307 lines
46 KiB
XML
307 lines
46 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="B4E58C0C287ADDB0F91A19D7C47DAF13">A taxonomic monograph of Nearctic Scolytus Geoffroy (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D3BFAE7D9E3D2C15850D3A4BD069ED7D">Smith, Sarah M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1A316F6C779AE54C1AC513EA11BA8EBF">Cognato, Anthony I.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="D28751B052FCF1A9A11C9B3D01843F1C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152056108" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D28751B052FCF1A9A11C9B3D01843F1C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D28751B052FCF1A9A11C9B3D01843F1C" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<subSubSection id="EC10421DCD228828C99E07A165202E05" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="39B87FD00824F07A8E302BAA417F7CC1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<pageBreakToken id="3776CE3AC9CAD4B682336AC651CD4859" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" start="start">Taxon</pageBreakToken>
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classification Animalia Coleoptera Curculionidae
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="515C0BCB31C740D107760B8952910974" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A11818502938188379FD97D6490316A1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
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<taxonomicName id="C9D6314F65FBD6FF9259870B1E9F865E" ID-CoL="4VTQM" authority="LeConte, 1868" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1868" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus ventralis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">Scolytus ventralis LeConte, 1868</taxonomicName>
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Figs 52, 59
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E7344059B4E2E2D17DB77B238CD4378B" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9D76C7E51EA932E2CBAB2620D446E6D4" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="CB609A8BE6D804113173E127C185FFDA" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus ventralis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">
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<pageBreakToken id="E025ACCBD106B164804559B04E841530" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" start="start">Scolytus</pageBreakToken>
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ventralis
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</taxonomicName>
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LeConte, 1868: 167.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0978EF179B24B02972D322F5A0A170A6" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="84E7B57EBDA604452862A0EE2D1ED8DF" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DC200DDFD4DC7825B7CD8D998B05ED24" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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Males are distinguished from those of other species by having the base of ventrite 2 elevated, the surface of ventrite 2 flat, the apical margin of ventrite 2 often bearing a median denticle, and by the glabrous ventrite 2. Females most closely resemble those of
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<taxonomicName id="E859C664A8046D659A96A84B940C2797" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus robustus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robustus">Scolytus robustus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="EC62BCF2C51688A89543F1554FEFC728" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus subscaber" order="Coleoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subscaber">Scolytus subscaber</taxonomicName>
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. Females are distinguished from those of both species by the indistinctly and weakly aciculate and strongly punctate frons and by the apical margin of ventrite 1 flush with basal margin of ventrite 2, appearing rounded.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="86815CF817DD9BD0B3AF76C6B457FCBF" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" type="description (male)">
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<paragraph id="A07B4DAA6AF0421D439AA190BD8F5705" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Description (male).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A09853E0629E966F17EB1E7DF2D2DB74" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">3.0-4.0 mm long (mean = 3.65 mm; n = 20); 2.1-2.7 times as long as wide. Head, pronotum and abdominal venter dark red-brown, antennae light brown, elytra and legs yellow-brown to light brown. Pronotum typically darker than elytra.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="EB59BE6C513CDBEB4571C6F8FF1335F4" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Head. Epistoma weakly emarginate; epistomal process weakly elevated; median area above mandibles bearing dense patch of long, yellow, hair-like setae. Frons appearing convex when viewed laterally, slightly transversely impressed just above epistoma; moderately, coarsely, longitudinally aciculate-punctate; aciculations converging at epistoma; punctures small, coarse; moderately, uniformly covered by long, fine, yellow, erect, hair-like setae, these longer than width of midpoint of eye. Antennal scape short, elongate; club flattened, irregularly ovoid, setose with partial septum, three arcuate sutures visible.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="622E53638FD46E116DF4B6929DB158DF" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Pronotum wider than long; apical margin broadly rounded, median area between eyes lined with scales; sides distinctly arcuate, strongly constricted near apex, forming a weak transverse impression near apical margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures on disc fine, shallow, moderately abundant, larger and more abundant laterally and on apical constriction; apical and anterolateral margins bearing sparse, erect, yellow, hair-like setae; base weakly bisinuate.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4F951936F1711093D907B0640C25A3C5" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Elytra with sides sub-parallel on apical half, narrowing to subquadrate, smooth apex; apex moderately emarginated at suture. Margin of apical edge bearing large, coarse punctures. Disc glabrous, smooth, shining; interstriae not impressed, more than twice width of striae, interstrial punctures uniseriate, smaller than those of striae; striae weakly impressed. Declivity bearing sparse, short, erect yellow setae. Metepimeron half-length of metanepisternum.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C9E5D7A0E468203DA60DE2C6741479BC" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">Venter. Apical margin of ventrite 1 weakly elevated above base of ventrite 2. Ventrite 2 nearly perpendicular to ventrite 1; surface glabrous, shagreened, dull, finely punctate; punctures small, fine, shallow; surface flattened; apical margin armed with broad median denticle, occasionally absent; lateral margins of ventrites 2-3 and ventrite 4 unarmed. Ventrite 5 carinate ridge closer to apical margin of segment; length of ventrite 5 less than combined lengths of ventrites 3 and 4; setal patch and median depression absent.</paragraph>
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<caption id="A1CBED64A68411F7CC77465A52E7544C" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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<paragraph id="318057E63135ECD3DF2F156B23C99FE6" pageId="57" pageNumber="58">
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Figure 59.
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<taxonomicName id="A1B30991C2AEAC34C83A189ED122EEFA" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus ventralis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">Scolytus ventralis</taxonomicName>
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A dorsal male habitus B lateral male habitus C male frons D male frons oblique E male venter F male venter oblique G dorsal female habitus H lateral female habitus I female frons J female frons oblique K female venter L female venter oblique.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="9FABA6F2F3106B5A0642FCC4C3EA9F8C" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="female">
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<paragraph id="58EBA4BDA503988A91A7F0FD846FDBFB" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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<pageBreakToken id="47E525867BBBEA91BB93B3613CEBBF65" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" start="start">Female</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="287274E19CB48E303E685DC6D95146C8" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">2.2-4.6 mm long (mean = 3.56 mm; n = 20); 2.1-2.7 times as long as wide. Similar to male except epistoma feebly emarginate, epistomal process absent, frons convex when viewed laterally, weakly longitudinally aciculate, setae sparser, shorter, less than width of eye; weakly transversely impressed between epistoma and inner apices of eyes. Second ventrite unarmed.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AAEAD37300ADF9B456C28A73C3C236BC" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="specimens examined">
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<paragraph id="5AAE5804185CE3BAB4BEDF7045A4D724" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="775F64535B25B707826F542D9D2F3A70" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">324.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D5D64ACD24C1F07834856E7FCC6B1D75" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="1DC2020E86CF14011A30F3EE66A3ACDA" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F901033CF36B25C8E12FCC56E14EBD17" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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Lectotype: male, labeled "[Washington Territory] Type 970" (MCZC). Lectotype designated
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<bibRefCitation id="09B1B035E5AAD448831712E02D664208" author="Wood, SL" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" pagination="1 - 1359" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph." volume="8" year="1982">Wood 1982</bibRefCitation>
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: 441.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BBECDE8CED0FC09650D0924B9E3F1319" lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" type="non-type material">
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<paragraph id="483B645FC0F691AB113E298C62C348FB" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">Non-type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7BC4C40440F3BFD36828D5C3162CC1F8" lastPageId="59" lastPageNumber="60" pageId="58" pageNumber="59">
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CANADA:
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<pageBreakToken id="1B21537F871E451DFA4E5E7A2D3099D8" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" start="start">BRITISH</pageBreakToken>
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COLUMBIA: Duncan, Genoa Bay, 30.VI.1928, W.G. Mathers, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="F4F47CD8715D9FF003AFE14C44A0A256" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies grandis" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">Abies grandis</taxonomicName>
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(CNCI-4), 21.VI.1928 (CNCI-1), 23.VI.1928 (CASC-1), 24.VI.1928 (CASC-1), 16.VII.1928 (CASC-1), 13.VIII.1936 (CASC-1). Steelhead, 6.VII.1933, H.B. Leech, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="7B5C365BE5F0267CA5E42DBE16EEC01F" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies amabalis" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="amabalis">Abies amabalis</taxonomicName>
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(CNCI-1), 27.VII.1933 (CASC-1), 24.VII.1933 (CNCI-1), 26.VII.1933 (CNCI-1). Trail, 22 km S.E., 24.V.1991, J.E. Macias, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="12C2B5265220A9745972366A6107DA3E" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies grandis" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">Abies grandis</taxonomicName>
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(CNCI-1). Vancouver, 10.VI.1935, K. Graham, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="3B0490A3EDBBC2CDE91D4E18E63D2C3C" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies grandis" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">Abies grandis</taxonomicName>
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(CASC-12). MEXICO:Baja California: San Pedro
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<normalizedToken id="7BFE94EB316477B7C6A641D35E6A8A78" originalValue="Mártir">Martir</normalizedToken>
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, Hopk. U.S. 32716-A, 5.VI.1944, F.P. Keen, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="2F89FDC5D1F762C701E524E81BD83B5B" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
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(EMEC-1). UNITED STATES:ARIZONA:Cochise Co.: Coronado National Forest, Chiricahua Mountains, 14.VII.2009, J. Hulcr, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="A6D92A13D85A186377280D9C8765AF2E" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudotsuga menziesii" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="menziesii">Pseudotsuga menziesii</taxonomicName>
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(MSUC-3). CALIFORNIA: [Amador Co.]: Jackson, 31.III.[19]55, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="85C6466E926DD0CDD8DAB51CFC5D0B9B" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
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(EMEC-1). Calaveras Co.: Big Trees [State Park], VII.1930, F.E. Blaisdell (CASC-1). El Dorado Co.: Bijou at south end of Lake Tahoe, H.B. Leech, ex. Douglas fir log [=
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<taxonomicName id="6D22007EB148BCB922CBEB24F01BDB5A" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudotsuga menziesii" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="menziesii">Pseudotsuga menziesii</taxonomicName>
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], emerged San Francisco, 18-20.V.1965, W.E. Kuhl (CASC-8). [Georgetown, 10 mi E.], Blodgett [Experimental] Forest, 30.V.1986, K. Hobson (EMEC-1), 11.VI.1986 (EMEC-1), 21-24.VI.1986 (EMEC-6), 25-27.VI.1986 (EMEC-1), 1-7.VII.1986 (EMEC-2), 9-16.VII.1986 (EMEC-4); 30.V.1986, Hobson, Atkinson, ex. Lindgren trap, unbaited over burned area (EMEC-3), ex. Lindgren trap, turpentine bait, logged area (EMEC-1); 27.V.1986, Hobson, Irving, ex. Lindgren trap, ponderosa pine resin H&L B.P. fractions, logged area (EMEC-1), ex. Lindgren trap, ponderosa pine resin, untreated oleo, burned over area (EMEC-1). Ice House Reservoir, 23.VI.[19]90, J.B. Johnson (EMEC-1). Pacific, 8.VII.[19]62, R.L. McDonald (CASC-1). Fresno Co.: Huntington Lake, 16.VII.[19]19, F.E. Blaisdell (CASC-5). Lassen Co.: Lassen National Forest, 20-25.VII.1994, S1/2 S35 T34N R7E, A.I. Cognato (MSUC-20, SBMN-4); Black Mountain Experimental Forest, VII.1995, A.I. Cognato (MSUC-1). Near Loon Lake campground, 6300 ft, 28.
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<normalizedToken id="8DF84E72EDC4FF77999DC858C3AE7A8D" originalValue="VII–">VII-</normalizedToken>
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12.VIII.1978, J.A. De Benedictis (EMEC-1). Norval Flats, 5500 ft, 18.VII.[19]20, J.O. Martin, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="491769E473F34AB08C085B2F5B2D19DE" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
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(CASC-47). Uncle
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<normalizedToken id="CD198A6B68C37407E58E599CBDC006E8" originalValue="Tom’s">Tom's</normalizedToken>
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, 0.1 road mile W., 28.VII-12.VIII.1978, J.A. De Benedictis (EMEC-1). Marin Co.: VI-VIII.[19]56, D. Giuliani (CASC-1). Mariposa Co.: Miami Ranger Station, 2mi S., 19.VII.1946, H.P. Chandler (DEBC-3). Miami Lodge, 17.VII.1946, G.R. Struble, ex.
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<taxonomicName id="49038C13F3966557BD4B5491DEF4EBBC" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
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(CSUC-1). Mendocino Co.: Noyo River, VI.1896 (CASC-22). Modoc Co.: Modoc National Forest, Hwy 299, 5.3 mi W. Cedarville at creek near exit from ski area, 41°32.9'
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<geoCoordinate id="D828DC03B2345144ECBC2AF6BD9B1A88" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="120.23333">N 120°14'</geoCoordinate>
|
||
W, 9.IX.1995, J. Schweikert, ex. swept creek side plants (CASC-1). Davis Creek, 4 mi N.E., Sugar Hill, 6300 ft, 9.VI.1970, W. Middlekauff (EMEC-1). Nevada Co.: Sagehen Creek Field Station, 39.4298°N, 120.2429°W, 12-18.VIII.2003, M. Caterino, ex. FIT (SBNM-1). Near Sagehen campground, 39.4344°N, 120.2808°W, 15.VIII.2003, M. Caterino (SBNM-1). Sagehen Creek, 20.VII.1966, W.J. Turner (EMEC-1). [Placer Co.]: Cisco (USNM-1). Plumas Co.: Bartle, 9 mi N., 12-15.VI.1974, L. Green (EMEC-1). Chester, 8mi N.W., Warner Creek, 5000 ft, 21.VI.1989, E.E. Lundquist (CNCI-2). Janesville, 15-21.VIII.[19]50, M. Wasbauer, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E5BE5FD0A308611AE36BA6F6BA44D8F7" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
(EMEC-1). Riverside Co.: Mount San Jacinto State Park, 33.800°N, 116.673°W, 15.VII.2003, M. Caterino (SBMN-1). Santa Rosa Mountains, 10.IV.[19]63, D.E. Bright, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="14B35221D86136878F3A86100D4AE6BB" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
(EMEC-1). [San Bernardino Co.]: San Bernardino Mountains, Dollar Lake trail, 10.VII.1956, H.W. Michalk (CSCA-1). Siskiyou Co.: Happy Camp, 18 mi N., 31.VII.[19]63, C.J. Wray, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9B546A275226270236A797B84F109880" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Picea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Picea breweriana" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="breweriana">Picea breweriana</taxonomicName>
|
||
(DEBC-2, EMEC-1). Klamath National Forest, goosenest adaptive management area, 41.5°N, 121.9°W, 26.VII.2000, ex. pitfall 3-840 (SBNM-1). McCloud, 22.VI.1914 (CASC-23), 14.VI.1962, D.E. Bright, B.A. Barr, C. Hector (CASC-1). Tehama Co.: Mineral, 11.VIII.[19]35 (CASC-1). Trinity Co.: Carville, 30.VI.1913, ex. dug out of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="162C01809BE90F2DCEA16CE472BCFBB1" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CASC-1), 2400-2500 ft, 23.V.1934 (CASC-1). Nash Mine, 12.VI.1913 (CASC-1). Tulare Co.: Giant Forest, 6500 ft, VII.1908, Hopping (CASC-3). Kaweah, 100 ft, Hopping (CASC-1). Sequoia National Park, Redwood Canyon, 20.IX.1980, S.F. Muzzio (CASC-2). [Unspecified county]: COLORADO:Costilla Co.: Pass Creek, 17.VI.1976, D. Leatherman, ex. white fir [=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="21E058C4F37AB3BE630B257FF7C1176F" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (CSUC-4). Huerfano Co.: near Red Wing, 16.VI.1975, D. Leatherman, ex. white fir [=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6BE30DB5039A24D658816C840DB8A73F" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (CSUC-1). Las Animas Co.: Monument Lake, 6.VII.1994, S. Kelley, ex. white fir [=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7DD3274F564AA4662652BE0EAA105C15" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (DEBC-2). Pueblo Co.: SR 165, 5 mi S.E. San Isabel Millset trailhead, D. Leatherman, ex. burned white fir [=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4B0CAE005E836D5040B784B637AE9BFC" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (CSUC-6). IDAHO:Benewah Co.: Plummer, 4 mi S., 14.VIII.1956, W.F. Barr, E.C. Clark, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="540A170027EBC12B6ABF2922101779F9" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies grandis" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">Abies grandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(FMNH-1). Boundary Co.: Idaho Panhandle National Forest, Hwy 95, Robinson Lake campground,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="84F70287AA9D81C386AB2A132DFBCC4D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="48.97">N48°58.200'</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="DAAA74A250ABD514550EA8438F461A93" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.21778">W116°13.067'</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2696 ft, 13.VIII.2010, S.M. Smith, A.R. Gillogly, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="06818A04313B9F90E31ACC3824B7EC2C" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies grandis" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">Abies grandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MSUC-6). Kootenai Co.: Coeur
|
||
<normalizedToken id="748A4C53728AF394E7D0CF364CDC7AB8" originalValue="d’Alene">d'Alene</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 5.IX.1919, J.C. Evenden, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7730272B826C551F88A544F6D23346C6" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies grandis" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">Abies grandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MSUC-3). MONTANA: [Unspecified county]: Glacier [National] Park, 15.VII.[19]31 (CUIC-1). NEW MEXICO:Bernalillo Co.: Cibola National Forest, Sandia Peak, NM536,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="E619244240C9692D1FEE34768B955BC8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.19425">N35°11.655'</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="9CC6B15F62DF71F3F85325D361EB680A" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-106.40125">W106°24.075'</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 8317 ft, 10.V.2010, S.M. Smith, A.I. Cognato, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0ECC9C0BE1FACD11FBD3EA374076EAD0" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MSUC-1). [Otero Co.]: Cloudcroft, 900 ft, W. Knaus (CNCI-1). Santa Fe Co.: Little Tesuque Canyon, 14.VI.[19]35 (CASC-1). Socorro Co.: VII.[?], Wickham (CASC-1). OREGON:Benton Co.: Corvallis, VIII.1919, W.J. Chamberlin, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AF2B564524D09DF5AE10E524A4297E6" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudotsuga taxifolia" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="taxifolia">Pseudotsuga taxifolia</taxonomicName>
|
||
[=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="641E0B467EEB1642B3E5684DA1F5F0B4" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pseudotsuga menziesii" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="menziesii">Pseudotsuga menziesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (EMEC-1), Kiger Island, VII.[19]22, W.J. Chamberlin (EMEC-2).
|
||
<normalizedToken id="0EFE2FE789B8BD8275F05689F0F47411" originalValue="Mary’s">Mary's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Peak, 14 mi W. Corvallis, XII.1958 (EMEC-2). [Deschutes Co.]: Bend, Hopk. U.S. 33,531-B, 8.VII.[19]58, W.J. Buckhorn, P.W. Orr, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF82DCB549C3180FF95605865ED4909D" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies grandis" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">Abies grandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(OSAC-8). [Klamath Co.]: Klamath Falls, Geary Ranch, 4.X.1962, J. Schuh, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0F6D590004DDDB7B7F9464F20CA58A0D" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CNCI-2, FMNH-4, MSUC-7). [Linn Co.]: McMinnville, 7.VIII.1951, R. Kangur (WFBM-2). [Wallowa Co.]: Wallowa Lake, 19.VII.[19]51, Quintus, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7808483620E3D77263314ECF26A38FF4" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
(WFBM-1). UTAH:Juab Co.: Mount Nebo, 20.VII.1958, D.E. Bright, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="75A0614F228286EF4F4DDC905FD19EB4" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CNCI-2). Utah Co.: Payson Canyon, 20.V.1961, S.L. Wood, ex.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2B918D0BB59C4639EB0DCFF26F943384" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
(USNM-18). WASHINGTON: [Jefferson Co.]: Quilcene, Hopk. U.S. 65564, 30.IX.1946 (OSAC-6). [Pend Oreille Co.]: Metaline Falls, Hopk. U.S. 21405, 17.VII.[19]31, W.D. Bedard, ex. flying (USNM-4). [Stevens Co.]: Northport, 1.IX.1930, R. Hopping (CASC-3). [Walla Walla Co.]: Walla Walla, VIII.1933, M.C. Lume (USNM-11). [Yakima Co.]: [Mount Baker], Snoqualmie National Forest, Dry Creek Ridge, 14 mi W. of Naches, 3.VII.1965, R.B. Hutt (DEBC-1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="02B99480F54F2322751C985059B06144" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="69ADFC8A9B234039F463738439A0DACA" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7953158CF0A5A8B391389ED8C63EF8A1" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">CANADA: British Columbia. MEXICO: Baja California. UNITED STATES: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming (Fig. 40).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7E87FA653FD24F2E5447A526688A51CB" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="hosts">
|
||
<paragraph id="0F41C622289909E2A94E114F67B5D997" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Hosts.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9DCAAC4C987A70EF6D825555959F6F56" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
Principle hosts:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F97FE052D1F22B6A42BE4C650C902A2" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies concolor" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="concolor">Abies concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. (white fir),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EAEC06F27F7BDFFE04F78E4535454C3A" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies grandis" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grandis">Abies grandis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Douglas ex D. Don) Lindl. (grand fir), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ACB2F86224CBA5393541959D824E828F" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies magnifica" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="magnifica">Abies magnifica</taxonomicName>
|
||
A. Murray (red fir). Incidental hosts:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CD9E2B489FBE3C8A3CF268FAD7413E44" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies lasiocarpa" order="Pinales" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lasiocarpa">Abies lasiocarpa</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Hook.) Nutt. (subalpine fir).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F1DB0E1C6FCDB8F23040D649757A1D33" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="common name">
|
||
<paragraph id="2E764AEB377C4DF2C779023CC5EDBAA7" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Common name.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E8901ABF56890F92B11000258145E32B" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Fir engraver.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="588FA9574F0E0F35D1C537EEEB91896C" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" type="biology">
|
||
<paragraph id="DFAED2C03E435503B9AD6E5B4A0F5380" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">Biology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6ACBF781F6475093CF41FD06CED8A1FD" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="72F687A85CDB19B29AA147B5F3F0D5AE" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus ventralis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">Scolytus ventralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
can cause significant fir mortality and is the most destructive conifer-feeding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EA08C0D48C4BB631EFB636F6BDBD3E51" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scolytus</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in the Nearctic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4462BE43839B26F991D09C60E02CB326" author="Keen, FP" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 209" title="Insect enemies of western forests." volume="273" year="1938">Keen 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="39BF2656ED85EC9F8AF4EAEC17179DA4" author="Bright, DE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the California Insect Survey" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 169" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of California (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae)." volume="16" year="1973">Bright and Stark 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During a period from 1924-1936,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C121ABAC606F33DF6370B08A7938C161" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus ventralis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">Scolytus ventralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
killed 15% and damaged an additional 25% of the merchantable fir in California. It has also been reported to be quite destructive in Oregon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="85D80DA515F1798BA94CACAFE329ACE8" author="Keen, FP" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 209" title="Insect enemies of western forests." volume="273" year="1938">Keen 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ABCDED06DD96F13EE5797065B80B1BE1" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus ventralis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">Scolytus ventralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is associated with a symbiotic stain fungus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BBEC3477105655F1573BC662E7FAE46A" genus="Trichasporium" lsidName="Trichasporium symbioticum" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" rank="species" species="symbioticum">Trichasporium symbioticum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wright, which the adult beetle introduces when it excavates the adult gallery. The fungus spreads in all directions around the gallery system (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DB42D533BBDF11A7DB418921501B0730" author="Bright, DE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the California Insect Survey" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 169" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of California (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae)." volume="16" year="1973">Bright and Stark 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Due to the potential of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="09D2D1447EF2DE1A850EC6B3232A037D" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus ventralis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">Scolytus ventralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
to kill fir trees, this species is the most well studied native
|
||
<taxonomicName id="417E348CE21BDF78B0761837ABF88A94" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scolytus</taxonomicName>
|
||
in North America. Attacks usually occur on the boles of weakened and stressed standing trees from a few feet above the base to the top of the tree, but can also occur in large slash and fresh and fallen trees (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6E72F9B909EBCA4A10879811BC6077B2" author="Chamberlin, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Oregon State College, Corvallis" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="The Scolytoidea of the Northwest: Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and British Columbia. Oregon, State Monograph. Studies in Entomology" year="1958">Chamberlin 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0161C4D31BAAC5E086D2582C6C10273D" author="Edson, LJ" journalOrPublisher="Unpublished thesis, Humboldt State College, California" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" title="An annotated and illustrated key to the species of the genus Scolytus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) attacking coniferous trees of the Nearctic region." year="1967">Edson 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FBC35A9369999B6FF9906177822E76D8" author="Furniss, MM" journalOrPublisher="University of Idaho, Moscow" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" title="Field guide to the bark beetles of Idaho and adjacent regions." year="2002">Furniss and Johnson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Attacks at the top of the tree are more common on overmature standing trees during drought and healthy, vigorous trees are not preferred (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3CCA0BACA313C28F58323678CF48415E" author="Chamberlin, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Oregon State College, Corvallis" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="The Scolytoidea of the Northwest: Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and British Columbia. Oregon, State Monograph. Studies in Entomology" year="1958">Chamberlin 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="17FD054F37567B78EE933FA33694EFEA" author="Raffa, KF" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" pagination="234 - 262" title="Interacting selective pressures in conifer-bark beetle systems: a basis for reciprocal adaptations?" url="10.1086/284633" volume="129" year="1987">Raffa and Berryman 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Trees can also become successively attacked over a period of years and slowly die. Healthy trees may survive the attacks but can develop rots and defects that reduce timber value (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E374D95E6CEFAFF143EEB3DC27BB35BF" author="Struble, GR" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology, Circular 419" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" title="The fir engraver beetle, a serious enemy of white fir and red fir." year="1937">Struble 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unlike most tree-killing or primary bark beetles,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C4C5C6826F1F3D60DB06E74F5915C3B8" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Scolytus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Scolytus ventralis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ventralis">Scolytus ventralis</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not have pheromone to aggregate conspecifics to host trees. The beetles locate suitable hosts via primary attraction to host volatiles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6AF5EE76CBBD0C761BF17AC3F972C399" author="Macias-Samano, JE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="117 - 125" title="Lack of evidence for pheromone-mediated secondary attraction in the fir engraver, Scolytusventralis, (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)." volume="95" year="1998 a">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="6096688195226A5339DEBFAF8DADE93C" originalValue="Macías-Sámano">Macias-Samano</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1998a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F0DB85A9544B8B8B689B6C3004081FC4" author="Macias-Samano, JE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Chemical Ecology" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="1049 - 1075" title="Primary attraction of fir engraver, Scolytusventralis." url="10.1023/A:1022354503443" volume="24" year="1998 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F0502241B3187D803116413D8E83B591" lastPageId="60" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="59" pageNumber="60">
|
||
Adult galleries are perpendicular to the grain of the wood (Fig. 25), deeply score the sapwood, lightly score the cambium and consist of two egg galleries with a central nuptial chamber (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C895B4DC8BE9AA8E79CD5DC34D8BEE4F" author="Edson, LJ" journalOrPublisher="Unpublished thesis, Humboldt State College, California" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" title="An annotated and illustrated key to the species of the genus Scolytus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) attacking coniferous trees of the Nearctic region." year="1967">Edson 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The nuptial chamber is typically short and at a right angle to the egg galleries but may also extend at an oblique angle. When this occurs, one of the egg galleries is briefly extended at an oblique angle against the grain before becoming perpendicular to the grain (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="828CD2624F8B9701096A1FF284C2F13D" author="Edson, LJ" journalOrPublisher="Unpublished thesis, Humboldt State College, California" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" title="An annotated and illustrated key to the species of the genus Scolytus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) attacking coniferous trees of the Nearctic region." year="1967">Edson 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Eggs are deposited singly in triangular niches spaced 1.0-1.5 mm apart on each side of the egg gallery with 80-300 niches per gallery. Galleries range in size from 8.0-30.0 cm in length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="87480EB52CDA69E0A6A3F5C978A3E7A3" author="Chamberlin, WJ" journalOrPublisher="Oregon State College, Corvallis" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" title="The Scolytoidea of the Northwest: Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and British Columbia. Oregon, State Monograph. Studies in Entomology" year="1958">Chamberlin 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="52499C3084B211A8942EFDDF4DD1AD77" author="Edson, LJ" journalOrPublisher="Unpublished thesis, Humboldt State College, California" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" title="An annotated and illustrated key to the species of the genus Scolytus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) attacking coniferous trees of the Nearctic region." year="1967">Edson 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74740CF985D854233FF2B0839ADA3B99" author="Bright, DE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the California Insect Survey" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 169" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of California (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae)." volume="16" year="1973">Bright and Stark 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7CB95331D5DBB6485A6D4E2F316D58A4" author="Furniss, MM" journalOrPublisher="University of Idaho, Moscow" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" title="Field guide to the bark beetles of Idaho and adjacent regions." year="2002">Furniss and Johnson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larval mines are perpendicular to the egg gallery and parallel to the grain of the wood. Larval mines are also parallel to each other both above and below the egg gallery, giving the gallery a diamond shaped appearance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9B715CEA6BE3693ACB42104DE4075D51" author="Keen, FP" journalOrPublisher="United States Department of Agriculture, Miscellaneous Publication" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 209" title="Insect enemies of western forests." volume="273" year="1938">Keen 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="156CE8F90276A953380A59564D121971" author="Edson, LJ" journalOrPublisher="Unpublished thesis, Humboldt State College, California" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" title="An annotated and illustrated key to the species of the genus Scolytus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) attacking coniferous trees of the Nearctic region." year="1967">Edson 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larval mines lightly score the
|
||
<pageBreakToken id="DBB7719FC5323C471252613BDC782673" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" start="start">sapwood</pageBreakToken>
|
||
and deeply score the cambium. Larvae construct pupation chambers in the phloem or outer bark (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DD1449FD1F7AFB5861C91B2DB0A9348B" author="Edson, LJ" journalOrPublisher="Unpublished thesis, Humboldt State College, California" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" title="An annotated and illustrated key to the species of the genus Scolytus (Coleoptera, Scolytidae) attacking coniferous trees of the Nearctic region." year="1967">Edson 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Broods overwinter as larvae or adults (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E6274B64D11896A2BFA951AF00191F60" author="Bright, DE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the California Insect Survey" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 169" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of California (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae)." volume="16" year="1973">Bright and Stark 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The number of generations per year varies both geographically and with elevation. Development time can range from as little as 41 days at low latitudes and elevations to as many as 380 days at high latitudes and elevations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="2555AF73ADD1FE7738543607182ED758" author="Bright, DE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the California Insect Survey" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 169" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of California (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae)." volume="16" year="1973">Bright and Stark 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is typically one generation per year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A759F40FACF01FD2081DDFF736A36C72" author="Bright, DE" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the California Insect Survey" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 169" title="The bark and ambrosia beetles of California (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae)." volume="16" year="1973">Bright and Stark 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Idaho pupation occurs from June to July and peak flight occurs in July (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="618BE6292DC1E0DF684E7AD3C25EC7B5" author="Furniss, MM" journalOrPublisher="University of Idaho, Moscow" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" title="Field guide to the bark beetles of Idaho and adjacent regions." year="2002">Furniss and Johnson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="9EE0305C96068A8DE15C1CE4A8C0E034" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="E4960A5EAF580C46D754862BE45F78AA" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A39BE6466884C6AA45764365723BB29E" pageId="60" pageNumber="61">
|
||
The lectotype does not bear a locality label.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4BA438A0DFD4CA66DE0CF2783A68042A" author="LeConte, JL" editor="Zimmermann, C" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Entomological Society" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="141 - 178" title="Appendix." volume="2" volumeTitle="Synopsis of the Scolytidae of America North of Mexico." year="1868">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4BDDA7ECF6F51614F3FBE6B446AEB197" originalValue="LeConte’s">LeConte's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1868)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description states that George Gibbs collected the lectotype in the Washington Territory.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |