353 lines
47 KiB
XML
353 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="62488" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" ID-GBIF-Dataset="30f0f54f-e5af-493f-b792-c1c661ef03bf" ID-PMC="PMC9849010" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-198-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" ID-PubMed="36760991" ModsDocID="1314-2003-198-1" checkinTime="1654168732655" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Aubriot, Xavier & Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2022" docId="647E119129AE390B99E6C4EAE696CF3C" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 198: 1-270" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 198" docPubDate="2022-06-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" docTitle="Solanum giganteum Jacq., Collectanea 4: 125. 1791." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" masterDocTitle="A revision of the " spiny solanums " of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="270" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732649590965" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="6319A22ADC3F210E9058B5D54DC2E71A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="B9085E7AF654B77188FB09F6EDE670EE">
|
||
<mods:title id="7C34BD70686D21E354624FE62D92F518">A revision of the " spiny solanums " of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="DFA7934D226B0F83723998BF5840342F" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="3DE4F3D1A2426D63A4D90E59E47DBED5">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="BE1094C47EE212DD11EB1C037BB1DE42">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="82E1F94587E4F207D96AF97271CB5A4B">Aubriot, Xavier</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="50D71EB3A4FB1B862E1EADE43E74DE47">Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France & The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="0E79D07F3780CB4383FA91D054ABC864" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="5E8D7C43FF8B21C5D9DF0DB5A8FD4167">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="D9885BDE6D8824357DB1D4E151C494DE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="18AB0F82D8291B43EAD12330F015E444">Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="DA8F4DE246206F7F8C559529FB3B7995" type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
<mods:affiliation id="061024FD5A19AFD63D9809FB9C033059">The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
|
||
<mods:nameIdentifier id="35D9622776C185445D029F3D8026A62E" type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="C40B1C5A5FEAF4F126163E6BF195263A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="02B107E2750E7846D12E648F887A8D2D" type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="6B052EF820C220B3A877C48D022BB5B0">
|
||
<mods:title id="12B6E6E13FDE332CDB0324F6226A5763">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="A3B55D941265659F581B627007ACA4CA">
|
||
<mods:date id="6836E814BF7C2EE86611CFFD063A5ECF">2022</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail id="B9EC4DEE94EF67F8F94C46BCF17586BE" type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number id="48AAAA94F21BD347094C16F5B58651D3">2022-06-01</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail id="39F721773D3CFDBB42CEB47E473D83C1" type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number id="183C8E305975529B7F6968CD3AFEDFDC">198</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent id="E5928DFFD30C2A425C3A8D48C6E5F2B5" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="6B65BC815EB011952282D0AA8F941062">1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="0D6CC16757D4868CF63AD289624605BF">270</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location id="FBA2D97DA161EC3AE81AF04BEA21A555">
|
||
<mods:url id="9C4AD95EAB4B8728198B772F81EA0AC7">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification id="6C34449566D8E8FE9A708F247E7D29E6">journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="60B1F817A2A150BC09DF1A8DB1C300D2" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="0C01134B9E912B074C1F774971068EBD" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-198-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="622B3F0BA7740C43D98A85811CCA8349" type="Pensoft-UUID">486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="647E119129AE390B99E6C4EAE696CF3C" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195723697" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:647E119129AE390B99E6C4EAE696CF3C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/647E119129AE390B99E6C4EAE696CF3C" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_family="Solanaceae">
|
||
<subSubSection id="6693F0961894F6EA772A91DAFA17377B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="C7E7407C023C7480E980DAFE73690464" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
15.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4D84082B6FAE7077B3E4B836F4176710" ID-CoL="4Y2JZ" authority="Jacq., Collectanea 4: 125. 1791." authorityName="Jacq., Collectanea 4: 125. 1791." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">Solanum giganteum Jacq., Collectanea 4: 125. 1791.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="708F9D04510CF8A3FC285C40DF161D2C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="F913CDD0E47C1B3BEB70C52498DB4CE3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<figureCitation id="1DAA23E2EC011ADCA2E4485D15541A31" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Diversity of habits and habitats for Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum in tropical Asia A Solanum giganteum, a small tree of the tropical forest understory in India and Sri Lanka (field photograph, unvouchered, India) B S. trilobatum, a scandent species in its typical habitat, along the road in mangrove area (Meeboonya et al. RM 245, Thailand) C S. lasiocarpum, an erect shrub found in disturbed and human inhabited areas where it is often cultivated (Meeboonya et al. RM 272, Thailand) D S. cyanocarphium, a creeper with decumbent stems in forest understory (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) E S. camranhense, a scandent shrub endemic to the coastal dunes of South Vietnam (field photograph, unvouchered, Vietnam) F S. insanum, the wild progenitor of the brinjal eggplant usually found in degraded areas (Meeboonya et al. RM 305, Thailand). Photograph credits: A S. More B, C, F X. Aubriot; D M. Nuraliev E S. Hul." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689694" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figs 1A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="D52356741D88F347642F3389CCCDA15E" captionStart="Figure 25" captionStartId="F25" captionText="Figure 25. Solanum giganteum Jacq. A herbarium specimen collected in ' Brooks' (Sri Lanka) in 1931 (Simpson 8890, BM 000900133) B detail of leaves and infructescence (field photograph, unvouchered, India) C detail of an inflorescence (field photograph, unvouchered, India). Photograph credits: A CC-BY, © copyright The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London B P. Kumar C A. Prashant." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689718" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 25</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B61902C3DC895F8096FBE49A891C761D" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="19AAAF73749A453CE699DDFF1EF46162" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8E54EF86D3E1F09C2238A71137BE4381" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum niveum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="niveum">Solanum niveum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 41. 1791. Type. South Africa.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="D28C9FE94D8EC91E0E2FA248351C6EB6" originalValue="“Cape”">"Cape"</normalizedToken>
|
||
, sin. loc.,
|
||
<emphasis id="E1DEF68CD253B55D7AAFAE1F3D4087B9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C. Thunberg s. n.</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype: UPS-THUNB [microfiche 1036, no. 5209]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B4C8674389AD1C4DE43BDCD85E713847" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0E670B998AFC13E7286E24B6FDF859D0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum farinosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="farinosum">Solanum farinosum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Wallich in Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. (Carey & Wallich ed.) 2: 255. 1824. Type. India.
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1C9F85DD776C9CFA2771053DAA67652A" originalValue="“Babobad”">"Babobad"</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="292A1CC7093DD0419CAB4CA055201EF8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Herb. Heyne s. n.</emphasis>
|
||
(lectotype, designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="45197659E19A0B277EC6A3A8E14234EB" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pg. 163: K [K000658975]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="94D0C95D6D8BC7981CAFC957BAC10F74" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E9D192F31D6898593D8E139DF6314043" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum farinaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="farinaceum">Solanum farinaceum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Griffith, Itin. Pl. Khasyah Mts. 111. 1848. Type. Bhutan. Dewanagiri, 1837,
|
||
<emphasis id="F33929C58579A6E3A2129FCCDFCA86E8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">W. Griffith 148</emphasis>
|
||
(no specimens cited; no original material found at K).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C07EB618555DD345B9E64BD2D88754A5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B47F1E6B0BCF4AA324A78959F379A144" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum giganteum subsp. var. var. tenuifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="giganteum" subSpecies="var." variety="tenuifolium">Solanum giganteum var. tenuifolium</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 259. 1852. Type. India. Tamil Nadu: Madras State, Nilgiri Hills [
|
||
<normalizedToken id="86AA30C9F72709BA187FFCA7EE6FF3F5" originalValue="“Nellighery”">"Nellighery"</normalizedToken>
|
||
], Nedaubetta, 1840,
|
||
<emphasis id="4BDB7F723DC9EC9DFBADC6B9EFA4D117" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G. S. Perrottet 520</emphasis>
|
||
(lectotype, designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D0094932CFED30B4DF9373BF5CD79917" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pg. 163: P [P00049799]; isolectotype: P P00049800]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F7A51D9D53B9EB008CF8BEF6EA39B08C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9CF62F54EE0B2F9FB4DDCD548E822CB4" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum giganteum subsp. var. var. longifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="giganteum" subSpecies="var." variety="longifolium">Solanum giganteum var. longifolium</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 259. 1852. Type. India. Sin. loc.,
|
||
<emphasis id="7F85C1C5383F777D5F7EEF32108E9E11" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anonymous s. n. [Wallich cat. 2610</emphasis>
|
||
] (lectotype, designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="3C6CA9134A090F7C236FC5EC175F1588" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pg. 163: G-DC [G00145950]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FE3B287DF0722EC7D00A7FA91910E05E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="99FBCB49750FD72E6A608B9788586758" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum bequaertii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bequaertii">Solanum bequaertii</taxonomicName>
|
||
De Wild., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 13: 141. 1914. Type. Democratic Republic of the Congo. Katanga: Shaba Prov., Lubumbashi [Elisabethville], 2 Mar 1912,
|
||
<emphasis id="0D74838C9863DB484CF3F804A8D622F9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">J. Bequaert 219</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype: BR [BR0000008994356]; isotype: BR [BR0000008993045]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="AF8BBEF6BCB286FACB78F6CDCB829EDD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0B59271A17EDACB0DAAB6AEB0B3D3E65" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum sordidescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sordidescens">Solanum sordidescens</taxonomicName>
|
||
Bitter, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 57: 260. 1921. Type. Tanzania. Lindi: Kilwa-Kiwindje Distr., Tschumo, Matumbi Mts., 250 m, Jul 1903,
|
||
<emphasis id="5D0BCD3479EE09A8E7E5FC4C5EBA6742" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">W. Busse III 3097</emphasis>
|
||
(lectotype, designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E2BF9DD635A81D0742617D907F64EC50" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pg. 164: EA [EA000001237]; isolectotypes: BM [BM001070317], BR [BR0000006495435]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1BCDC1FE4D670D77E28E41F3ABE5B172" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BFC597050C9CC60AD5246D321B10C0A2" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum seretii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="seretii">Solanum seretii</taxonomicName>
|
||
De Wild., Miss. Em. Laurent, 1: 439, tab. 122. 1907. Type. Democratic Republic of the Congo. Orientale: Kisangani, Bima to Bambili, 25 Oct 1905,
|
||
<emphasis id="D792FD3741EFC068BA3C4A75DBD79211" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F. Seret 166</emphasis>
|
||
(holotype: BR [BR0000008993465]; isotype: BR [BR0000008993168]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F0719924C1C43433E1B4023B38B104D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="80F0CD628AE52805F9001F08204C1EC6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum muansense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="muansense">Solanum muansense</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 48: 243. 1912. Type. Tanzania. Mwanza: Mwanza, May 1892,
|
||
<emphasis id="C5DB827646FD299C82435579749059C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F. L. Stuhlmann 4504</emphasis>
|
||
(type: B?, destroyed; no duplicates found).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="666C24D733484188A70FC88BCC0368EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="66A1A249DFCDDC24DDBFD1546F9A8175" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<typeStatus id="A858802DB75F68887D5FAB32DAB0ACE3">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="9621B8CC2884426DE39D93F3A472FCD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="A4771F79FA807753930A92E589EFB8AB" collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" collectorName="Good Hope, N. J" country="South Africa" location="Cultivated in Vienna" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Cape" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<location id="8140B3190811D34E01221F43C6CA09A8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:647E119129AE390B99E6C4EAE696CF3C:8140B3190811D34E01221F43C6CA09A8" country="South Africa" name="Cultivated in Vienna" stateProvince="Cape">Cultivated in Vienna</location>
|
||
, original material from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9F8594D8177561521BF6A354B3F6CC23" name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3620052441927C720156095B96E2FFDB" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectorName id="E3DCCE28AFA19FA9D06396F1B389E53F">
|
||
Good Hope,
|
||
<emphasis id="B768C0DBD6D49D2D5CBCE7A9BBD1D45F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">N.J. Jacquin s.n.</emphasis>
|
||
</collectorName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="A614B3C06452F81639980E9E2BB5B512">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B8FEBFC8CCA694197569FD0721D408BD" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pg. 163: W [acc. # 0000608]; isolectotype: W [acc. # 0000609])
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="82A7B8F669D6B5EAC084514984F4DBD0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="22BF4EB133C2767968A018C290BC37C0" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B540678B36016E18EAFBF25AD97420D5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Erect shrub to small tree, to 4 m tall, armed or occasionally unarmed. Stems erect, terete, prickly, densely stellate-pubescent; prickles to 7 mm long, to 5 mm wide at the base, straight, occasionally curved, deltate, orange-brown to almost white, glabrescent to stellate-pubescent in the lower 3/4; pubescence of stalked multangulate-stellate trichomes, the stalks to 0.7 mm long, the rays 10-25, 0.05-0.2 mm long, the midpoints ca. same length as the rays; new growth densely stellate-pubescent with a pale whitish grey pubescence; bark of older stems glabrescent to densely stellate-pubescent, light brown. Sympodial units plurifoliate, the leaves usually not geminate, if geminate the leaves of a pair differing slightly in size but not in shape, in addition often with small stipule-like leaves along the stem. Leaves simple, entire, the blades 12-40 cm long (if geminate the minor blades usually ca. 3 cm long), (3-)4-13 cm wide, ca. 2.5 times longer than wide, elliptic, chartaceous, strongly discolorous, unarmed; adaxial surface drying green-brown to red-brown, glabrescent; abaxial surface drying light grey-green, moderately to densely stellate-pubescent with multangulate stalked trichomes, the stalks to 0.3 mm long, the rays 8-25, 0.1-0.2 mm long, the midpoints ca. same length as the rays; major veins 8-12 pairs, the finer venation visible on both surfaces; base cuneate; margins entire; apex acute to acuminate; petiole 1.5-5.5 cm long, 1/8-1/4 of the leaf blade length, weakly to densely stellate-pubescent with multangulate trichomes like those of the blades, unarmed. Inflorescences 5-13(-20) cm long, apparently terminal or lateral, several times branched, with 30-150 flowers, 10-30 flowers open at any one time, weakly to densely stellate-pubescent with multangulate trichomes like those of the stems, unarmed; peduncle 20-60 mm long, unarmed; pedicels 0.4-1.5 cm long, 1-1.2 mm in diameter at the base, 2-2.5 mm in diameter at the apex, erect to recurved, unarmed, moderately to densely stellate-pubescent with multangulate trichomes like those of the inflorescence axes, articulated at the base; pedicel scars unevenly spaced 1.5-10 mm apart. Buds ovoid, the corolla strongly exserted from the calyx tube before anthesis. Flowers 4-5-merous, apparently all perfect. Calyx with the tube 2.5-3 mm long, conical, the lobes 0.5-2.5(-4) mm long, 1.3-2.2 mm wide, deltate, apically obtuse to acute, unarmed, moderately to densely stellate-pubescent abaxially with multangulate trichomes like those of the rest of the plant, these often deciduous. Corolla 0.8-1.5 cm in diameter, usually mauve, sometimes white, stellate, lobed 2/3-3/4 of the way to the base, the lobes 3.5-6 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, deltate, spreading or not opening fully, moderately stellate-pubescent abaxially, the trichomes porrect, sessile or stalked, the stalks to 0.1 mm, the rays 8-15, 0.05-0.15 mm long, the midpoints ca. same length as the rays. Stamens equal; anthers 2.5-3 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, connivent, tapering, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores not elongating to slits with drying; filament tube ca. 1 mm long, glabrous; free portion of the filaments 0.4-0.8 mm long, glabrous; Ovary conical, glabrous; style 0.45-0.65 cm long, slender, straight or gently curved, glabrous; stigma small capitate. Fruit a globose berry, many per infructescence, 0.6-0.8 cm in diameter, the pericarp smooth, evenly green when young, bright red at maturity, glabrous; fruiting pedicels 0.8-1.6 cm long, 0.5-1.2 mm in diameter at the base, 1.2-2 mm in diameter at the apex, woody, erect, unarmed; fruiting calyx lobes not elongating, ca. 1/3 the length of the mature fruit, reflexed, unarmed. Seeds ca. 15-30 per berry, 2.3-2.9 mm long, 1.5-2.5 mm wide, flattened-reniform, dull yellow to orange-brown, the surface minutely pitted, testal cell margins sinuate. Chromosome number: not known.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B639502336D5D95F2BC1EC27950AF3A8" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure25" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689718" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 25" startId="F25">
|
||
<paragraph id="5327797BAA88EBAF9CB12683E18B99AD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="025D9FFC72D769A926B82E6832601FBD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 25.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="405AD23B1B8C58D864372B6CF37C14BE" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="53027C4F7DB0015D572716445B413607" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Jacq.
|
||
<emphasis id="D783C5AED2CBC84B8D0D9A9433B48239" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
herbarium specimen collected in
|
||
<normalizedToken id="A55A7EC14507D309BFA5F1A641BD1DAC" originalValue="‘Brooks’">'Brooks'</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Sri Lanka) in 1931 (
|
||
<emphasis id="49F391C3FFE34579448D86209DB12F63" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Simpson 8890</emphasis>
|
||
, BM000900133)
|
||
<emphasis id="8CC61D7E63426762B3D4CF01C64540A4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
detail of leaves and infructescence (field photograph, unvouchered, India)
|
||
<emphasis id="56C37463515990D0DDCEEBE3DFC7F776" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
detail of an inflorescence (field photograph, unvouchered, India). Photograph credits:
|
||
<emphasis id="B1879A208A453004007BBD4498E110B3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
CC-BY, © copyright The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London
|
||
<emphasis id="89348AB76CE612925F248D859610D365" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
P. Kumar
|
||
<emphasis id="49B502AA86E90052BD195943B09031FF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
A. Prashant.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="D17930433A6479FBA8969468A0652862" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689719" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 26" startId="F26">
|
||
<paragraph id="E9CE23E23D970E7772D4CDE869223CFB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="7E3EFF13DD96BEFECAE56E99718B2FC2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 26.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DA52D072F85F4C24B233C848215F1CEB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="A58E86B7388B10B9BE6C659DFFB8B68C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AF6824077E44872C2E3094F8B1698BD3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="AFC292977BABECD8A39A13484ED7676C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8A7A44EC06FD52245B4C2FD71CF7401E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9655054B0ADEE165B7B50B0A6B3BBE1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="AA2F19FA9F9BA7380A679604EB7C70F2" captionStart="Figure 26" captionStartId="F26" captionText="Figure 26. Distribution of S. giganteum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure26" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689719" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">26</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3A3571212838E371A11D32B8EC1429F5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="BFC2B5ADB15A41B62F8E1B946BB6E173" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a widespread species occurring from Sri Lanka and southern India and throughout eastern and southern Africa (but is absent from western Africa, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="46A0BFD6413C0041058AD74C8AA3DD1D" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is recently being recorded as adventive in Australia (http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/) where it has not yet naturalised.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="53A6E1C8E92D6D38FBBD20E07476FCD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="29F3D0352A441696A4D5E8EFB486DC78" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A9DABD7E00179438784CAAD29E956D0F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E06A841D9115E12BEC584FBD230D006E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="44CC5AEE2C1B41A397150C1C586BAB1B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a weedy species growing at the edges of forests and re-growth in clearings, disturbed areas, sometimes in rocky places or open grasslands; from sea level to 2,100 m elevation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A1569E7BB3C44AEEA7DC064B3AA9650B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
|
||
<paragraph id="4F219BAF8135355DB49019C56CC85CD2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="72DE836800C4F2919B77E1E6D5648E24" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
English common names for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="11633AA110129E5AF2D040CE0B7290E1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="D09735C5E99968D8F58CFD729631DE07" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in large parts of India are red bitter berry or healing-leaf tree; other local names in India are kurti [Marathi], paintilkkakkoti, paintilikam, peyccuntai-p-palam [Tamil] (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6C89C75DFAE234AE87BDEF442B4FC2BA" author="Ved, DK" journalOrPublisher="Theoretical and Applied Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://frht.envis.org" refId="B255" refString="Ved, DK, Sureshchandra, ST, Brave, V, Srinivas, V, Sangeetha, S, Ravikumar, K, Kartikeyan Kulkarni, V, Kumar, AS, Venugopal, SN, Somashekhar, BS, Sumanth, MV, Begum, M, Rani, S, Surekha, KV, Desale, N, 2016. FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants. Bengaluru. https://frht.envis.org" title="FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants. Bengaluru." url="https://frht.envis.org" year="2016">Ved et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, envis.frlht.org); Kerala: cheruchunda (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="44AE041470FAD58C64397E58F1FD1D44" author="Ved, DK" journalOrPublisher="Theoretical and Applied Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://frht.envis.org" refId="B255" refString="Ved, DK, Sureshchandra, ST, Brave, V, Srinivas, V, Sangeetha, S, Ravikumar, K, Kartikeyan Kulkarni, V, Kumar, AS, Venugopal, SN, Somashekhar, BS, Sumanth, MV, Begum, M, Rani, S, Surekha, KV, Desale, N, 2016. FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants. Bengaluru. https://frht.envis.org" title="FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants. Bengaluru." url="https://frht.envis.org" year="2016">Ved et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, envis.frlht.org); Tamil Nadu: sambal kilurai [Tamil] (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="17537479783AA2B45FC8A54733ED2D6A" author="Matthew, KM" journalOrPublisher="Australian Systematic Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B159" refString="Matthew, KM, 1983. Flora of the Tamilnadu Carnatic. Volume 3. Dioscesan Press, Madras [Chennai]." title="Flora of the Tamilnadu Carnatic. Volume 3. Dioscesan Press, Madras [Chennai]." year="1983">Matthew 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); peyccundai, anaiccundai [Tamil] (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="FACA66E3F129BA987D29B670DBF10DA0" author="Nair, KKN" journalOrPublisher="Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology (Campinas)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B183" refString="Nair, KKN, Nayar, M, 1987. Flora of Courtallum. Vol. 2. Botanical Survey of India, New Delhi." title="Flora of Courtallum. Vol. 2. Botanical Survey of India, New Delhi." year="1987">Nair and Nayar 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), putharichunda, sambal kilurae [Tamil] (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5E82EBDFFCF5AE3EA7C0E05EF4EDC128" author="Henry, AN" journalOrPublisher="Columbia University Press, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B94" refString="Henry, AN, Kumari, GR, Chithra, V, 1987. Flora of Tamil Nadu, India. Series I: Analysis. Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore." title="Flora of Tamil Nadu, India. Series I: Analysis. Botanical Survey of India, Coimbatore." year="1987">Henry et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D6FA6108CD90C4D568D7D36FD85036F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B7A7AE6DE0E9FC5C717A0D819EF917C6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2AD021DD38EBE6CF28124B8F27A8BBB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is planted as a shade tree and widely used medicinally in Africa for treatment of sores and ulcers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A62BD138D98ABB8FA1FE40E70D444F58" author="Hutchings, A" journalOrPublisher="AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B104" refString="Hutchings, A, Scott, AH, Lewis, G, Cunningham, AB, 1996. Zulu medicinal plants: an inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg." title="Zulu medicinal plants: an inventory. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg." year="1996">Hutchings et al. 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and in folk medicine in India (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B4AEE21003B6DFB1432D3EE4854640E" author="Ved, DK" journalOrPublisher="Theoretical and Applied Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="https://frht.envis.org" refId="B255" refString="Ved, DK, Sureshchandra, ST, Brave, V, Srinivas, V, Sangeetha, S, Ravikumar, K, Kartikeyan Kulkarni, V, Kumar, AS, Venugopal, SN, Somashekhar, BS, Sumanth, MV, Begum, M, Rani, S, Surekha, KV, Desale, N, 2016. FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants. Bengaluru. https://frht.envis.org" title="FRLHT's ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants. Bengaluru." url="https://frht.envis.org" year="2016">Ved et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="DF0DF3A71572F5D657EAC963000CB22A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph id="2FBEFA78AF0414DDCE9682DE275FEAF7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Conservation status</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC6704D5AA159AAC8D74EE420CF9E30F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="33DC742AB22662C83E16FF66111EE310" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0E44620F0CF8941A8A50E37CA6E44B07" author="Hutchings, A" journalOrPublisher="AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B105" refString="2019. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7C5CB07BABDB54BA45A6B7283EC43AEF" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0D45FD6683107EF1796827FBEB2273AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been formally assessed as LC (Least Concern) due to its wide range and weedy nature and is so listed on the IUCN Red List (Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) and IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group 2020).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BDDD219C2A3BF94A7C0725529B0D003F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="5422355C26A208A1F9487A41693A17E3" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="97589AC45E1E9FB86583257EA4A4F680" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8EADCA04A7DC89774702B28D4B1D1F9A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="8337C9D9F7FC4CFFEFF682FC8ACE10F4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a common small tree in the understory of forests in India and Sri Lanka. Its large discolorous leaves accompanied by small stipule-like leaves along the stems, large bunches of bright red berries, deltate stem prickles and farinaceous white pubescence are distinctive and not shared by any other species in the region. The copious pubescence of multangulate trichomes is brittle and powdery, it easily detaches and rubs off leaves and stems, which is the origin of the specific epithet of the synonym
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AC0EDB271A440415EF85A9775186C13" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. farinosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="farinosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="69F5832F9ED01C2D4ABBF2F58D65FE4B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. farinosum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CF87ABDDD9AF5BEC3EB49CA7B9394FC3" authorityName="Nees, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 17 (1): 48" authorityYear="1834" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum vagum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vagum">
|
||
<emphasis id="330FFAB9CE589FFC445B6854F16BE586" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum vagum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of southern India and Sri Lanka is somewhat similar in overall appearance to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A64DC0CC458BB3784E477E563BD5A1EB" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="751F40E4DDD7596395B5CBEB2EC39F2D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but has smaller, more lanceolate leaves, smaller inflorescences and less copious, non-deciduous pubescence (see description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E2B35BC8B23FEAE36F1E8EB3200B9D54" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. vagum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vagum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B0000B8CC8CF776B6508CDA1DFB11260" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. vagum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The broad stem prickles common in young plants of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0629D610055BF06F9D23DA4E9F6AAFB3" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="A30588B0D0CF363985CDF049754C41F9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A86ACACCAAFE42DE24D050533E9CA209" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. vagum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vagum">
|
||
<emphasis id="4834721ECC3BE70BAD93E67068E092B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. vagum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A4F40FFA00E180B8EE4D18959F119A08" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="F482E22CA216213C1DD5C02E6A5ECA3C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in India are generally found to have smaller leaves and inflorescences than those of Africa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1D0A696672CE9C4342D869FD0BC34772" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8D8310670E60C08C5D8A5AA46DA77472" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
In analyses of phylogeny using molecular data
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CDFAE777FDE33AF298F6046D073B32BC" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="1D99AB82FCF282CC9E577F1DED8C24AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is part of a strongly supported monophyletic group with African species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="02DB65C80DEB8F48B0B038F12AE053E1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. anomalum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anomalum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0447ECD2E0E8F0BABC1B4B34A1195EFB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. anomalum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Thonn.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9EC67E56003445810A2F44871E4305F9" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. schimperianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schimperianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB49C2406E355BD6572FF55144D3EA32" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. schimperianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
A.Rich.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="79FFE47565D8D03D2598EFED77734E37" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. schleibenii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schleibenii">
|
||
<emphasis id="869E8261F81B53C264BCF85FAB764914" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. schleibenii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Werderm.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="840FAD6676A186AB4B2CE1CE78CBF4F7" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. schumannianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="schumannianum">
|
||
<emphasis id="C3D06802C7B6B0A98F6658B980073D80" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. schumannianum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dammer and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E1BAAFC720943E4A4EE243514F1CB9A1" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. somalense" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="somalense">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAAF7D582C42FEBFC9ABD07BD0C12A0F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. somalense</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Franch. (Vorontsova et al. 2103). Also part of this group is the Indian species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8FFD8407A47CEDB0290115AFACD71F8A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pubescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="pubescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B30B08377865D2C315398CD756FAECB9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pubescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1F70F73D6C798782FF4AFC64FC12B276" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" author="Aubriot, X" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="199 - 223" refId="B8" refString="Aubriot, X, Singh, P, Knapp, S, 2016a. Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of "spiny solanums" (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (2): 199 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" title="Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of " spiny solanums " (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" volume="181" year="2016 a">Aubriot et al. 2016a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0C05A5D73F72D846E3BBB8C3423953D9" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EC25BE5EF01FB253A19C1262E6BDC8F8" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum giganteum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="giganteum">
|
||
<emphasis id="605DDBF3496844D2738D337A9A4992F2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum giganteum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a long history of cultivation, both in its native range as a shade tree and for fencing and outside of its range in European botanical gardens (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="943B07B2B98EA420E951B75C936B79A6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 428" refId="B259" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2016. A revision of the "spiny solanums," Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar. Systematic Botany Monographs 99: 1 - 428, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" title="A revision of the " spiny solanums, " Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (Solanaceae), in Africa and Madagascar." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03027161" volume="99" year="2016">Vorontsova and Knapp 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="F1BC12998A6FFE19223BE7771C0917C7" author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Beentje, H" journalOrPublisher="Solanaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="133 - 135" refId="B76" refString="Edmonds, JM, 2012. Solanum giganteum. In: Beentje, H, Ed., Flora of Tropical East Africa. Solanaceae. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew: 133 - 135" title="Solanum giganteum." volumeTitle="Flora of Tropical East Africa." year="2012">Edmonds (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggests it is native only to the Cape region of South Africa, but we feel this is a biased assessment due to its early introduction from there into Europe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E7819E74EB222CB07AB6435600FC4ACB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="F5E4E0E7F0B1B26561EF4814A5CA3FA1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="14AE85CCFB11B23E49F8D7E8DF28B0A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. materials 1-3.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |