447 lines
51 KiB
XML
447 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="3F5AE0EB0202DCC1350421B6F34B2130" ID-CLB-Dataset="265962" ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.612.2.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="89858ca6-85d7-489a-97dc-a6e49f2d7410" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8323484" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="jonas" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="jonas" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="jonas" IM.treatments_approvedBy="jonas" checkinTime="1694067806183" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Tobias, Adriane B., Thorogood, Chris J. & Malabrigo Jr, Pastor L." docDate="2023" docId="600687B45F41FFE2FF28FF22AEBEAC38" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.612.2.5.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 612 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.612.2.5" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.7:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Rafflesia banaoana A.B.Tobias, Thorogood & Malabrigo, stat. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="207" masterDocId="9C3FFFCC5F45FFE4FFA0FFD6AF0BAE7C" masterDocTitle="The reinstatement of Rafflesia banaoana (Rafflesiaceae), and implications for assessing species diversity and conservation requirements of the world's largest flowers" masterLastPageNumber="216" masterPageNumber="201" pageNumber="205" updateTime="1694109006346" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="12C29FB13FCFC51BD987F0B84393B40B">
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<mods:title id="F66239BBA56549FC7EC1B51C3D110A41">The reinstatement of Rafflesia banaoana (Rafflesiaceae), and implications for assessing species diversity and conservation requirements of the world's largest flowers</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="6EDE503A6396BE1CBB99099591B2EF92">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="DBAFA4F02B2500D49FA44B867E3BE82A">Tobias, Adriane B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="6393E5947C3700F40070BDB794AB79DE" type="ORCID">0000-0003-3134-7982</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="83CD12F1539009B50C783811DBC9D473">Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031 Philippines & Graduate School, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031 Philippines & abtobias @ up. edu. ph; abtobias. research @ outlook. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 3134 - 7982</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="0988A749D39CA2867B1A959237A88575" type="email">abtobias@up.edu.ph</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="C6229E7A7AB6DBCBF3046A86E4B4ECA8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="80D85D6055E2803698D50FD920055151">Thorogood, Chris J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="178BCD0AD74E721AD97F4201D290BC99" type="ORCID">0000-0002-2822-0182</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="90436E5E3CB875AB44EEB9DF59E585AD">University of Oxford Botanic Garden, Rose Lane, Oxford, OX 1 4 AZ & University of Oxford Department of Biology, Zoology Research and Administration Building, 11 a Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX 1 3 SZ & chris. thorogood @ obg. ox. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 2822 - 0182</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="AA5B08ABB388206F8D040064AA342E44" type="email">chris.thorogood@obg.ox.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="6DE673E708B12E99CD2C7E2B9661CDBB">Malabrigo Jr, Pastor L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="238EBA73F52882E4002E17813BDFE4BC" type="ORCID">0000-0002-4254-751X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="CE9C0D250C777B00C8E536B5F3B6C2E2">Department of Forest Biological Sciences, College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031 Philippines & Museum of Natural History, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031 Philippines & Land Grant Management Office, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, 4031 Philippines & plmalabrigo @ up. edu. ph; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4254 - 751 X</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5756B72E6724F4A5B9CFCFB73C3463BC" type="email">plmalabrigo@up.edu.ph</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="3E1956AB564B436381C011479AE92C86">Phytotaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CEC7AB4B15A83243EDCE76477E307DD9">
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<mods:date id="CD3817B1FCF3BC2B284E341C7BEA0FFD">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="27FAB69E75C7E07D5D8A618FE2024A36">2023-09-05</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="2B53222F46A12D66DAA09935905F9A07">612</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="A0EE84CF65DA0CA9583B24FEF60451DA">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.612.2.5</mods:url>
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<treatment id="600687B45F41FFE2FF28FF22AEBEAC38" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8326687" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8326687" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:600687B45F41FFE2FF28FF22AEBEAC38" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/600687B45F41FFE2FF28FF22AEBEAC38" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="207" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<subSubSection id="A0B565295F41FFE0FF28FF22AAA0AF73" box="[136,1451,244,271]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E81036A25F41FFE0FF28FF22AAA0AF73" blockId="4.[136,1451,244,393]" box="[136,1451,244,271]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FF28FF22AEABAF73" bold="true" box="[136,416,244,271]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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1.
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<taxonomicName id="2FAF4D215F41FFE0FF1DFF22AA36AF72" ID-CoL="793G8" authority="(Malabrigo) A.B.Tobias, Thorogood & Malabrigo" authorityName="A.B.Tobias, Thorogood & Malabrigo" baseAuthorityName="Malabrigo" box="[189,1341,244,271]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banaoana">
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<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FF1DFF22AEABAF73" bold="true" box="[189,416,244,271]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Rafflesia banaoana</emphasis>
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(Malabrigo, Asia Life Sciences 4:139–146) A.B.Tobias, Thorogood & Malabrigo
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="C1E857CB5F41FFE0FAE4FF23AAA0AF73" box="[1348,1451,245,271]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FAE4FF23AAAFAF72" box="[1348,1444,245,270]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">stat. nov</emphasis>
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.
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A0B565295F41FFE0FF28FECEAFF9AF4E" box="[136,242,280,308]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E81036A25F41FFE0FF28FECEAFF9AF4E" blockId="4.[136,1451,244,393]" box="[136,242,280,308]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<heading id="B35881CE5F41FFE0FF28FECEAFF9AF4E" bold="true" box="[136,242,280,308]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" reason="1">
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<figureCitation id="70942A275F41FFE0FF28FECEAFF9AF4E" box="[136,242,280,308]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="4.[136,229,1210,1232]" captionStartId-1="5.[136,229,1410,1432]" captionTargetBox-0="[394,1196,429,1174]" captionTargetBox-1="[410,1179,573,1379]" captionTargetId-0="figure-88@4.[379,1208,419,1186]" captionTargetId-1="figure-228@5.[402,1185,569,1385]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Rafflesia banaoana. A. Female flower. B. Cross section showing the processes, annulus structure and ovary. C. Annulus interior of female flower. D. Disk undersurface of male flower. E. Processes. F. Ramenta near the base of perigone tube. Drawn from Tobias 2019-1 (LBC) and Tobias 2019-2 (PNH) by C.J.Thorogood" captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Rafflesia banaoana. A1. Dissected male flower bud. A2. Flower bud. B. Lateral view of the perigone lobes with bracts. B. Female flower. d1. Enlarged view of the surface of perigone lobes with warts. d2. Enlarged view of the diaphragm’s surface. E1. Dissected perigone tube showing filiform ramenta. E2. Simple filiform with few lobed ramenta in the lower perigone tube. E3. Shallowly and deeply-bilobed and multi-lobed with few merged ramenta in the middle perigone tube. E4. Multi-lobed, merged and fence-like ramenta in the upper perigone tube and near the diaphragm’s aperture. F. Dissected female flower showing the characters of the processes, disk, column, annulus structure and ovary. G1. Annulus structure of male flower.’ G2. Disk under surface showing anthers embedded in sulci. G3. Annulus structure of female flower. G4. Stigmatic surface. H1. Column of male flower showing conspicuous processes pointed towards the margin of the disk. H2. Top view of the processes. H3 and H4. Processes of female flower with apical hairs. H5. Enlarged view of the column showing short hairs on disk’s rim and bristles on the disk’s undersurface and annulus interior. and I. Tetrastigma cf. sepulchrei, host of R. banaoana. Photo credits:A1, A2, B, C, E1, E2, E3, E4, F, G3, G4, I—A.B. Tobias. D1, D2, G1, G2, H1-H4—G.K. Penetrante" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8323486" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8323488" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8323486/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8323488/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FF28FECEAFF9AF4E" bold="true" box="[136,242,280,308]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Figs. 2‒3</emphasis>
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</figureCitation>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="A0B565295F41FFE0FF28FEEFAEE5AF32" box="[136,494,313,334]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="E81036A25F41FFE0FF28FEEFAEE5AF32" blockId="4.[136,1451,244,393]" box="[136,494,313,334]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FF28FEEFAEE5AF32" box="[136,494,313,334]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60478521–2</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A0B565295F41FFE0FF28FE81AC8DAFF5" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="E81036A25F41FFE0FF28FE81AC8DAFF5" blockId="4.[136,1451,244,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<materialsCitation id="58C73CFF5F41FFE0FF28FE81AC8DAFF5" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FF28FE81AC8DAFF5" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FF28FE81AFB4AF10" bold="true" box="[136,191,343,364]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Type:</emphasis>
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—
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||
<collectingCountry id="90B876325F41FFE0FF78FE81AE6EAF10" box="[216,357,343,364]" name="Philippines" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">PHILIPPINES</collectingCountry>
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. Luzon Island,
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<collectingRegion id="2A6BF8405F41FFE0FE56FE80ADA9AF10" box="[502,674,342,364]" country="Philippines" name="Kalinga" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Kalinga Province</collectingRegion>
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, Balbalan Municipality, Barangay Balbalasang, Sitio Cafcafulao, Banao Protected Landscape,
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<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FE9BFEA2AE89AFF5" box="[315,386,372,393]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.361" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="m" value="1361.0">1361 m</quantity>
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elev.,
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<date id="9C1110625F41FFE0FE60FEA2AD4BAFF5" box="[448,576,372,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" value="2009-05-04">04 May 2009</date>
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, Malabrigo 605 (
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<typeStatus id="371488005F41FFE0FD48FEA2AC35AFF5" box="[744,830,372,393]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<collectionCode id="8EBEAE675F41FFE0FCE9FEA2AC7CAFF5" box="[841,887,372,393]" country="Philippines" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14633" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14633" name="University of the Philippines at Los Baños" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" type="Herbarium">LBC</collectionCode>
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!)
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</emphasis>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<caption id="BCD0662A5F41FFE0FF28FB6CAC03AB64" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8323486" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8323486" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8323486/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" startId="4.[136,229,1210,1232]" targetBox="[394,1196,429,1174]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="E81036A25F41FFE0FF28FB6CAC03AB64" blockId="4.[136,1452,1210,1304]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FF28FB6CAFF4AAB3" bold="true" box="[136,255,1210,1232]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FEAEFB6CAED9AAB3" box="[270,466,1210,1231]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FAF4D215F41FFE0FEAEFB6CAEC5AAB3" authorityName="Malabrigo" authorityYear="2010" box="[270,462,1210,1231]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banaoana">Rafflesia banaoana</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FE79FB6CAEFAAAB3" bold="true" box="[473,497,1210,1231]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">A.</emphasis>
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||
Female flower.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FD31FB6DADACAAAC" bold="true" box="[657,679,1211,1232]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">B.</emphasis>
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||
Cross section showing the processes, annulus structure and ovary.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FA9BFB6CAA59AAAC" bold="true" box="[1339,1362,1210,1232]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">C.</emphasis>
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Annulus interior of female flower.
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||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FE27FB09AE95AA88" bold="true" box="[391,414,1247,1268]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">D.</emphasis>
|
||
Disk undersurface of male flower.
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||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FD5CFB09AC19AA88" bold="true" box="[764,786,1247,1268]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">E.</emphasis>
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Processes.
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||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FC25FB09AC9CAA88" bold="true" box="[901,919,1247,1268]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">F.</emphasis>
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||
Ramenta near the base of perigone tube. Drawn from
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||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FF28FAD4AE19AB64" box="[136,274,1282,1304]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Tobias 2019-1</emphasis>
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||
(LBC) and
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||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FE25FAD4AD06AB64" box="[389,525,1282,1304]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Tobias 2019-2</emphasis>
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||
(PNH) by C.J.Thorogood
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
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||
<subSubSection id="A0B565295F41FFE1FF28FA91AA5EAC5C" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="206" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E81036A25F41FFE1FF28FA91AA5EAC5C" blockId="4.[136,1452,1351,2061]" lastBlockId="5.[136,1452,158,545]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="206" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FF28FA91AE3BAB1D" box="[136,304,1351,1377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">
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||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FF28FA91AE05AB1D" bold="true" box="[136,270,1351,1377]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Description</emphasis>
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:—
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</emphasis>
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Endophytic holoparasite (devoid of leaves).
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<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FC94FA91ACCCAB1D" bold="true" box="[820,967,1351,1377]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Mature bud</emphasis>
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<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FC72FA91AB4EAB1D" box="[978,1093,1351,1377]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="17.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="16.0">16–18 cm</quantity>
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||
diameter, pale yellowish-pink.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FF28FABCAFD4ABF8" bold="true" box="[136,223,1386,1412]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Cupule</emphasis>
|
||
c.
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FEA5FABDAE5FABF9" box="[261,340,1387,1414]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
high,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FE3FFABDAED2ABF9" box="[415,473,1387,1413]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="9.0">9 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FD89FABDAD7CABF9" bold="true" box="[553,631,1387,1413]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Bracts</emphasis>
|
||
dark brown to black, in a set of 5 imbricate whorls, 5 bracts per layer, outermost smallest, c.
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FE20FA59AEC0ABD5" box="[384,459,1423,1450]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
by
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FE54FA59AD49ABD5" box="[500,578,1423,1450]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
, innermost largest, c.
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FC92FA59AC76ABD5" box="[818,893,1423,1450]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="7.5">7.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
by
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FC06FA59ACE5ABD5" box="[934,1006,1423,1449]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="12.0">12 cm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FC57FA59AB5DABD5" bold="true" box="[1015,1110,1423,1449]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Flowers</emphasis>
|
||
(20–)30–47(–50) cm diameter when fully expanded,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FE22FA65AEF9ABB1" box="[386,498,1459,1486]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 cm</quantity>
|
||
high.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FD9AFA64ADEBABB1" bold="true" box="[570,736,1458,1485]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Perigone tube</emphasis>
|
||
slanted,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FCE6FA65AC92ABB1" box="[838,921,1459,1486]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 cm</quantity>
|
||
long.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FC41FA64AB84ABB1" bold="true" box="[993,1167,1458,1485]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Perigone lobes</emphasis>
|
||
5,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FB13FA65AA28ABB1" box="[1203,1315,1459,1486]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 cm</quantity>
|
||
by 10–16(– 20) cm,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FF45FA01AE44AB8D" box="[229,335,1495,1521]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="7.0">7–11 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick, reddish-orange in color becoming darker with age, apex slightly recurved, broadly orbicular, basally widely separated (non-overlapping), with margins entire to irregularly repand, covered with conspicuous, large, round and elongated, embossed warts, smaller ones interspersed, white in color becoming concolorous with background with age.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FE24F994AD06A820" bold="true" box="[388,525,1602,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Diaphragm</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FDB5F995AD8EA821" box="[533,645,1603,1629]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="1.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="20.0" valueMax="22.0" valueMin="18.0">18–22 cm</quantity>
|
||
diameter,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FD5DF995AC6DA821" box="[765,870,1603,1630]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide from aperture rim to base of perigone lobe,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FA3DF995AFBFA8FD" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick at base, background concolorous with perigone, outer surface with shallow indentations, small ivory warts regularly scattered around the aperture rim, larger ones appearing elevated due to indentations, mainly near the base of the perigone.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FE83F978AD2BA8B4" bold="true" box="[291,544,1710,1736]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Diaphragm Aperture</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FD88F979AD93A8B5" box="[552,664,1711,1737]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="18.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="16.0">16–20 cm</quantity>
|
||
diameter, rim maroon gradually becoming white towards the margin.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FF28F904AFF3A890" bold="true" box="[136,248,1746,1772]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Windows</emphasis>
|
||
absent.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FEF5F905AEC9A891" bold="true" box="[341,450,1747,1773]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Ramenta</emphasis>
|
||
reddish orange, up to
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FD1FF905AC1CA891" box="[703,791,1747,1774]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, sub-filiform to tuberculate, with few lobed ramenta in the lower perigone tube, shallowly and deeply-bilobed and multi-lobed with few merged ramenta in the middle perigone tube, multi-lobed, merged and fence-like ramenta in the upper perigone tube and near the diaphragm’s aperture.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FAD5F8CCAAA0A948" bold="true" box="[1397,1451,1818,1844]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Disk</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FF28F8E9AFD7A925" box="[136,220,1855,1881]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="8.5" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="8.0">8–9 cm</quantity>
|
||
diameter,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FEF5F8E9AED8A925" box="[341,467,1855,1882]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="1.55" valueMax="1.6" valueMin="1.5">1.5–1.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
thick, reddish-orange becoming darker with age, centrally dome-shaped, rim extended horizontally, margin darker in color, hispidulous, upper surface smooth, shiny, and leathery, with conspicuous processes about
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FF6DF851AE41A9DD" box="[205,330,1927,1954]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="cm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
in height and rudimentary processes of <
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FCBCF851AC52A9DD" box="[796,857,1927,1953]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
height, under surface of male flower reddish-orange, with bristles about
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F41FFE0FEFDF87DAEB1A9B9" box="[349,442,1963,1989]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="205" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
long; female flower white in the middle part with minute brown dots, reddish-orange near the margin.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FEAAF819AE70A995" bold="true" box="[266,379,1999,2025]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Processes</emphasis>
|
||
(13)19–26, concolorous with disk, apex hispidulous, those of the female flower generally shorter, conical, and pointed outwards; those of the male flower longer, conical, flattened apically.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F41FFE0FB07F825AA32A670" bold="true" box="[1191,1337,2034,2061]" pageId="4" pageNumber="205">Male flower</emphasis>
|
||
generally larger in size, without vestigial ovary,
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FD97FF48AD80AEC4" box="[567,651,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">anthers</emphasis>
|
||
18–22,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FD46FF48AC52AEC5" box="[742,857,158,185]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="2.25" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="2.0">2–2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter, globose attached on brown structure about
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FF28FF14AFC7AEA1" box="[136,204,194,221]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, immersed in anther sulci
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FDE1FF14ADBEAEA1" box="[577,693,194,221]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="6.75" valueMax="7.5" valueMin="6.0">6–7.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FC8CFF14ACABAEA1" box="[812,928,194,221]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="5.75" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.5">4.5–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide;
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FC51FF14ABC0AEA0" box="[1009,1227,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">neck of the column</emphasis>
|
||
0.8–1.0 cm height,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FF28FF30AFC9AF7D" box="[136,194,230,257]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
|
||
diameter;
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FE9FFF30AE98AF7C" box="[319,403,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">lamella</emphasis>
|
||
20,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FE6AFF30AD06AF7D" box="[458,525,230,257]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long from the neck margin,
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FCFDFF30ACA2AF7C" box="[861,937,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">lacuna</emphasis>
|
||
(or grooves between the lamella on annulus interior)
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FF4AFEDCAE4DAF59" box="[234,326,266,293]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="5.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="3.0">3–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FE12FEDCAD28AF59" box="[434,547,266,293]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="4.25" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="4.0">4–4.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, hispid;
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FD1FFEDDACD6AF58" box="[703,989,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">interior annulus structure</emphasis>
|
||
smaller than the disk,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FB76FEDCAA36AF59" box="[1238,1341,266,293]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="6.75" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="6.5">6.5–7 cm</quantity>
|
||
diameter, reddish-orange becoming darker towards the margin;
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FD45FEF9AB02AF34" box="[741,1033,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">exterior annulus structure</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FBB1FEF8AB6FAF35" box="[1041,1124,302,329]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
|
||
from the edge of the interior annulus structure, concolorous with the disk’s upper surface, glabrous, forming a hump-like structure that separates the ramenta on the perigone tube.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FE40FEA0AD80AFEC" bold="true" box="[480,651,374,400]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Female flower</emphasis>
|
||
smaller in size, with vestigial grey anthers in narrow grooves of disk’s undersurface;
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FE87FE4CAEFDAFC8" box="[295,502,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">neck of the column</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FE5DFE4CAD52AFC9" box="[509,601,410,437]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6–8 mm</quantity>
|
||
height,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FD12FE4CADE3AFC9" box="[690,744,410,437]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
|
||
diameter, margin lobed;
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FC5EFE4DAA17AFC8" box="[1022,1308,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">interior annulus structure</emphasis>
|
||
smaller than the disk,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FF4DFE68AE5EAFA5" box="[237,341,446,473]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="7.5" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="7.25" valueMax="7.5" valueMin="7.0">7–7.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
in diameter, orange in color, surface glabrous but hispidulous along the margin, and with bristles in the grooves, grooves expanded at the neck,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FDD9FE34ADDCAF81" box="[633,727,482,509]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6–8 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FC80FE34AC75AF81" box="[800,894,482,509]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide;
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FC6CFE35ABFAAF80" box="[972,1265,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">exterior annulus structure</emphasis>
|
||
similar with the male flower,
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FEBBFDD1AE50AC5C" box="[283,347,519,544]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">ovary</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FEC2FDD0AE92AC5D" box="[354,409,518,545]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
|
||
wide,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FE45FDD0AD3AAC5D" box="[485,561,518,545]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
height, lunate-triangular, acutely angled.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FBA4FDD0AB49AC5C" bold="true" box="[1028,1090,518,544]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Fruit</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FBD9FDD0ABBCAC5C" bold="true" box="[1145,1207,518,544]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">seeds</emphasis>
|
||
not observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="BCD0662A5F40FFE1FF28FA54AFE6A97C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8323488" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8323488" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8323488/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" startId="5.[136,229,1410,1432]" targetBox="[410,1179,573,1379]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="E81036A25F40FFE1FF28FA54AFE6A97C" blockId="5.[136,1452,1410,1792]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FF28FA54AFF5ABEB" bold="true" box="[136,254,1410,1432]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FAF4D215F40FFE1FEA5FA54AECAABEB" authorityName="Malabrigo" authorityYear="2010" box="[261,449,1410,1431]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banaoana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FEA5FA54AECAABEB" box="[261,449,1410,1431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Rafflesia banaoana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FE6EFA54AEF9ABEB" bold="true" box="[462,498,1410,1431]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">A1.</emphasis>
|
||
Dissected male flower bud.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FCA7FA54AC20ABEB" bold="true" box="[775,811,1410,1431]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">A2.</emphasis>
|
||
Flower bud.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FC0DFA55ACC8ABE4" bold="true" box="[941,963,1411,1432]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral view of the perigone lobes with bracts.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FA35FA55AAA7ABE4" bold="true" box="[1429,1452,1411,1432]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">B.</emphasis>
|
||
Female flower.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FEBCFA70AE30ABC7" bold="true" box="[284,315,1446,1467]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">d1.</emphasis>
|
||
Enlarged view of the surface of perigone lobes with warts.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FCCDFA70AC8DABC7" bold="true" box="[877,902,1446,1467]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">d2</emphasis>
|
||
. Enlarged view of the diaphragm’s surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FA87FA70AA42ABC7" bold="true" box="[1319,1353,1446,1467]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">E1.</emphasis>
|
||
Dissected perigone tube showing filiform ramenta.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FD80FA1CAD49ABA3" bold="true" box="[544,578,1482,1503]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">E2.</emphasis>
|
||
Simple filiform with few lobed ramenta in the lower perigone tube.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FB54FA1CAA1DABA3" bold="true" box="[1268,1302,1482,1503]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">E3.</emphasis>
|
||
Shallowly and deeply-bilobed and multi-lobed with few merged ramenta in the middle perigone tube.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FC77FA38ACF2A87F" bold="true" box="[983,1017,1518,1539]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">E4.</emphasis>
|
||
Multi-lobed, merged and fence-like ramenta in the upper perigone tube and near the diaphragm’s aperture.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FD45F9C5ADF3A854" bold="true" box="[741,760,1555,1576]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">F.</emphasis>
|
||
Dissected female flower showing the characters of the processes, disk, column, annulus structure and ovary.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FE52F9E0AD1CA830" bold="true" box="[498,535,1590,1612]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">G1.</emphasis>
|
||
Annulus structure of male flower.’
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FCCCF9E0AC9AA830" bold="true" box="[876,913,1590,1612]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">G2.</emphasis>
|
||
Disk under surface showing anthers embedded in sulci.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FF28F98CAFA6A80C" bold="true" box="[136,173,1626,1648]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">G3.</emphasis>
|
||
Annulus structure of female flower.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FDBFF98CAD4FA80C" bold="true" box="[543,580,1626,1648]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">G4.</emphasis>
|
||
Stigmatic surface.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FCA5F98CAC21A813" bold="true" box="[773,810,1626,1647]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">H1.</emphasis>
|
||
Column of male flower showing conspicuous processes pointed towards the margin of the disk.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FE1EF9A8AEE8A8EF" bold="true" box="[446,483,1662,1683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">H2.</emphasis>
|
||
Top view of the processes.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FD54F9A8AC18A8EF" bold="true" box="[756,787,1662,1683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">H3</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FCE3F9A8AC63A8EF" bold="true" box="[835,872,1662,1683]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">H4.</emphasis>
|
||
Processes of female flower with apical hairs.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FA89F9A9AA44A8E8" bold="true" box="[1321,1359,1663,1684]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">H5.</emphasis>
|
||
Enlarged view of the column showing short hairs on disk’s rim and bristles on the disk’s undersurface and annulus interior. and
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FAA4F975AA18A8C4" bold="true" box="[1284,1299,1699,1720]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">I.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FAF4D215F40FFE1FABAF975AFE0A8A7" authorityName="Merrill" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Tetrastigma" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sepulchrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FABAF975AA87A8C4" box="[1306,1420,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Tetrastigma</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FF28F910AFE0A8A7" box="[136,235,1734,1755]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">sepulchrei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, host of
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FE9FF911AECAA8A7" box="[319,449,1734,1756]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FAF4D215F40FFE1FE9FF911AEB6A8A7" authorityName="Malabrigo" authorityYear="2010" box="[319,445,1734,1756]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banaoana">R. banaoana</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Photo credits: A1, A2, B, C, E1, E2, E3, E4, F, G3, G4, I—A.B. Tobias. D1, D2, G1, G2, H1-H4—G.K. Penetrante
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0B565295F40FFE1FF1DF8F8AC38A9ED" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E81036A25F40FFE1FF1DF8F8AC38A9ED" blockId="5.[136,1452,1838,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FF1DF8F8ADE9A935" box="[189,738,1838,1865]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FF1DF8F8AEE2A935" bold="true" box="[189,489,1838,1865]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Distribution and habitat:</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FAF4D215F40FFE1FDA4F8F9ADE9A935" authorityName="Malabrigo" authorityYear="2010" box="[516,738,1839,1865]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banaoana">Rafflesia banaoana</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is endemic to Luzon Island, in tropical montane forests of Cordillera Central (
|
||
<figureCitation id="70942A275F40FFE1FEC3F885AED7A911" box="[355,476,1875,1901]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1223,1245]" captionTargetBox="[409,1178,611,1155]" captionTargetId="figure-226@6.[399,1188,605,1162]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Habitat of Rafflesia banaoana and R. leonardi. A. Overlooking view of mountains in Banao Protected Landscape (BPL). B. Mature flower of R. banaoana (~43 cm across) in Mt. Magadgad. C. Habitat of R. banaoana in Mt. Mapga. D. R. banaoana with the park rangers of BPL. E. Habitat of R. leonardi in Calabgan Watershed Forest Reserve (CWFR) with the locals and staff of the protected area. F. Flower buds of R. leonardi in CWFR. G. Habitat of R. leonardi in Amro River Protected Landscape. H. Vegetation in the type locality of R. leonardi in Mt. Rabuaran, Sitio Kanapawan, Barangay Bolos Point.—Photos by A.B.Tobias" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8323490" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8323490/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FEC3F885AED7A911" bold="true" box="[355,476,1875,1901]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Figs. 4a‒d</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It grows on steep slopes near river at
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F40FFE1FC33F885AB26A911" box="[915,1069,1875,1901]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" unit="m" value="1250.0" valueMax="1400.0" valueMin="1100.0">1100–1400 m</quantity>
|
||
elev. It parasitizes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FAF4D215F40FFE1FAA3F882AEBEA9ED" authority="Merr. (1912: 88)" authorityName="Merrill" authorityPageNumber="88" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Tetrastigma" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sepulchrei">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FAA3F882AA83A911" box="[1283,1416,1876,1901]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Tetrastigma</emphasis>
|
||
cf.
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FF28F8A1AE4AA9ED" box="[136,321,1911,1937]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">sepulchrei Merr.</emphasis>
|
||
(1912:88)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FAF4D215F40FFE1FE4CF8AEAC24A9ED" authority="(Gagnep 1910: 210)" baseAuthorityName="Gagnep" baseAuthorityPageNumber="210" baseAuthorityYear="1910" box="[492,815,1911,1937]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Vitaceae" genus="Tetrastigma" kingdom="Plantae" order="Vitales" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="loheri">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FE4CF8AEAD41A9ED" box="[492,586,1911,1937]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">T. loheri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C3E4B535F40FFE1FDFBF8A1AC2CA9ED" author="Gagnep, F." box="[603,807,1911,1937]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" refId="ref11962" refString="Gagnep, F. (1910) Notulae Systematicae. Herbier du Museum de Paris, Paris. 265 pp." type="book" year="1910">Gagnep 1910:210</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0B565295F40FFE1FF1DF84CAB49A9A5" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E81036A25F40FFE1FF1DF84CAB49A9A5" blockId="5.[136,1452,1838,2009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FF1DF84CAD3EA9C9" box="[189,565,1946,1973]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F40FFE1FF1DF84CAE49A9C9" bold="true" box="[189,322,1946,1973]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="206">Phenology:</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FAF4D215F40FFE1FEFCF84DAD3EA9C9" authorityName="Malabrigo" authorityYear="2010" box="[348,565,1947,1973]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banaoana">Rafflesia banaoana</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has been observed flowering between March to June, with an apparent peak in May. Fruiting has not been observed but probably occurs from October to December.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0B565295F43FFE2FF1DFF4BAE70AFC8" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="E81036A25F43FFE2FF1DFF4BAE70AFC8" blockId="6.[136,1452,157,580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F43FFE2FF1DFF4BAD41AEC4" box="[189,586,157,184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F43FFE2FF1DFF4BAD3AAEC4" bold="true" box="[189,561,157,184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Provisional conservation status:</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Critically Endangered B1b(iii,v)+
|
||
<collectionCode id="8EBEAE675F43FFE2FC65FF48ACD2AEC4" box="[965,985,158,184]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
|
||
2b. The species is previously known only from its
|
||
<typeStatus id="371488005F43FFE2FF46FF14AE1DAEA0" box="[230,278,194,220]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality in Sitio Cafcafulao (=Mt. Cabcabulao). Additional localities were identified on Mt. Magadgad at
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F43FFE2FF28FF30AFD6AF7C" box="[136,221,230,256]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="m" value="1370.0">1370 m</quantity>
|
||
elev. and Mt. Ab-abaka at
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F43FFE2FDA6FF30AD51AF7C" box="[518,602,230,256]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="m" value="1140.0">1140 m</quantity>
|
||
elev. in Barangay Balbalasang, Municipality of Balbalan (See
|
||
<figureCitation id="70942A275F43FFE2FAB5FF33AA53AF7C" box="[1301,1368,229,256]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[136,229,1459,1481]" captionTargetId="figure-120@2.[444,1143,460,1449]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Distribution map of Rafflesia banaoana and R. leonardi." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8326685" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8326685/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F43FFE2FAB5FF33AA53AF7C" bold="true" box="[1301,1368,229,256]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Fig. 1</emphasis>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). It has also been recorded in Kulaju Forest in Barangay Basao, Municipality of Tinglayan at
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F43FFE2FB9CFEDCAB9BAF58" box="[1084,1168,266,292]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="m" value="1200.0">1200 m</quantity>
|
||
elev. The estimated EOO of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FAF4D215F43FFE2FF05FEF9AE3FAF34" authorityName="Malabrigo" authorityYear="2010" box="[165,308,302,328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banaoana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F43FFE2FF05FEF9AE3FAF34" box="[165,308,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">R. banaoana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is estimated at
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F43FFE2FE7EFEF8AD2FAF34" box="[478,548,302,328]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="km" value="80.0">80 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="1FDA9BEA5F43FFE2FD84FEF8AD27AF40" attach="left" box="[548,556,302,316]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">2</superScript>
|
||
therefore within the threshold of threatened category. The number of individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2FAF4D215F43FFE2FF05FE85AE38AF10" authorityName="Malabrigo" authorityYear="2010" box="[165,307,338,364]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rafflesiaceae" genus="Rafflesia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="banaoana">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F43FFE2FF05FE85AE38AF10" box="[165,307,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">R. banaoana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in all localities is estimated to be fewer than 250 and is documented to fluctuate markedly. Agricultural land expansion, increased frequency of forest fires, and human disturbance serve as the main threats to the natural habitat of the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A0B565295F43FFE2FF1DFE6BAEBEAC38" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="E81036A25F43FFE2FF1DFE6BAEBEAC38" blockId="6.[136,1452,157,580]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F43FFE2FF1DFE6BAD52AFA4" box="[189,601,445,472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F43FFE2FF1DFE6BAD4BAFA4" bold="true" box="[189,576,445,472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Additional specimens examined:</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="90B876325F43FFE2FDF9FE68AC09AFA4" box="[601,770,446,472]" name="Philippines" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">PHILIPPINES</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectionCode id="8EBEAE675F43FFE2FCB2FE68AC7FAFA4" box="[786,884,446,472]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">LUZON</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2A6BF8405F43FFE2FC25FE68AB5BAFA4" box="[901,1104,446,472]" country="Philippines" name="Kalinga" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Kalinga Province</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Banao Protected Landscape, Balbalan Municipality, Mt. Magadgad,
|
||
<quantity id="2F579B475F43FFE2FDF2FE34ADA0AF80" box="[594,683,482,508]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" unit="m" value="1370.0">1370 m</quantity>
|
||
elev.,
|
||
<date id="9C1110625F43FFE2FD5CFE34AC96AF80" box="[764,925,482,508]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" value="2019-05-09">09 May 2019</date>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F43FFE2FC0CFE34AB5EAF80" box="[940,1109,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Tobias 2019–1</emphasis>
|
||
, male flower (
|
||
<collectionCode id="8EBEAE675F43FFE2FAA5FE34AA4EAF80" box="[1285,1349,482,508]" country="Philippines" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14633" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14633" name="University of the Philippines at Los Baños" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="Herbarium">LBC</collectionCode>
|
||
!);
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F43FFE2FAC2FE34AFE8AC5C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Tobias 2019–2,</emphasis>
|
||
female flower (
|
||
<collectionCode id="8EBEAE675F43FFE2FE39FDD0AED8AC5C" box="[409,467,518,544]" country="Philippines" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15314" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15314" name="National Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="Herbarium">PNH</collectionCode>
|
||
!),
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F43FFE2FE55FDD0ADA9AC5C" box="[501,674,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">Tobias 2019–3,</emphasis>
|
||
flower bud (
|
||
<collectionCode id="8EBEAE675F43FFE2FC96FDD0AC7BAC5C" box="[822,880,518,544]" country="Philippines" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14636" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14636" name="University of the Philippines" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="Herbarium">PUH</collectionCode>
|
||
!); Barangay Balbalasang,
|
||
<date id="9C1110625F43FFE2FB3FFDD0AA37AC5D" box="[1183,1340,518,545]" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" value="2015-06-02">02 June 2015</date>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis id="DADBEAB05F43FFE2FAE8FDD0AFCBAC38" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="207">
|
||
<collectionCode id="8EBEAE675F43FFE2FAE8FDD0AA70AC5C" box="[1352,1403,518,544]" country="Philippines" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14633" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14633" name="University of the Philippines at Los Baños" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="Herbarium">LBC</collectionCode>
|
||
No. 9581
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, male flower (
|
||
<collectionCode id="8EBEAE675F43FFE2FEC4FDFCAEAFAC38" box="[356,420,554,580]" country="Philippines" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14633" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14633" name="University of the Philippines at Los Baños" pageId="6" pageNumber="207" type="Herbarium">LBC</collectionCode>
|
||
!).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |