275 lines
37 KiB
XML
275 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="6F1EE96D3481DD893D39D16211352BAB" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.293891" ID-GBIF-Dataset="97ad8d73-38ac-49a8-80f6-24a598667875" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="293891" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460205917482" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Breure, Abraham S. H. & Schlögl, Jan" docDate="2010" docId="A12B87A6F459BA29FF1CFF0E24AEFDB6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02416p060.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2416" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Plekocheilus (Eurytus) Albers 1850" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="58" masterDocId="5D12FFDEF45FBA2EFF8BFF992503FFB4" masterDocTitle="Additional notes on Orthalicidae from the Chimantá massif, Venezuelan Guayana, with descriptions of new species of Plekocheilus Guilding, 1828 (Mollusca: Gastropoda)" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="51" pageNumber="57" updateTime="1698236714743" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="DF7A1F5166021BE16B30F782D06CB625">Additional notes on Orthalicidae from the Chimantá massif, Venezuelan Guayana, with descriptions of new species of Plekocheilus Guilding, 1828 (Mollusca: Gastropoda)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B08167C882AA727C0D87539263FA0CC9">Breure, Abraham S. H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="05520010E2EBD720F75C148CB58E4191">Schlögl, Jan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="07402D23A050F9E55CA0E5B408D47487">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="C0DE217A8189A027767462505A0FC862">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="88CE29371AA11A52D17FC2645AA4C841">
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<mods:date id="E43A6E801493F94CA586AEA714EA0E79">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="63997594BAEB97362C83DA6D27642095">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="000ADDFF7C7F48E0F4AFDD91D4FA5DB9" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.293891</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F440FE38F653959461D97198EAE2D617" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A12B87A6F459BA29FF1CFF0E24AEFDB6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6204352" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127703097" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6204352" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A12B87A6F459BA29FF1CFF0E24AEFDB6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A12B87A6F459BA29FF1CFF0E24AEFDB6" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<subSubSection id="6198653BF459BA28FF1CFF0E27D3FF05" box="[151,720,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="293D36B0F459BA28FF1CFF0E27D3FF05" blockId="6.[151,720,151,177]" box="[151,720,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<heading id="727581DCF459BA28FF1CFF0E27D3FF05" bold="true" box="[151,720,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FF1CFF0E27D3FF05" bold="true" box="[151,720,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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Subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FE9CFF0E27D3FF05" authority="Albers, 1850" authorityName="Albers" authorityYear="1850" box="[279,720,151,177]" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthalicidae" genus="Plekocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eurytus">
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FE9CFF0E24B1FF05" bold="true" box="[279,434,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Plekocheilus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FE49FF0E2721FF05" bold="true" box="[450,546,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Eurytus</emphasis>
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) Albers, 1850
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6198653BF459BA28FF1CFF7924FBFE33" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="293D36B0F459BA28FF1CFF7924FBFE33" blockId="6.[151,632,224,247]" lastBlockId="6.[151,645,330,391]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<typeStatus id="F6398812F459BA28FF1CFF7925CFFF43" box="[151,204,224,247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FEA6FF79277BFF43" authority="Orbigny, 1835" authorityName="Orbigny" authorityYear="1835" box="[301,632,224,247]" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pentadina">
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FEA6FF7924DAFF43" box="[301,473,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Helix pentadina</emphasis>
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Orbigny, 1835
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FF1CFED32704FED0" box="[151,519,330,356]" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthalicidae" genus="Plekocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="breweri" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Eurytus">
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FF1CFED324AEFED0" bold="true" box="[151,429,330,356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FF1CFED32431FED0" bold="true" box="[151,306,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Plekocheilus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FEC8FED324A0FED0" bold="true" box="[323,419,330,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Eurytus</emphasis>
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)
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</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FE3FFED52704FED0" bold="true" box="[436,519,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">breweri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FD86FED32786FED0" bold="true" box="[525,645,330,356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="00C557D9F459BA28FD86FED32786FED0" box="[525,645,330,356]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" rank="species">spec. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="B1B92A35F459BA28FF14FEF425EBFE33" box="[159,232,365,391]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,257,1120,1144]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,343,1099]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,343,1099]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Shells of Plekocheilus spp. A – C. P. (P.) vlceki spec. nov., holotype RMNH 114233. D – G. P. (Eurytus) breweri spec. nov., holotype RMNH 114235. Scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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D–2G, 3C, 3D, 4B–4F)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6198653BF459BA28FF1CFE2E27C7FDA8" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="293D36B0F459BA28FF1CFE2E27C7FDA8" blockId="6.[151,1437,439,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FF1CFE2E241FFE65" bold="true" box="[151,284,439,465]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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A medium-sized species of
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<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FDF2FE212693FE66" authority="(Eurytus)" baseAuthorityName="Eurytus" box="[633,912,440,466]" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthalicidae" genus="Plekocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FDF2FE212616FE65" box="[633,789,440,465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Plekocheilus</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FCA3FE212685FE65" box="[808,902,440,465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Eurytus</emphasis>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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characterized by having oblique stripes of reddish- to blackish-brown, often with a yellowish ‘shadow’ besides the stripes on the last whorl. Sculptured with spiral, puckered bands of oblong granules.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="6198653BF459BA28FF4FFDBE273BF836" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="description">
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<paragraph id="293D36B0F459BA28FF4FFDBE2010FC26" blockId="6.[151,1437,439,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FF4FFDBE245FFDF5" bold="true" box="[196,348,551,577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Description.</emphasis>
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Shell: Up to
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<quantity id="EE7A9B55F459BA28FE70FDB12767FDF6" box="[507,612,552,578]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.17" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="41.7">41.7 mm</quantity>
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high, 1.84 times longer than wide, imperforate, slenderly ovate, sides of spire hardly convex, rather thin. Colour yellowish- to (light) chestnut-brown, with descending oblique, partly zig-zag stripes of reddish- to blackish-brown, on the penultimate whorl narrow, on the last whorl with a yellowish ‘shadow’ besides the darker stripes; upper whorls lighter, whitish, eroded. Surface hardly shining, upper whorls with growth striae, on the penultimate and last whorl also with spiral series of oblong granules, forming puckered bands (
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<figureCitation id="B1B92A35F459BA28FE53FD7B2727FD48" box="[472,548,738,764]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,257,1120,1144]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,343,1099]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,343,1099]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Shells of Plekocheilus spp. A – C. P. (P.) vlceki spec. nov., holotype RMNH 114233. D – G. P. (Eurytus) breweri spec. nov., holotype RMNH 114235. Scale bar = 1 cm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293893/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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G). Protoconch smooth (eroded). Whorls 4.1, rather flat, the last whorl decidedly swollen; suture impressed, somewhat descending in front. Aperture elongate-ovate, somewhat pointed above, the stripes from the outside shining through, whitish inside, 1.60 times longer than wide, 0.54 times the total length; peristome thin and hardly reflexed, whitish. Columellar margin slightly curved, with a very weak fold above, hardly and narrowly dilated above. Parietal wall with a thin, whitish callus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="293D36B0F459BA28FF4FFC042178FBC6" blockId="6.[151,1437,439,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Genitalia: Penis subcylindrical, distally with a somewhat swollen appendix, passing subdistally into the long epiphallus, which is partly contorted and tapering towards the transition to the flagellum. The flagellum is somewhat tapering, ca. 1/8 the total length of the penial complex. A small retractor muscle is distally attached. The vas deferens is free, shorter than the length of the penis and epiphallus. Vagina short; proximal part of spermathecal duct subcylindrical, its intermediate part widened before distally tapering towards the globose spermatheca. Spermoviduct very contorted; albumen gland moderately long.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="293D36B0F459BA28FF4FFBE42414FAB3" blockId="6.[151,1437,439,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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The internal morphology is simple in cross-sections (
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<figureCitation id="B1B92A35F459BA28FCB0FBE4268DFB23" box="[827,910,1149,1175]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,254,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,208,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[261,1326,194,1739]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Genitalia in Plekocheilus spp. A. P. (P.) vlceki spec. nov., RMNH 114233; B – C. P. (Eurytus) breweri spec. nov., RMNH 114238. Scale bar = 5 mm. Abbreviations: a—penial appendix, AG—albumen gland, EP—epiphallus, FL—flagellum, OD—ovotestis duct, P—penis, RM—retractor muscle, RS—receptaculum seminis, SD—spermathecal duct, SOV—spermoviduct, SP—spermatheca, V—vagina, VD—vas deferens; D – E. Idem, cross sections of penial complex and vagina; F. Idem, schematic longitudinal dissection of penial complex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293895/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
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D, 4E). All parts of the penial complex have longitudinal folds (
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<figureCitation id="B1B92A35F459BA28FEF5FB3B24CBFB08" box="[382,456,1186,1212]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,254,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,208,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[261,1326,194,1739]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Genitalia in Plekocheilus spp. A. P. (P.) vlceki spec. nov., RMNH 114233; B – C. P. (Eurytus) breweri spec. nov., RMNH 114238. Scale bar = 5 mm. Abbreviations: a—penial appendix, AG—albumen gland, EP—epiphallus, FL—flagellum, OD—ovotestis duct, P—penis, RM—retractor muscle, RS—receptaculum seminis, SD—spermathecal duct, SOV—spermoviduct, SP—spermatheca, V—vagina, VD—vas deferens; D – E. Idem, cross sections of penial complex and vagina; F. Idem, schematic longitudinal dissection of penial complex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293895/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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F). The epiphallus enters the penis below the distal end (
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<figureCitation id="B1B92A35F459BA28FBFDFB3B21C3FB08" box="[1142,1216,1186,1212]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,254,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,208,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[261,1326,194,1739]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Genitalia in Plekocheilus spp. A. P. (P.) vlceki spec. nov., RMNH 114233; B – C. P. (Eurytus) breweri spec. nov., RMNH 114238. Scale bar = 5 mm. Abbreviations: a—penial appendix, AG—albumen gland, EP—epiphallus, FL—flagellum, OD—ovotestis duct, P—penis, RM—retractor muscle, RS—receptaculum seminis, SD—spermathecal duct, SOV—spermoviduct, SP—spermatheca, V—vagina, VD—vas deferens; D – E. Idem, cross sections of penial complex and vagina; F. Idem, schematic longitudinal dissection of penial complex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293895/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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Ee). The vagina is actually shorter than it appears, as the bifurcation of spermathecal duct and spermoviduct is masked externally (
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<figureCitation id="B1B92A35F459BA28FF14FB7425E5FAB3" box="[159,230,1261,1287]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="4.[151,254,1760,1784]" captionTargetBox="[269,1320,208,1732]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[261,1326,194,1739]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 4. Genitalia in Plekocheilus spp. A. P. (P.) vlceki spec. nov., RMNH 114233; B – C. P. (Eurytus) breweri spec. nov., RMNH 114238. Scale bar = 5 mm. Abbreviations: a—penial appendix, AG—albumen gland, EP—epiphallus, FL—flagellum, OD—ovotestis duct, P—penis, RM—retractor muscle, RS—receptaculum seminis, SD—spermathecal duct, SOV—spermoviduct, SP—spermatheca, V—vagina, VD—vas deferens; D – E. Idem, cross sections of penial complex and vagina; F. Idem, schematic longitudinal dissection of penial complex." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293895/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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Eb).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="293D36B0F459BA28FF4FFA8B273BF836" blockId="6.[151,1437,439,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FF4FFA8B243BFA98" bold="true" box="[196,312,1298,1324]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Ecology.</emphasis>
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This species was collected on the summit plateau in stands of
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<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FBFAFA8A209EFA98" box="[1137,1437,1299,1324]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cancellariidae" genus="Brocchinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hechtioides">
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<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FBFAFA8A209EFA98" box="[1137,1437,1299,1324]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Brocchinia hechtioides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FF14FAA12448FAE6" box="[159,331,1336,1362]" class="Liliopsida" family="Bromeliaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Bromeliaceae</taxonomicName>
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;
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<figureCitation id="B1B92A35F459BA28FED3FAA1249CFAE6" box="[344,415,1336,1362]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,258,1876,1900]" captionTargetBox="[229,1362,194,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[229,1363,194,1861]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Habitat and localities of Plekocheilus species treated in this paper. A. Aerial view of Churí-tepui and surroundings from the North-east. B. Brocchinia with a flowering Utricularia humboldtii inside. C. Habitat of P. breweri spec. nov., showing Bonnetia trees. D. Snail inside Brocchinia hechtioides. E. Bird nest in Cave Juliani where empty shells of P. breweri were found on the ground below. F – G. Overview of Sima Nor-oeste, type locality of P. (P.) vlceki spec. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293896/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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C), where it was found up to
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<quantity id="EE7A9B55F459BA28FC8DFAA12637FAE6" box="[774,820,1336,1362]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
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high. Living specimens are dark-grey to blackishbodied (
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<figureCitation id="B1B92A35F459BA28FF7DFAC4243CFAC3" box="[246,319,1373,1399]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,254,1759,1783]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,605,1738]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,605,1738]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Living specimens of Plekocheilus spp. A – B. P. (P.) vlceki spec. nov., under laboratory conditions. C – D. P. (E.) breweri spec. nov., under natural conditions." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293894/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Figs 3</figureCitation>
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C–D). Some specimens were found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FC8DFAC426C1FAC2" box="[774,962,1373,1398]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cancellariidae" genus="Brocchinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="tatei">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FC8DFAC426C1FAC2" box="[774,962,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Brocchinia tatei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the bottom of a canyon,
|
||
<quantity id="EE7A9B55F459BA28FA87FAC42055FAC3" box="[1292,1366,1373,1399]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="120.0">120 m</quantity>
|
||
deep, called Sima Nor-oeste (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1B92A35F459BA28FE25FA1B24FBFA28" box="[430,504,1410,1436]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,258,1876,1900]" captionTargetBox="[229,1362,194,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[229,1363,194,1861]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Habitat and localities of Plekocheilus species treated in this paper. A. Aerial view of Churí-tepui and surroundings from the North-east. B. Brocchinia with a flowering Utricularia humboldtii inside. C. Habitat of P. breweri spec. nov., showing Bonnetia trees. D. Snail inside Brocchinia hechtioides. E. Bird nest in Cave Juliani where empty shells of P. breweri were found on the ground below. F – G. Overview of Sima Nor-oeste, type locality of P. (P.) vlceki spec. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293896/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Figs 5</figureCitation>
|
||
F–G). Snails were observed inside the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FC4EFA1A2144FA28" box="[965,1095,1411,1436]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cancellariidae" genus="Brocchinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FC4EFA1A2144FA28" box="[965,1095,1411,1436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Brocchinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants during day-time (
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1B92A35F459BA28FAE7FA1B25A5FA76" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,258,1876,1900]" captionTargetBox="[229,1362,194,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[229,1363,194,1861]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Habitat and localities of Plekocheilus species treated in this paper. A. Aerial view of Churí-tepui and surroundings from the North-east. B. Brocchinia with a flowering Utricularia humboldtii inside. C. Habitat of P. breweri spec. nov., showing Bonnetia trees. D. Snail inside Brocchinia hechtioides. E. Bird nest in Cave Juliani where empty shells of P. breweri were found on the ground below. F – G. Overview of Sima Nor-oeste, type locality of P. (P.) vlceki spec. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293896/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
D); in the evening they became active and were seen feeding on the leaves of these plants (Brewer-Carias,
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FF1CFA542421FA52" box="[151,290,1485,1510]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">pers. comm</emphasis>
|
||
.).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FECFFA5424CAFA52" box="[324,457,1485,1510]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cancellariidae" genus="Brocchinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FECFFA5424CAFA52" box="[324,457,1485,1510]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Brocchinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is adapted to low-nutrient soils such as those of the tepuis, often rooted in plant debris on the barren rocks. Other plant species observed in this tubiform meadow community (
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FA83FA6A2049F9B8" box="[1288,1354,1523,1548]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D134B41F459BA28FAD9FA6B25E4F986" author="Huber" pageId="6" pageNumber="60" refString="Huber, O. (1995 b) Vegetation. In: Berry, P. E., Holst, B. K. & Yatskievych, K. (Eds.), Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, 1. Introduction. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp. 97 - 160." type="journal article" year="1995" yearSuffix="b">Huber 1995b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), were the cup-shaped carnivorous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FD16F9812165F986" box="[669,1126,1560,1586]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sarraceniaceae" genus="Heliamphora" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minor">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FD16F9812692F985" box="[669,913,1560,1585]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Heliamphora minor</emphasis>
|
||
(Sarraceniaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the spiny rosettes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FF1CF9A4277AF9E3" box="[151,633,1597,1623]" class="Liliopsida" family="Xyridaceae" genus="Orectanthe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ptaritepuyana">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FF1CF9A424D3F9E2" box="[151,464,1597,1622]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Orectanthe ptaritepuyana</emphasis>
|
||
(Xyridaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FD0EF9A4269EF9E2" box="[645,925,1597,1622]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cancellariidae" genus="Brocchinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hechtioides">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FD0EF9A4269EF9E2" box="[645,925,1597,1622]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Brocchinia hechtioides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which provides shelter to the snails, also frequently hosts
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FED2F9FA2641F9C8" box="[345,834,1634,1660]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lentibulariaceae" genus="Utricularia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="humboldtii">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FED2F9FA2766F9C8" box="[345,613,1635,1660]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Utricularia humboldtii</emphasis>
|
||
(Lentibulariaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1B92A35F459BA28FCD9F9FB269BF9C8" box="[850,920,1634,1660]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="5.[151,258,1876,1900]" captionTargetBox="[229,1362,194,1860]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[229,1363,194,1861]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 5. Habitat and localities of Plekocheilus species treated in this paper. A. Aerial view of Churí-tepui and surroundings from the North-east. B. Brocchinia with a flowering Utricularia humboldtii inside. C. Habitat of P. breweri spec. nov., showing Bonnetia trees. D. Snail inside Brocchinia hechtioides. E. Bird nest in Cave Juliani where empty shells of P. breweri were found on the ground below. F – G. Overview of Sima Nor-oeste, type locality of P. (P.) vlceki spec. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293896/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B). This endemic species is carnivorous, too (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D134B41F459BA28FF14F91124A1F916" author="Brewer-Carias" box="[159,418,1672,1698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Brewer-Carias, C. (1978) La vegatacion del Mundo Perdido-The Lost World of Venezuela and its vegetation. Fundacion Mendoza, Caracas, 248 pp." type="book" year="1978">Brewer-Carias 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Carnivory in plants is characteristic of conditions where light and moisture are abundant, but soil macronutrients, especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, are severely limited (Givnish et al. 1984,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D134B41F459BA28FE07F94B2726F958" author="Ellison" box="[396,549,1746,1772]" pageId="6" pageNumber="59" refString="Ellison, A. M. (2006) Nutrient limitation and stoichiometry of carnivorous plants. Plant Biology, 8, 740 - 747." type="journal article" year="2006">Ellison 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Givnish et al. (1984) suggested that the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FBDAF94A21D1F958" box="[1105,1234,1747,1772]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cancellariidae" genus="Brocchinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FBDAF94A21D1F958" box="[1105,1234,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Brocchinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered “in its way to carnivorism.” It is now suggested that the excrements of the snails—together with those of a
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FF1CF8842418F882" box="[151,283,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Prismantis</emphasis>
|
||
frog species that was also found sheltering in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FCD0F88426E2F882" box="[859,993,1821,1846]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cancellariidae" genus="Brocchinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FCD0F88426E2F882" box="[859,993,1821,1846]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Brocchinia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants—adds to the debris from the insectivorous
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F459BA28FEB0F8DA24C3F8E8" box="[315,448,1859,1884]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lentibulariaceae" genus="Utricularia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FEB0F8DA24C3F8E8" box="[315,448,1859,1884]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Utricularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and act as an additional nitrogen source that gives these plants a better competitive edge (Brewer-Carias,
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FE13F8F1271CF835" box="[408,543,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">pers. comm</emphasis>
|
||
.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6198653BF459BA29FF4FF81425F3FE26" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="293D36B0F459BA29FF4FF81427FBFF63" blockId="6.[151,1437,439,2034]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,152,514]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="58" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F459BA28FF4FF8142483F813" bold="true" box="[196,384,1933,1959]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<typeStatus id="F6398812F459BA28FF4FF8142402F813" box="[196,257,1933,1959]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="51957620F459BA28FE00F814270FF813" box="[395,524,1933,1959]" name="Venezuela" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Estado Bolívar, Chimantá massif, Churí-tepui:
|
||
<typeStatus id="F6398812F459BA28FBD6F81421CCF813" box="[1117,1231,1933,1959]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
<collectionCode id="4F93AE75F459BA28FB53F8142031F813" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[1240,1330,1933,1959]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">RMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
114235, 0
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4CB65077F459BA28FF2DF82B2434F878" box="[166,311,1969,1996]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" precision="1" value="5.279139">5°16'44.9"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
0
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="4CB65077F459BA28FEC7F82B2701F878" box="[332,514,1969,1996]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" precision="1" value="-62.01565">62°00'56.35"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="EE7A9B55F459BA28FD86F82B2765F878" box="[525,614,1970,1996]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.405" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="2405.0">2405 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1B92A35F459BA28FDFDF82B27BBF878" box="[630,696,1970,1996]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1722,1746]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,413,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,413,1698]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. A. Map of northern South America, showing Venezuelan Guayana (white rectangle) and Chimantá massif (white dot). B. Map of Chimantá massif, showing location of tepuis (modified after Huber 1995 a). C. Churí-tepui. The three locations studied are indicated by arrows." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293892/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C locality 2 =
|
||
<typeStatus id="F6398812F459BA28FCE8F82B2695F878" box="[867,918,1970,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality), J. Schlögl leg.,
|
||
<date id="5D3C1070F459BA28FB4AF82B2014F878" box="[1217,1303,1970,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" value="2009-02">ii.2009</date>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="F6398812F459BA28FAA9F82B209AF878" box="[1314,1433,1970,1996]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
: same data as
|
||
<typeStatus id="F6398812F459BA28FEB2F84124A6F846" box="[313,421,2008,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, CB/2,
|
||
<collectionCode id="4F93AE75F459BA28FD8BF8412757F846" box="[512,596,2008,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">MLSC</collectionCode>
|
||
/4,
|
||
<collectionCode id="4F93AE75F459BA28FDF2F84127C4F846" box="[633,711,2008,2034]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">MZSP</collectionCode>
|
||
92471/2,
|
||
<collectionCode id="4F93AE75F459BA28FCCAF8412699F846" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[833,922,2008,2034]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">RMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
114236/18, 114238/4 alc.,
|
||
<collectionCode id="4F93AE75F459BA28FB6DF841204AF846" box="[1254,1353,2008,2034]" pageId="6" pageNumber="57">SNMSZ</collectionCode>
|
||
6892– 6895, UF 434147/3; Sima Nor-oeste,
|
||
<quantity id="EE7A9B55F458BA29FDD3FF0127B0FF06" box="[600,691,152,178]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.285" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" unit="m" value="2285.0">2285 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="B1B92A35F458BA29FD4FFF012604FF06" box="[708,775,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="1.[151,255,1722,1746]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,413,1689]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,413,1698]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. A. Map of northern South America, showing Venezuelan Guayana (white rectangle) and Chimantá massif (white dot). B. Map of Chimantá massif, showing location of tepuis (modified after Huber 1995 a). C. Churí-tepui. The three locations studied are indicated by arrows." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/293892/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C locality 1), J. Schlögl leg.,
|
||
<date id="5D3C1070F458BA29FBE1FF0121C2FF06" box="[1130,1217,152,178]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" value="2009-02">ii.2009</date>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectionCode id="4F93AE75F458BA29FB47FF012026FF06" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[1228,1317,152,178]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">RMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
114237/1 alc.; ibidem, B. Smida leg., JG/3,
|
||
<collectionCode id="4F93AE75F458BA29FDA8FF242778FF63" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" box="[547,635,189,215]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">RMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
114246/2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="293D36B0F458BA29FF4FFF7B25F3FE26" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
Comparison with other taxa. This novelty seems conchologically similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F458BA29FBF5FF7B270CFE96" authority="Oberwimmer, 1931" authorityName="Oberwimmer" authorityYear="1931" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthalicidae" genus="Plekocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="fusitorsus" subGenus="Eurytus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F458BA29FBF5FF7B201EFF4F" box="[1150,1309,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Plekocheilus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F458BA29FABAFF7B2091FF4F" box="[1329,1426,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Eurytus</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F458BA29FF1CFE912409FE95" box="[151,266,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">fusitorsus</emphasis>
|
||
(Oberwimmer, 1931)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but differs in (1) the sculpture on the last whorl; (2) being smaller (41.7 vs.
|
||
<quantity id="EE7A9B55F458BA29FF1CFEB4240AFEF3" box="[151,265,301,327]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.33" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="63.3">63.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
); (3) the less shining surface. It may also be compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EE824D33F458BA29FC45FEB42057FEF3" authority="Haas, 1955" authorityName="Haas" authorityYear="1955" box="[974,1364,301,327]" class="Gastropoda" family="Orthalicidae" genus="Plekocheilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="mundiperditi" subGenus="Eurytus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F458BA29FC45FEB426E1FEF2" box="[974,994,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">P.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F458BA29FC7CFEB42112FEF2" box="[1015,1041,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">E.</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F458BA29FBAFFEB421C3FEF2" box="[1060,1216,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">mundiperditi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D134B41F458BA29FB43FEB42057FEF3" author="Haas" box="[1224,1364,301,327]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" refString="Haas, F. (1955) On some small collections of inland shells from South America. Fieldiana, Zoology, 34, 361 - 387." type="journal article" year="1955">Haas, 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from which it differs in (1) being smaller (41.7 vs.
|
||
<quantity id="EE7A9B55F458BA29FD45FECB2643FED8" box="[718,832,338,364]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7299999999999995" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="47.3">47.3 mm</quantity>
|
||
); (2) being more slender; (3) the different colour pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="6198653BF458BA29FF4FFE0424AEFDB6" pageId="7" pageNumber="58" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="293D36B0F458BA29FF4FFE0424AEFDB6" blockId="7.[151,1437,152,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">
|
||
<emphasis id="1BF6EAA2F458BA29FF4FFE042456FE03" bold="true" box="[196,341,413,439]" pageId="7" pageNumber="58">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
We take much pleasure to dedicate this species to Charles Brewer-Carias (Caracas), who during many years has stimulated scientific research in the Guayana Highlands and who has led many expeditions to this area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |