210 lines
27 KiB
XML
210 lines
27 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AE452537F881823631CA14AB9A33EA1D">Genetic and chemical diversity of the toxic herb Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. (syn. Senecio jacobaea L.) in Northern Germany</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FC41F2E9EFF58509BB882D153A705190">Jung, Stefanie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7D59B67C4E93DDA4A24D27B2A6F79C60">∗ & Systematic Botany, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="CC0B6C059CED9DA3BCFCB521F2EA537A">Lauter, Jan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2B71EE24F670A1D2A9181FC59004E625">Hartung, Nicole M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="099A6E4A4BF07B09E3BDF8734FBD5DD5">These, Anja</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="F722BACFAE4B1647A5796B399B3CAE03">2020</mods:date>
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<treatment id="039887B7FFE1FF99FF80FAA17F1832EC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039887B7FFE1FF99FF80FAA17F1832EC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039887B7FFE1FF99FF80FAA17F1832EC" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<paragraph id="8B8E36A1FFE1FF99FF80FAA17AA13364" blockId="3.[100,399,1383,1403]" box="[100,399,1383,1403]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="D0C681CDFFE1FF99FF80FAA17AA13364" bold="true" box="[100,399,1383,1403]" fontSize="36" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FF80FAA17AA13364" bold="true" box="[100,399,1383,1403]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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2.2. Genetic profile of
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FED0FAAE7AA13364" ID-CoL="3QJJ5" ID-ENA="98722" authority="Gaertn." authorityName="Gaertn." box="[308,399,1383,1403]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Jacobaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">J. vulgaris</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B8E36A1FFE1FF99FF61FA5979793044" blockId="3.[100,770,1439,1989]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Our results generated with AFLP markers draw the same picture as our former results using ISSR markers (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B50FFE1FF99FE37FA7D794133D0" author="Jung, S. & Henniges, M. & Mutz, S. & Kibar, G. & Gemeinholzer, B. & Wissemann, V." box="[467,623,1467,1486]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="37 - 58" refId="ref9703" refString="Jung, S., Henniges, M., Mutz, S., Kibar, G., Gemeinholzer, B., Wissemann, V., 2017. Senecoi jacobaea L. (Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn.) Artinformation und vorlaufige Ergebnisse zur genetischen Variabilitat in Schleswig-Holstein. Kiel. Not. Pflanzenkd. 37 - 58." type="book chapter" year="2017">Jung et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). In total, three primer combinations produced 243 loci for 75 individuals of which 241 (99.2%) were polymorphic, hence show differences between individuals. AMOVA shows that the main part of the total genetic differentiation (96%) is located within populations while 4% of the genetic differentiation is among populations (
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<tableCitation id="C6B3031AFFE1FF99FDE6F98079673044" box="[514,585,1606,1626]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="4.[100,150,1221,1237]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 3 Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for genetic diversity of all populations of J. vulgaris. PhiP = Differentiation, *p 0.01, d.f. = degree of freedom." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 3</tableCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8E36A1FFE1FF99FF61F9A47BEC3103" blockId="3.[100,770,1439,1989]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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The principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) was performed to visualize genetic similarities. It shows scattered individuals along with any clustering (
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<figureCitation id="130A2A24FFE1FF99FF36F95C7A2430B3" box="[210,266,1690,1709]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[100,130,729,746]" captionTargetBox="[341,1246,152,707]" captionTargetId="figure-883@5.[340,1247,152,707]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5. Principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) ordination of the genetic similarity of 75 individuals of J. vulgaris from Northern Germany. Coordinate 1 explains 29.47% of the shown variability and coordinate 2 explains 10.00% of the shown variability. Colours indicate membership to the different populations." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8294301" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8294301/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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). Coordinate 1 explains 29% of the variability and coordinate 2 explains 10%. As we do not see any grouping of individuals belonging to one population, PCoA results confirm AMOVA results and show that there is not too much differentiation among populations.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8E36A1FFE1FF99FF61F8E078C534DA" blockId="3.[100,770,1439,1989]" lastBlockId="3.[818,1488,159,1266]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Genetic structure of
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FEA0F8E07AB13126" box="[324,415,1829,1849]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Jacobaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
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<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FEA0F8E07AB13126" bold="true" box="[324,415,1829,1849]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">J. vulgaris</emphasis>
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populations in its native and invasive region has been investigated before (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B50FFE1FF99FE26F88779A2314B" author="Doorduin, L. J. & van den Hof, K. & Vrieling, K. & Joshi, J." box="[450,652,1857,1877]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="244 - 250" refId="ref9169" refString="Doorduin, L. J., van den Hof, K., Vrieling, K., Joshi, J., 2010. The lack of genetic bottleneck in invasive Tansy ragwort populations suggests multiple source populations. Basic Appl. Ecol. 11, 244 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. baae. 2009.12.007." type="journal article" year="2010">Doorduin et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
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). This study shows higher differentiation between populations (13.26%) in its native region which might be explained by the much greater distances between the different populations used in that study. The low differentiation we found in our study indicates that the
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FDD1F87779A131DA" box="[565,655,1969,1988]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Jacobaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
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<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FDD1F87779A131DA" bold="true" box="[565,655,1969,1988]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">J. vulgaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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populations are somehow cross-linked to each other, leading to the conclusion that
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FCD6FF7D78BF36D0" box="[818,913,187,206]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Jacobaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
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<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FCD6FF7D78BF36D0" bold="true" box="[818,913,187,206]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">J. vulgaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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forms a panmictic metapopulation in Northern
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<collectingCountry id="F3267631FFE1FF99FA97FF7D7EE236D0" box="[1395,1484,187,206]" name="Germany" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Germany</collectingCountry>
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. This could be explained by long distance achene dispersion (e.g. via wind or hay transport) and a connection between populations via pollinators. At least 36 species are known to pollinate
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FAC0FEC97EAF373F" box="[1316,1409,270,290]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Jacobaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
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<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FAC0FEC97EAF373F" bold="true" box="[1316,1409,270,290]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">J. vulgaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, mainly
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FCD6FEED78563720" box="[818,888,299,318]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
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like
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FC50FEED7F3C3720" box="[948,1042,299,318]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syrphidae</taxonomicName>
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and Hymenoptera (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B50FFE1FF99FB00FEED7EEF3720" author="Vanparys, V. & Meerts, P. & Jacquemart, A. - L." box="[1252,1473,299,318]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="361 - 369" refId="ref11323" refString="Vanparys, V., Meerts, P., Jacquemart, A. - L., 2008. Plant - pollinator interactions: comparison between an invasive and a native congeneric species. Acta Oecol. 34, 361 - 369. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. actao. 2008.06.008." type="journal article" year="2008">Vanparys et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
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). Therefore, the distances pollinating insects are able to overcome are very various. In human modified landscape for example insects can spread pollen up to
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<quantity id="4CC99B44FFE1FF99FC15FEB87F00378C" box="[1009,1070,382,402]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B50FFE1FF99FBD9FEB87FC7378F" author="Rader, R. & Edwards, W. & Westcott, D. A. & Cunningham, S. A. & Howlett, B. G." box="[1085,1257,382,402]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="519 - 529" refId="ref10985" refString="Rader, R., Edwards, W., Westcott, D. A., Cunningham, S. A., Howlett, B. G., 2011. Pollen transport differs among bees and flies in a human-modified landscape. Divers. Distrib. 17, 519 - 529. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1472 - 4642.2011.00757. x." type="journal article" year="2011">Rader et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). In addition,
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FA90FEB97EFE378F" box="[1396,1488,382,402]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Jacobaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
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<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FA90FEB97EFE378F" bold="true" box="[1396,1488,382,402]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">J. vulgaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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seeds are dispersed by wind, water and human activity (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B50FFE1FF99FA85FE5D788837D7" author="Harper, J. L. & Wood, W. A." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="617 - 637" refId="ref9448" refString="Harper, J. L., Wood, W. A., 1957. Biological flora of the British isles.: Senecio jacobaea L. J. Ecol. 617 - 637. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2256946." type="book chapter" year="1957">Harper and Wood, 1957</bibRefCitation>
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). Especially rail- and motorways seem to be good propagation vectors for seeds from
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FBAFFE147E8B37FB" authority="(Harper and Wood, 1957)" baseAuthorityName="Harper and Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[1099,1445,466,485]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Jacobaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
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<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FBAFFE147F8937FB" bold="true" box="[1099,1191,466,485]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">J. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B50FFE1FF99FB51FE147EB537FB" author="Harper, J. L. & Wood, W. A." box="[1205,1435,466,485]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="617 - 637" refId="ref9448" refString="Harper, J. L., Wood, W. A., 1957. Biological flora of the British isles.: Senecio jacobaea L. J. Ecol. 617 - 637. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 2256946." type="book chapter" year="1957">Harper and Wood, 1957</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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. For the related species
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FC0CFE287FEA341F" authority="DC." authorityName="DC." box="[1000,1220,494,513]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Senecio" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="inaequidens">
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<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FC0CFE287FB4341F" bold="true" box="[1000,1178,494,513]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Senecio inaequidens</emphasis>
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DC.
