379 lines
53 KiB
XML
379 lines
53 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5584787" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ad4878aa-a20b-466e-b960-8e5568368f3e" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148403111" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5584787" checkinTime="1537537276372" checkinUser="yanell" docAuthor="Denis Geraards" docDate="2017" docId="03E887B8D56EFFA0FF5BF99DFE13663C" docLanguage="en" docName="Late Miocene large mammals from Mahmutgazi, Denizli province,Western Turkey.imf" docOrigin="Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen 284 (3)" docSource="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/njbgeol/2017/00000284/00000003/art00001" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Samotherium major" docType="treatment" docVersion="25" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="244" masterDocId="FFD1FFC0D56FFFA3FFB7FFB8FFBA6104" masterDocTitle="Late Miocene large mammals from Mahmutgazi, Denizli province, Western Turkey" masterLastPageNumber="257" masterPageNumber="241" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" updateTime="1634739162889" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Late Miocene large mammals from Mahmutgazi, Denizli province, Western Turkey</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Denis Geraards</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2017-04-05</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>284</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3</mods:number>
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<mods:start>241</mods:start>
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<mods:end>257</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1127/njgpa/2017/0661</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">ad4878aa-a20b-466e-b960-8e5568368f3e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1425511</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5584787" ID-GBIF-Taxon="148403111" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5584787" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E887B8D56EFFA0FF5BF99DFE13663C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E887B8D56EFFA0FF5BF99DFE13663C" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="244" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
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<subSubSection box="[236,615,1573,1600]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[223,629,1507,1600]" box="[236,615,1573,1600]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
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<taxonomicName box="[236,461,1573,1599]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis box="[236,461,1573,1599]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Samotherium major</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="BOHLIN, B." box="[469,615,1573,1600]" journalOrPublisher="Paleeontologia Sinica, (C)" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="1 - 178" part="4" refId="ref6563" refString="BOHLIN, B. (1926): Die Familie Giraffidae. - Paleeontologia Sinica, (C), 4 (1): 1 - 178." title="Die Familie Giraffidae" type="journal article" year="1926">BOHLIN, 1926</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="244" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[124,729,1630,1851]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[124,457,1630,1655]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Description and comparisons:</emphasis>
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This taxon is represented by a number of postcranials and several dental remains. The size range of the DP3s is perhaps greater than expected in a single species but all other remains, including the postcranials, are of homogeneous dimensions, and it is more parsimonious to assume that a single species is present.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[124,729,1630,1851]" lastBlockId="1.[766,1372,140,1844]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913815089" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[161,287,1799,1823]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="1" pageNumber="242" preperations="adult maxilla, with slightly worn teeth" specimenCode="Ma2-Gips29" typeStatus="Other material">Ma2-Gips29</materialsCitation>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[300,371,1799,1823]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[131,168,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[133,1379,138,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[132,1379,135,1611]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Artiodactyla from Mahmutgazi. A-L – Samotherium major. A: left mandible Ma3 (A1: occlusal view; A2: lateral view of the rostral part). B, maxilla with P3-M2 Ma2-Gips29. C-D: tibiae in anterior view (C: MA2-Gips16; D: Ma2- Gips11). E: distal humerus n°54, anterior view. F-H: metacarpals in anterior view (F: Ma2-Gips17; G, H: Ma2-Gips20). I: cubonavicular Ma1-Gips10, distal view, to show the absence of plantar metatarsal facet. J: astragalus Ma1-Gips10, anterior view. K: upper deciduous tooth-row Ma1-Gips3. L: lower dp3-dp4 Ma1-Gips11. M – Tragoportax sp., right upper tooth row. N: Miotragocerus (Pikermicerus) gaudryi, left lower tooth-row. Scale bar = 5 cm for Figs. M, N, 10 cm for Figs. A, B, and I-L, 25 cm for Figs. C-H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433463/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
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Fig. 1
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<collectionCode box="[353,371,1799,1823]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">B</collectionCode>
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</figureCitation>
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) is the only adult maxilla. The teeth are imperfectly preserved, but only slightly worn, preserving prominent styles and pillars. The premolars are rather large but P4 remains much narrower than M1; they bear strong spurs in the central valley, as may happen in
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<taxonomicName box="[1233,1371,196,220]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1233,1371,196,220]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Samotherium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="BOHLIN, B." box="[775,1038,224,248]" journalOrPublisher="Paleeontologia Sinica, (C)" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="1 - 178" part="4" refId="ref6563" refString="BOHLIN, B. (1926): Die Familie Giraffidae. - Paleeontologia Sinica, (C), 4 (1): 1 - 178." title="Die Familie Giraffidae" type="journal article" year="1926">BOHLIN 1926, pl. 5, fig. 10</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[766,1372,140,1844]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
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The best specimen is a partial mandible from
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913815085" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[1272,1319,252,276]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="1" pageNumber="242" preperations="partial mandible" specimenCode="Ma3" typeStatus="Other material">Ma3</materialsCitation>
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with the left
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<date box="[847,868,280,304]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">i2</date>
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-c and p2-m3; unfortunately part of the diastema is missing, so that its length is unknown (
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<figureCitation box="[1211,1293,308,332]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[131,168,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[133,1379,138,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[132,1379,135,1611]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Artiodactyla from Mahmutgazi. A-L – Samotherium major. A: left mandible Ma3 (A1: occlusal view; A2: lateral view of the rostral part). B, maxilla with P3-M2 Ma2-Gips29. C-D: tibiae in anterior view (C: MA2-Gips16; D: Ma2- Gips11). E: distal humerus n°54, anterior view. F-H: metacarpals in anterior view (F: Ma2-Gips17; G, H: Ma2-Gips20). I: cubonavicular Ma1-Gips10, distal view, to show the absence of plantar metatarsal facet. J: astragalus Ma1-Gips10, anterior view. K: upper deciduous tooth-row Ma1-Gips3. L: lower dp3-dp4 Ma1-Gips11. M – Tragoportax sp., right upper tooth row. N: Miotragocerus (Pikermicerus) gaudryi, left lower tooth-row. Scale bar = 5 cm for Figs. M, N, 10 cm for Figs. A, B, and I-L, 25 cm for Figs. C-H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433463/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
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Fig. 1
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<collectionCode box="[1270,1293,308,332]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">A</collectionCode>
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</figureCitation>
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). As in other
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<taxonomicName box="[827,967,336,360]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[827,967,336,360]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Samotherium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the two lobes of the canine are much less clearly distinct than in
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<taxonomicName box="[1062,1140,364,388]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Giraffa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1062,1140,364,388]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Giraffa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and this tooth is not much larger than the incisors. The front teeth show no evidence of the interstitial wear that is observed in some other late Miocene large giraffids of the Aegean region, such as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gaudry" authorityYear="1860" box="[766,933,476,500]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Helladotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[766,933,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Helladotherium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Hadjidimovo, Bulgaria (
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<bibRefCitation author="GERAADS, D." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="451 - 461" part="25" refId="ref7014" refString="GERAADS, D. (2005): Pliocene Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia) from Hadar and Dikika (Lower Awash, Ethiopia), and a revision of the origin of modern African rhinos. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25: 451 - 461." title="Pliocene Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia) from Hadar and Dikika (Lower Awash, Ethiopia), and a revision of the origin of modern African rhinos" type="journal article" year="2005">GERAADS et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
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),
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<taxonomicName box="[874,1086,504,528]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis box="[874,1086,504,528]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Samotherium major</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Vathylakkos, Greece (
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<bibRefCitation author="GERAADS, D." box="[774,1196,532,556]" journalOrPublisher="Thesis, University Paris VI" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" refId="ref6901" refString="GERAADS, D. (1974): Les Giraffides du Miocene superieur de la region de Thessalonique (Grece). - Thesis, University Paris VI." title="Les Giraffides du Miocene superieur de la region de Thessalonique (Grece)" type="book" year="1974">GERAADS 1974; MERCERON et al. in press</bibRefCitation>
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), or
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1244,1371,532,555]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neumayri">
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<emphasis box="[1244,1371,532,555]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">S. neumayri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Maragha, Iran (
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<bibRefCitation author="RODLER, A. & WEITHOFER, K. A." journalOrPublisher="Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="753 - 771" part="57" refId="ref8219" refString="RODLER, A. & WEITHOFER, K. A. (1890): Die Wiederkauer der Fauna von Maragha. - Denkschriften der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 57: 753 - 771." title="Die Wiederkauer der Fauna von Maragha" type="journal article" year="1890">RODLER & WEITHOFER 1890, p1. 4, figs. 2-3</bibRefCitation>
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). This peculiar wear, which is certainly linked with their use as a comb when browsing, is also variably present in
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[766,1009,644,668]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Giraffa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="camelopardalis">
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<emphasis box="[766,1009,644,668]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Giraffa camelopardalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The premolars are strongly molarized: p2 has a long entocristid; p3 is similar to p
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<quantity box="[1256,1296,672,696]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" unit="in" value="4.0">4 in</quantity>
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having a long metaconid connected to the paraconid, but not to the transverse cristid, and blocking the entrance to the mesosinusid; the ectoflexid of p4 is deep, as in other
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[1256,1367,756,780]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Giraffidae</taxonomicName>
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, but the heavy wear has connected the hypoconid to the rest of the tooth. These premolars are also quite short, with a Pm/M index of 58.6 (
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<tableCitation box="[988,1065,840,864]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="13.[124,185,140,164]" captionTargetBox="[124,1336,219,1342]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[124,1372,692,928]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 1. Dental measurements of Samotherium major from Mahmutgazi. Height is measured on unworn or slightly worn teeth only." pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Table 1</tableCitation>
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). These short, molarized premolars suffice to identify the Mahmutgazi large giraffid as
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<taxonomicName box="[766,901,896,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[766,901,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Samotherium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. In the large
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gaudry" authorityYear="1860" box="[1032,1192,896,920]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Helladotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1032,1192,896,920]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Helladotherium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a genus common in Aegean sites of similar age, the premolars are significantly larger, and p3 always retains a primitive morphology. Most representatives of the species
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<taxonomicName box="[1074,1190,980,1004]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boissieri">
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<emphasis box="[1074,1190,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">S. boissieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Samos also retain this primitive morphology (
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<bibRefCitation author="BOHLIN, B." box="[1104,1232,1008,1032]" journalOrPublisher="Paleeontologia Sinica, (C)" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="1 - 178" part="4" refId="ref6563" refString="BOHLIN, B. (1926): Die Familie Giraffidae. - Paleeontologia Sinica, (C), 4 (1): 1 - 178." title="Die Familie Giraffidae" type="journal article" year="1926">BOHLIN 1926</bibRefCitation>
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, figs. 141-146;
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<bibRefCitation author="KOSTOPOULOS, D. S." box="[766,971,1036,1060]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="299 - 343" part="31" refId="ref7779" refString="KOSTOPOULOS, D. S. (2009 a): The late Miocene Mammal fau- nas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 13. Giraffidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 299 - 343." title="The late Miocene Mammal fau- nas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 13. Giraffidae" type="journal article" year="2009">KOSTOPOULOS 2009a</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 8), but
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1093,1217,1036,1059]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neumayri">
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<emphasis box="[1093,1217,1036,1059]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">S. neumayri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Maragha and
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<taxonomicName box="[811,900,1064,1087]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis box="[811,900,1064,1087]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">S. major</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Vathylakkos and Samos (
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<bibRefCitation author="BOHLIN, B." box="[1232,1367,1064,1088]" journalOrPublisher="Paleeontologia Sinica, (C)" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="1 - 178" part="4" refId="ref6563" refString="BOHLIN, B. (1926): Die Familie Giraffidae. - Paleeontologia Sinica, (C), 4 (1): 1 - 178." title="Die Familie Giraffidae" type="journal article" year="1926">BOHLIN 1926</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="GERAADS, D." box="[766,915,1092,1116]" journalOrPublisher="Thesis, University Paris VI" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" refId="ref6901" refString="GERAADS, D. (1974): Les Giraffides du Miocene superieur de la region de Thessalonique (Grece). - Thesis, University Paris VI." title="Les Giraffides du Miocene superieur de la region de Thessalonique (Grece)" type="book" year="1974">GERAADS 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
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<bibRefCitation author="KOSTOPOULOS, D. S." box="[925,1129,1092,1116]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="299 - 343" part="31" refId="ref7779" refString="KOSTOPOULOS, D. S. (2009 a): The late Miocene Mammal fau- nas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 13. Giraffidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 299 - 343." title="The late Miocene Mammal fau- nas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 13. Giraffidae" type="journal article" year="2009">KOSTOPOULOS 2009a</bibRefCitation>
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) have a fully molarized p3. The shortening of the premolars also fits better
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<taxonomicName box="[1285,1370,1120,1143]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
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<emphasis box="[1285,1370,1120,1143]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">S. major</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Pm/
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<collectionCode box="[817,840,1148,1172]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">M</collectionCode>
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index = 53.8-66.2, mean = 59.5,
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<collectionCode box="[1174,1192,1148,1171]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">N</collectionCode>
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= 6) than
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boissieri">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">S. boissieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Pm/
|
||
<collectionCode box="[872,895,1176,1200]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">M</collectionCode>
|
||
index = 60.7-65.6, mean = 63,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1222,1241,1176,1199]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">N</collectionCode>
|
||
= 5) (meas- urements from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GERAADS, D." box="[920,1068,1204,1228]" journalOrPublisher="Thesis, University Paris VI" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" refId="ref6901" refString="GERAADS, D. (1974): Les Giraffides du Miocene superieur de la region de Thessalonique (Grece). - Thesis, University Paris VI." title="Les Giraffides du Miocene superieur de la region de Thessalonique (Grece)" type="book" year="1974">GERAADS 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="KOSTOPOULOS, D. S." box="[1077,1281,1204,1228]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="299 - 343" part="31" refId="ref7779" refString="KOSTOPOULOS, D. S. (2009 a): The late Miocene Mammal fau- nas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 13. Giraffidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 299 - 343." title="The late Miocene Mammal fau- nas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 13. Giraffidae" type="journal article" year="2009">KOSTOPOULOS 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, table 8). However, the absolute size of the teeth (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1158,1230,1232,1256]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="13.[124,185,140,164]" captionTargetBox="[124,1336,219,1342]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[124,1372,692,928]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 1. Dental measurements of Samotherium major from Mahmutgazi. Height is measured on unworn or slightly worn teeth only." pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) is lower than in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[793,877,1260,1283]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis box="[793,877,1260,1283]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">S. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and closer to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1025,1138,1260,1284]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boissieri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1025,1138,1260,1284]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">S. boissieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[766,1372,140,1844]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913815087" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[804,929,1288,1312]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="1" pageNumber="242" preperations="upper deciduous tooth-row" specimenCode="Mal-Gips3" typeStatus="Other material">Upper DP3s</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[944,1023,1288,1312]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[131,168,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[133,1379,138,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[132,1379,135,1611]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Artiodactyla from Mahmutgazi. A-L – Samotherium major. A: left mandible Ma3 (A1: occlusal view; A2: lateral view of the rostral part). B, maxilla with P3-M2 Ma2-Gips29. C-D: tibiae in anterior view (C: MA2-Gips16; D: Ma2- Gips11). E: distal humerus n°54, anterior view. F-H: metacarpals in anterior view (F: Ma2-Gips17; G, H: Ma2-Gips20). I: cubonavicular Ma1-Gips10, distal view, to show the absence of plantar metatarsal facet. J: astragalus Ma1-Gips10, anterior view. K: upper deciduous tooth-row Ma1-Gips3. L: lower dp3-dp4 Ma1-Gips11. M – Tragoportax sp., right upper tooth row. N: Miotragocerus (Pikermicerus) gaudryi, left lower tooth-row. Scale bar = 5 cm for Figs. M, N, 10 cm for Figs. A, B, and I-L, 25 cm for Figs. C-H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433463/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
|
||
Fig. 1
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1001,1023,1288,1312]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">K</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) have a relatively short first lobe;
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913815088" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[766,876,1316,1340]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="1" pageNumber="242" preperations="lower dp3-dp4" specimenCode="Mal-Gips11" typeStatus="Other material">lower dp3s</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[890,963,1316,1340]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[131,168,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[133,1379,138,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[132,1379,135,1611]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Artiodactyla from Mahmutgazi. A-L – Samotherium major. A: left mandible Ma3 (A1: occlusal view; A2: lateral view of the rostral part). B, maxilla with P3-M2 Ma2-Gips29. C-D: tibiae in anterior view (C: MA2-Gips16; D: Ma2- Gips11). E: distal humerus n°54, anterior view. F-H: metacarpals in anterior view (F: Ma2-Gips17; G, H: Ma2-Gips20). I: cubonavicular Ma1-Gips10, distal view, to show the absence of plantar metatarsal facet. J: astragalus Ma1-Gips10, anterior view. K: upper deciduous tooth-row Ma1-Gips3. L: lower dp3-dp4 Ma1-Gips11. M – Tragoportax sp., right upper tooth row. N: Miotragocerus (Pikermicerus) gaudryi, left lower tooth-row. Scale bar = 5 cm for Figs. M, N, 10 cm for Figs. A, B, and I-L, 25 cm for Figs. C-H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433463/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
|
||
Fig. 1
|
||
<collectionCode box="[945,963,1316,1340]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">L</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) also have large metaconids completely closing the mesosinusid, and the first lobe of dp4 is fully formed, with no labial arm; these are all derived features, usually found in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[938,1076,1400,1424]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[938,1076,1400,1424]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Samotherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[766,1372,140,1844]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
|
||
The postcranial sample is large. There are no less than nine
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913815086" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[817,955,1456,1480]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="1" pageNumber="242" preperations="nine distal humeri" typeStatus="Other material">distal humeri</materialsCitation>
|
||
, five of them from the right side, providing a Minimum Number of Individuals of five for the whole collection. It is likely that all these postcranials are indeed from a limited number of individuals, but they cannot be matched, because a single plaster jacket may have contained bones of more than one individuals (
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913815084" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[1150,1283,1596,1620]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="1" pageNumber="242" preperations="two right metacarpals" specimenCode="Ma2-Gips20" typeStatus="Other material">Ma2-Gips20</materialsCitation>
|
||
has two right metacarpals).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[766,1372,140,1844]" lastBlockId="3.[124,729,900,1596]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="244" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
|
||
The dimensions of the distal humeri (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1179,1255,1652,1676]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[124,185,1466,1490]" captionTargetBox="[124,1343,1517,1658]" captionTargetId="graphics@13.[124,1372,1498,1659]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Measurements of the distal humeri of Samotherium major from Mahmutgazi." pageId="1" pageNumber="242">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
) are homogeneous, but there is no complete bone (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1166,1239,1680,1704]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[131,168,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[133,1379,138,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[132,1379,135,1611]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Artiodactyla from Mahmutgazi. A-L – Samotherium major. A: left mandible Ma3 (A1: occlusal view; A2: lateral view of the rostral part). B, maxilla with P3-M2 Ma2-Gips29. C-D: tibiae in anterior view (C: MA2-Gips16; D: Ma2- Gips11). E: distal humerus n°54, anterior view. F-H: metacarpals in anterior view (F: Ma2-Gips17; G, H: Ma2-Gips20). I: cubonavicular Ma1-Gips10, distal view, to show the absence of plantar metatarsal facet. J: astragalus Ma1-Gips10, anterior view. K: upper deciduous tooth-row Ma1-Gips3. L: lower dp3-dp4 Ma1-Gips11. M – Tragoportax sp., right upper tooth row. N: Miotragocerus (Pikermicerus) gaudryi, left lower tooth-row. Scale bar = 5 cm for Figs. M, N, 10 cm for Figs. A, B, and I-L, 25 cm for Figs. C-H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433463/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">
|
||
Fig. 1
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1220,1239,1680,1704]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">E</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The available sample of measurements from nearby sites is small; these humeri are clearly larger than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1161,1276,1736,1760]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boissieri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1161,1276,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">S. boissieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Samos (dist.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[870,904,1764,1787]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">TD</collectionCode>
|
||
= 98-106 according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="KOSTOPOULOS, D. S." box="[1140,1359,1764,1788]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" pagination="299 - 343" part="31" refId="ref7779" refString="KOSTOPOULOS, D. S. (2009 a): The late Miocene Mammal fau- nas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 13. Giraffidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 299 - 343." title="The late Miocene Mammal fau- nas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 13. Giraffidae" type="journal article" year="2009">KOSTOPOULOS [2009a]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but smaller than those of its likely descendant
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1230,1316,1792,1815]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="1" pageNumber="242" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1230,1316,1792,1815]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">S. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the same area (dist.
|
||
<collectionCode box="[959,994,1820,1844]" pageId="1" pageNumber="242">TD</collectionCode>
|
||
= 132-148). The Mahmutgazi humeri also compare well with the forms from the two levels of Kemiklitepe (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[263,318,928,952]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">KTD</collectionCode>
|
||
, lower, and
|
||
<collectionCode box="[437,490,928,952]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">KTA</collectionCode>
|
||
, upper:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="BONIS, L. DE & BOUVRAIN, G. & GERAADS, D. & SEN, S." box="[570,717,928,952]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum na- tional dʼHistoire naturelle, 4 eme serie, (C)" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" pagination="225 - 240" part="16" refId="ref6620" refString="BONIS, L. DE, BOUVRAIN, G., GERAADS, D. & SEN, S. (1994): Les gisements de Mammiferes du Miocene superieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 11. Biochronologie, paleoecologie, et relations biogeographiques. - Bulletin du Museum na- tional dʼHistoire naturelle, 4 eme serie, (C), 16: 225 - 240." title="Les gisements de Mammiferes du Miocene superieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 11. Biochronologie, paleoecologie, et relations biogeographiques" type="journal article" year="1994">GERAADS 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[218,342,956,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neumayri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[218,342,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">S. neumayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Maragha.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433463/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" startId="2.[131,168,1654,1678]" targetBox="[133,1379,138,1607]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[131,1380,1654,1846]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[131,198,1654,1678]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">Fig. 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Owen" authorityYear="1848" box="[206,335,1654,1678]" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Artiodactyla</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Mahmutgazi.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[543,586,1654,1678]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">A-L</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[614,819,1654,1678]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis box="[614,819,1654,1678]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">Samotherium major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A: left mandible Ma3 (A1: occlusal view; A2: lateral view of the rostral part). B, maxilla with P3-M2 Ma2-Gips29. C-D: tibiae in anterior view (C: MA2-Gips16; D: Ma2- Gips11). E: distal humerus n°54, anterior view. F-H: metacarpals in anterior view (F: Ma2-Gips17; G, H: Ma2-Gips20). I: cubonavicular Ma1-Gips10, distal view, to show the absence of plantar metatarsal facet. J: astragalus Ma1-Gips10, anterior view. K: upper deciduous tooth-row Ma1-Gips3. L: lower dp3-dp4 Ma1-Gips11.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[939,963,1766,1790]" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">M</emphasis>
|
||
–
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1937" box="[987,1113,1767,1790]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Tragoportax" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[987,1113,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">Tragoportax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., right upper tooth row. N:
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Pikermicerus)" authorityName="Pikermicerus" box="[162,474,1794,1818]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Miotragocerus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="2" pageNumber="243" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[162,474,1794,1818]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">Miotragocerus (Pikermicerus)</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ga
|
||
<emphasis box="[504,559,1794,1818]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="243">udryi</emphasis>
|
||
, left lower tooth-row. Scale bar = 5 cm for Figs. M, N, 10 cm for Figs. A, B, and I-L, 25 cm for Figs. C-H.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" startId="3.[124,161,732,756]" targetBox="[243,1254,136,684]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[124,1369,732,785]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[124,191,732,756]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">Fig. 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Plot of length vs. distal width of late Miocene giraffid metacarpals (KTA = Kemiklitepe, upper level; Slq = lower Axios valley, ARAMBOURGʼS collection). Data from KOSTOPOULOS (2009a), and original measurements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[124,729,900,1596]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">
|
||
There are six more or less complete metapodials (
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="14.[131,192,140,164]" captionTargetBox="[131,1329,191,621]" captionTargetId="graphics@14.[131,1379,172,522]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Table 3. Measurements of metapodials of Samotherium major from Mahmutgazi." pageId="3" pageNumber="244">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
); the measurements of the
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913815083" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[409,533,1012,1036]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="3" pageNumber="244" preperations="metacarpals" specimenCode="Ma2-Gips17, Ma2-Gips20" typeStatus="Other material">metacarpals</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[546,600,1012,1036]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[131,168,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[133,1379,138,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[132,1379,135,1611]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Artiodactyla from Mahmutgazi. A-L – Samotherium major. A: left mandible Ma3 (A1: occlusal view; A2: lateral view of the rostral part). B, maxilla with P3-M2 Ma2-Gips29. C-D: tibiae in anterior view (C: MA2-Gips16; D: Ma2- Gips11). E: distal humerus n°54, anterior view. F-H: metacarpals in anterior view (F: Ma2-Gips17; G, H: Ma2-Gips20). I: cubonavicular Ma1-Gips10, distal view, to show the absence of plantar metatarsal facet. J: astragalus Ma1-Gips10, anterior view. K: upper deciduous tooth-row Ma1-Gips3. L: lower dp3-dp4 Ma1-Gips11. M – Tragoportax sp., right upper tooth row. N: Miotragocerus (Pikermicerus) gaudryi, left lower tooth-row. Scale bar = 5 cm for Figs. M, N, 10 cm for Figs. A, B, and I-L, 25 cm for Figs. C-H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433463/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
F-H) clearly plot with
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[220,306,1040,1063]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis box="[220,306,1040,1063]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">S. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[320,379,1040,1064]" captionStart="Fig. 2" captionStartId="3.[124,161,732,756]" captionTargetBox="[243,1254,136,684]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[239,1259,135,690]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 2. Plot of length vs. distal width of late Miocene giraffid metacarpals (KTA = Kemiklitepe, upper level; Slq = lower Axios valley, ARAMBOURGʼS collection). Data from KOSTOPOULOS (2009a), and original measurements." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433467/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[124,729,900,1596]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">
|
||
There are three
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913815080" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[322,378,1068,1092]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="3" pageNumber="244" preperations="three tibiae" specimenCode="Ma2-Gips16, Ma2-Gips11" typeStatus="Other material">tibiae</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[391,496,1068,1092]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[131,168,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[133,1379,138,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[132,1379,135,1611]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Artiodactyla from Mahmutgazi. A-L – Samotherium major. A: left mandible Ma3 (A1: occlusal view; A2: lateral view of the rostral part). B, maxilla with P3-M2 Ma2-Gips29. C-D: tibiae in anterior view (C: MA2-Gips16; D: Ma2- Gips11). E: distal humerus n°54, anterior view. F-H: metacarpals in anterior view (F: Ma2-Gips17; G, H: Ma2-Gips20). I: cubonavicular Ma1-Gips10, distal view, to show the absence of plantar metatarsal facet. J: astragalus Ma1-Gips10, anterior view. K: upper deciduous tooth-row Ma1-Gips3. L: lower dp3-dp4 Ma1-Gips11. M – Tragoportax sp., right upper tooth row. N: Miotragocerus (Pikermicerus) gaudryi, left lower tooth-row. Scale bar = 5 cm for Figs. M, N, 10 cm for Figs. A, B, and I-L, 25 cm for Figs. C-H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433463/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">
|
||
Fig. 1
|
||
<collectionCode box="[446,466,1068,1092]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">C</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode box="[477,496,1068,1092]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">D</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), whose measurements (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[130,208,1096,1120]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="14.[131,192,581,605]" captionTargetBox="[139.1325,657,907]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Table 4. Comparative measurements of the tibiae of Samotherium major from Mahmutgazi. Samos measurements from KOSTOPOULOS (2009a)." pageId="3" pageNumber="244">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
) are clearly more similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[590,677,1096,1119]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis box="[590,677,1096,1119]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">S. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
than to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[237,350,1123,1147]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boissieri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,350,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">S. boissieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[124,729,900,1596]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">
|
||
There are only four
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913815082" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[360,448,1152,1176]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="3" pageNumber="244" preperations="astralagus" specimenCode="Ma2-Gips10" typeStatus="Other material">astragali</materialsCitation>
|
||
, two of them well preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[131,201,1180,1204]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[131,168,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[133,1379,138,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[132,1379,135,1611]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Artiodactyla from Mahmutgazi. A-L – Samotherium major. A: left mandible Ma3 (A1: occlusal view; A2: lateral view of the rostral part). B, maxilla with P3-M2 Ma2-Gips29. C-D: tibiae in anterior view (C: MA2-Gips16; D: Ma2- Gips11). E: distal humerus n°54, anterior view. F-H: metacarpals in anterior view (F: Ma2-Gips17; G, H: Ma2-Gips20). I: cubonavicular Ma1-Gips10, distal view, to show the absence of plantar metatarsal facet. J: astragalus Ma1-Gips10, anterior view. K: upper deciduous tooth-row Ma1-Gips3. L: lower dp3-dp4 Ma1-Gips11. M – Tragoportax sp., right upper tooth row. N: Miotragocerus (Pikermicerus) gaudryi, left lower tooth-row. Scale bar = 5 cm for Figs. M, N, 10 cm for Figs. A, B, and I-L, 25 cm for Figs. C-H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433463/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">
|
||
Fig. 1
|
||
<collectionCode box="[188,201,1180,1204]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">J</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). One is similar in size to those from KTD, and the other to those from KTA (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="BONIS, L. DE & BOUVRAIN, G. & GERAADS, D. & SEN, S." box="[397,547,1208,1232]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum na- tional dʼHistoire naturelle, 4 eme serie, (C)" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" pagination="225 - 240" part="16" refId="ref6620" refString="BONIS, L. DE, BOUVRAIN, G., GERAADS, D. & SEN, S. (1994): Les gisements de Mammiferes du Miocene superieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 11. Biochronologie, paleoecologie, et relations biogeographiques. - Bulletin du Museum na- tional dʼHistoire naturelle, 4 eme serie, (C), 16: 225 - 240." title="Les gisements de Mammiferes du Miocene superieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 11. Biochronologie, paleoecologie, et relations biogeographiques" type="journal article" year="1994">GERAADS 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but they also fit
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[124,245,1236,1259]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neumayri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[124,245,1236,1259]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">S. neumayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Maragha (pers. data). It is remarkable that, while the size distinction between the two levels of the nearby site of Kemiklitepe is clear, the size of the Mahmutgazi material overlaps both of them (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[461,523,1320,1344]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="4.[131,167,767,791]" captionTargetBox="[247,1261,140,720]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[246,1266,135,724]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3. Plot of medial length vs. distal width of late Miocene giraffid astragali. Note that ‘Maragha’ includes both S. neumayri and Palaeotragus coelophrys. Data from KOSTOPOULOS (2009a), and original measurements." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433469/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
), but the difference in size between the two well-preserved specimens does not exceed what is found in a single population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[124,729,900,1596]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">
|
||
A number of other bones (
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913815081" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="3" pageNumber="244" preperations="carpals, tarsals, calcanei, phalanges" typeStatus="Other material">carpals, tarsals, calcanei, phalanges</materialsCitation>
|
||
) obviously belong to the same species; the first phalanges are short and stout, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[485,623,1459,1483]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[485,623,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">Samotherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GERAADS, D." journalOrPublisher="Thesis, University Paris VI" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" refId="ref6901" refString="GERAADS, D. (1974): Les Giraffides du Miocene superieur de la region de Thessalonique (Grece). - Thesis, University Paris VI." title="Les Giraffides du Miocene superieur de la region de Thessalonique (Grece)" type="book" year="1974">GERAADS 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); the cubo-navicular has no posterior articular facet for the metatarsal (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[317,385,1516,1540]" captionStart="Fig. 1" captionStartId="2.[131,168,1654,1678]" captionTargetBox="[133,1379,138,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[132,1379,135,1611]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Artiodactyla from Mahmutgazi. A-L – Samotherium major. A: left mandible Ma3 (A1: occlusal view; A2: lateral view of the rostral part). B, maxilla with P3-M2 Ma2-Gips29. C-D: tibiae in anterior view (C: MA2-Gips16; D: Ma2- Gips11). E: distal humerus n°54, anterior view. F-H: metacarpals in anterior view (F: Ma2-Gips17; G, H: Ma2-Gips20). I: cubonavicular Ma1-Gips10, distal view, to show the absence of plantar metatarsal facet. J: astragalus Ma1-Gips10, anterior view. K: upper deciduous tooth-row Ma1-Gips3. L: lower dp3-dp4 Ma1-Gips11. M – Tragoportax sp., right upper tooth row. N: Miotragocerus (Pikermicerus) gaudryi, left lower tooth-row. Scale bar = 5 cm for Figs. M, N, 10 cm for Figs. A, B, and I-L, 25 cm for Figs. C-H." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433463/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date box="[364,385,1516,1540]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">
|
||
1
|
||
<collectionCode box="[374,385,1516,1540]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">I</collectionCode>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in other
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[519,657,1515,1539]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[519,657,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">Samotherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but in contrast to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gaudry" authorityYear="1860" box="[237,400,1543,1567]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Helladotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[237,400,1543,1567]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">Helladotherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which it is present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GERAADS, D." journalOrPublisher="Thesis, University Paris VI" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" refId="ref6901" refString="GERAADS, D. (1974): Les Giraffides du Miocene superieur de la region de Thessalonique (Grece). - Thesis, University Paris VI." title="Les Giraffides du Miocene superieur de la region de Thessalonique (Grece)" type="book" year="1974">GERAADS 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="KOSTOPOULOS, D. S." box="[185,389,1572,1596]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" pagination="299 - 343" part="31" refId="ref7779" refString="KOSTOPOULOS, D. S. (2009 a): The late Miocene Mammal fau- nas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 13. Giraffidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 299 - 343." title="The late Miocene Mammal fau- nas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 13. Giraffidae" type="journal article" year="2009">KOSTOPOULOS 2009a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="244" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[124,729,1627,1848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[124,252,1627,1651]" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
||
All postcranials can easily be assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[124,335,1655,1679]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis box="[124,335,1655,1679]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">Samotherium major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the derived lower premolars fit this identification, but the lower teeth from Ma3 are smaller than in this species. If indeed Ma3 is contemporaneous with Ma1 and Ma2, these teeth may be from a small individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[124,209,1768,1791]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis box="[124,209,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">S. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In terms of biochronology,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[503,590,1768,1791]" class="Mammalia" family="Giraffidae" genus="Samotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis box="[503,590,1768,1791]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="244">S. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly allies Ma1 and Ma2 with the upper part of the Samos sequence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="KOSTOPOULOS, D. S." box="[133,413,1824,1848]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="3" pageNumber="244" pagination="299 - 343" part="31" refId="ref7779" refString="KOSTOPOULOS, D. S. (2009 a): The late Miocene Mammal fau- nas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 13. Giraffidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 299 - 343." title="The late Miocene Mammal fau- nas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 13. Giraffidae" type="journal article" year="2009">KOSTOPOULOS 2009a, fig. 21</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |