269 lines
36 KiB
XML
269 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5584816" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ad4878aa-a20b-466e-b960-8e5568368f3e" ID-GBIF-Taxon="147654707" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5584816" checkinTime="1537537276372" checkinUser="yanell" docAuthor="Denis Geraards" docDate="2017" docId="03E887B8D56BFFA5FF7AF9CFFAFA61F3" docLanguage="en" docName="Late Miocene large mammals from Mahmutgazi, Denizli province,Western Turkey.imf" docOrigin="Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen 284 (3)" docSource="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/njbgeol/2017/00000284/00000003/art00001" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="Ceratotherium neumayri" docType="treatment" docVersion="22" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="247" masterDocId="FFD1FFC0D56FFFA3FFB7FFB8FFBA6104" masterDocTitle="Late Miocene large mammals from Mahmutgazi, Denizli province, Western Turkey" masterLastPageNumber="257" masterPageNumber="241" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" updateTime="1634739162889" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Late Miocene large mammals from Mahmutgazi, Denizli province, Western Turkey</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Denis Geraards</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2017-04-05</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>284</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>3</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>241</mods:start>
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<mods:end>257</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/schweiz/njbgeol/2017/00000284/00000003/art00001</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1127/njgpa/2017/0661</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">ad4878aa-a20b-466e-b960-8e5568368f3e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1425511</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5584816" ID-GBIF-Taxon="147654707" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5584816" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E887B8D56BFFA5FF7AF9CFFAFA61F3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E887B8D56BFFA5FF7AF9CFFAFA61F3" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="247" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">
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<subSubSection box="[205,661,1655,1682]" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[205,661,1556,1682]" box="[205,661,1655,1682]" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[205,484,1655,1681]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neumayri">
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<emphasis box="[205,484,1655,1681]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">Ceratotherium neumayri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(OSBORN, 1900)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="247" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[131,736,1720,1828]" lastBlockId="4.[774,1379,964,1828]" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">
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This species is represented by some postcranials and toothrows, and a
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913346699" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[259,346,1748,1772]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="4" pageNumber="245" preperations="cranium with two horns: a large nasal and a smaller frontal " specimenCode="Ma2-Gips15" typeStatus="Other material">cranium</materialsCitation>
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Ma2-Gips15, virtually complete and undistorted, which is, together with the specimen from Akkaşdağı (
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<bibRefCitation author="ANTOINE, P. - O. & SARAC, G." box="[256,498,1804,1828]" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" pagination="601 - 632" part="27" refId="ref6481" refString="ANTOINE, P. - O. & SARAC, G. (2005): Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey. - Geodiversitas, 27: 601 - 632." title="Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the late Miocene of Akkasdagi, Turkey" type="journal article" year="2005">
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ANTOINE &
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<collectionCode box="[376,439,1804,1828]" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">SARAÇ</collectionCode>
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2005
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</bibRefCitation>
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) one of the best known specimens of this species, and the most valuable fossil of the
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<collectionCode box="[774,848,992,1016]" collectionName="Germany, Karlsruhe, Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">SMNK</collectionCode>
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collection from Mahmutgazi (
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<figureCitation box="[1162,1242,992,1016]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="5.[123,160,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[125,1372,140,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[125,1372,139,1670]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. A-D – Ceratotherium neumayri from Mahmutgazi. A: skull Ma2-Gips15 (A1: lateral view; A2: ventral view; A3: occipital view). B: astragalus Ma2-Gips15 (B1: plantar view; B2: lateral view; B3: anterior view). C: upper tooth row Ma2- Gips16, occlusal view. D: set of left metacarpals Ma1-94. Scale bar = 20 cm for Figs. A and D, 10 cm for Fig. B and C." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433471/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">
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Fig. 4
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<collectionCode box="[1222,1242,992,1016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">A</collectionCode>
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</figureCitation>
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; comparative measurements:
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<tableCitation box="[942,1025,1020,1044]" captionStart="Table 5" captionStartId="14.[131,192,975,999]" captionTargetBox="[131,1365,1105,1767]" captionTargetId="graphics@14.[131,1378,1091,1773]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Table 5. Comparative measurements of Ceratotherium skulls (numbers are those of GUĚRIN 1980). MTLA-5 from GIAOURT- SAKIS 2009; NHMB and Pikermi from GERAADS 1988 with some additional measurements; Kalimantsi from GERAADS & SPASSOV 2009; Akkaşdağı from ANTOINE & SARAÇ (2005); Pentalophos from GERAADS & KOUFOS 1990; modern C. simum (range and mean) from GUĚRIN 1980." pageId="4" pageNumber="245">Table 5</tableCitation>
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). The species is relatively wellknown, and a detailed description of the cranium would be useless; I shall focus on the most significant points.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[774,1379,964,1828]" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">
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The cranium carried two horns, a large nasal ones, and a smaller, but distinct frontal one. Behind it, the dorsal profile is straight as far as the level of the middle of the temporal fossa, where it curves upwards towards the nuchal crest. Although well indicated, this concavity, in this undistorted skull, is much shallower than in the skull MTLA-5 from Samos (
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<bibRefCitation author="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X." box="[863,1208,1272,1296]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" pagination="157 - 187" part="31" refId="ref7442" refString="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X. (2009): The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 157 - 187." title="The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae" type="journal article" year="2009">GIAOURTSAKIS 2009, pl. 1, fig. 1</bibRefCitation>
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). This strongly suggests that distortion in this Samos skull was stronger than assumed by
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<bibRefCitation author="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X." box="[952,1165,1328,1352]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" pagination="157 - 187" part="31" refId="ref7442" refString="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X. (2009): The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 157 - 187." title="The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae" type="journal article" year="2009">GIAOURTSAKIS (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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, as also indicated by the relatively short distance between the occipital condyles and M3, and the upward tilt of the zygomatic arch. In this relatively straight dorsal profile, Ma2-Gips15 resembles modern
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[866,970,1440,1463]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simum">
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<emphasis box="[866,970,1440,1463]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">C. simum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the African ‘white’ rhinoceros. The nuchal crest has a large flange-like caudal expansion, with a central notch; it largely overhangs the condyles, and is almost as broad as the ventral part of the occipital; the occipital surface is slightly inclined dorsocaudally, thus intermediate between the average conditions of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1141,1242,1580,1603]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simum">
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<emphasis box="[1141,1242,1580,1603]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">C. simum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">Diceros bicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the ‘black’ rhinoceros. The basioccipital and basisphenoid form a marked angle, a clear difference with
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[774,874,1664,1687]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simum">
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<emphasis box="[774,874,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">C. simum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, in which they are almost in line, in correlation with the much lengthened skull of the end members of the
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<taxonomicName box="[774,925,1719,1743]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[774,925,1719,1743]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">Ceratotherium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lineage.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="4.[774,1379,964,1828]" lastBlockId="6.[131,737,140,1844]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="247" pageId="4" pageNumber="245">
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The rarely preserved premaxillae are complete; as usual in the
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<taxonomicName box="[839,945,1776,1800]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="4" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Dicerotini">Dicerotini</taxonomicName>
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, they bear no incisor, although small cavi- ties may be the alveoli of vestigial ones. The bottom of the nasal notch is above the limit P2/P3, the infra-orbital foramen is above P4, the front of the orbit above the middle of M2; these positions are similar to those observed in other
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[131,260,224,247]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neumayri">
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<emphasis box="[131,260,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">C. neumayri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="GERAADS, D." box="[275,488,224,248]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="451 - 461" part="25" refId="ref7014" refString="GERAADS, D. (2005): Pliocene Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia) from Hadar and Dikika (Lower Awash, Ethiopia), and a revision of the origin of modern African rhinos. - Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25: 451 - 461." title="Pliocene Rhinocerotidae (Mammalia) from Hadar and Dikika (Lower Awash, Ethiopia), and a revision of the origin of modern African rhinos" type="journal article" year="2005">GERAADS 2005, fig.6</bibRefCitation>
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). As in modern African rhinos, the lachrymal tubercle and supra-orbital process tend to fuse into an orbital rim, there is no post-orbital process, and the ventral orbital border is rounded.
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433471/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="246" startId="5.[123,160,1708,1732]" targetBox="[125,1372,140,1669]" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[123,1371,1708,1788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="246">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[123,243,1708,1732]" pageId="5" pageNumber="246">Fig. 4. A-D</emphasis>
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–
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[272,528,1708,1732]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="5" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neumayri">
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<emphasis box="[272,528,1708,1732]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="246">Ceratotherium neumayri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Mahmutgazi. A: skull Ma2-Gips15 (A1: lateral view; A2: ventral view; A3: occipital view). B: astragalus Ma2-Gips15 (B1: plantar view; B2: lateral view; B3: anterior view). C: upper tooth row Ma2- Gips16, occlusal view. D: set of left metacarpals Ma1-94. Scale bar = 20 cm for Figs. A and D, 10 cm for Fig. B and C.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[131,737,140,1844]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">
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The DP1 is shed, and the other cheek-teeth are wellworn. They are virtually identical with those of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[616,729,364,388]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
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<emphasis box="[616,729,364,388]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">D. bicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a morphology that, in my opinion, confirms the hypothesis that
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[178,309,420,443]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neumayri">
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<emphasis box="[178,309,420,443]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">C. neumayri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is an acceptable ancestor for both
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">D. bicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Burchell" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[244,339,448,471]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simum">
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<emphasis box="[244,339,448,471]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">C. simum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, although the latter has a much derived tooth morphology.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[131,737,140,1844]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913346687" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[169,295,504,528]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="6" pageNumber="247" preperations="upper tooth row, maxialla with nasal notch and infra-orbital foramen" specimenCode="Ma2-Gips16" typeStatus="Other material">Ma2-Gips16</materialsCitation>
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(
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<figureCitation box="[309,387,504,528]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="5.[123,160,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[125,1372,140,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[125,1372,139,1670]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. A-D – Ceratotherium neumayri from Mahmutgazi. A: skull Ma2-Gips15 (A1: lateral view; A2: ventral view; A3: occipital view). B: astragalus Ma2-Gips15 (B1: plantar view; B2: lateral view; B3: anterior view). C: upper tooth row Ma2- Gips16, occlusal view. D: set of left metacarpals Ma1-94. Scale bar = 20 cm for Figs. A and D, 10 cm for Fig. B and C." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433471/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">
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Fig. 4
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<collectionCode box="[369,387,504,528]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">C</collectionCode>
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</figureCitation>
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) is a maxilla with nasal notch and infra-orbital foramen slightly more posterior than in the skull, but again within the range of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[498,625,560,583]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neumayri">
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<emphasis box="[498,625,560,583]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">C. neumayri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The teeth are slightly less worn, but display the same characters, being very similar to those of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[369,482,616,640]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
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<emphasis box="[369,482,616,640]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">D. bicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Their measurements are also similar to those of Ma2-Gips15 (occlusal length
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<collectionCode box="[674,689,644,668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">P</collectionCode>
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2-
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<collectionCode box="[708,723,644,668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">P</collectionCode>
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4 = 121; occlusal length
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<collectionCode box="[361,386,672,696]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">M</collectionCode>
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1-
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<collectionCode box="[401,426,672,696]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">M</collectionCode>
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3 = 145). There is no tooth an- terior to P2, meaning that DP1 was shed, and not replaced; it seems that this is the rule in
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[423,537,728,752]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
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<emphasis box="[423,537,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">D. bicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, although a true P
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<date pageId="6" pageNumber="247">1 may</date>
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sometimes show up (MNHN-1961-195). The premolars have small cristae, as sometimes occurs in
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[569,683,784,808]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Diceros" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicornis">
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<emphasis box="[569,683,784,808]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">D. bicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[131,737,140,1844]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913346695" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[169,284,812,836]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="6" pageNumber="247" preperations="deciduous upper tooth-series" specimenCode="Ma2-Gips1" typeStatus="Other material">Ma3-Gips1</materialsCitation>
|
||
is a nice deciduous upper tooth-series, very similar to those figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GERAADS, D." box="[420,580,840,864]" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Paleontologie" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="13 - 41" part="74" refId="ref6930" refString="GERAADS, D. (1988): Revision des Rhinocerotidae (Mamma- lia) du Turolien de Pikermi. Comparaison avec les formes voisines. - Annales de Paleontologie, 74: 13 - 41." title="Revision des Rhinocerotidae (Mamma- lia) du Turolien de Pikermi. Comparaison avec les formes voisines" type="journal article" year="1988">GERAADS (1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="BONIS, L. DE & BOUVRAIN, G. & GERAADS, D. & SEN, S." box="[591,642,840,864]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum na- tional dʼHistoire naturelle, 4 eme serie, (C)" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="225 - 240" part="16" refId="ref6620" refString="BONIS, L. DE, BOUVRAIN, G., GERAADS, D. & SEN, S. (1994): Les gisements de Mammiferes du Miocene superieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 11. Biochronologie, paleoecologie, et relations biogeographiques. - Bulletin du Museum na- tional dʼHistoire naturelle, 4 eme serie, (C), 16: 225 - 240." title="Les gisements de Mammiferes du Miocene superieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 11. Biochronologie, paleoecologie, et relations biogeographiques" type="journal article" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and GI-
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X." box="[131,317,868,892]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="157 - 187" part="31" refId="ref7442" refString="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X. (2009): The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 157 - 187." title="The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae" type="journal article" year="2009">AOURTSAKIS (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Its size (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[410,427,868,892]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">L</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode box="[433,467,868,892]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">DP</collectionCode>
|
||
1-
|
||
<collectionCode box="[481,515,868,892]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">DP</collectionCode>
|
||
4 =
|
||
<quantity box="[554,636,868,892]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.51" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" unit="mm" value="151.0">151 mm</quantity>
|
||
) is within the range of Pikermi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GERAADS, D." box="[361,511,896,920]" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Paleontologie" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="13 - 41" part="74" refId="ref6930" refString="GERAADS, D. (1988): Revision des Rhinocerotidae (Mamma- lia) du Turolien de Pikermi. Comparaison avec les formes voisines. - Annales de Paleontologie, 74: 13 - 41." title="Revision des Rhinocerotidae (Mamma- lia) du Turolien de Pikermi. Comparaison avec les formes voisines" type="journal article" year="1988">GERAADS 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), main Samos assemblage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X." box="[197,391,924,948]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="157 - 187" part="31" refId="ref7442" refString="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X. (2009): The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 157 - 187." title="The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae" type="journal article" year="2009">GIAOURTSAKIS 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and slightly above that of the two specimens from Kemiklitepe A (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="BONIS, L. DE & BOUVRAIN, G. & GERAADS, D. & SEN, S." box="[469,619,952,976]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum na- tional dʼHistoire naturelle, 4 eme serie, (C)" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="225 - 240" part="16" refId="ref6620" refString="BONIS, L. DE, BOUVRAIN, G., GERAADS, D. & SEN, S. (1994): Les gisements de Mammiferes du Miocene superieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 11. Biochronologie, paleoecologie, et relations biogeographiques. - Bulletin du Museum na- tional dʼHistoire naturelle, 4 eme serie, (C), 16: 225 - 240." title="Les gisements de Mammiferes du Miocene superieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 11. Biochronologie, paleoecologie, et relations biogeographiques" type="journal article" year="1994">GERAADS 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There are several lower deciduous series. They are comparable in size to those from MTLA (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X." box="[369,569,1008,1032]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="157 - 187" part="31" refId="ref7442" refString="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X. (2009): The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 157 - 187." title="The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae" type="journal article" year="2009">GIAOURTSAKIS 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but the talonid basin of dp2 is never fully closed, and the anterior lobe of dp3 is at most incipient; it may be that the intra-specific variability of these teeth is greater than assumed by GIAOURT-
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X." box="[131,257,1120,1144]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="157 - 187" part="31" refId="ref7442" refString="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X. (2009): The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 157 - 187." title="The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae" type="journal article" year="2009">SAKIS (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[131,737,140,1844]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">
|
||
It is more parsimonious to assume that post-cranials also belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[230,356,1176,1199]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neumayri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[230,356,1176,1199]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">C. neumayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; indeed, they display some of the features regarded as characteristic of this taxon by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GERAADS, D." journalOrPublisher="Annales de Paleontologie" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="13 - 41" part="74" refId="ref6930" refString="GERAADS, D. (1988): Revision des Rhinocerotidae (Mamma- lia) du Turolien de Pikermi. Comparaison avec les formes voisines. - Annales de Paleontologie, 74: 13 - 41." title="Revision des Rhinocerotidae (Mamma- lia) du Turolien de Pikermi. Comparaison avec les formes voisines" type="journal article" year="1988">GERAADS (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X." box="[245,456,1232,1256]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="157 - 187" part="31" refId="ref7442" refString="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X. (2009): The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 157 - 187." title="The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae" type="journal article" year="2009">GIAOURTSAKIS (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[131,737,140,1844]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">
|
||
There are several sets of associated
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913346697" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[552,679,1260,1284]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="6" pageNumber="247" preperations="set of associated left metacarpals" specimenCode="Mal-94" typeStatus="Other material">metacarpals</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="5.[123,160,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[125,1372,140,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[125,1372,139,1670]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. A-D – Ceratotherium neumayri from Mahmutgazi. A: skull Ma2-Gips15 (A1: lateral view; A2: ventral view; A3: occipital view). B: astragalus Ma2-Gips15 (B1: plantar view; B2: lateral view; B3: anterior view). C: upper tooth row Ma2- Gips16, occlusal view. D: set of left metacarpals Ma1-94. Scale bar = 20 cm for Figs. A and D, 10 cm for Fig. B and C." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433471/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">
|
||
Fig. 4
|
||
<collectionCode box="[144,163,1288,1312]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">D</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The McII has no palmar ridge and a long articular sur- face for the magnum, and the McIII has a deep lateral concavity to accommodate a strong tuberosity of the Mc IV (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X." box="[180,379,1372,1396]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="157 - 187" part="31" refId="ref7442" refString="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X. (2009): The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 157 - 187." title="The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae" type="journal article" year="2009">GIAOURTSAKIS 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 5, figs. 4-6). The three McIIIs are homogeneous in size (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[399,478,1400,1424]" captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="15.[124,185,140,164]" captionTargetBox="[124,1268,191,332]" captionTargetId="graphics@15.[124,1373,172,333]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 6. Measurements of Ceratotherium neumayri metapodials (Ma1-94/Ma1-91/Ma1-99)." pageId="6" pageNumber="247">Table 6</tableCitation>
|
||
), and are slightly shorter than a specimen from Lubéron (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[453,537,1428,1452]" collectionName="France, Paris, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">MNHN</collectionCode>
|
||
), but slightly longer than a McIII from Garkın in Munich (
|
||
<date box="[513,603,1456,1480]" bridgedPair="-" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" value="1968-06">1968-VI-</date>
|
||
359) and lon- ger than KTD-6 from the lower level of Kemiklitepe (GER-
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GERAADS, D." box="[131,238,1512,1536]" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Museum National dʼHistoire Naturelle, 4 eme serie, (C)" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="81 - 95" part="16" refId="ref6967" refString="GERAADS, D. (1994): Les gisements de Mammiferes du Miocene superieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 4: Rhinoceroti- dae. - Bulletin du Museum National dʼHistoire Naturelle, 4 eme serie, (C), 16: 81 - 95." title="Les gisements de Mammiferes du Miocene superieur de Kemiklitepe, Turquie: 4: Rhinoceroti- dae" type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectionCode box="[131,180,1516,1533]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">AADS</collectionCode>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although not too much weight should be placed upon these measurements, the metric evidence is consistent with a slight increase in metapodial length from KTD and Garkın to Mahmutgazi and to Lubéron.
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913346691" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" box="[551,680,1596,1620]" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="6" pageNumber="247" preperations="astragalus" specimenCode="Ma2-Gips15" typeStatus="Other material">Ma2-Gips15</materialsCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="5.[123,160,1708,1732]" captionTargetBox="[125,1372,140,1669]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[125,1372,139,1670]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 4. A-D – Ceratotherium neumayri from Mahmutgazi. A: skull Ma2-Gips15 (A1: lateral view; A2: ventral view; A3: occipital view). B: astragalus Ma2-Gips15 (B1: plantar view; B2: lateral view; B3: anterior view). C: upper tooth row Ma2- Gips16, occlusal view. D: set of left metacarpals Ma1-94. Scale bar = 20 cm for Figs. A and D, 10 cm for Fig. B and C." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1433471/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">
|
||
Fig. 4
|
||
<collectionCode box="[144,160,1624,1648]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">B</collectionCode>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) is an astragalus showing the typical features of the species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X." box="[184,381,1652,1676]" journalOrPublisher="Beitrage zur Palaontologie" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="157 - 187" part="31" refId="ref7442" refString="GIAOURTSAKIS, I. X. (2009): The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae. - Beitrage zur Palaontologie, 31: 157 - 187." title="The late Miocene Mammal faunas of the Mytilinii Basin, Samos Island, Greece: new collection. 9. Rhinocerotidae" type="journal article" year="2009">GIAOURTSAKIS 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): oval sustentacular facet separated from the distal calcanear facet, lateral fibular facet tapering proximally, not contacting the sustentacular facet.
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1913346693" bfaMax="MN 12" bfaMin="MN 11" collectingDate="1970" collectionCode="SMNK" collectorName="Sickenberg, O." country="Turkey" geologicalContext="Early Turolian, Late Miocene" geologicalContextID="Miocene" latitude="38.023 " location="Mahmutgazi" longitude="29.408 " pageId="6" pageNumber="247" preperations="incomplete astragalus" specimenCode="Ma2-Gips28" typeStatus="Other material">Ma2- Gips28</materialsCitation>
|
||
is an incomplete astragalus that differs in having a round sustentacular facet, and in being lower, but it may have suffered some distortion; I do not regard this single specimen as positive evidence of another species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="247" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[774,1379,140,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">
|
||
Thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Osborn" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[883,1155,140,164]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Ceratotherium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neumayri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[883,1155,140,164]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">Ceratotherium neumayri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only species definitely represented in the
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1053,1125,168,192]" collectionName="Germany, Karlsruhe, Staatliches Museum fuer Naturkunde Karlsruhe" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">SMNK</collectionCode>
|
||
collection.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="HEISSIG, K." box="[1239,1379,168,192]" journalOrPublisher="Geologisches Jahrbuch, (B)" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" pagination="145 - 151" part="15" refId="ref7537" refString="HEISSIG, K. (1975): Rhinocerotidae aus dem Jungtertiars Anatoliens. - Geologisches Jahrbuch, (B), 15: 145 - 151." title="Rhinocerotidae aus dem Jungtertiars Anatoliens" type="journal article" year="1975">HEISSIG (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[891,1145,196,220]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Chilotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schlosseri">
|
||
<emphasis box="[891,1145,196,220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">Chilotherium schlosseri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but I have not seen a single specimen that could be assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ringström" authorityYear="1924" box="[1201,1338,224,248]" class="Mammalia" family="Rhinocerotidae" genus="Chilotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perissodactyla" pageId="6" pageNumber="247" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1201,1338,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="247">Chilotherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |