436 lines
51 KiB
XML
436 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="3FEB921E2A4A8C58AA77AD89133004BE" ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad169" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14284228" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1732842600575" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Słowiak, Justyna, Brusatte, Stephen L. & Szczygielski, Tomasz" docDate="2024" docId="03836047994FFFDCB92303DDFF13FD45" docLanguage="en" docName="zlad169.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 202 (3)" docSource="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad169" docStyle="DocumentStyle:4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C.9:ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleId="4F230B9370E98E256D973D6DFB57F36C" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2023-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Tyrannosauridae Osborn 1905" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="FFBA183F996DFFFFB83E033AFFE1FF3B" masterDocTitle="Reassessment of the enigmatic Late Cretaceous theropod dinosaur, Bagaraatan ostromi" masterLastPageNumber="39" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1733416834927" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E0BE362BACB70121780BC98FDACB8FFE">Reassessment of the enigmatic Late Cretaceous theropod dinosaur, Bagaraatan ostromi</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="87CAFEEE8D9E63CC9E0A03E7148EF3A3">Słowiak, Justyna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2B959FB93016C9AC62D2417E90A2776D">Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A83992C98C96D3D8CECFC43739501F15" type="email">justyna.slowiak@twarda.pan.pl</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="149B0A57E51D8C0926CF53816369B125">Brusatte, Stephen L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FA5E90C3D10F161AE6EBCDC35B497261">School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6985E0BD8498C494A4B89746A1ADB23E">Szczygielski, Tomasz</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="83C82C8DEE081ECB4859038FAE2809E2">Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="3C4236FDB3B24ED7F2CD727F78FA6156">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7264BD8B74B34E149CC176C30E39E62E">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="3FAAB5587D43474851256DAA9A89E3A9">2024-02-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B3CC828019118C235DB2C75833FDE618">202</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F1A685AE6D021800A72A4F7366830F64">3</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="D07DD293B8C6289C15D4D8D807CEC0A5">https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad169</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="9997036DD305B731AC2EA370A4234062" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad169</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CC6A8A3F8FB396DD16862E11820535A1" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03836047994FFFDCB92303DDFF13FD45" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03836047994FFFDCB92303DDFF13FD45" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03836047994FFFDCB92303DDFF13FD45" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<subSubSection id="C33082DA994FFFDDB92303DDFD8CFE3A" box="[285,621,231,257]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B95D151994FFFDDB92303DDFD8CFE3A" blockId="34.[128,778,231,1985]" box="[285,621,231,257]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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<heading id="D0DD663D994FFFDDB92303DDFD8CFE3A" box="[285,621,231,257]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDB92303DDFD8CFE3A" bold="true" box="[285,621,231,257]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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Juvenile
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDB94903DDFDCDFE3A" authorityName="Osborn" authorityYear="1905" box="[375,556,231,257]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Tyrannosauridae</taxonomicName>
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indet.
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33082DA994FFFDCB8BF0237FF13FD45" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B95D151994FFFDDB8BF0237FD87FD04" blockId="34.[128,778,231,1985]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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Owing to its small body size and similarity to other juvenile tyrannosaurid specimens from the Nemegt, it is likely that
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBACB0217FF28FE5F" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBACB0217FF28FE5F" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a juvenile tyrannosaurid. We tested this hypothesis further by determining whether
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDB9E80256FDDBFEB8" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[470,570,364,387]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDB9E80256FDDBFEB8" box="[470,570,364,387]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shows juvenile features that have been well documented in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBA0B02B1FD98FE99" baseAuthorityName="Carr" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[565,633,395,418]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBA0B02B1FD98FE99" box="[565,633,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ty. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, whose ontogenetic osteological changes have been chronicled in detail by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDB8BF02F3FEE3FEDA" author="Carr TD" box="[129,258,457,481]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref25682" refString="Carr TD. A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence. PeerJ 2020; 8: e 9192. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 9192" year="2020">Carr (2020)</bibRefCitation>
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. We recognized that
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDB9DC02F0FDA7FEDA" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[482,582,458,481]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDB9DC02F0FDA7FEDA" box="[482,582,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shows
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<specimenCount id="9D2C1AD8994FFFDDBAA802F3FCE8FEDA" box="[662,777,457,481]" count="22" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="juvenile">22 juvenile</specimenCount>
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and only
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<specimenCount id="9D2C1AD8994FFFDDB8DA02D3FEA5FD3A" box="[228,324,489,513]" count="5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="adult">five adult</specimenCount>
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mandible features found in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBA5002D3FD50FD3B" baseAuthorityName="Carr" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[622,689,489,512]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBA5002D3FD50FD3B" box="[622,689,489,512]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ty. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBAE402D3FF2AFD1B" author="Carr TD" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref25682" refString="Carr TD. A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence. PeerJ 2020; 8: e 9192. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 9192" year="2020">Carr (2020)</bibRefCitation>
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. Four of the
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<specimenCount id="9D2C1AD8994FFFDDB9750132FE5AFD1B" box="[331,443,520,544]" count="22" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" type="juvenile">22 juvenile</specimenCount>
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features were found only in early juveniles, and the remaining
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<quantity id="4CD27CB4994FFFDDB99A011DFE36FD04" box="[420,471,551,575]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="in" value="18.0">18 in</quantity>
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late juveniles.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B95D151994FFFDDB8A2017DFF24FA14" blockId="34.[128,778,231,1985]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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The mandible characters recognized both in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBA62017DFD5CFD65" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[604,701,583,606]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBA62017DFD5CFD65" box="[604,701,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and juveniles of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDB8D7015DFECAFD45" baseAuthorityName="Carr" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[233,299,615,638]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDB8D7015DFECAFD45" box="[233,299,615,638]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ty. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are as follows: (i) size of the first three alveoli of the dentary increasing posteriorly; (ii) shallow dentary in lateral view; (iii) shallow coronoid region of the surangular; (iv) no ridge delimiting the caudoventral fossa of the angular caudal process; (v) first two dentary alveoli much smaller than the latter alveoli; (vi) eighth tooth is the mesiodistally longest in the dentary; (vii) the alveoli decreasing posteriorly in mesiodistal length from the sixth to seventh alveolus; (viii) single large pit medial to the Meckelian fossa; (ix) low angle of the ‘chin’; (x) lightly textured ‘chin’ region; (xi) distance of the ventralmost dentary foramen from the dorsal margin of the dentary to the total height of the bone> 40%; (xii) the lateral extension of the surangular shelf horizontal; (xiii) surangular shelf not slanted; (xiv) small surangular foramen; (xv) caudal extent of the coronoid process declining before it reaches the glenoid; (xvi) presence of an embayment on the caudal margin of the surangular foramen; (xvii) cleft between the caudal glenoid process dorsoventrally short and shallow; (xvii) caudal end of the surangular shelf fading below the glenoid region; (xix) lateral scar on the surangular present; (xx) caudal glenoid process as tall as the rostral process; (xxi) lateral scar on the surangular rugose and shallow; and (xxii) dorsal orientation of the anterior glenoid foramen (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBAE407C2FF54FA14" author="Carr TD" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref25682" refString="Carr TD. A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence. PeerJ 2020; 8: e 9192. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 9192" year="2020">Carr 2020</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B95D151994FFFDDB8A2060DFB42FD04" blockId="34.[128,778,231,1985]" lastBlockId="34.[825,1475,143,1985]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
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The prevalence of features shared by
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBA21060DFD62FA75" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[543,643,1335,1358]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBA21060DFD62FA75" box="[543,643,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and juvenile
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDB8BF066CFF29FA56" baseAuthorityName="Carr" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[129,200,1366,1389]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDB8BF066CFF29FA56" box="[129,200,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ty. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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supports the identification of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBA23066CFD64FA56" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[541,645,1366,1389]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBA23066CFD64FA56" box="[541,645,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a young tyrannosaurid. The less numerous adult
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBA14064CFD8FFAB6" baseAuthorityName="Carr" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[554,622,1398,1421]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBA14064CFD8FFAB6" box="[554,622,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ty. rex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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features (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBAE4064FFF55FA97" author="Carr TD" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref25682" refString="Carr TD. A high-resolution growth series of Tyrannosaurus rex obtained from multiple lines of evidence. PeerJ 2020; 8: e 9192. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 9192" year="2020">Carr 2020</bibRefCitation>
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) found in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDB91606AFFE6DFA97" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[296,396,1429,1452]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDB91606AFFE6DFA97" box="[296,396,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are listed below, with comments regarding variability within
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDB9B0068EFE16FAF7" box="[398,503,1460,1484]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDB9B0068EFE16FAF7" box="[398,503,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. First, the second dentary tooth is> 75% of the mesiodistal length of the third dentary tooth. The proportions between the first three dentary teeth in
