184 lines
20 KiB
XML
184 lines
20 KiB
XML
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<mods:mods id="A4ADA0489D54D44C27731903D5E2E235" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="3B56C158F02D86AB6D794D0B0E912EDE">Cebidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="18E5DE05DDB582A8DE3CD318507E7738">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0A57923749E9A30770F243D5A6F9992E">Anthony B. Rylands</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E4F7898D7B982BD9CA78E4C2DC0189B">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="12F86F8437B70A5D5E0C63EBA5758091">2013</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="061888FA2C152E74A0BC8A90BEB47C7B" type="pubDate">2013-03-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="0D579CD7EF6571B8C7B64D4F9AA45E7F">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="EBC708A508B03A4E0753C7B98B58661D">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:title id="C8F59F8A2F2E3A71C75AF4FD88DF7F91">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 3 Primates</mods:title>
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<mods:classification id="8694DAB7BDBE01856F33B69F4E8A06D6">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D66AA2B15EA3A652DD6D619159F87BF1" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6628559</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="560F8786B733284108C5FBD83B30F232" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6628285" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195828918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6628285" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:560F8786B733284108C5FBD83B30F232" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/560F8786B733284108C5FBD83B30F232" lastPageNumber="412" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB733284108C5FBD83F89FBC3" box="[159,215,1097,1147]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="DE193690B733284108C5FBD83F89FBC3" blockId="22.[156,1362,1097,1227]" box="[159,215,1097,1147]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<heading id="855181FCB733284108C5FBD83F89FBC3" box="[159,215,1097,1147]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<figureCitation id="469D2A15B733284108C5FBD83F89FBC3" box="[159,215,1097,1147]" captionStart="Plate 26: Cebidae" captionStartId="17.[92,122,3319,3344]" captionTargetBox="[9,2709,14,3630]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="16. Maranon White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus yuracus), 17. Shock-headed Capuchin (Cebus cuscinus), 18. Spix’s White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus unicolor), 19. Humboldt’s White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus albifrons), 20. Guianan Weeper Capuchin (Cebus olivaceus), 21. Ka’apor Capuchin (Cebus kaapori), 22. Venezuelan Brown Capuchin (Cebus brunneus), 23. Sierra de Perija White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus leucocephalus), 24. Rio Cesar White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus cesarae), 25. Varied Whitefronted Capuchin (Cebus versicolor), 26. Santa Marta White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus malitiosus), 27. Ecuadorian White-fronted Capuchin (Cebus aequatorialis), 28. Colombian White-faced Capuchin (Cebus capucinus), 29. Panamanian White-faced Capuchin (Cebus imitator)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6628652" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6628652/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">27.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB733284108BFFBD83C82FBC3" box="[229,988,1097,1147]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="DE193690B733284108BFFBD83C82FBC3" blockId="22.[156,1362,1097,1227]" box="[229,988,1097,1147]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<heading id="855181FCB733284108BFFBD83C82FBC3" box="[229,988,1097,1147]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<vernacularName id="50A546BEB733284108BFFBD83C82FBC3" box="[229,988,1097,1147]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Ecuadorian White-fronted Capuchin</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB73328410BB7FBD83A0FFBC3" box="[1005,1361,1097,1147]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DE193690B73328410BB7FBD83A0FFBC3" blockId="22.[156,1362,1097,1227]" box="[1005,1361,1097,1147]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<heading id="855181FCB73328410BB7FBD83A0FFBC3" box="[1005,1361,1097,1147]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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||
<taxonomicName id="19A64D13B73328410BB7FBD83A0FFBC3" ID-CoL="RYYR" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1914" box="[1005,1361,1097,1147]" class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Cebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequatorialis">
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<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B73328410BB7FBD83A0FFBC3" box="[1005,1361,1097,1147]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Cebus aequatorialis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB733284108C4FB1D3C1CFB70" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="DE193690B733284108C4FB1D3B32FB19" blockId="22.[156,1362,1097,1227]" box="[158,1132,1164,1185]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<heading id="855181FCB733284108C4FB1D3B32FB19" box="[158,1132,1164,1185]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B733284108C4FB1D3FB5FB19" bold="true" box="[158,235,1164,1185]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="50A546BEB733284108AEFB1D3EE8FB19" box="[244,438,1164,1185]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Sapajou d'Equateur</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B73328410990FB1D3D7BFB19" bold="true" box="[458,549,1164,1185]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="50A546BEB73328410A6AFB1D3C50FB19" box="[560,782,1164,1185]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Ecuador-Kapuzineraffe</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B73328410B79FB1D3C20FB19" bold="true" box="[803,894,1164,1185]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="50A546BEB73328410BDDFB1D3B32FB19" box="[903,1132,1164,1185]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Capuchino ecuatoriano</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DE193690B733284108C4FB223C1CFB70" blockId="22.[156,1362,1097,1227]" box="[158,834,1203,1224]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<heading id="855181FCB733284108C4FB223C1CFB70" box="[158,834,1203,1224]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B733284108C4FB223ECAFB70" bold="true" box="[158,404,1203,1224]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="50A546BEB733284109C4FB223D2EFB70" box="[414,624,1203,1224]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Ecuadorian Capuchin</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="50A546BEB73328410A24FB223C1CFB70" box="[638,834,1203,1224]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Equatorial Capuchin</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB73328410B5FFB673C11FA87" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="DE193690B73328410B5FFB673C11FA87" blockId="22.[773,1360,1270,1697]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B73328410B5FFB673CFEFAAF" bold="true" box="[773,928,1270,1303]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="19A64D13B73328410BE9FB673C14FA87" ID-CoL="RYYR" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1914" class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Cebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequatorialis">Cebus aequatorialis |. A. Allen, 1914</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB73328410B01FAB73B5AFADE" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="DE193690B73328410B01FAB73B5AFADE" blockId="22.[773,1360,1270,1697]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<materialsCitation id="6ECE3CCDB73328410B01FAB73B5AFADE" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3804722313" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Rio del Oro, Manavi Province, near sea level, Ecuador.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB73328410B5CFAFD3B31FA35" box="[774,1135,1388,1421]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="DE193690B73328410B5CFAFD3B31FA35" blockId="22.[773,1360,1270,1697]" box="[774,1135,1388,1421]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB73328410B5CFA023A73F9E9" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="distribution">
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<caption id="8AD96618B73328410B5CFA023A73F9E9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6628628" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6628628" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6628628/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" targetBox="[161,741,1283,1690]" targetPageId="22">
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<paragraph id="DE193690B73328410B5CFA023A73F9E9" blockId="22.[773,1360,1270,1697]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B73328410B5CFA023CEBFA0C" bold="true" box="[774,949,1427,1460]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Ecuador lowlands W of the Andes (from the Rio Esmeraldas-Guayllabamba to the S) and NW Peru (Tumbes Department, the southernmost locality is the Cerros de Amotape National Park).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB73328410B5CF9F13EE5F792" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="description">
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<paragraph id="DE193690B73328410B5CF9F13EE5F792" blockId="22.[773,1360,1270,1697]" lastBlockId="22.[156,1362,1703,3466]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B73328410B5CF9F13B5CF9C1" bold="true" box="[774,1026,1632,1657]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 35-51 cm, tail 40-50 cm; weight 1.7-3.6 kg (males) and 1.2-2.2 kg (females). The upperparts of the Ecuadorian White-fronted Capuchin, from the nape over the back, are pale cinnamon rufous, darker along the midline of the back. Front and sides of the head are a pale yellowish white, with a narrow black transverse line on the forehead forming the cap, from which a narrow median black line descends to the nose. An indistinct blackish line runs from the posterior border of the eye to the mouth. Outsides of limbs are similar in color to the body. Hands and feet are a little darker (more brownish) than the arms and legs, and the ventral surface is a little paler than flanks. The chest is lighter than the belly. Dorsal surface of the tail is dull wood-brown above, darker than the body, and undersurface of tail is much paler.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB733284108C4F7A13C57F770" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="DE193690B733284108C4F7A13C57F770" blockId="22.[156,1362,1703,3466]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B733284108C4F7A13E52F7E9" bold="true" box="[158,268,2096,2129]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Dry forest in lowlands and including coastal areas to wet submontane Andean forest to elevations of 1100-2040 m. The Ecuadorian White-fronted Capuchin evidently prefers tall, mature terra firma forest but also uses disturbed and degraded mixed secondary forest and cultivated areas.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB733284108C4F7473E94F6DD" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="DE193690B733284108C4F7473E94F6DD" blockId="22.[156,1362,1703,3466]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B733284108C4F7473EFDF757" bold="true" box="[158,419,2262,2287]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Ecuadorian White-fronted Capuchins eat fruits, insects, and other small animals. They eat tender bases of bromeliad leaves and fruits of
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<taxonomicName id="19A64D13B73328410CC5F7643B85F6AE" box="[1183,1243,2293,2326]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" genus="Vitex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Vitex</taxonomicName>
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gigantea (
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<taxonomicName id="19A64D13B733284108F1F6B13E17F685" box="[171,329,2336,2365]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lamiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lamiaceae</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="19A64D13B7332841093CF6B13D90F685" box="[358,718,2336,2365]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Spondias (Anacardiaceae)</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="19A64D13B73328410ABBF6B13B5FF685" box="[737,1025,2336,2365]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Eugenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Eugenia (Myrtaceae)</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="19A64D13B73328410C4EF6B13A59F685" box="[1044,1287,2336,2365]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus (Moraceae)</taxonomicName>
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, and Cecropra (
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<taxonomicName id="19A64D13B73328410944F6D93EE2F6DD" box="[286,444,2376,2405]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Urticaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Urticaceae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB733284108C4F6FE3CBCF634" box="[158,994,2415,2444]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="DE193690B733284108C4F6FE3CBCF634" blockId="22.[156,1362,1703,3466]" box="[158,994,2415,2444]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B733284108C4F6FE3E7DF634" bold="true" box="[158,291,2415,2444]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Breeding.</emphasis>
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There is no information available for this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB733284108C6F6033B1BF60B" box="[156,1093,2450,2483]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="activity">
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||
<paragraph id="DE193690B733284108C6F6033B1BF60B" blockId="22.[156,1362,1703,3466]" box="[156,1093,2450,2483]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
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||
<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B733284108C6F6033ED9F60B" bold="true" box="[156,391,2450,2483]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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There is no information available for this species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="96BC651BB733284108C4F62B3B7CF485" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="DE193690B733284108C4F62B3B7CF485" blockId="22.[156,1362,1703,3466]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B733284108C4F62B3C3BF663" bold="true" box="[158,869,2490,2523]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Surveys of the Ecuadorian Whitefronted Capuchin in 2002-2005 in western Ecuador, located eleven groups in five of eleven sites visited. three in the Cerro Blanco Forest Reserve, four in the Hacienda El Paraiso, two in Jauneche Biological Reserve Station, one in La Hesperia Biological Reserve and one in Lalo Loor Dry Forest Reserve. The groups ranged in size from five to 20 individuals (mean 13-9). There were generally more females in the group than males; the sex ratio was 0-8 male:1 female. The composition of six of the groups was: 1-6 adult males, 3-5 adult females, 2—4 subadult males, 2-6juveniles, and 1-2 infants. Densities were 2-22 ind/km?, with a median of 2-4 ind/km?®. Two groups in the Cerro Blanco Protected Forest had home ranges of 561 ha and 507 ha.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="96BC651BB733284108C5F4D23E50F282" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="DE193690B733284108C5F4D23E50F282" blockId="22.[156,1362,1703,3466]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B733284108C5F4D23D5CF4DC" bold="true" box="[159,514,2883,2916]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="19A64D13B73328410983F4FB3D32F433" box="[473,620,2922,2955]" class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Cebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albifrons">C. albifrons</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="19A64D13B73328410A2CF4FB3C7EF433" authorityName="J. A. Allen" authorityYear="1914" box="[630,800,2922,2955]" class="Mammalia" family="Cebidae" genus="Cebus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aequatorialis">aequatorialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Forests in the western lowlands of Ecuador have been devastated over the last century, and the Ecuadorian White-fronted Capuchin is hunted and, in some areas, persecuted for crop-raiding (banana, corn, plantains, and cacao). It is known from 20 forests in Ecuador and Peru. It occurs in Bilsa Biological Station in Mache-Chindul National Park, Manglares Churute National Park, Cerro Blanco Forest Reserve, L.a Hesperia Biological Reserve, and Lalo Loor Dry Forest Reserve in Ecuador; and Cerros de Amotape National Park and Tumbes National Reserve in Peru. Hunting and deforestation continue, however, even in protected areas. Reports that it occurred in Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve, north of the Rio Esmeraldas-Guayllabamba in Ecuador, are, it seems, unfounded, and it is believed that it disappeared from a 4000ha forest at Cabo Pasado, also in Ecuador, in 1998.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="96BC651BB733284108FBF2DC3B30F232" pageId="22" pageNumber="412" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="DE193690B733284108FBF2DC3B30F232" blockId="22.[156,1362,1703,3466]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">
|
||
<emphasis id="ECD2EA82B733284108FBF2DC3E64F2DA" bold="true" box="[161,314,3405,3426]" pageId="22" pageNumber="412">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Albuja & Arcos (2007), Allen (1914), Encarnacion & Cook (1998), Freese & Oppenheimer (1981), Hershkovitz (1949), Hill (1960), Jack & Campos (2012), Parker & Carr (1992), Tirira (2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |