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<mods:title id="8A637930EDAEE4C0EC131122B6A0A585">Revision of the genus Heteranassa Smith, 1899 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Omopterini)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="DDA08ADD332C0ED6183F04F3D9EF2EF4" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Erebidae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E3655351437FF6E1E646E285064FC180" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8E55B230058576A9D7CB2696329A4521" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="E0AED90C47A096F5B0DF67EE76BC52D5" ID-CoL="93NQT" authority="Smith, 1899" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1899" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa Smith, 1899</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="084DF36A17B6F977A1BE7ED1C646595A" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" type="type species">
<paragraph id="204A2966AEF335FA5F05F945A05488B2" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E0E80DC8A17BC3D2A3C25B052E128A00" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="B84CDB296F611A01ADB3F60BDB1C9AE0" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Homoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homoptera mima" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mima">Homoptera mima</taxonomicName>
Harvey, by subsequent designation by
<bibRefCitation id="C631FE1F9649109DCAD1ABC100D64056" author="Nye, IWB" journalOrPublisher="Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, viii" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Generic names of moths of the world" year="1975">Nye 1975</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="00EEE42FDC94F0EDA1D229013D4ABA02" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" type="taxonomy">
<paragraph id="1AB2CA1535ADB7D2FF92A9A25D96A8AB" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Taxonomy.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1D560CD9569408FC003A58816ECB68F8" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="E3376A14D542DC054438F73F4E0A6F7B" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
Smith, 1899: 105;
<bibRefCitation id="65321BA71743B13B7B98222E897ACF9B" author="Smith, JB" journalOrPublisher="American Entomological Society, Philadelphia" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America." year="1903">Smith et al. 1903</bibRefCitation>
: 5;
<bibRefCitation id="2F49C9913885FFC981613870016A1CD0" author="Barnes, W" journalOrPublisher="Herald Press, Decatur, Illinois" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America" url="10.5962/bhl.title.10097" year="1917">Barnes et al. 1917</bibRefCitation>
: 86;
<bibRefCitation id="08B51F18C4B2812E0A6112C3F65862F9" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">McDunnough 1938</bibRefCitation>
: 121;
<bibRefCitation id="1F6BC02D8192ECD883C373CD5753DDC0" author="Kimball, CP" journalOrPublisher="Division of Plant Industry, State of Florida Department of Agriculture" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas. 1. Lepidoptera of Florida." year="1965">Kimball 1965</bibRefCitation>
: 130;
<bibRefCitation id="AA3B274E31BDFEC5D829DD2A71E6AB5D" author="Nye, IWB" journalOrPublisher="Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, viii" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Generic names of moths of the world" year="1975">Nye 1975</bibRefCitation>
: 239;
<bibRefCitation id="5AD4946D8095FDE75FE78819C5EEEF63" author="Franclemont, JG" editor="Hodges, RW" journalOrPublisher="University Press, Cambridge" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="120 - 159" title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico" year="1983">Franclemont and Todd 1983</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="9979BEA51F2EDE969D762783B4E0801E" author="Poole, RW" journalOrPublisher="E. J. Brill, Leiden" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Fascicle 118, Noctuidae." volumeTitle="Lepidopterorum Catalogus" year="1989">Poole 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="5F6FA5C937392E1D3B1D704AD185EB8B" author="Poole, RW" journalOrPublisher="Entomological Information Services, Rockville, Maryland" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="Nomina Insecta Neararctica. A check list of the insects of North America. Vol. 3. Diptera, Lepidoptera, Siphonaptera." year="1996">Poole and Gentili 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="C51F20C498D03457FEC7A4FBD529E0DD" author="Mustelin, T" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 47" title="Taxonomy of southern California Erebidae and Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) with descriptions of twenty one new species." volume="1278" year="2006">Mustelin 2006</bibRefCitation>
: 7;
<bibRefCitation id="98E905D14843F861A915A1CA7F3E4B96" author="Lafontaine, JD" journalOrPublisher="ZooKeys" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 239" title="Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico." url="10.3897/zookeys.40.414" volume="40" year="2010">Lafontaine and Schmidt 2010</bibRefCitation>
: 37;
<bibRefCitation id="93AB097E50D9155DF4A025E6E473AD3E" author="Zahiri, R" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="102 - 124" title="Molecular phylogenetics of the Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea)." url="10.1111/j.1365-3113.2011.00607.x" volume="37" year="2012">Zahiri et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
: 118.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FFFFB18F017A8C532A6A571DF24082A1" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="E92AF8A8F85900150092BCD92BE7C1A7" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="26C47FD9A28D084BB8282F70E5E3BCC4" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
<taxonomicName id="DA0A6AF2149E887EAF4678C584D4F8F3" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
is now the only valid species in the genus. The genus and species can be distinguished from similar genera by the absence of
<normalizedToken id="0E0FCE755D161A56A2CB6B808ED2A6FE" originalValue="spinelike">spine-like</normalizedToken>
setae on the mesothoracic tibia (Fig. 2) (
<bibRefCitation id="3F27A99BA92A5A08D787CDDC1D4C85FA" author="Smith, JB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="101 - 105" title="New species of nocturnal moths of the genus Campometra, and notes." url="10.5479/si.00963801.1184.101" volume="22" year="1899">Smith 1899</bibRefCitation>
). The male genitalia (Figs 3, 4) serve to distinguish
<taxonomicName id="BD2CC41551771C108651F8A97FFD815A" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
from other genera of
<taxonomicName id="8935FA49F8A6915BC7CC7934597F1611" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Erebinae">Erebinae</taxonomicName>
in the southwestern United States by the presence of a setose, membranous costal region of valves (Fig. 3) (
<bibRefCitation id="C4BF770737A6B48AFD671F0E2F599B57" author="Franclemont, JG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="143 - 172" title="New Species and New Genera of Noctuids from Arizona, Texas, and Mexico: The Genera Matigramma and Acritogramma (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Catocalinae)." volume="59" year="1986">Franclemont 1986</bibRefCitation>
), and a
<normalizedToken id="ECB7614B9CC7AEEDBD67C88781B9E34B" originalValue="“D”">&quot;D&quot;</normalizedToken>
shaped, sclerotized saccular process connecting to the saccular region of the valves (Fig. 3). The female genitalia (Fig. 5) does not differ dramatically from other
<taxonomicName id="8157460B2ACF1AC18AFD0906D5B72287" lsidName="" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="tribe" tribe="Omopterini">Omopterini</taxonomicName>
. Male antennae fasciculate (Fig. 6), female antennae filiform. The proboscis (Fig. 7) is well-developed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="05B0A501535F308BA43E0225220B0EC9" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
<paragraph id="B8C6B2309DF9F5FE542D79A0210539D4" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
Figure 2. Middle leg of
<taxonomicName id="803D88A4E6373E863918942313378757" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
, showing middle tibia with spines absent.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="EADDFB849F0C435BB78A5D7C1D1494FF" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
<paragraph id="C5E871D973C2E926CF122DF52B81D0C5" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
Figure 3. Valves,
<taxonomicName id="05060FBDA5D9249E0BA61855E8599C2E" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
, ventral view.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DA72D85B7369F296BB20207911FA3048" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
<paragraph id="20B8F7DFE0715D49C07F7B5F710C8712" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Figure 4. Aedeagus with vesica everted, showing diverticula.</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="E00FA3E843CC6845D9BF94F3B552F4B6" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
<paragraph id="7720899C9E4B0368E155EE4055E067F0" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
Figure 5. Female genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="565E55B2ECC1C1FBE988026DC1C9A6EA" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="37B7F5332BE56F89DF0AF7D8F3C10BAD" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
<paragraph id="BBD3E1807C3B5CE585E07A91D316BC8E" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
Figure 6. Fasciculate antenna of male
<taxonomicName id="60DF1D061BC19E4759BC8B9C18D11460" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8FE4ACBFC061B694FC4A42E55051772A" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
<paragraph id="90957608F055243437361C64D1F05C20" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
Figure 7. SEM of
<taxonomicName id="F6AE374BD2E807A72FB7C28256125DB5" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
proboscis, showing sensilla styloconica.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="E38094D788624BE3B158DD5CFFCB913E" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="9CE372D0230F44C3AA8D7C3F79BDA57A" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Eubolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eubolina impartialis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impartialis">Eubolina impartialis</taxonomicName>
Harvey,
<taxonomicName id="770AAE99E425F2997F9BB93BB718CEE1" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Matigramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Matigramma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Matigramma</taxonomicName>
species,
<taxonomicName id="E9F398C4B4155C490A05A2B6CD1BCD9E" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Acritogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acritogramma metaleuca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metaleuca">Acritogramma metaleuca</taxonomicName>
(Hampson),
<taxonomicName id="0EE4E785D9C2690E4FE4D1833D4D580F" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Toxonprucha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxonprucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Toxonprucha</taxonomicName>
species and
<taxonomicName id="831CF50572636687E7116618923D9D75" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Coxina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coxina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coxina</taxonomicName>
species are frequently misidentified as
<taxonomicName id="CB5A7546028E78F4C078CCE532775E47" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
. Of these,
<taxonomicName id="194926E9315364E2A109AAD8363542C3" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Acritogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acritogramma metaleuca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metaleuca">Acritogramma metaleuca</taxonomicName>
is the most similar to
<taxonomicName id="B707B6571C0A550DE865FC3348ECA094" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="ADD09F398DFDF8D77959B9C4F5B5D1A7" author="Franclemont, JG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="143 - 172" title="New Species and New Genera of Noctuids from Arizona, Texas, and Mexico: The Genera Matigramma and Acritogramma (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Catocalinae)." volume="59" year="1986">Franclemont 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="0A55C84CFF2BC2CC867C2A68326862E3" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Acritogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acritogramma metaleuca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metaleuca">Acritogramma metaleuca</taxonomicName>
can be most easily distinguished by the presence of spine-like setae on the mesothoracic tibia, and there are also subtle differences in wing pattern (
<bibRefCitation id="95462F972A6372EEBFD118238118CE9D" author="Franclemont, JG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="143 - 172" title="New Species and New Genera of Noctuids from Arizona, Texas, and Mexico: The Genera Matigramma and Acritogramma (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Catocalinae)." volume="59" year="1986">Franclemont 1986</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="8BEFFF386EE0CC84425AC4EDAD06A62E" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Acritogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acritogramma metaleuca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metaleuca">Acritogramma metaleuca</taxonomicName>
has no brown lines or shading on the forewing, and the discal spot is distinctly lunulate.
<taxonomicName id="63E535ADF22B8B78BE0C8F95DDCCC158" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Eubolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eubolina impartialis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impartialis">Eubolina impartialis</taxonomicName>
is similar to both
<taxonomicName id="87426D39279CEA220C329AD82D676BFA" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BEAF76754B7240E0D1E34D2CD6F4FFEB" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Acritogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Acritogramma metaleuca" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metaleuca">Acritogramma metaleuca</taxonomicName>
but has a brownish ground color on the hindwings, instead of grayish white, and spine-like setae on the mesothoracic tibia. From southern Texas into Mexico,
<taxonomicName id="E008C8CA0A73DCACD175A6FB9A2C723B" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
may be confused with
<normalizedToken id="1CF11280D70C5E84C6F3625DFA76F00F" originalValue="cooccurring">co-occurring</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName id="826408C9D16D8AD68FD2FD4155BC6759" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Coxina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coxina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coxina</taxonomicName>
species. This genus shows affinities to
<taxonomicName id="4ECE12991548C4F48626C94001CDF4AC" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
in forewing pattern and genitalia, but a lighter hindwing ground color serves to separate
<taxonomicName id="8F55B7AA94F82C977CE05B6A75B677A5" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
. Additionally, similarities in wing pattern and genital morphology suggest a relationship to the Caribbean and South American genus
<taxonomicName id="B9BE6233FAAAA96A94216FB8552943F7" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Elousa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elousa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elousa</taxonomicName>
Walker. The ranges of
<taxonomicName id="0452000BB331E7AFE7C7D9C1AAE0B753" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="27A46284C26E9BB6007645D72048B21E" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Elousa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elousa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elousa</taxonomicName>
may overlap in southern Mexico.
<taxonomicName id="CD5B934414BC0A5B91A18F1C5227F52F" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Elousa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elousa" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elousa</taxonomicName>
can be separated from
<taxonomicName id="2BFF9E21CD58567D04952AA1C24AE488" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
by its smaller size, and the light gray to white mottling of the forewings.
<taxonomicName id="4FC34FF811CA13785083277EE62B2F0D" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Toxonprucha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Toxonprucha" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Toxonprucha</taxonomicName>
species are generally smaller than
<taxonomicName id="904B6A89D2539CA19F8B43EDD29EDB42" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
, and they possess hindwings with a darker ground color and more distinct patterning than those of
<taxonomicName id="B379CD500F54B1BE40C49760047D3903" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
. A key to
<taxonomicName id="3D3613621BB9D882674651A1C64B383E" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
and similar species is provided below.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6C3F26415C61030436380EE8B2E4A4AD" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" type="taxonomic history">
<paragraph id="B1FCEA2396DC4F91F5DF8AC43D5CF849" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">Taxonomic history.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="63E945BD048DFB3D99D440F6D526C692" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="3" pageNumber="34">
<bibRefCitation id="EF883D2287A67716656925E1B931CF19" author="Harvey, LF" journalOrPublisher="The Canadian Entomologist" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="154 - 156" title="New Noctuidae." url="10.4039/Ent8154-8" volume="8" year="1876">Harvey (1876)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="02F204C94F43137D6D752D2FE499E86E" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Homoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homoptera mima" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mima">Homoptera mima</taxonomicName>
from a single female from Texas, listing Belfrage as the source of the specimen. He referred the species to the genus
<taxonomicName id="896D4AFE41D0CF51DCB9F9F72FDE712D" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Homoptera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Homoptera" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Homoptera</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="A59946689B2FEE9918761D524F14800A" originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
, but did not mention any characters used to determine generic placement.
<bibRefCitation id="8F028A66C2F9D6CD7D355E27BB595801" author="Grote, AR" journalOrPublisher="New York" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" title="New Check List of North American Moths" year="1882">Grote (1882)</bibRefCitation>
, in a checklist, moved
<taxonomicName id="051925CC236656E6A7B78F7A11685CDC" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
to the genus
<taxonomicName id="0A984838CFD9A5EA4D0B3E37DA39A8CA" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Eubolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eubolina" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eubolina</taxonomicName>
Harvey, 1875, again without any mention of characters used.
<bibRefCitation id="F8E7E03AA7BC0B9BC08A935075F54700" author="Smith, JB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="101 - 105" title="New species of nocturnal moths of the genus Campometra, and notes." url="10.5479/si.00963801.1184.101" volume="22" year="1899">Smith (1899)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="11BFB3943DB5A1D7A9245BDFE5C903D6" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa fraterna" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="fraterna">Heteranassa fraterna</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="0A5DB6854DDE4DE37EA2B39948138978" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa minor" pageId="3" pageNumber="34" rank="species" species="minor">Heteranassa minor</taxonomicName>
and placed these species in the genus
<taxonomicName id="9EA1E5BB0DF85FDB4AC0F277F4EC8844" genus="Campometra" lsidName="Campometra" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken id="FD1894E5764893E9068659AFD28B734B" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" start="start">Campometra</pageBreakToken>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="04345488B356FC147F6475E6A7AF2B5A" originalValue="Guenée">Guenee</normalizedToken>
, 1852.
<taxonomicName id="8A074D6244AC64FCACDA2F2617BC62D5" genus="Campometra" lsidName="Campometra fraterna" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="fraterna">Campometra fraterna</taxonomicName>
was described from a series of six
<normalizedToken id="7000AC6F6642AA53946200E4958CA474" originalValue="lightlymarked">lightly-marked</normalizedToken>
specimens collected in Death Valley, California., and a single specimen from Catalina Springs, Arizona.
<taxonomicName id="ABE55A405EC4E5B7E7FEEBC6927BDA3B" genus="Campometra" lsidName="Campometra minor" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="minor">Campometra minor</taxonomicName>
was described from a series of five small female specimens collected in Arizona. Smith described these two species as new based on differences in size, coloration, and patterning.
<bibRefCitation id="BC88398A140D3774459A3106DB1050CF" author="Smith, JB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="101 - 105" title="New species of nocturnal moths of the genus Campometra, and notes." url="10.5479/si.00963801.1184.101" volume="22" year="1899">Smith (1899)</bibRefCitation>
proposed the genus
<taxonomicName id="CE2821212E879F54D13AF1AFADE5BC80" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
to circumscribe
<taxonomicName id="CBDCAE725B20EB3B6039A164ADFAD487" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F0BA9C5E82EB085E9D54A3AF4D53FFB5" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa fraterna" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="fraterna">Heteranassa fraterna</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="CFBAC4DF891F820E5D3703B24325FF3E" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa minor" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="minor">Heteranassa minor</taxonomicName>
based on the absence of
<pageBreakToken id="E09E7853046996EBA7FEA816DE104D43" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" start="start">spine</pageBreakToken>
-like setae on the mesothoracic tibia in these three species.
<bibRefCitation id="2E793865F82B697FBC53CEE68FFBDC1D" author="Smith, JB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" pagination="101 - 105" title="New species of nocturnal moths of the genus Campometra, and notes." url="10.5479/si.00963801.1184.101" volume="22" year="1899">Smith (1899)</bibRefCitation>
wrote, &quot;I prefer leaving them with
<taxonomicName id="9E75985EDC92ACD8223B64EE60FEFCFC" genus="Campometra" lsidName="Campometra" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" rank="genus">Campometra</taxonomicName>
temporarily, until all of the allied genera can be carefully studied, but suggest the term
<taxonomicName id="63D64830218009460793504E7D243DA6" genus="Heternassa" lsidName="Heternassa" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" rank="genus">Heternassa</taxonomicName>
in case generic separation seems desirable.&quot; These three species were formally referred to
<taxonomicName id="E5938A66320660BA3715EED710F546B0" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EDCFC422A25BB2A50B381194CD8DB3BD" author="Smith, JB" journalOrPublisher="American Entomological Society, Philadelphia" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" title="Check list of the Lepidoptera of Boreal America." year="1903">Smith et al. (1903)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="91EC7B71EC479F510A859EC5BBB4C2E8" author="Todd, EL" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1645" pageId="15" pageNumber="46" title="The noctuid type material of John. B. Smith. (Lepidoptera)" year="1982">Todd (1982)</bibRefCitation>
reviewed
<normalizedToken id="42C0787651D8E2597764BCD8FD26BC59" originalValue="Smiths">Smith's</normalizedToken>
type series and designated lectotypes for
<taxonomicName id="B1479C6B5C0284604E6B868EA9D664DA" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa minor" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="minor">Heteranassa minor</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="52DBC418E3920E7470B14C71688BBA1A" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa fraterna" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="fraterna">Heteranassa fraterna</taxonomicName>
. The pupa of
<taxonomicName id="989E5D59A9DD68E8A5527AEB57A64456" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
was first described by
<bibRefCitation id="2D9C7CF107110D8A930BC646E2DFDEC5" author="Comstock, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="60 - 66" title="Brief notes on the life histories of six California moths." volume="54" year="1955">Comstock (1955)</bibRefCitation>
, and
<bibRefCitation id="278B3FB17C46AC4591D0364182BED4AD" author="Crumb, SE" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" title="The larvae of the Phalaenidae." volume="1135" year="1956">Crumb (1956)</bibRefCitation>
gave a description of the larva of
<taxonomicName id="3BB561B447BC13687030A01CA450E5E6" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" rank="genus">Heteranassa</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4E5628514B6611C78E3DD91A00375119" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
In his study of southern California
<taxonomicName id="90DC4F9034CAF43879072D92ED6B488C" lsidName="Noctuoidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" rank="superfamily" superfamily="Noctuoidea">Noctuoidea</taxonomicName>
,
<bibRefCitation id="164EB8A09C7B227F913857B920A21635" author="Mustelin, T" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 47" title="Taxonomy of southern California Erebidae and Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) with descriptions of twenty one new species." volume="1278" year="2006">Mustelin (2006)</bibRefCitation>
determined
<taxonomicName id="C65623EE854721BDEA3995E16B547386" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa minor" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="minor">Heteranassa minor</taxonomicName>
to be a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="19F3A2CD991DFD67AFC4C0144D3278B4" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa fraterna" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="fraterna">Heteranassa fraterna</taxonomicName>
. He found no differences in genital morphology between the types of
<taxonomicName id="4198E6F732B841A8F599BB4E378F1E0D" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa fraterna" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="fraterna">Heteranassa fraterna</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="A1C0BBD7CF99E9FE5434906725D33B3E" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa minor" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="minor">Heteranassa minor</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="7090C805A2BBC2DE6837C6B3D41849BE" author="Mustelin, T" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 47" title="Taxonomy of southern California Erebidae and Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) with descriptions of twenty one new species." volume="1278" year="2006">Mustelin 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="60A263FE7CF598ACCE97B010DABD0844" author="Mustelin, T" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="14" pageNumber="45" pagination="1 - 47" title="Taxonomy of southern California Erebidae and Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) with descriptions of twenty one new species." volume="1278" year="2006">Mustelin (2006)</bibRefCitation>
did not examine the type specimen of
<taxonomicName id="84284FCDE9E65088F0E076A488D3928E" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
, located in the Natural History Museum, London.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E2E521BF45527A1954D0370A7DE4F7E5" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" type="description">
<paragraph id="0D9454DD8617FC6D2B1F27D651A8C30A" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8FB73A7EC87A3070087E9C032ECE9521" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="5" pageNumber="36">
Adult male (Fig. 8): Head: front smooth scaled, vertex scales erect, elongate; labial palpi elongate, erect, three segments; area of frons behind labial palpi unscaled with domed center; antennae (Fig. 6) fasciculate, smooth scaled, conspicuous sensory setae on ventral surface; eyes smooth; proboscis well developed, coiled between labial palpi (Fig. 7). Thorax: smooth scaled dorsum; ventrally lighter; thick tuft of hairs arising below base of forewing. Legs: smooth scaled; prothoracic tibia with spatulate epiphysis, flattened hairs on ventral surface; mesothoracic tibia with thick tuft of scales, expanded distally, pair of spurs at distal end, spine-like setae absent; metathoracic tibia with pair of spurs mesially and at distal end; tarsi with three rows of spine-like setae. Forewing: 9.7-14.9 mm; antemedial line pointed apically on anal vein; medial line black, pointed mesially on radial, cubital, and anal veins; postmedial line black, outlining apical half of discal area; subterminal line brown, jagged, bordering lighter colored terminal area; terminal line scalloped outwardly at termini of veins, apical margin traced in lighter coloration; fringe scalloped apically at termini of veins; reniform spot markings range from white spot (Fig. 9), to thin white vertical dash (Fig. 10), to a barely visible dash (Figs 8, 11), or black (Fig. 12). Hind wing: ground color gray-white, darker shading distally; terminal line black, scalloped apically at termini of veins; fringe light gray, with dark shading between termini of M3 and CuA2 and between termini of 2A and 3A. Abdomen: segments 1 through 4 tufted dorsally. Genitalia (Figs 3, 4): Tegumen slightly excurved dorsally, lateral processes at distal end of each arm, process dorsally at distal end; uncus sparsely setose, curved, pointed; tuba analis membranous; scaphium sclerotized, tuba analis opening apically; juxta lightly sclerotized, excurved ventrally; transtilla membranous; vinculum U-shaped, mesial margin heavily sclerotized towards articulation with tegumen, widened in middle; valves conjoined basally, sclerotized basally, membranous distally; sacculus sclerotized; saccular process extended dorsally connected to membranous costal region; sclerotized part of valve with
<normalizedToken id="1CE845C97D5C0545C29643CA8CD34367" originalValue="fingerlike">finger-like</normalizedToken>
extension half distance from base; base of costa with a looped sclerite, connected to saccular process; aedeagus curved, narrowed apically, rounded anteriorly, dorsally sclerotized, ventrally membranous, dorsal surfaces undulating apically, apex pointed; ductus seminalis on ventral side; vesica membranous, without setae or cornuti, not elongated,four diverticula: one subbasal, two medial, and one apical. Adult Female: (Figs 7-10, 12) forewing length 11.0-16.7 mm. Exterior similar to male, except antennae filiform, mesothoracic tibiae not expanded distally. Genitalia: (Fig. 5)
<pageBreakToken id="EAA970EDC4EEC950D7B4A014C936602E" pageId="6" pageNumber="37" start="start">papilla</pageBreakToken>
analis membranous, rounded apically, setae stout, variable length; posterior apophysis extending just beyond anterior margin of 8th abdominal segment, apically curved inwards; anterior apophysis ca. 0.5
<normalizedToken id="3C67BC102DF480A7D0D69FC0282BBD00" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
length of posterior apophysis, paddle-shaped apex; anal tube: interior lining of anal tube with many rows of minute spines directed anteriorly on dorsal wall, ventral wall densely covered with shark-tooth-like tubercles; intersegmen
<pageBreakToken id="5830FF76BAADB5E4A3DB7DC9958608AA" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" start="start">tal</pageBreakToken>
membrane with many shark-tooth-like tubercles; 8th abdominal segment ringed with stout setae caudally; ostium bursae lightly sclerotized; antrum circular, membranous; ductus bursae reduced, membranous; corpus bursae elongate, membranous.
</paragraph>
<caption id="3D1FC6E8C650A2B3FD3DCA65BB9B57F8" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
<paragraph id="CDAA5CEF515E4005926BE655CC6FA15C" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
Figure 8. Male
<taxonomicName id="B879AF44BFC9790D727DEB270079E695" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
, showing complete FW maculation. Cuatrocienagas, Coahuila, Mexico, June.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="8D4D13B36984E6F8B8ABB1BF72C3F01D" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
<paragraph id="028C0AB34794647C5D247F3F81A10428" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
Figure 9. FW with dark ground color, white reniform spot, AM, medial, and PM lines very faint. Female
<taxonomicName id="F5D3C447089DA5CAA9F747FDEA5B9E87" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
, Inyo Co. CA, February.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="D8A27B99B0120807040EB5D34AE4911A" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
<paragraph id="548BC1E7D1415197685D11B0D2EC0D2E" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
Figure 10. Thin, white dash in reniform, AM, medial lines visible, PM line extremely faint. Female
<taxonomicName id="FCC8D97D4893F4892EFC8A933A743DEB" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
, Maricopa Co. Arizona, March.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2592A30BE180C5A9E0C00E2411363E99" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
<paragraph id="B403E823873C9AD08FEA2A9244DB64E8" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
Figure 11. Thin, white reniform dash barely visible, PM line faint, AM, medial lines barely visible. Female
<taxonomicName id="919E592A533A98C595B80DE434F7039D" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
, San Bernadino Co., California, April.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="543B619B745E41D8F7EC3AF3DA6ED5A3" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
<paragraph id="6601FEE34FD51504CA9A4EFEE19DB3A9" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">
Figure 12. Tan FW ground color, AM, medial, PM lines absent. Female
<taxonomicName id="61D1AACD24C054615469CB9A011A2921" genus="Heteranassa" lsidName="Heteranassa mima" pageId="7" pageNumber="38" rank="species" species="mima">Heteranassa mima</taxonomicName>
, Inyo Co., CA, February.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="76294594178008FC53D59B2EC39ABA4F" pageId="7" pageNumber="38">Eggs. Dark bluish gray, ~1/2 mm diameter; captured females laid eggs singly or in groups of less than five in crevices of host plant bark, or singly on sides of enclosing container.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0D5184056995A5D0F93A278927E656F2" pageId="8" pageNumber="39">
<pageBreakToken id="975C718557321F26A1293DC34EFED098" pageId="8" pageNumber="39" start="start">Larvae</pageBreakToken>
. Variable in color; eggs developed into adults within five weeks; observations are consistent with
<bibRefCitation id="92B79F36A935857DBFA41004C2627CE1" author="Comstock, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" pagination="60 - 66" title="Brief notes on the life histories of six California moths." volume="54" year="1955">Comstock (1955)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="6654E90647D27B323B68F8A3DFF6EA07" author="Crumb, SE" journalOrPublisher="U. S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin" pageId="13" pageNumber="44" title="The larvae of the Phalaenidae." volume="1135" year="1956">Crumb (1956)</bibRefCitation>
. Larvae pupated before high-quality photographs could be taken.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>