173 lines
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173 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.568.6721" ID-GBIF-Dataset="632624e7-0ca8-4b3d-99a1-a8b06728600e" ID-PMC="PMC4829671" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-568-87" ID-PubMed="27103875" ID-ZBK="F6635BDF82F64747B04FB3C7387D84BA" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-568-87" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 568" ModsDocTitle="Revision of the Japanese species of Epicephala Meyrick with descriptions of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)" checkinTime="1456309300863" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kawakita, Atsushi & Kato, Makoto" docDate="2016" docId="C3E668A9F693FFC10AB8ACA8172010DE" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 568: 87-118" docOrigin="ZooKeys 568" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.568.6721" docTitle="Epicephala parasitica Kawakita & Kato, 2016, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="7BF0C66B-183D-4042-AE98-F059EA1EA93D" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="105" masterDocId="AE146C59FB36FFE6FF9DED05F863FFC0" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Japanese species of Epicephala Meyrick with descriptions of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)" masterLastPageNumber="118" masterPageNumber="87" pageNumber="102" updateTime="1668162734509" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of the Japanese species of Epicephala Meyrick with descriptions of seven new species (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kawakita, Atsushi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kato, Makoto</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>568</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>87</mods:start>
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<mods:end>118</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.568.6721</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.568.6721</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-568-87</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F6635BDF82F64747B04FB3C7387D84BA</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F6635BDF82F64747B04FB3C7387D84BA</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127877447" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7BF0C66B-183D-4042-AE98-F059EA1EA93D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C3E668A9F693FFC10AB8ACA8172010DE" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="15" pageNumber="102">
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="102" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="102">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Gracillariidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="15" pageNumber="102" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="15" pageNumber="102">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/7BF0C66B-183D-4042-AE98-F059EA1EA93D" class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala parasitica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="102" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parasitica">Epicephala parasitica</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="15" pageNumber="102">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="103" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="103">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="16" pageNumber="103" start="start">Epicephala</pageBreakToken>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. ex
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phyllanthus lepidocarpus" order="Malpighiales" pageId="16" pageNumber="103" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lepidocarpus">Phyllanthus lepidocarpus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="417 - 426" title="Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association." url="10.1098/rspb.2008.1226" volume="276" year="2009">Kawakita and Kato 2009</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" title="Biological Journal of the Linnean Society" url="10.1111/bij.12633" year="2015">Kawakita et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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);
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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sp. 7 (
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllanthus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="16" pageNumber="103" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phyllanthus</taxonomicName>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="417 - 426" title="Mutualism favours higher host specificity than does antagonism in plant-herbivore interaction." url="10.1098/rspb.2010.0355" volume="276" year="2010">Kawakita et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="16" pageNumber="103" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="103">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="103">
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Sexually dimorphic color pattern and fused seventh sternite and tergite are thus far unknown in any species of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="103" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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, making this species highly distinctive within the genus. Overall small size, row of thick spines on ventral margin of cucullus, long spine at cucullus base and numerous short spines on inner cucullus add to the uniqueness of this species in the genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="16" pageNumber="103" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="103">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="103">Wingspan: 5.7-7.5 mm.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="103">
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Head: Females with numerous grayish brown scales on dorsal surface; males with numerous white scales. Labial palpus dark brown to black in females, dark brown in males. Antenna dark brown in females, grayish brown in males, about 1.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as forewing. Trichoid sensilla on female proboscis rudimentary, shorter than width of proboscis, less than 30 per galea.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="103">
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Thorax: Brown dorsally in females, white in males. Forewing of females dark brown with narrow white band on dorsum from base to 1/4 of entire length, medially with narrow white band extending from costa to dorsum; a pair of narrow white bands beginning at costal and dorsal margin near 2/3 of wing and extending obliquely toward wing apex, terminating before reaching mid-width of wing; a narrow silver band with metallic reflection extending from costa to dorsum at 5/6 length; distal 1/6 brown with black dot centrally; distal end fringed with narrow white band and terminating with narrow black band; cilia dark brown. Hindwing of females dark brown, 0.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of forewing; cilia dark brown. Forewing of males brown with narrow white band on dorsum from base to 2/3 of entire length; three pairs of narrow white bands beginning at costal and dorsal margin near 1/2 to 3/4 length of wing and extending obliquely toward wing apex, terminating before reaching mid-width of wing; a narrow silver band with metallic reflection extending from costa to dorsum at 5/6 length; distal 1/6 orange-brown with black dot centrally, franked by short white band near dorsum; distal end fringed with narrow white band and terminating with narrow brown band; cilia grayish brown. Hindwing of males brown, 0.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of forewing; cilia grayish brown.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="16" pageNumber="103">
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Male genitalia: Tegumen rounded triangular. Cucullus rectangular oblong; ventral margin medially concave; basal 1/3 of cucullus fringed with long spines on ventral margin; spines longer than width of cucullus; another distinctly long spine occurring at ventral base of cucullus, 1/2 length of cucullus; distal half of cucullus with numerous short spines on inner surface and few hairs. Sacculus broad, 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width of cucullus, 0.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of cucullus, distinctly concave at apex; concave portion of apex fringed with setae; inner wall of sacculus abruptly projecting inward and curved toward dorso-caudal direction, pointed apically; ventral edge of projection fringed with setae. Vinculum U-shaped; saccus thin and rod-shaped, 0.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of vinculum. Aedeagus straight; cornutus absent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="104" pageId="16" pageNumber="103">
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Female genitalia: Seventh sternite completely fused to seventh tergite to form a cylindrical segment. Caudal end of seventh sternite with row of parallel latitudinal ridges. Lamella postvaginalis trapezoid, dilated toward apex, small, 0.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width and length of seventh sternite, slightly convex and weakly dentate on caudal margin. Antrum smooth, 0.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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width and 0.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of seventh sternite. Ductus bursae as long as seventh sternite, with short lateral sac at base; surface of sac and franking portion of
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<pageBreakToken pageId="17" pageNumber="104" start="start">ductus</pageBreakToken>
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bursae with numerous teeth on surface. Corpus bursae elongate oval, as long as combined antrum and ductus bursae; signum absent. Apophyses posteriores 1.7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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length of apophyses anteriores. Ovipositor dentate laterally, angular at apex.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="17" pageNumber="104" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="17" pageNumber="104">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="105" pageId="17" pageNumber="104">
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46♂, 40♀. Holotype ♀ - JAPAN: Okinawa Prefecture: Yonaguni Island, Sonai (24.468434, 123.002118), 50 m, collected as larvae in fruit of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phyllanthus lepidocarpus" order="Malpighiales" pageId="17" pageNumber="104" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lepidocarpus">Phyllanthus lepidocarpus</taxonomicName>
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and reared to adult, 16.xii.2012 (KYO). Paratypes - same data as holotype, 2♂, 5♀ (KYO). Other specimens - JAPAN: Kagoshima Prefecture: Amami Island, Setsuko, 17.xi.2002, 2♂, 2♀; Okinawa Prefecture: Miyako Island,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="18" pageNumber="105" start="start">Mt</pageBreakToken>
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. Nobaru, 24.ix.2004, 5♂, 3♀; Ishigaki Island, Omoto, 30.ix.2004, 17♂, 11♀; Iriomote Island, Funaura, 5.x.2003, 13♂, 10♀; Iriomote Island, near the mouth of Urauchi River, 29.ix.2004, 6♂, 5♀; Hateruma Island, 17.xii.2012, 1♂, 3♀.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="105" type="dna barcodes">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="105">DNA barcodes.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="105">FJ235386.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="105" type="known host and adult behavior">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="105">Known host and adult behavior.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="105">
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Known only from
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phyllanthus lepidocarpus" order="Malpighiales" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lepidocarpus">Phyllanthus lepidocarpus</taxonomicName>
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. Pollination behavior absent. Oviposition in immature fruit, through ovary wall (Fig. 8I). Larva feeds on seeds.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="105" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="105">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="105">
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Widely distributed in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan (Fig. 9F). The host plant
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phyllanthus lepidocarpus" order="Malpighiales" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lepidocarpus">Phyllanthus lepidocarpus</taxonomicName>
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is a common weed along roadsides and in cultivated land. Although
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Phyllanthaceae" genus="Phyllanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phyllanthus lepidocarpus" order="Malpighiales" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lepidocarpus">Phyllanthus lepidocarpus</taxonomicName>
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also occurs in mainland Japan,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala parasitica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parasitica">Epicephala parasitica</taxonomicName>
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has only been found in the Ryukyu Archipelago.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="105" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="105">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="105">The name parasitica is the female form of the Latin adjective parasiticus (= parasitic), in reference to the parasitic nature of the species.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="18" pageNumber="105" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="105">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="18" pageNumber="105">
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This and the following species (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala nudilingua" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudilingua">Epicephala nudilingua</taxonomicName>
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) belong to a derived clade of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Gracillariidae" genus="Epicephala" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Epicephala" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Epicephala</taxonomicName>
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specialized to herbaceous species of
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Leiothrichidae" genus="Phyllanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phyllanthus" order="Passeriformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="105" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Phyllanthus</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 10). Pollination behavior has not been observed in any of the species in this clade, so they are pure parasites that derived from a pollinating ancestor (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kawakita, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B" pageId="23" pageNumber="110" pagination="417 - 426" title="Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association." url="10.1098/rspb.2008.1226" volume="276" year="2009">Kawakita and Kato 2009</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |