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<mods:title id="0A99C12F624A5D0E051372CEF4D7B295">New additions to the shallow-water hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) of the French Lesser Antilles: Martinique</mods:title>
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<treatment id="D6410C37BF6EFFDDFF36FAA5FC04FB78" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5263675" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127664785" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5263675" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D6410C37BF6EFFDDFF36FAA5FC04FB78" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D6410C37BF6EFFDDFF36FAA5FC04FB78" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<subSubSection id="16F2EEAABF6EFFD0FF36FAA5FED7FA7B" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36FAA5FCAFFA5A" blockId="37.[151,855,1384,1443]" box="[151,855,1384,1410]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<heading id="051F0A4DBF6EFFD0FF36FAA5FCAFFA5A" bold="true" box="[151,855,1384,1410]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FF36FAA5FCAFFA5A" ID-CoL="3HP7R" authority="Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890" authorityName="Marktanner-Turneretscher" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,855,1384,1410]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="allmani">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF36FAA5FCAFFA5A" bold="true" box="[151,855,1384,1410]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF36FAA5FE59FA5A" bold="true" box="[151,417,1384,1410]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Gymnangium allmani</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6EFFD0FE11FAA5FCB6FA5A" author="Marktanner-Turneretscher" box="[432,846,1384,1410]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Marktanner-Turneretscher, G. (1890) Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 5, 195 - 286." type="journal article" year="1890">Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36FA46FED7FA7B" blockId="37.[151,855,1384,1443]" box="[151,303,1419,1443]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">(Fig. 10A–H)</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="16F2EEAABF6EFFD0FF36FA1EFB77F8E2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36FA1EFABAFA30" blockId="37.[151,1437,1490,1850]" box="[151,1346,1490,1513]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF6EFFD0FF36FA1EFABAFA30" box="[151,1346,1490,1513]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FF36FA1EFDCBFA30" ID-CoL="3JCWG" authority="Allman, 1883: 52" authorityName="Allman" authorityPageNumber="52" authorityYear="1883" box="[151,563,1490,1513]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plumosa">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF36FA1EFE81FA31" box="[151,377,1491,1513]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Halicornaria plumosa</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF6EFFD0FEDEFA1FFDCBFA30" author="Allman" box="[383,563,1490,1512]" page="52" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1883">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6EFFD0FEDEFA1FFDF5FA30" author="Allman" box="[383,525,1490,1512]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Allman, G. J. (1883) Report on the Hydroida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part I. Plumularidae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the year 1873 - 76, Zoology, 7 (20), 1 - 55. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11299" type="journal article" year="1883">Allman, 1883</bibRefCitation>
: 52
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 18 [invalid junior homonym of
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FC3CFA1EFACFFA30" authority="Armstrong, 1879" authorityName="Armstrong" authorityYear="1879" box="[925,1335,1490,1513]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plumosa">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FC3CFA1EFB78FA31" box="[925,1152,1491,1513]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Halicornaria plumosa</emphasis>
Armstrong, 1879
</taxonomicName>
].
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36FA3CFB11F9DF" blockId="37.[151,1437,1490,1850]" box="[151,1257,1521,1543]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF6EFFD0FF36FA3CFB11F9DF" box="[151,1257,1521,1543]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FF36FA3CFD0CF9DF" ID-CoL="b3a4d0c2-f378-42af-bd2a-28453e677245" authority="Allmani Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890: 277" authorityName="Allmani Marktanner-Turneretscher" authorityPageNumber="277" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,756,1521,1543]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF36FA3CFE8BF9DF" box="[151,371,1521,1543]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Halicornaria Allmani</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF6EFFD0FED8FA3CFD0CF9DF" author="Marktanner-Turneretscher" box="[377,756,1521,1543]" page="277" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1890">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6EFFD0FED8FA3CFD3CF9DF" author="Marktanner-Turneretscher" box="[377,708,1521,1543]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Marktanner-Turneretscher, G. (1890) Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 5, 195 - 286." type="journal article" year="1890">Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890</bibRefCitation>
: 277
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(new name; not pl. 6 fig. 23 =
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FB8EFA3FFB4FF9DF" ID-CoL="7P4X4" box="[1071,1207,1522,1543]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FB8EFA3FFB4FF9DF" box="[1071,1207,1522,1543]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Gymnangium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36F9DDFC50F9FE" blockId="37.[151,1437,1490,1850]" box="[151,936,1552,1574]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF6EFFD0FF36F9DDFC50F9FE" box="[151,936,1552,1574]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FF36F9DDFE8BF9FE" ID-CoL="b3a4d0c2-f378-42af-bd2a-28453e677245" authority="Allmani" authorityName="Allmani" box="[151,371,1552,1574]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF36F9DDFE8BF9FE" box="[151,371,1552,1574]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Halicornaria Allmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
―
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF6EFFD0FE2DF9DDFDC2F9FE" author="Billard" box="[396,570,1552,1574]" page="45" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6EFFD0FE2DF9DDFDEDF9FE" author="Billard" box="[396,533,1552,1574]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Billard, A. (1910) Revision d'une partie de la collection des hydroides du British Museum. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, 11 (9), 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="1910">Billard, 1910</bibRefCitation>
: 45
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 20.―
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF6EFFD0FD06F9DDFC9AF9FE" author="Billard" box="[679,866,1552,1574]" page="474" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1912">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6EFFD0FD06F9DDFCC8F9FE" author="Billard" box="[679,816,1552,1574]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Billard, A. (1912) Hydroides de Roscoff. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 51 (2), 459 - 478." type="journal article" year="1912">Billard, 1912</bibRefCitation>
: 474
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 7.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36F9FDFD6BF99D" blockId="37.[151,1437,1490,1850]" box="[151,659,1583,1605]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF6EFFD0FF36F9FDFD6BF99D" box="[151,659,1583,1605]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
not
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FF1CF9E2FD9CF99D" ID-CoL="b3a4d0c2-f378-42af-bd2a-28453e677245" authority="Allmani Jaderholm, 1923: 5" authorityName="Allmani Jaderholm" authorityPageNumber="5" authorityYear="1923" box="[189,612,1583,1605]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF1CF9E2FE61F99D" box="[189,409,1583,1605]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Halicornaria Allmani</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF6EFFD0FE01F9E2FD9CF99D" author="Jaderholm" box="[416,612,1583,1605]" page="5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1923">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6EFFD0FE01F9E2FDB4F99C" author="Jaderholm" box="[416,588,1583,1605]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1923) Notes on hydroids from the Great Ocean. Meddelanden fran Goteborgs Musei Zoologiska Afdelning, 27, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1923">Jäderholm, 1923</bibRefCitation>
: 5
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36F983FCD8F9BB" blockId="37.[151,1437,1490,1850]" box="[151,800,1613,1636]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF6EFFD0FF36F983FCD8F9BB" box="[151,800,1613,1636]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
not
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FF1CF983FE6EF9BC" ID-CoL="3JCVT" box="[189,406,1614,1636]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="allmani">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF1CF983FE6EF9BC" box="[189,406,1614,1636]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Halicornaria allmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FE3CF983FD34F9BB" authority="Billard, 1913: 68" authorityName="Billard" authorityPageNumber="68" authorityYear="1913" box="[413,716,1613,1636]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" rank="variety" variety="sibogae">
var.
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FE68F983FDE0F9BC" box="[457,536,1614,1636]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">sibogae</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF6EFFD0FDBFF980FD34F9BB" author="Billard" box="[542,716,1613,1635]" page="68" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1913">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6EFFD0FDBFF980FD5FF9BB" author="Billard" box="[542,679,1613,1635]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Billard, A. (1913) Les hydroides de l'expedition du Siboga. I. Plumulariidae. Siboga-Expeditie, 7 a, 1 - 115. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52043" type="book chapter" year="1913">Billard, 1913</bibRefCitation>
: 68
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 55.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36F9A0FD31F95A" blockId="37.[151,1437,1490,1850]" box="[151,713,1644,1666]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF6EFFD0FF36F9A0FD31F95A" box="[151,713,1644,1666]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
not
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FF1CF9A1FE6EF95A" ID-CoL="3JCVT" box="[189,406,1644,1666]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="allmani">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF1CF9A1FE6EF95A" box="[189,406,1644,1666]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Halicornaria allmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
―
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF6EFFD0FE11F9A1FD89F95A" author="Millard" box="[432,625,1644,1666]" page="282" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1968">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6EFFD0FE11F9A1FDC7F95A" author="Millard" box="[432,575,1644,1666]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1968) South African hydroids from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Java - South Africa expedition, 1929 - 1930. Videnskabelige Meddelelser dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 131, 251 - 288." type="journal article" year="1968">Millard, 1968</bibRefCitation>
: 282
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 6C.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36F941FD08F978" blockId="37.[151,1437,1490,1850]" box="[151,752,1674,1697]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
not
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FF1CF946FE74F979" box="[189,396,1675,1697]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnagium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="allmani">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF1CF946FE74F979" box="[189,396,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Gymnagium allmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
―Millard, 1975: 434, fig. 134J–K.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36F964FE77F906" blockId="37.[151,1437,1490,1850]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF6EFFD0FF36F964FE77F906" infered="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FF36F964FD99F967" ID-CoL="3JCWB" authority="Nutting, 1900: 127" authorityName="Nutting" authorityPageNumber="127" authorityYear="1900" box="[151,609,1705,1727]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF36F964FE6EF967" box="[151,406,1705,1727]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Halicornaria longicauda</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF6EFFD0FE3CF964FD99F967" author="Nutting" box="[413,609,1705,1727]" page="127" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1900">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6EFFD0FE3CF964FDD6F967" author="Nutting" box="[413,558,1705,1727]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
: 127
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 33 figs 4, 5.―Ritchie, 1909: 76, fig. 11.―Fraser, 1937: 5, pl. 2 fig. 8; 1944: 413, pl. 91 fig. 402.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36F925FD3DF925" blockId="37.[151,1437,1490,1850]" box="[151,709,1767,1789]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF6EFFD0FF36F925FD3DF925" box="[151,709,1767,1789]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FF36F925FE6FF925" ID-CoL="3JCWB" box="[151,407,1767,1789]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF36F925FE6FF925" box="[151,407,1767,1789]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Gymnangium longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
―
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF6EFFD0FE10F925FD8AF924" author="Vervoort" box="[433,626,1767,1789]" page="78" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1968">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6EFFD0FE10F925FDB5F925" author="Vervoort" box="[433,589,1767,1789]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort, 1968</bibRefCitation>
: 78
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 36.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36F8CBFD00F8C3" blockId="37.[151,1437,1490,1850]" box="[151,760,1797,1820]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF6EFFD0FF36F8CBFD00F8C3" box="[151,760,1797,1820]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
not
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FF1CF8CBFE46F8C4" ID-CoL="3JCWB" box="[189,446,1798,1820]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF1CF8CBFE46F8C4" box="[189,446,1798,1820]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Gymnangium longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
―
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF6EFFD0FE76F8CBFD5DF8C3" author="Vervoort" box="[471,677,1797,1819]" page="298" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1959">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6EFFD0FE76F8CBFD8AF8C3" author="Vervoort" box="[471,626,1797,1819]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Vervoort, W. (1959) The Hydroida of the tropical west coast of Africa. Atlantide Report, 5, 211 - 332." type="journal article" year="1959">Vervoort, 1959</bibRefCitation>
: 298
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 48.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36F8E9FB77F8E2" blockId="37.[151,1437,1490,1850]" box="[151,1167,1828,1850]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="7EF89A0FBF6EFFD0FF36F8E9FB77F8E2" box="[151,1167,1828,1850]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FF36F8E9FE70F8E2" box="[151,392,1828,1850]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pennatula">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF36F8E9FE70F8E2" box="[151,392,1828,1850]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Halicornaria pennatula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
―
<treatmentCitation id="DF499B30BF6EFFD0FE00F8E9FDC5F8E2" author="Mayal" box="[417,573,1828,1850]" page="8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" year="1983">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6EFFD0FE00F8E9FDDDF8E2" author="Mayal" box="[417,549,1828,1850]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refString="Mayal, E. M. (1983) Distribucao de hidroides (Hydrozoa, Thecata) na costa do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Boletim de Zoologia (Universidad de Sao Paulo), 6, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1983">Mayal, 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 8
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 14 (not
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6EFFD0FD1EF8E9FB7BF8E2" authority="Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786" authorityName="Ellis &amp; Solander" authorityYear="1786" box="[703,1155,1828,1850]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Sertulariidae" genus="Sertularia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pennatula">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FD1EF8E9FC6AF8E2" box="[703,914,1828,1850]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Sertularia pennatula</emphasis>
Ellis &amp; Solander, 1786
</taxonomicName>
).
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="16F2EEAABF6EFFD0FF36F8ABFE5AF81F" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD0FF36F8ABFE5AF81F" blockId="37.[151,1436,1894,2027]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF36F8ABFE84F8A7" bold="true" box="[151,380,1894,1919]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Material examined</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FE2DF8ABFE29F8A7" bold="true" box="[396,465,1894,1919]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Stn. 1</emphasis>
,
<date id="2A569BE1BF6EFFD0FE42F8AAFDAFF8A7" box="[483,599,1895,1919]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2012-02-18">18.ii.2012</date>
, 22 m,
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FD13F8AAFD0CF8A7" box="[690,756,1895,1919]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">M214</emphasis>
: several cormoids 3.0–
<quantity id="991010C4BF6EFFD0FBA0F8AAFBB7F8A7" box="[1025,1103,1895,1919]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="7.5">7.5 cm</quantity>
high, some with gonothecae (MHNG-INVE-82885);
<date id="2A569BE1BF6EFFD0FE10F846FDDCF87B" box="[433,548,1931,1955]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2012-02-26">26.ii.2012</date>
, 20 m,
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FD2CF846FD37F87B" box="[653,719,1931,1955]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">M261</emphasis>
: several cormoids 3.5–9.0 cm high, some with gonothecae (MHNG-INVE-82886).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="16F2EEAABF6EFFD3FF66F81FFE1EFC7F" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6EFFD3FF66F81FFE1EFC7F" blockId="37.[151,1436,1894,2027]" lastBlockId="38.[151,1437,151,1876]" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6EFFD0FF66F81FFEA9F833" bold="true" box="[199,337,2002,2027]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Description</emphasis>
. Stems up to
<quantity id="991010C4BF6EFFD0FE4FF81EFDDEF833" box="[494,550,2003,2027]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
high, arising from branched, rhizoid stolon; simple, monosiphonic, straight to slightly curved backward, divided into internodes by means of regular, well-marked, transverse nodes; basal part, of varied length, devoid of hydrocladia, bearing only abortive apophyses and groups of laterally placed nematothecae. Stem above basal part with internodes provided with two alternate, closely spaced, short apophyses supporting cladia, and three nematothecae: one at base of apophysis, the remaining two on the anterior and posterior sides of the axil made by the apophysis with the stem internode. Basal nematotheca sac-shaped, broadly triangular, generally two-spined (occasionally with an additional, frontal aperture), rim curved backward, aperture wide, slit-like, opening in the axil with the internode behind (Fig. 10A). Axillar nematothecae similar to the former, but comparatively wider, provided with 3–4 (occasionally 5) fronto-distal apertures, rim curved inwards, aperture wide (Fig. 10A). Cladia up to
<quantity id="991010C4BF6DFFD3FE46FE7AFDD0FE17" box="[487,552,439,463]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
long, divided into up to 35 short cormidia, by means of slightly oblique nodes. Hydrotheca sac-shaped, curved outward, aperture at sharp angle with axis of internode; abcauline intrathecal septum prominent, posterior margin with several centrally placed perisarcal papillae [Fig. 10C, F); basal end of adaxial wall with a 2–4 hooks [Fig. 10C2, G]; rim with two lateral cusps, the anterior inconspicuous and slightly convex, followed by a prominent one, with adaxial notch. Three nematothecae associated with a hydrotheca: a mesial and a pair of laterals. Mesial nematotheca long, tubular, uniformly tapering distally, arching over the hydrothecal aperture; a small, distal aperture, as well as a basal one, in the axil with the abaxial wall of hydrotheca. Lateral nematothecae not reaching the hydrothecal margin; small, sac shaped, swollen basally, considerably narrowing distally; aperture scoop shaped (Fig. 10E); an ovoid foramen communicating with the hydrothecal cavity. Gonothecae crowded together and alternately placed along the middle portion of the stem; given off from cladial apophyses, at mid distance between the lower and the fronto-axillar nematothecae (a foramen marking the insertion of gonotheca in visible in Fig. 10A). Gonotheca borne on short, inconspicuous pedicel; barrel shaped, slightly widening distally, rounded basally, slightly compressed laterally; distally a watch glass shaped operculum, with radially striated perisarc.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="16F2EEAABF6DFFDDFF66FC7EFC04FB78" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="41" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6DFFD3FF66FC7EFE49FAEB" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1876]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6DFFD3FF66FC7EFECCFC13" bold="true" box="[199,308,947,971]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Remarks</emphasis>
. Three nominal species of
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6DFFD3FDDEFC7EFCEEFC12" box="[639,790,947,970]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6DFFD3FDDEFC7EFCEEFC12" box="[639,790,947,970]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Gymnangium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are commonly reported from the northern part of the tropical western Atlantic,
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6DFFD3FE69FC15FE1FFC37" box="[456,487,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">viz</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6DFFD3FE5BFC15FC89FC37" authority="Nutting, 1900" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" box="[506,881,983,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longicaudum">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6DFFD3FE5BFC15FD57FC37" box="[506,687,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">G. longicaudum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6DFFD3FD62FC1AFC91FC37" author="Nutting" box="[707,873,983,1007]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6DFFD3FC20FC15FB47FC37" authority="Fraser, 1925" authorityName="Fraser" authorityYear="1925" box="[897,1215,983,1007]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="sinuosum">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6DFFD3FC20FC15FBF7FC37" box="[897,1039,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">G. sinuosum</emphasis>
(Fraser, 1925)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6DFFD3FAA5FC15FEB0FBCA" authority="Allman, 1877" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1877" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="speciosum">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6DFFD3FAA5FC15FA64FC37" box="[1284,1436,984,1007]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">G. speciosum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6DFFD3FF3EFC37FEB8FBCA" author="Allman" box="[159,320,1018,1042]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Allman, G. J. (1877) Report on the Hydroida collected during the exploration of the Gulf Stream by L. F. de Pourtales, Assistant United States Coast Survey. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 5 (2), 1 - 66. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 15852" type="journal article" year="1877">Allman, 1877</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The latter two were discussed at length by both
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6DFFD3FCD6FC37FBF5FBCA" author="Bogle" box="[887,1037,1018,1042]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Bogle, M. A. (1975) A review and preliminary revision of the Agalopheniinae (Hydroida: Plumulariidae) of the tropical western Atlantic. MSc Thesis, University of Miami, Coral Gables, 307 pp." type="book" year="1975">Bogle (1975)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6DFFD3FBE7FC37FB1EFBCA" author="Calder" box="[1094,1254,1018,1042]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Calder, D. R. (1997) Shallow-water hydroids of Bermuda: superfamily Plumularioidea. Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions, 161, 1 - 84. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 52225" type="journal article" year="1997">Calder (1997)</bibRefCitation>
, and are mainly characterized by having hydrothecae with short to moderately developed mesial nematothecae. In contrast,
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6DFFD3FA25FBEDFED1FB83" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longicaudum">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6DFFD3FA25FBEDFED1FB83" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">G. longicaudum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished through its exceedingly long mesial nematothecae and the rim of hydrotheca provided with &quot;two shallow sinuations on each side&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6DFFD3FCA6FBAAFC5CFBA7" author="Nutting" box="[775,932,1127,1151]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting 1900</bibRefCitation>
). However, examination of present material shows that the indentation of the hydrothecal rim changes dramatically with respect to the angle at which the hydrothecae are seen. There is an anterior, shallow sinuation, not subjected to noticeable change when the angle of view varies, as well as a second, centrally placed, deep indentation, whose shape changes significantly, from barely noticeable to conspicuous. It is likely that
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6DFFD3FD2EFB3AFCC3FAD7" author="Nutting" box="[655,827,1271,1295]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting (1900)</bibRefCitation>
overlooked this difference, as his
<figureCitation id="C6D3A1A4BF6DFFD3FB76FB3AFAE5FAD7" box="[1239,1309,1271,1295]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. A" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1756,1779]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,226,1735]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,223,1735]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 4. A: Hebella sp. 2 ― hydrothecae. B: Hebella sp. 3 ― hydrothecae. C: Hebella sp. 4 ― hydrothecae. D – J: Comparison of the cnidomes of Anthohebella communis (Calder, 1991) (D), Hebella dyssymetra Billard, 1933 (E), Hebella scandens (Bale, 1888) (F), Hebella sp. 1 (G), Hebella sp. 2 (H), Hebella sp. 3 (I), Hebella sp. 4 (J). K – Q: Halecium dichotomum Allman, 1888 ― various stems (K); male (L, M) and female (N, P) gonothecae; aperture of a female gonotheca in frontal view, showing twin hydrotheca (O); cnidome (Q). Scale bars: 10 µm (D – J, Q), 300 µm (K – P), 500 µm (C), 1 mm (A, B)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/284151/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
shows the hydrothecal rim as wavy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6DFFD3FF66FA8DFD28F9D2" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1876]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
In light of these new observations, one can note obvious similarities between Nutting's species and
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6DFFD3FF36FAAEFDC0FAA2" authority="Allman, 1883" authorityName="Allman" authorityYear="1883" box="[151,568,1378,1403]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plumosa">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6DFFD3FF36FAAEFE6AFAA3" box="[151,402,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Halicornaria plumosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6DFFD3FE3BFAAFFDC0FAA2" author="Allman" box="[410,568,1378,1402]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Allman, G. J. (1883) Report on the Hydroida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part I. Plumularidae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the year 1873 - 76, Zoology, 7 (20), 1 - 55. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11299" type="journal article" year="1883">Allman, 1883</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, originally described from the NE of
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF6DFFD3FC45FAAFFBD4FAA2" box="[996,1068,1378,1402]" name="Brazil" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. The stem size, the &quot;deep lateral notch&quot; on the hydrothecal rim, the considerable development of the mesial nematotheca, as well as the &quot;wide, conical&quot; lateral nematothecae (
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6DFFD3FE5EFA67FD64FA1A" author="Allman" box="[511,668,1450,1474]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Allman, G. J. (1883) Report on the Hydroida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part I. Plumularidae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the year 1873 - 76, Zoology, 7 (20), 1 - 55. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11299" type="journal article" year="1883">Allman 1883</bibRefCitation>
), leave little doubt that the Brazilian species is the same as that occurring in the Caribbean.
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6DFFD3FE74FA02FD85FA3F" author="Nutting" box="[469,637,1487,1511]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting (1900)</bibRefCitation>
was apparently unaware of
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6DFFD3FC1EFA1DFBB9FA3F" box="[959,1089,1487,1511]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plumosa">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6DFFD3FC1EFA1DFBB9FA3F" box="[959,1089,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">H. plumosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as he did not include it in his comprehensive monograph on American hydroids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6DFFD3FF66F9DAFEA9F88C" blockId="38.[151,1437,151,1876]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6DFFD3FF66F9DAFEB5F9F7" author="Bale" box="[199,333,1559,1583]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Bale, W. M. (1887) The genera of the Plumulariidae, with observations on various australian hydroids. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 23, 73 - 110." type="journal article" year="1887">Bale (1887)</bibRefCitation>
indicated that the name of Allman's species had to be changed in order to avoid the homonymy with a taxon already described by Armstrong (1879), but did not proceed. Consequently,
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6DFFD3FBD7F9F7FF19F9AF" author="Marktanner-Turneretscher" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" refString="Marktanner-Turneretscher, G. (1890) Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 5, 195 - 286." type="journal article" year="1890">Marktanner-Turneretscher (1890)</bibRefCitation>
introduced the new name
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6DFFD3FDA8F992FD04F9AF" authority="Allmani" authorityName="Allmani" box="[521,764,1631,1655]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6DFFD3FDA8F992FD04F9AF" box="[521,764,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Halicornaria Allmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and applied it to Cape,
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF6DFFD3FBACF992FB67F9AF" box="[1037,1183,1631,1655]" name="South Africa" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, specimens, though he acknowledged that their hydrothecal rim was less ornamented and the lateral nematothecae had a narrower aperture, compared to the
<typeStatus id="81530383BF6DFFD3FE64F967FE0DF91A" box="[453,501,1706,1730]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
15. Indeed, the aperture of hydrotheca is described as being provided with a small cusp16, and is also figured this way (see his Pl. 6 Fig. 23). In addition, the mesial nematotheca in these specimens is reportedly devoid of the basal, axial foramen, and the lateral nematotheca is figured with an uprightly directed aperture. I therefore suspect that this material was only given the name, but that it does not belong to the western Atlantic species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6DFFD3FF36F86CFC29F80C" blockId="38.[151,1436,1953,2033]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
15. &quot;Diese Form steht jedenfalls der
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6DFFD3FDABF86FFD82F86F" box="[522,634,1954,1975]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plumosa">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6DFFD3FDABF86FFD82F86F" box="[522,634,1954,1975]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">H. plumosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sehr nahe, unterscheidet sich aber, wie erwähnt, durch den einfacher gegliederten Mündungsrand der Hydrothek und die verengerte Mündung der Nematocalyces.&quot;
</paragraph>
<footnote id="3DF3A12FBF6DFFD3FF36F811FC7FF829" box="[151,903,2012,2033]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6DFFD3FF36F811FC7FF829" blockId="38.[151,1436,1953,2033]" box="[151,903,2012,2033]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">16. Hydrothek […] &quot;mit einem kleinen seitlichen Zahn am Mündungsrande&quot;.</paragraph>
</footnote>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF6CFFD2FF36F9BCFB88F85F" blockId="39.[151,1436,1649,1928]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6CFFD2FF36F9BCFEE6F95F" bold="true" box="[151,286,1649,1672]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">FIGURE 10</emphasis>
. A–H:
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6CFFD2FED4F9BEFC39F951" authority="Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890" authorityName="Marktanner-Turneretscher" authorityYear="1890" box="[373,961,1650,1673]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="allmani">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6CFFD2FED4F9BEFDAEF950" box="[373,598,1650,1672]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Gymnangium allmani</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6CFFD2FDC8F9BFFC42F951" author="Marktanner-Turneretscher" box="[617,954,1650,1673]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Marktanner-Turneretscher, G. (1890) Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 5, 195 - 286." type="journal article" year="1890">Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
―upper part of stem internode showing the apophysis, its associated nematothecae, and the first hydrotheca of a cladium (A); two cormidia (B) and detailed view in lateral (C1) and frontal (C2) aspects; variation in hydrothecal rim and shape of lateral nematothecae (D); detail of a lateral nematotheva showing the scoop-shaped aperture (E); frontal view of the intrathecal septum, showing the median papillae (F); hydrothecal bases with varied number of hooks (G); gonotheca in lateral (H1), frontal (H2), and apical (H3) views. I–N:
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF6CFFD2FAA1F93FFE71F8F2" authority="Nutting, 1900" authorityName="Nutting" authorityYear="1900" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Macrorhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="allmani">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF6CFFD2FAA1F93FFF1CF8F1" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Macrorhynchia allmani</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF6CFFD2FF53F8DEFE7AF8F2" author="Nutting" box="[242,386,1811,1834]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting, 1900</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
― stem internode showing insertion of cladia (I); another internode with removed cladia in frontal (J1) and lateral (J2) aspects, to show the shape of the nematothecae and apophysis; fragment of cladium (K); three hydrothecae, showing variation in the length of mesial and lateral nematothecae (L); shape variation of the hydrothecal cusps (M); corbulacosta (N). Scale bars: 50 µm (E–G), 200 µm (A–D, L, M), 300 µm (I–K), 500 µm (H, N).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF63FFDDFF66FF55FA9CFE5F" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1184]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<typeStatus id="81530383BF63FFDDFF66FF55FF07FF68" box="[199,255,152,176]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Type</typeStatus>
material of
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF63FFDDFE2FFF55FD73FF68" box="[398,651,152,176]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Halicornaria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="plumosa">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF63FFDDFE2FFF55FD73FF68" box="[398,651,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Halicornaria plumosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was reexamined by Billard, who provided better illustrations of the cormidium (
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFE85FF71FE42FF0C" author="Billard" box="[292,442,188,212]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Billard, A. (1910) Revision d'une partie de la collection des hydroides du British Museum. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, 11 (9), 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="1910">Billard 1910</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFE69FF71FDFCFF0C" author="Billard" box="[456,516,188,212]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Billard, A. (1912) Hydroides de Roscoff. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 51 (2), 459 - 478." type="journal article" year="1912">1912</bibRefCitation>
), though he figured the lateral nematotheca as having the aperture either tilted anteriorily (
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFEBAFF12FE54FF2F" author="Billard" box="[283,428,223,247]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Billard, A. (1910) Revision d'une partie de la collection des hydroides du British Museum. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, 11 (9), 1 - 67." type="journal article" year="1910">Billard 1910</bibRefCitation>
) or uprightly and backwardly (
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFCAEFF12FC5BFF2F" author="Billard" box="[783,931,223,247]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Billard, A. (1912) Hydroides de Roscoff. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 51 (2), 459 - 478." type="journal article" year="1912">Billard 1912</bibRefCitation>
), without mentioning the scoop shape of the theca, otherwise evident from Allman's (1883) figures. Billard also confirmed that the mesial nematotheca bore a basal, axillar foramen, but he found that the axillar stem nematothecae bore only two apertures, while the basal one had three (
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFEB0FE81FE5EFEBC" author="Billard" box="[273,422,332,356]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Billard, A. (1912) Hydroides de Roscoff. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 51 (2), 459 - 478." type="journal article" year="1912">Billard 1912</bibRefCitation>
). The latter differences have, most probably, no specific importance and it would not be surprising to find some variation among colonies from various localities, as more material becomes available.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF63FFDDFF66FE59FDB7FD5C" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1184]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
The Brazilian specimens assigned by Ritchie (1909) to
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF63FFDDFCE2FE58FC1AFE74" box="[835,994,404,428]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF63FFDDFCE2FE58FC1AFE74" box="[835,994,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">G. longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have the hydrothecal margin provided with a &quot;sharp tooth projecting upwards and outwards on either side&quot;, the lateral nematothecae are &quot;short and stout&quot;, with a gutter shaped aperture (especially visible on his Fig. 11B), thus agreeing with the present concept of
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF63FFDDFA25FE10FF14FDC0" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Macrorhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="allmani">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF63FFDDFA25FE10FF14FDC0" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">G. allmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, this author noted &quot;considerable differences&quot; in the length of mesial nematotheca &quot;even in two succeeding hydrothecae&quot;. It is not clear whether the occurrence of this size difference was significant or not. No such variation could be noted in the present material from
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF63FFDDFCD1FD8AFC17FD87" box="[880,1007,583,607]" name="Martinique" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Martinique</collectingCountry>
, in which all the hydrothecae bear exceedingly long mesial nematothecae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF63FFDDFF66FD42FC6DFCCC" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1184]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
The material from the
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF63FFDDFE74FD42FD6BFD7F" box="[469,659,655,679]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
assigned by
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFC93FD42FC05FD7F" author="Jaderholm" box="[818,1021,655,679]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Jaderholm, E. (1923) Notes on hydroids from the Great Ocean. Meddelanden fran Goteborgs Musei Zoologiska Afdelning, 27, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1923">Jäderholm (1923)</bibRefCitation>
to
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF63FFDDFB8BFD5DFB5AFD70" box="[1066,1186,656,680]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Macrorhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="allmani">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF63FFDDFB8BFD5DFB5AFD70" box="[1066,1186,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">G. allmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has hydrothecae and mesial nematothecae recalling those of
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF63FFDDFDF6FD78FD34FD14" box="[599,716,692,716]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Macrorhynchia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="allmani">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF63FFDDFDF6FD78FD34FD14" box="[599,716,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">G. allmani</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though the pair of laterals is figured with the apertures shifted anteriorily. Based on this difference, as well as on biogeographical grounds, his material could belong to a variant of
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF63FFDDFF14FD30FE52FCCC" authority="Busk, 1852" authorityName="Busk" authorityYear="1852" box="[181,426,764,788]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hians">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF63FFDDFF14FD30FEE8FCCC" box="[181,272,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">G. hians</emphasis>
(Busk, 1852)
</taxonomicName>
similar to that described by
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFD49FD30FC69FCCC" author="Watson" box="[744,913,764,788]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Watson, J. E. (2000) Hydroids (Hydrozoa: Leptothecata) from the Beagle Gulf and Darwin Harbour, northern Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Museum and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, 16, 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="2000">Watson (2000)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF63FFDDFF66FCD2FDE3FC1F" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1184]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
The South African hydroids described and depicted by
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFC8EFCD2FC36FCEF" author="Millard" box="[815,974,799,823]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Millard, N. A. H. (1968) South African hydroids from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Java - South Africa expedition, 1929 - 1930. Videnskabelige Meddelelser dansk Naturhistorisk Forening, 131, 251 - 288." type="journal article" year="1968">Millard (1968</bibRefCitation>
, 1975) likely do not belong to the present species either, due to some differences such as: 1) the presence of generally one hydrocladia per stem internode; 2) the shape of the hydrothecal rim, which has &quot;one low but distinct tooth […] and a bay of varying depth posterior to it&quot;; 3) the structure of the lateral nematothecae, whose apertures are situated &quot;at the end of a tubular neck directed upwards and slightly posteriorily&quot;.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF63FFDDFF66FC18FCEAFBEC" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1184]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFF66FC18FE83FC34" author="Vervoort" box="[199,379,980,1004]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort (1968)</bibRefCitation>
listed some important differences between its Caribbean specimens and what he had thought to belong to
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF63FFDDFE86FC35FE3DFBC8" box="[295,453,1016,1040]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Gymnangium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="longicauda">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF63FFDDFE86FC35FE3DFBC8" box="[295,453,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">G. longicauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF63FFDDFDADFC3AFDA5FBD7" box="[524,605,1015,1039]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Guinea</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFDCDFC3AFCECFBD7" author="Vervoort" box="[620,788,1015,1039]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Vervoort, W. (1959) The Hydroida of the tropical west coast of Africa. Atlantide Report, 5, 211 - 332." type="journal article" year="1959">Vervoort 1959</bibRefCitation>
), those features reported in his material from St. Thomas being equally present in my specimens from
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF63FFDDFD2FFBD1FCF6FBEC" box="[654,782,1052,1076]" name="Martinique" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Martinique</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5E57BD21BF63FFDDFF66FBF2FC04FB78" blockId="40.[151,1436,151,1184]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF63FFDDFF66FBF2FDF9FB80" bold="true" box="[199,513,1087,1112]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Geographical distribution</emphasis>
.
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF63FFDDFDB2FBF2FDAFFB8F" box="[531,599,1087,1111]" name="Brazil" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFDCBFBF2FCFCFB8F" author="Allman" box="[618,772,1087,1111]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Allman, G. J. (1883) Report on the Hydroida dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Part I. Plumularidae. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger during the year 1873 - 76, Zoology, 7 (20), 1 - 55. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11299" type="journal article" year="1883">Allman 1883</bibRefCitation>
, Ritchie 1909,
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFC18FBF2FBBFFB8F" author="Mayal" box="[953,1095,1087,1111]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Mayal, E. M. (1983) Distribucao de hidroides (Hydrozoa, Thecata) na costa do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Boletim de Zoologia (Universidad de Sao Paulo), 6, 1 - 13." type="journal article" year="1983">Mayal 1983</bibRefCitation>
), Caribbean coast of
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF63FFDDFAE2FB8CFA64FB80" box="[1347,1436,1089,1112]" name="Panama" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Panama</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFF3FFBA9FEC3FBA4" author="Nutting" box="[158,315,1124,1148]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1900) American hydroids. Part I. The Plumularidae. Special Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 4 (1), 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1900">Nutting 1900</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF63FFDDFEF0FBA8FE21FBA4" box="[337,473,1124,1148]" name="Puerto Rico" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Puerto Rico</collectingCountry>
and Culebra Is. (Fraser 1937), St. Thomas (
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFC7AFBA9FB7CFBA4" author="Vervoort" box="[987,1156,1124,1148]" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Vervoort, W. (1968) Report on a collection of Hydroida from the Caribbean region, including an annotated checklist of Caribbean hydroids. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 92, 1 - 124." type="journal article" year="1968">Vervoort 1968</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF63FFDDFB3AFBA9FAC3FBA4" box="[1179,1339,1124,1148]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="3A79C0D0BF63FFDDFAEDFBA9FD4BFB78" author="Larson" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" refString="Larson, R. J. (1987) The ecology of the Western Atlantic athecate hydroid, Solanderia gracilis. Bulletin of Marine Science, 40 (3), 512 - 515." type="journal article" year="1987">
Larson 1987, cited as an epibiont of
<taxonomicName id="99E8C6A2BF63FFDDFE7AFB45FD4BFB78" box="[475,691,1160,1184]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solanderiidae" genus="Solanderia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="6C9C6133BF63FFDDFE7AFB45FD4BFB78" box="[475,691,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Solanderia gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="26FFFDB1BF63FFDDFD6BFB45FCBEFB78" box="[714,838,1160,1184]" name="Martinique" pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Martinique</collectingCountry>
(present study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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