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDB8BE0528FF05F911" box="[128,228,1554,1578]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDB8BE0528FF05F911" box="[128,228,1554,1578]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta.bataar</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seem to be variable. In the subadult ZPAL MgD-I/175, the second dentary tooth is <75% of the mesiodistal length of the third dentary tooth, and in the adults (ZPAL MgD-I/5) it is between 70 and 78%. Second, the combined mesiodistal lengths of the first two alveoli of the dentary are greater than the mesiodistal length of the third alveolus, as in all examined individuals of
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<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDB92505F4FE67F9DD" box="[283,390,1742,1766]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
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<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDB92505F4FE67F9DD" box="[283,390,1742,1766]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(subadults ZPAL MgD-I/45, ZPAL MgD-I/46, and ZPAL MgD-I/175; and adults ZPAL MgD-I/4 and ZPAL MgD-I/5; Table 1). However, the difference in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBAD40437FF20F878" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBAD40437FF20F878" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens is greater (~
|
||
<quantity id="4CD27CB4994FFFDDB9860416FE11F87F" box="[440,496,1836,1860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
|
||
) than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBA6E0416FD52F878" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[592,691,1836,1859]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBA6E0416FD52F878" box="[592,691,1836,1859]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CD27CB4994FFFDDBAF90416FD1EF87F" box="[711,767,1836,1860]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
). Third, there is no deviation in the ‘chin’ region, which is not recognized in any examined
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDB9980451FDECF8B9" box="[422,525,1898,1922]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDB9980451FDECF8B9" box="[422,525,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen (ZPAL MgD-I/45, ZPAL MgD-I/46, ZPAL MgD-I/175, ZPAL MgD-I/4, and ZPAL MgD-I/5), nor it has been described in juvenile Ta.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBB0703B5FC9BFF9C" box="[825,890,143,167]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBB0703B5FC9BFF9C" box="[825,890,143,167]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
MPC-D 107/7 (Tsuihiji
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBCBC03AAFB52FF9C" box="[1154,1203,143,167]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011). Fourth, the caudal surangular foramen is positioned far anteriorly to the glenoid, as in all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBB4A03F5FC3AFFDD" box="[884,987,206,230]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBB4A03F5FC3AFFDD" box="[884,987,206,230]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals (ZPAL MgD-I/4, ZPAL MgD-I/5, and ZPAL MgD-I/31), including the juvenile MPC-D 107/7 (Tsuihiji
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBBA80234FC24FE1E" box="[918,965,269,293]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011). Fifth, the glenoid fossa is short and deep in adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBB4C0217FC52FE7F" baseAuthorityName="Carr" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[882,947,301,324]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBB4C0217FC52FE7F" box="[882,947,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ty. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBBDD0217FBA5FE7F" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[995,1092,301,324]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBBDD0217FBA5FE7F" box="[995,1092,301,324]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A shallow and long glenoid fossa can be recognized in ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBBD10271FAA3FE58" authorityName="' Dong" authorityYear="1977" box="[1007,1346,331,355]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Shanshanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="huoyanshanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBBD10271FAA3FE58" box="[1007,1346,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ see (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBD410276FC37FEB8" author="Currie PJ & Dong ZM" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1729 - 37" refId="ref26336" refString="Currie PJ, Dong ZM. New information on Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis, a juvenile tyronnsaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2001; 38: 1729 - 37." year="2001">Currie and Dong 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but already in the slightly larger MPC-D 107/7 and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBB5A02B1FC25FE99" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[868,964,395,418]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBB5A02B1FC25FE99" box="[868,964,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as in young and adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBC9802B1FAEAFE98" box="[1190,1291,395,419]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBC9802B1FAEAFE98" box="[1190,1291,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(ZPAL MgD-I/4, ZPAL MgD-I/5, and ZPAL MgD-I/31), it is narrow and deep. Those features possibly indicate some species-dependent variability, similar to the proportion of the antorbital fenestra, which does not shorten as much during the ontogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBD0E0133FA74FD1B" box="[1328,1429,520,544]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBD0E0133FA74FD1B" box="[1328,1429,520,544]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as it does in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBBB60112FB7FFD04" authority="(Tsuihiji et al. 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Tsuihiji" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[904,1182,551,575]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBBB60112FC29FD04" box="[904,968,552,575]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ty. rex</emphasis>
|
||
(Tsuihiji
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBC150112FBBBFD04" box="[1067,1114,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B95D151994FFFDDBB6B017DFA9CF9DD" blockId="34.[825,1475,143,1985]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
As it is clear that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBC16017DFB6BFD65" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[1064,1162,583,606]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBC16017DFB6BFD65" box="[1064,1162,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
holotype belongs to a juvenile tyrannosaurid, the question becomes: can we identify which species it belonged to? We can first make comparisons with the other Nemegt tyrannosaurids:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBC4F019FFB37FD86" box="[1137,1238,677,701]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBC4F019FFB37FD86" box="[1137,1238,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBD3B019FFA76FD87" box="[1285,1431,677,701]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Alioramus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBD3B019FFA8BFD86" box="[1285,1386,677,701]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Alioramus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
The mandible of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBB8801FFFBF7FDE7" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[950,1046,709,732]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBB8801FFFBF7FDE7" box="[950,1046,709,732]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is generally similar to juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBD7A01FFFA49FDE7" box="[1348,1448,708,732]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBD7A01FFFA49FDE7" box="[1348,1448,708,732]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or putative juveniles of that species, like ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBC8201DEFA94FDC0" authorityName="' Dong" authorityYear="1977" box="[1212,1397,739,763]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Shanshanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="huoyanshanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBC8201DEFA94FDC0" box="[1212,1397,739,763]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. huoyanshanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’ and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBD9501DEFC7AFC21" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Raptorex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kriegsteini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBD9501DEFC7AFC21" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">R. kriegsteini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBBF10038FB55FC20" author="Currie PJ & Dong ZM" box="[975,1204,770,795]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1729 - 37" refId="ref26336" refString="Currie PJ, Dong ZM. New information on Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis, a juvenile tyronnsaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2001; 38: 1729 - 37." year="2001">Currie and Dong 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Sereno
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBD350039FAD8FC21" box="[1291,1337,770,794]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2009,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBD450038FC47FC01" author="Fowler DW & Woodward HN & Freedman EA" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref26728" refString="Fowler DW, Woodward HN, Freedman EA et al. Reanalysis of " Raptorex kriegsteini ": a juvenile tyrannosaurid dinosaur from Mongolia. PLoS One 2011; 6: e 21376. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0021376" year="2011">
|
||
Fowler
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBB070019FC8AFC01" box="[825,875,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Tsuihiji
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBC340019FBDDFC01" box="[1034,1084,802,826]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011). The dentary is straight in the dorsal and ventral view, shallow, slender, and thickens and tapers dorsally at the anterior end.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBC52005BFAD1FC43" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[1132,1328,865,888]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBC52005BFAD1FC43" box="[1132,1328,865,888]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Bagaraatan ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like MPC-D 107/7, but in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBC7400BBFB53FCA3" box="[1098,1202,896,920]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBC7400BBFB53FCA3" box="[1098,1202,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBD6300BAFC84FC8C" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Alioramus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBD6300BAFC84FC8C" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Alioramus altai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, does not show any pneumatic pocket behind the surangular foramen (Tsuihiji
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBBCA0085FBC5FCED" box="[1012,1060,958,982]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBC540085FACFFCEC" author="Brusatte SL & Carr TD & Norell MA" box="[1130,1326,958,983]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 197" refId="ref25467" refString="Brusatte SL, Carr TD, Norell MA. The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 366: 1 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 770.1" year="2012">
|
||
Brusatte
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBCFB0085FB14FCED" box="[1221,1269,958,982]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The cervical vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBBFC00E5FBC9FCCE" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[962,1064,990,1014]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBBFC00E5FBC9FCCE" box="[962,1064,990,1014]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
strongly resemble the middle or posterior cervical vertebrae of ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBC6200C7FAF9FB2E" authorityName="' Dong" authorityYear="1977" box="[1116,1304,1021,1045]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Shanshanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="huoyanshanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBC6200C7FAF9FB2E" box="[1116,1304,1021,1045]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. huoyanshanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’. They share the posterodorsal rather than dorsal inclination of the neural spines, and have less flexed centra than in adult, large tyrannosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBB7A0761FBA8FB48" author="Currie PJ & Zhiming D" box="[836,1097,1115,1139]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1729 - 1737" refId="ref26525" refString="Currie PJ, Zhiming D. New information on Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis, a juvenile tyrannosaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 2001; 38: 1729 - 1737. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjes- 38 - 12 - 1729" year="2001">Currie and Zhiming 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The fusion of some bones occurred early in the ontogeny of tyrannosaurids, e.g. the juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBD9D0741FC9BFB89" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBD9D0741FC9BFB89" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
already has fused nasals (Tsuihiji
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBCE307A0FAEFFB89" box="[1245,1294,1178,1202]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011). However, the articular remains unfused with the surangular in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBD670780FA5DFBEA" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[1369,1468,1210,1233]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBD670780FA5DFBEA" box="[1369,1468,1210,1233]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, similar to ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBB8A07E3FB94FBCB" authorityName="' Dong" authorityYear="1977" box="[948,1141,1240,1264]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Shanshanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="huoyanshanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBB8A07E3FB94FBCB" box="[948,1141,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">S. huoyanshanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’, juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBCD707E3FAB7FBCB" box="[1257,1366,1240,1264]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBCD707E3FAB7FBCB" box="[1257,1366,1240,1264]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MPC-D 107/7), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBBFF07C2FBBBFA2B" box="[961,1114,1272,1296]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Alioramus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBBFF07C2FBBBFA2B" box="[961,1114,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Alioramus altai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBCAA07C2FABFFA2B" author="Brusatte SL & Carr TD & Norell MA" box="[1172,1374,1272,1296]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 197" refId="ref25467" refString="Brusatte SL, Carr TD, Norell MA. The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 366: 1 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 770.1" year="2012">
|
||
Brusatte
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBCCF07C2FAC3FA2B" box="[1265,1314,1272,1296]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBBB10622FC08FA14" box="[911,1001,1304,1327]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Raptorex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBBB10622FC08FA14" box="[911,1001,1304,1327]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Raptorex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and larger
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBC600622FB24FA14" box="[1118,1221,1303,1327]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBC600622FB24FA14" box="[1118,1221,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals the articular is fused to the surangular. Moreover, early in ontogeny partial fusion of the pelvis was reported in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBC8E066CFAEBFA56" box="[1200,1290,1366,1389]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Raptorex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBC8E066CFAEBFA56" box="[1200,1290,1366,1389]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Raptorex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBD7A066CFC8CFAB6" author="Fowler DW & Woodward HN & Freedman EA" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref26728" refString="Fowler DW, Woodward HN, Freedman EA et al. Reanalysis of " Raptorex kriegsteini ": a juvenile tyrannosaurid dinosaur from Mongolia. PLoS One 2011; 6: e 21376. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0021376" year="2011">
|
||
Fowler
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBDAC066CFA22FA55" box="[1426,1475,1366,1390]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and young
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBBCA064CFBD6FAB6" box="[1012,1079,1398,1421]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tyrannosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBBCA064CFBD6FAB6" box="[1012,1079,1398,1421]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ty. rex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BMR P
|
||
<date id="FF94F791994FFFDDBCA8064FFB13FAB6" box="[1174,1266,1397,1421]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" value="2002-04-01">2002.4.1</date>
|
||
, ‘Jane’;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBD7C064FFC8CFA97" author="Parrish JM & Molar RE & Currie PJ & Koppelhus EB" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" refId="ref28561" refString="Parrish JM, Molar RE, Currie PJ, Koppelhus EB. Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology. Bloomington and Indianapolis, Indiana University Press; 2013." type="book" year="2013">
|
||
Parrish
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBDAC064CFA22FAB6" box="[1426,1475,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, the pelvic bones are unfused in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBD0406AFFA7AFA97" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[1338,1435,1429,1452]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBD0406AFFA7AFA97" box="[1338,1435,1429,1452]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBB42068FFC03FAF7" box="[892,994,1460,1484]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBB42068FFC03FAF7" box="[892,994,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MPC-D 107/7), and subadult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBD12068EFA23FAF7" box="[1324,1474,1460,1484]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Alioramus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBD12068EFA23FAF7" box="[1324,1474,1460,1484]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Alioramus altai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBB5706EEFBCAFAD0" author="Brusatte SL & Carr TD & Norell MA" box="[873,1067,1491,1515]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 197" refId="ref25467" refString="Brusatte SL, Carr TD, Norell MA. The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 366: 1 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 770.1" year="2012">
|
||
Brusatte
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBBFD06EEFC13FAD0" box="[963,1010,1491,1515]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) However, an early fusion of the cranial sutures might not necessarily be associated with an early fusion of postcrania, because these functional units could be subjected to developmental plasticity or separate evolutionary pressure depending on the ecology and preferred or available diet. The co-ossification of postcranial sutures and fusion between bones among tyranosaurids require further study. However, owing to their high variability, also in juveniles, we do not find them to be an adequate indicator for growth stage in tyrannosaurids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B95D151994FFFDCBB6B05D4FF13FD45" blockId="34.[825,1475,143,1985]" lastBlockId="35.[113,763,144,638]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
|
||
We can more thoroughly compare
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBCEA05D4FADFF83E" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[1236,1342,1774,1797]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBCEA05D4FADFF83E" box="[1236,1342,1774,1797]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with young juvenile
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBBAB0437FBE1F81F" box="[917,1024,1804,1828]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBBAB0437FBE1F81F" box="[917,1024,1804,1828]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, because no young juveniles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBD640436FC85F878" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Alioramus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBD640436FA23F81F" box="[1370,1474,1804,1828]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Alioramus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known thus far. Given that both tyrannosaurids occur in the Nemegt Formation and that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBC900476FAF5F858" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[1198,1300,1868,1891]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBC900476FAF5F858" box="[1198,1300,1868,1891]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">B. ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks diagnostic features of either
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994FFFDDBBC80450FB71F8B9" box="[1014,1168,1898,1922]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Alioramus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBBC80450FBBFF8B9" box="[1014,1118,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Alioramus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBCF50451FA79F8B8" author="Brusatte SL & Carr TD & Norell MA" box="[1227,1432,1898,1923]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 197" refId="ref25467" refString="Brusatte SL, Carr TD, Norell MA. The osteology of Alioramus, a gracile and long-snouted tyrannosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2012; 366: 1 - 197. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 770.1" year="2012">
|
||
Brusatte
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBD140451FABDF8B9" box="[1322,1372,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994FFFDDBB0704B1FC42F899" box="[825,931,1930,1954]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFBBACA0994FFFDDBBE204B0FB03F899" author="Hurum JH & Sabath K" box="[988,1250,1930,1954]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" pagination="161 - 90" refId="ref27424" refString="Hurum JH, Sabath K. Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2003; 48: 161 - 90." year="2003">Hurum and Sabath 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which is mostly attributable to the fragmentary nature of the holotype skeleton, we cannot assign
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994EFFDCB90503AAFE1FFF93" box="[315,510,144,168]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ZPAL MgD-I/108</emphasis>
|
||
to any particular species. Some subtle features suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994EFFDCBA29038AFD9EFFFC" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[535,639,176,199]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994EFFDCBA29038AFD9EFFFC" box="[535,639,176,199]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">B. ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be a juvenile of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994EFFDCB8D503F5FEB6FFDC" box="[235,343,207,231]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994EFFDCB8D503F5FEB6FFDC" box="[235,343,207,231]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: e.g. (i) already strongly expanded anterior end of the dentary; (ii) ‘chin’ well demarcated; and (iii) lack of the pneumatic pocket next to the surangular foramen. However, because those features might potentially be a result of intraspecific variability or be more widespread among juvenile tyrannosaurids than currently suspected, we cannot clearly determine whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994EFFDCB9B502B1FE11FE99" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[395,496,395,418]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994EFFDCB9B502B1FE11FE99" box="[395,496,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">B. ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a juvenile of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994EFFDCBAAF02B1FD1BFE98" box="[657,762,395,419]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Tarbosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bataar">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994EFFDCBAAF02B1FD1BFE98" box="[657,762,395,419]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ta. bataar</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994EFFDCB8AC0290FECFFEFA" box="[146,302,426,450]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Alioramus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994EFFDCB8AC0290FF1BFEF9" box="[146,250,426,450]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Alioramus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Thus, we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994EFFDCBA3B0291FD8EFEF9" authority="Osmolska, 1996" authorityName="Osmolska" authorityYear="1996" box="[517,623,427,450]" genus="Bagaraatan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ostromi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994EFFDCBA3B0291FD8EFEF9" box="[517,623,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">B. ostromi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be an indeterminate juvenile representative of the Tyrannosauridae. This assessment might be modified in the future, when more juvenile individuals of tyrannosaurid taxa are known (particularly young individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2AAAD2994EFFDCB989011DFDB4FD04" box="[439,597,551,575]" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Alioramus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95E0D43994EFFDCB989011DFDFEFD04" box="[439,543,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Alioramus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and when the growth series and variability at early life stages are better understood.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |