213 lines
25 KiB
XML
213 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document id="D4F438474283F69A5F44213BC5D020DA" ID-CLB-Dataset="298900" ID-DOI="10.1643/ci-18-055" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4919bfd6-3d35-48b9-9421-c852fa35abab" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12536069" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="julia" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="julia" IM.metadata_approvedBy="julia" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="julia" IM.treatments_approvedBy="julia" checkinTime="1719340789171" checkinUser="julia" docAuthor="Ma, Ka Yan & Craig, Matthew T." docDate="2018" docId="03FEC024E123DF35FCD73E88684CFA83" docLanguage="en" docName="copeia.106.3.443-456.pdf" docOrigin="Copeia 106 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ci-18-055" docTitle="Epinephelus Bloch 1793" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="449" masterDocId="FFC7B85CE126DF33FFE33B236D19FFA4" masterDocTitle="An Inconvenient Monophyly: An Update on the Taxonomy of the Groupers (Epinephelidae)" masterLastPageNumber="456" masterPageNumber="443" pageNumber="448" updateTime="1719854615312" updateUser="julia">
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<mods:mods id="1C976C747C3C6FA9583740A66F2A18E0" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="FE752321D914A817B400AD4B0D164B14">
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<mods:title id="F06DD49D24455A43B19AF2EE234E591C">An Inconvenient Monophyly: An Update on the Taxonomy of the Groupers (Epinephelidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="4DC774B6A6B828F46627FDE2D4E33D39" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="8A880B48538BEB547BA9CFDA98E5D67C">
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<mods:roleTerm id="546CE88606E760861D2FC1F487F0A136">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="3FD3568FA7A0DD2A09448BA27E8FC111">Ma, Ka Yan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5E299804ED15BD6236E6D84B15BDFE93">Simon F. S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, 999077, Hong Kong SAR.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="829A79A0644666261458CFD49FF31DEB" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="AADE19F5AAA8ED64DAC78200A0225D1A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4B60D6761CC7DB8B008E3F171F2A6112">Craig, Matthew T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AED022B43DF164197ABD46BE42839CA1">2 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, California 92037</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="BBDA08104B67692904F64059BA849259" type="email">matthew.craig@noaa.gov.</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="135890E4134A9925424FA949D3C11A06">Copeia</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="E0278A474C1D871C3DBBE32E25C9AA0F">
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<mods:date id="E12417B899557B3174764304C1653979">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="DE95141F51F9F2C890EF10E036FAB0DE">2018-10-31</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E15639F090924EED2BB8F36EE4B843E1">106</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="5A9A6CF373D8FC20B23F485D1B4B16B3" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="A3585EBCC16973F4A0CA6AB7A1EB97DB">3</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="0D3C14B864EB5817B97BB80BEAB6A9BF">http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/ci-18-055</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="03F40973A0B387895BF18D6A87A110BE">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="12F50E519EB3FDACEC478DDA759A0BF5" type="DOI">10.1643/ci-18-055</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03FEC024E123DF35FCD73E88684CFA83" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12536314" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233767947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12536314" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FEC024E123DF35FCD73E88684CFA83" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FEC024E123DF35FCD73E88684CFA83" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="449" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E123DF36FCD73E886ED7FA66" bold="true" box="[820,974,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">
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<subSubSection id="C34D22B9E123DF36FCD73E886EA1FA66" box="[820,952,1451,1474]" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE87132E123DF36FCD73E886EA1FA66" blockId="5.[820,1491,1451,2024]" box="[820,952,1451,1474]" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E123DF36FCD73E886EADFA66" ID-CoL="4D84" authority="Bloch, 1793" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[820,948,1451,1474]" family="Epinephelidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Epinephelus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34D22B9E123DF35FC5B3E88684CFA83" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="449" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE87132E123DF35FC5B3E886C54FB4F" blockId="5.[820,1491,1451,2024]" lastBlockId="6.[142,812,1061,2024]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="449" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">
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—The inclusion of the monotypic
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E123DF36FABB3E8868C8FA65" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1859" box="[1368,1489,1451,1473]" family="Serranidae" genus="Anyperodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E123DF36FABB3E8868C8FA65" box="[1368,1489,1451,1473]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">Anyperodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E123DF36FC893EEA6EFBFA7B" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1839" box="[874,994,1481,1503]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cromileptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E123DF36FC893EEA6EFBFA7B" box="[874,994,1481,1503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">Cromileptes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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within
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E123DF36FBA73EEA69A7FA7B" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[1092,1214,1481,1503]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E123DF36FBA73EEA69A7FA7B" box="[1092,1214,1481,1503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">Epinephelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is somewhat surprising although consistent with all previous molecular studies.
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E123DF36FCD73D246EB4F9B9" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1859" box="[820,941,1543,1565]" family="Serranidae" genus="Anyperodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E123DF36FCD73D246EB4F9B9" box="[820,941,1543,1565]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">Anyperodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shares 11 dorsal-fin spines and the absence of trisegmental pterygiophores with
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E123DF36FB5D3D066821F99F" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[1214,1336,1573,1595]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E123DF36FB5D3D066821F99F" box="[1214,1336,1573,1595]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">Epinephelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. However, it has been retained in a monotypic genus due to the absence of palatine teeth and its ‘‘...elongate and markedly compressed head and body...’’ (Heemstra and Randall, 1993). Heemstra and Randall (1993) noted that ‘‘...there are some other elongate groupers, but none of these are as compressed
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E123DF36FCD73DFE6EB4F957" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1859" box="[820,941,1757,1779]" family="Serranidae" genus="Anyperodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E123DF36FCD73DFE6EB4F957" box="[820,941,1757,1779]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">Anyperodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.’’ (
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<figureCitation id="136C6DB7E123DF36FC2C3DFE6917F950" box="[975,1038,1757,1780]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="8.[1178,1206,1230,1250]" captionTargetBox="[142,1128,131,1324]" captionTargetId="figure-383@8.[142,1128,131,1324]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIG. 6. Epinephelus goreensis (top; photograph by Klaus Fiedler) and E. leucogrammicus (bottom; photograph © Robert Myers)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12536097" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12536097/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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). This is a curious statement as the body width for
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E123DF36FC473DD86904F8B5" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1859" box="[932,1053,1787,1809]" family="Serranidae" genus="Anyperodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E123DF36FC473DD86904F8B5" box="[932,1053,1787,1809]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">Anyperodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is 2.3–2.8 times in its depth, while the range of body width for species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E123DF36FB203C396824F894" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[1219,1341,1818,1840]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E123DF36FB203C396824F894" box="[1219,1341,1818,1840]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">Epinephelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is 1.8–2.8 in their depth (Heemstra and Randall, 1993; Craig et al., 2011). Additionally, the body depth in
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E123DF36FB743C746809F8C9" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1859" box="[1175,1296,1879,1901]" family="Serranidae" genus="Anyperodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E123DF36FB743C746809F8C9" box="[1175,1296,1879,1901]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">Anyperodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is contained 3.1– 3.7 times in SL, while that for species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E123DF36FAEB3C55689BF828" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[1288,1410,1910,1932]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E123DF36FAEB3C55689BF828" box="[1288,1410,1910,1932]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">Epinephelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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ranges from 2.3–3.7 in SL (Heemstra and Randall, 1993; Craig et al., 2011). Finally, the head length of
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E123DF36FB203C906825F86D" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1859" box="[1219,1340,1971,1993]" family="Serranidae" genus="Anyperodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E123DF36FB203C906825F86D" box="[1219,1340,1971,1993]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">Anyperodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is contained 2.3–2.5 in SL, while in species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E123DF36FB413CF26805F843" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[1186,1308,2001,2023]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E123DF36FB413CF26805F843" box="[1186,1308,2001,2023]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="448">Epinephelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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the head length is contained 2.1–2.8 times in SL (Heemstra and Randall, 1993; Craig et al., 2011). Thus it appears that
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FD7B3F616E08FBFC" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1859" box="[664,785,1090,1112]" family="Serranidae" genus="Anyperodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FD7B3F616E08FBFC" box="[664,785,1090,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Anyperodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is no more elongated or compressed than any other species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FF6D3F5E6C11FB37" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[142,264,1149,1171]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FF6D3F5E6C11FB37" box="[142,264,1149,1171]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Epinephelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The absence of palatine teeth is thus a curious autapomorphic specialization in the species that is worthy of future investigation; however, it is insufficient to exclude it from
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FF2F3FF66C5FFB4F" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[204,326,1237,1259]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FF2F3FF66C5FFB4F" box="[204,326,1237,1259]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Epinephelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF2821BAE120DF35FF6D38936C91FC7A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12536088" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12536088" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12536088/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" startId="6.[142,170,944,964]" targetBox="[142,1530,130,914]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE87132E120DF35FF6D38936C91FC7A" blockId="6.[142,1530,943,990]" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">
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||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FF6D3893693EFC60" bold="true" box="[142,1063,943,964]" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">
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FIG. 4.
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FF3B38936C85FC67" box="[216,412,943,964]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argus">
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||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FF3B38936C85FC67" bold="true" box="[216,412,943,964]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Cephalopholis argus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(top left),
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FDE238936FBFFC67" baseAuthorityName="Fowler & Bean" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[513,678,943,964]" family="Serranidae" genus="Gracila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albomarginata">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FDE238936FBFFC67" bold="true" box="[513,678,943,964]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">C. albomarginata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(bottom left),
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FCD138936E93FC67" baseAuthorityName="Bleeker" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[818,906,943,964]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polleni">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FCD138936E93FC67" bold="true" box="[818,906,943,964]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">C. polleni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(top right photo
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</emphasis>
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©
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FBA738936873FC60" bold="true" box="[1092,1386,944,964]" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Luiz Rocha; bottom right photo</emphasis>
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© Bob Fenner, www.wetwebmedia.com).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BE87132E120DF35FF453FD06FB3F966" blockId="6.[142,812,1061,2024]" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FF453FD06C07FAAD" authorityName="Swainson" authorityYear="1839" box="[166,286,1267,1289]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cromileptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FF453FD06C07FAAD" box="[166,286,1267,1289]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Cromileptes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has a head shape (severely depressed anteriorly and elevated posteriorly) that is unique among groupers (
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<figureCitation id="136C6DB7E120DF35FCE73E336D84FAE7" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="9.[1139,1167,1379,1399]" captionTargetBox="[103,1090,131,1446]" captionTargetId="figure-309@9.[103,1090,131,1446]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIG. 7. Epinephelus altivelis juvenile (top) and adult (bottom). Photographs © Robert Myers." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12536102" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12536102/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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). It shares epineural ribs on vertebrae 1–10, two supraneural bones, and no trisegmental pterygiophores with
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<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FD483E686E3CFAC5" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[683,805,1355,1377]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FD483E686E3CFAC5" box="[683,805,1355,1377]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Epinephelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Despite its curious cranial morphology, there is no indication that this species is anything other than a highly specialized member of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FE6D3E806F11FA1D" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[398,520,1443,1465]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FE6D3E806F11FA1D" box="[398,520,1443,1465]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Epinephelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Similar cases of extreme morphological specializations emerging within a clade are not uncommon in fishes. For example, species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FF6D3ED86C1FF9B5" box="[142,262,1531,1553]" family="Labridae" genus="Gomphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FF6D3ED86C1FF9B5" box="[142,262,1531,1553]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Gomphosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a remarkably elongated snout and are nested deeply within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FE1B3D3A6DC8F9E9" authority="(Bernardi et al., 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Bernardi" baseAuthorityYear="2002" family="Labridae" genus="Thalassoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FE1B3D3A6F6FF98B" box="[504,630,1561,1583]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Thalassoma</emphasis>
|
||
(Bernardi et al., 2002)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FEAA3D156CA1F9E8" box="[329,440,1590,1612]" family="Serranidae" genus="Paranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FEAA3D156CA1F9E8" box="[329,440,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Paranthias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
x
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FE313D156F7AF9E8" authorityName=", Randall" authorityYear="1964" box="[466,611,1590,1612]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FE313D156F7AF9E8" box="[466,611,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FD8C3D156E32F9E8" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1801" box="[623,811,1590,1612]" family="Labridae" genus="Gomphosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FD8C3D156E32F9E8" box="[623,811,1590,1612]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Gomphosus varius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to hybridize with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FE2F3D706C05F92C" authority="(Randall and Allen, 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Randall and Allen" baseAuthorityYear="2004" family="Labridae" genus="Thalassoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lunare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FE2F3D706F8DF9CD" box="[460,660,1619,1641]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Thalassoma lunare</emphasis>
|
||
(Randall and Allen, 2004)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In captivity,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FE5D3D526F36F923" box="[446,559,1649,1671]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="altivelis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FE5D3D526F36F923" box="[446,559,1649,1671]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">C. altivelis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has successfully been hybridized with
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FEBC3DAD6F69F900" box="[351,624,1678,1700]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FEBC3DAD6F71F900" baseAuthorityName="Bloch" baseAuthorityYear="1790" box="[351,616,1678,1700]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lanceolatus">Epinephelus lanceolatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
however, it is unknown if this would ever happen in the wild.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE87132E120DF35FF453DEA684CFA83" blockId="6.[142,812,1061,2024]" lastBlockId="6.[859,1529,1061,1320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">
|
||
The large majority of species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C570AB1E120DF35FE1D3DEA6F61F97B" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[510,632,1737,1759]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="449" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B923AD20E120DF35FE1D3DEA6F61F97B" box="[510,632,1737,1759]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Epinephelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are recovered in two sister clades and form the crown of the grouper tree (clades E and F,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C6DB7E120DF35FEB63C276CB9F8BD" box="[341,416,1796,1818]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="3.[103,131,1851,1871]" captionTargetBox="[217,1376,130,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-1@3.[217,1376,130,1821]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIG. 1. Majority rule consensus cladogram of maximum likelihood analysis, reconstructed using RAxML with 1000 bootstrap replicates following Ma et al. (2016). Numbers at nodes represent bootstrap support values (%)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12536076" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12536076/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="136C6DB7E120DF35FE573C276CDDF8BF" box="[436,452,1796,1819]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="4.[142,170,1851,1871]" captionTargetBox="[213,1458,130,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[213,1458,130,1821]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIG. 2. Bayesian inference phylogram reconstructed using MrBayes following Ma et al. (2016). Numbers on branches represent posterior probabilities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12536081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12536081/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="449">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Morphological differentiation among these two sister clades is lacking; however, they do exhibit subtle differences in ecology. In clade E, the majority of the species are relatively large (maximum total length 75 to 250 cm), and most are restricted to coral reefs. On the other hand, Clade F contains species that are relatively small, having maximum total length,75 cm (Heemstra and Randall, 1993; Craig et al., 2011), and most are widely distributed, inhabiting both coral and non-coral reef environments. Ecological factors have likely played a major role in driving the divergence and radiation of these two species-rich clades of groupers as 88% of cladogenic events have been shown to be non-allopatric (Ma et al., 2016). It is also important to note that the ‘‘reticulated-grouper complex’’ (Heemstra and Randall, 1993) is polyphyletic. The nine reticulated-grouper species are scattered across three distinct clades along with ‘‘non-reticulated’’ groupers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |