is bell-shaped, with its widest expansion at the levels of the auricles and of the anterior trunk region. The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6D5EF9AEFE6EF9D3" bold="true" box="[355,487,1633,1658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">apical field</emphasis>
is slightly convex. Each dorsolateral 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6FB2F9AEFC4CF9D3" bold="true" box="[911,965,1633,1658]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">style</emphasis>
on the apical field is raised on a shallow- or medium-sized mount (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE495C4F6D84F94AFD80F937" box="[441,521,1669,1694]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
C &amp; 3 D; sm). The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6EC6F94AFCD1F937" bold="true" box="[763,856,1669,1694]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">auricles</emphasis>
are of medium size, directed laterally, and clearly protruding (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE495C4F6D20F966FEE3F96B" box="[285,362,1705,1730]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
C &amp; 3 D; au). Several slight transverse folds are present in neck region. In the head region, the apical part of the 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6D61F902FE3BF94F" bold="true" box="[348,434,1741,1766]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">mastax</emphasis>
can show a slight yellowish tone (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE495C4F6F0BF902FCF1F94F" box="[822,888,1741,1766]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C; mx). The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6832F902FBDAF94F" bold="true" box="[1039,1107,1741,1766]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">trunk</emphasis>
is as wide as the head region at the level of the auricles and decreases abruptly in width moving caudally. It is entirely filled by the internal organs, with the large 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6DA9F8DAFE7EF887" bold="true" box="[404,503,1813,1838]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">stomach</emphasis>
being distinctly emphasised by its green-yellow to brown colour (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE495C4F68D5F8DAFAA2F887" box="[1256,1323,1813,1838]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C, D; st). The integument exhibits a few weak longitudinal and transverse striations dorsally. A distinct 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6962F8F6FEC4F8DF" bold="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">analpseudosegment</emphasis>
is present caudally, bearing two lateral antennae located laterally within the crease between the caudal trunk region and the pseudosegment itself (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE495C4F6EDEF84EFCA0F833" box="[739,809,1921,1946]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F; aps, la). The conical 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6871F84EFBF2F833" bold="true" box="[1100,1147,1921,1946]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">foot</emphasis>
is about one-fifth of the overall body length and bends ventrally (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE495C4F6E5DF86AFD24F817" box="[608,685,1957,1982]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
D &amp; 3 E; fo). The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C4F6F43F86AFC25F817" bold="true" box="[894,940,1957,1982]" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">toes</emphasis>
are up to one-quarter of the total foot length including the toes, pointed and sharp, but never curved. The entire foot is filled by paired and separated 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE495C406966F806FF6CFF19" bold="true" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="511" pageId="7" pageNumber="510">pedal glands</emphasis>
of equal size (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406DB6FF58FE47FF19" box="[395,462,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
D; pg). The latter are voluminous proximally and narrow distally before the foot ends in the toes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE465C406CFAFF10FAC6FD59" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406CFAFF10FE03FF51" bold="true" box="[199,394,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Rotatory organ.</emphasis>
The rotatory organ is composed of eight 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406F49FF10FB83FF51" bold="true" box="[884,1034,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">ciliary fields</emphasis>
: two dorsal, two dorsolateral, two lateral and two ventrolateral ones (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406E08FECBFD0EFEB5" box="[565,647,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
E &amp; 3 F; dcf, dlcf, lcf, vlcf). Each of the dorsal and each of the ventrolateral ciliary fields are separated from one other by a narrow gap. A very narrow gap is present between the dorsal and dorsolateral ciliary fields, which conveys an impression of a continuous ciliary band. Each lateral ciliary field is distinctly separated from each of the dorsolateral and ventrolateral fields and is located on laterally directed and protruding prominences (
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406DDBFE5BFDCAFE04" bold="true" box="[486,579,404,429]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">auricles</emphasis>
; 
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406E6EFE5BFD1FFE05" box="[595,662,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
D; au). On the apical field, numerous sensory receptors are present, including two dorsal and two dorsolateral sensory 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406EEAFE78FC91FE79" bold="true" box="[727,792,439,464]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">styles</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406F14FE78FCF1FE79" box="[809,888,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
E &amp; 3 F; dst, lst). Each dorsal stylus is situated ventrally to the gap between the dorsal and dorsolateral ciliary fields, whereas each dorsolateral stylus is located next to each auricle between the dorso- and ventrolateral ciliary fields. The dorsolateral styles are raised on shallow to medium prominences on which a cluster of ampulla shaped cilia is present (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406FC2FDEBFBC5FD95" box="[1023,1100,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
E &amp; 3 F; asc). In the centre of the apical field and dorsal to the mouth, two distinctly separated 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406F95FD88FBE5FDC9" bold="true" box="[936,1132,583,608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">apical receptors</emphasis>
are present that are each composed of a tuft of sensory cilia (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406E13FDA3FDFBFD2D" box="[558,626,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E &amp; 3 F; ar). A 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406F13FDA3FC47FD2C" bold="true" box="[814,974,620,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">gland meatus</emphasis>
is situated lateral to each apical receptor (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406CA2FD40FF65FD01" box="[159,236,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
E &amp; 3 F; gm). In the ventral half of the apical field, three pairs of 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406FF0FD40FB13FD01" bold="true" box="[973,1178,655,680]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">ciliated receptors</emphasis>
are found on each side of the mouth, with two pairs of vertically arranged receptors located laterally to the mouth and one pair ventrolaterally to it (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406D40FD18FE43FD59" box="[381,458,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
E &amp; 3 F; mr 1–3). A thin ciliary band encircles the mouth dorsally and laterally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE465C406CFAFD33FEDEFA69" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406CFAFD33FDBFFCBC" bold="true" box="[199,566,764,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Nervous and sensory systems.</emphasis>
The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406E4AFD33FCC2FCBC" bold="true" box="[631,843,764,789]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">cerebral ganglion</emphasis>
is situated centrally in the dorsal head region and contains the 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406D19FCD0FE49FC91" bold="true" box="[292,448,799,824]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">cerebral eyes</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406DF2FCD0FD9BFC91" box="[463,530,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E; br). These two red eyespots are of equal or marginally unequal size and fused anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406D28FC8BFED3FCF5" box="[277,346,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
D). Pigment granules, when present, are accumulated at the cerebral eyespots, whereas frontal eyespots were never observed. Two dorsal and two dorsolateral 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406FA1FCA8FC54FC29" bold="true" box="[924,989,871,896]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">styles</emphasis>
are present on the apical field, each composed of several long sensory cilia (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406E66FC43FD14FC0D" box="[603,669,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E; dst, lst). The base of each dorsal stylus is not thickened, whereas it is slightly thickened in each dorsolateral stylus to form a shallow to medium sized mount (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C40689AFC60FB7CFC61" box="[1191,1269,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
C &amp; 3 D; sm). Each stylus is connected to the brain by a single cerebral nerve. On the apical field, the paired 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406888FC1BFAFAFC44" bold="true" box="[1205,1395,980,1005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">apical receptors</emphasis>
are distinctly separated from one other (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406E16FC38FDF1FBB9" box="[555,632,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
E &amp; 3 F; ar). Each receptor comprises a tuft of sensory cilia, the base of which results in a sub-surfaced pocket. Each receptor is likewise connected to the brain by a single cerebral nerve. The mouth is surrounded by two pairs of vertically arranged 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406F63FBF0FBACFBF1" bold="true" box="[862,1061,1087,1112]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">mouth receptors</emphasis>
laterally as well as another pair ventrolaterally (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406D74FBABFE1EFBD5" box="[329,407,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
E &amp; 3 F; mr 1–3). Each receptor pair is composed of two slightly separated tufts of sensory cilia that are raised on shallow prominences. One immovable and unpaired 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406FD4FB48FB15FB09" bold="true" box="[1001,1180,1159,1184]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">dorsal antenna</emphasis>
is located centrally on a distinct prominence in the neck region caudal to the cerebral eye (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406F99FB63FC7AFB6D" box="[932,1011,1196,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
D &amp; 3 E; da). It consists of a tuft of dorsally oriented sensory cilia that projects through a circular pore in the integument that itself is surrounded by a low epidermal fold. The base of the sensory cilia is found in a sub-surfaced pocket from which two nerves connect the dorsal antenna with the brain. Two immovable 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406EE6FAD8FC17FA99" bold="true" box="[731,926,1303,1328]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">lateral antennae</emphasis>
are present, each located laterally within the crease between the caudal trunk region and the anal-pseudosegment (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406FA4FAF3FC52FAFD" box="[921,987,1340,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F; la). Each lateral antenna is composed of a tuft of caudolaterally oriented sensory cilia projecting through separate pores in the integument that, in turn, are surrounded by low epidermal folds. The base of each tuft of cilia is found in a sub-surfaced pocket and is joined to a single nerve.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE465C406CFAFA03FBB9F810" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406CFAFA03FE1DFA4C" bold="true" box="[199,404,1484,1509]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Digestive system.</emphasis>
The digestive system is subdivided into the mouth, mastax, oesophagus, foregut, stomach, intestine and the cloaca. The apical 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406E08FA20FD0AF9A1" bold="true" box="[565,643,1519,1544]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">mouth</emphasis>
is located below the longitudinal axis of the body and is surrounded dorsally and laterally by thin ciliary bands (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406EB3F9DBFD5BF985" box="[654,722,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1874,1896]" captionTargetBox="[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[232,1354,311,1818]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsally; B, E, apically; C, F, anal-pseudosegment and foot with toes, lateral view). Scale bars: 10 µm. aps, anal-pseudosegment; ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; gm, gland meatus; la, lateral antennae; lcf, lateral ciliary field; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; and vlcf, ventrolateral ciliary field." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807905/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
E). It is oriented slightly ventrally and opens directly into the 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406CAAF9F8FF65F9F9" bold="true" box="[151,236,1591,1616]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">mastax</emphasis>
cavity. The very large mastax is composed of the extensive trophus elements together with a complex muscular apparatus (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406D43F993FE49F9DD" box="[382,448,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C, D; mx) and takes up the entire head and neck region in both its length and width. The 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406CAAF9B0FEC6F931" bold="true" box="[151,335,1663,1688]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">virgate trophus</emphasis>
of 
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE465C406D4EF94FFD80F931" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[371,521,1664,1688]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="8" pageNumber="511" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406D4EF94FFD80F931" box="[371,521,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is specifically of the 
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE465C406ECAF94FFCE0F931" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[759,873,1664,1688]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="8" pageNumber="511" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406ECAF94FFCE0F931" box="[759,873,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">S. tremula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<typeStatus id="1114A0DFCE465C406F4CF94EFC2CF930" box="[881,933,1665,1689]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">type</typeStatus>
, the morphology of which is described in the section “Trophi of 
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE465C406D4EF96BFE6EF915" authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1786" box="[371,487,1700,1724]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="8" pageNumber="511" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremula">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406D4EF96BFE6EF915" box="[371,487,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">S. tremula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="09AF65FECE465C406E19F96BFD34F915" authorityName="Pourriot" authorityYear="1965" box="[548,701,1700,1724]" class="Eurotatoria" family="Synchaetidae" genus="Synchaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ploima" pageId="8" pageNumber="511" phylum="Rotifera" rank="species" species="tremuloida">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406E19F96BFD34F915" box="[548,701,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">S. tremuloida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (see below). The short 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406FDDF96BFBE0F914" bold="true" box="[992,1129,1700,1725]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">oesophagus</emphasis>
originates from the dorsal mastax region and extends into a contractile 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406EB7F908FD69F949" bold="true" box="[650,736,1735,1760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">foregut</emphasis>
that itself inserts into the dorsally situated 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C4068FCF908FAACF949" bold="true" box="[1217,1317,1735,1760]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">stomach</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406909F908FA08F949" box="[1332,1409,1735,1760]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
D &amp; 3 E; fg, oe, st). Through its yellow-green to brownish colour, the stomach presents a conspicuous structure within the trunk (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406D5DF8C0FE39F881" box="[352,432,1807,1832]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
C, D; st). Its inner wall is densely covered by long cilia and peristaltic movements are observed regularly in live individuals. At the level of the transition from the foregut to the stomach, two ovate to kidney-shaped 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406D7CF898FE6FF8D9" bold="true" box="[321,486,1879,1904]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">gastric glands</emphasis>
are present, one on each side of the digestive tract (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C40681AF898FBE0F8D9" box="[1063,1129,1879,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1816,1838]" captionTargetBox="[201,1402,234,1743]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,205,1782]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Drawings of the habitus of A – C S. tremula and D – F S. tremuloida (A, D, dorsal; B, E, lateral; C, F, apical). Scale bars: 20 µm. ar, apical receptor; asc, ampulla shaped cilia; au, auricle; br, brain; da, dorsal antenna; dcf, dorsal ciliary field; dlcf, dorsolateral ciliary field; dst, dorsal stylus; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; gg, gastric gland; gm, gland meatus; in, intestine; la, lateral antennae; lst, lateral stylus; mr 1 – 3, mouth receptors; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; pg, pedal glands; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807907/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
D; gg). Caudally, a distinct constriction separates the stomach from the short 
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE465C406EEEF8B3FCB1F83C" bold="true" box="[723,824,1916,1941]" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">intestine</emphasis>
that connects the stomach with the very short cloaca (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE465C406CA2F86FFF65F811" box="[159,236,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="511">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
D &amp; 3 E; c, in) that ends dorsally at the distal end of anal-pseudosegment.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE475C416CFAFF58FDDEFF7C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CFAFF58FE4EFF19" bold="true" box="[199,455,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Reproductive system.</emphasis>
The large and unpaired vitellarium is ventrally located in the trunk region and exhibits eight large nuclei (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C416D55FF73FE3CFF7D" box="[360,437,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
D &amp; 3 E; vit).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE475C416CFAFF10FB7CFEB4" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CFAFF10FE17FF51" bold="true" box="[199,414,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Excretory system.</emphasis>
The protonephridial bladder is ventrally located in the distal part of trunk and leads to the cloaca (
<figureCitation id="569402F8CE475C416CD3FECBFEB2FEB5" box="[238,315,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,988,1839]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. LM images of the habitus of A, B S. tremula and C, D S. tremuloida (A, C, dorsal; B, D, lateral). Scale bars: 60 µm. au, auricle; c, cloaca; da, dorsal antenna; fg, foregut; fo, foot orientation; in, intestine; mx, mastax; oe, oesophagus; pb, protonephridial bladder; sm, stylus mount; st, stomach; and vit, vitellarium." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/807903/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
D &amp; 3 E; pb). Contractile movements can be observed frequently in live individuals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE475C416CFAFEE8FC9EFE04" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CFAFEE8FE44FEE9" bold="true" box="[199,461,295,320]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Swimming behaviour.</emphasis>
Individuals swim with a straight to slightly coiled motion, rotating thereby about the longitudinal axis. The swimming behaviour is characterised by many sudden directional changes. Individuals often adhere themselves to objects (e.g. organic matter) via a mucus thread secreted by the pedal glands, combined with a slow twisting movement around their longitudinal axis.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="86B54DF6CE475C416CFAFE78FE58FE79" box="[199,465,439,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="CE101E7DCE475C416CFAFE78FE58FE79" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,464]" box="[199,465,439,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">
<emphasis id="FCDBC26FCE475C416CFAFE78FEC8FE79" bold="true" box="[199,321,439,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
See 
<tableCitation id="832D2BC6CE475C416D4AFE78FE42FE79" box="[375,459,439,464]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Diagnostic features distinguishing S. tremula and S. tremuloida with respect to their habitat preferences, ecological data, swimming behaviour and morphology." pageId="9" pageNumber="512">Table 1</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>