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</taxonomicName>
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studies have already shown the importance of rail- and motorways as dispersion way (Blanchet et al., 2015;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B50FFE1FF99FC55FDE07F053427" author="Griese, D." box="[945,1067,550,569]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="193 - 204" refId="ref9417" refString="Griese, D., 1996. Zur Ausbreitung von Senecio inaequidens DC. an Autobahnen in Norddeutschland. Braunschw. Natkd. Schr. 5, 193 - 204." type="journal article" year="1996">Griese, 1996</bibRefCitation>
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). In addition, the comparison between the genetic distance and the geographical distance (Mantel test) showed a small positive correlation which was not significant (r = 0.083, p = 0.08), hence we could not detect any isolation by distance, confirming the conclusion that
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<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FBB7FD537F9B34B6" baseAuthorityName="Harper and Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[1107,1205,661,680]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Jacobaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
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<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FBB7FD537F9B34B6" bold="true" box="[1107,1205,661,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">J. vulgaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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forms a metapopulation in Northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3267631FFE1FF99FC6AFD7778C934DA" box="[910,999,689,708]" name="Germany" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8E36A1FFE1FF99FCB7FD0B7F1832EC" blockId="3.[818,1488,159,1266]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Genetic diversity values range between 0.31 ± 0.01 (Neustadt) and 0.4 ± 0.07 (Rauischholzhausen). The average assumption is 0.35 (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B3031AFFE1FF99FCDEFCC378AF3506" box="[826,897,773,792]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="4.[100,150,1479,1495]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Table 4 Genetic diversity of J. vulgaris populations based on AFLP data. n = sample size, loc = number of loci scored, LocP = number of polymophic loci, PLP (%) = percent polymorphic loci, Hj = expected heterozygosity, SE (Hj) = standard error of Hj." pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). This is a high to moderate genetic diversity on average and fits to the results of other common
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FB6EFCE77FC1352A" box="[1162,1263,801,820]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
with similar life traits.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B50FFE1FF99FCD6FCFB78D0354E" author="Mandak, B. & Zakravsky, P. & Korinkova, D. & Dostal, P. & Plackova, I." box="[818,1022,829,848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="596 - 607" refId="ref10430" refString="Mandak, B., Zakravsky, P., Korinkova, D., Dostal, P., Plackova, I., 2009. Low population differentiation and high genetic diversity in the invasive species Carduus acanthoides L. (Asteraceae) within its native range in the Czech Republic. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 98, 596 - 607. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.2009.01304. x." type="journal article" year="2009">Mandák et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
investigated
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FB64FCFA7E153551" box="[1152,1339,828,847]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Carduus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acanthoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FB64FCFA7E153551" bold="true" box="[1152,1339,828,847]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Carduus acanthoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. in its native range using allozymes.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FBF4FC9E7FBD3575" box="[1040,1171,856,875]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Carduus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acanthoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FBF4FC9E7FBD3575" bold="true" box="[1040,1171,856,875]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. acanthoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also shows high levels of genetic diversity and small genetic differentiation. Both species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FAAFFCB37E883599" baseAuthorityName="Harper and Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[1355,1446,884,904]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Jacobaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FAAFFCB37E883599" bold="true" box="[1355,1446,884,904]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">J. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FCD6FC56789935BD" box="[818,951,912,931]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Carduus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="acanthoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FCD6FC56789935BD" bold="true" box="[818,951,912,931]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C. acanthoides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are invasive in several parts of the world (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B50FFE1FF99FA8CFC56788635A1" author="Desrochers, A. M. & Bain, J. F. & Warwick, S. I." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1053 - 1068" refId="ref9102" refString="Desrochers, A. M., Bain, J. F., Warwick, S. I., 1988. The biology OF Canadian weeds: 89. Carduus nutans L. and Carduus acanthoides L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 68, 1053 - 1068. https: // doi. org / 10.4141 / cjps 88 - 126." type="journal article" year="1988">Desrochers et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B50FFE1FF99FC52FC6A7FA035A1" author="Doorduin, L. J. & van den Hof, K. & Vrieling, K. & Joshi, J." box="[950,1166,940,960]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="244 - 250" refId="ref9169" refString="Doorduin, L. J., van den Hof, K., Vrieling, K., Joshi, J., 2010. The lack of genetic bottleneck in invasive Tansy ragwort populations suggests multiple source populations. Basic Appl. Ecol. 11, 244 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. baae. 2009.12.007." type="journal article" year="2010">Doorduin et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This also applies to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FA90FC6A785235C5" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Centaurea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scabiosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FA90FC6A785235C5" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Centaurea scabiosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3267631FFE1FF99FC58FC0E7F3C35C5" box="[956,1042,968,987]" name="Denmark" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Denmark</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B50FFE1FF99FBC7FC0E7FB235C5" author="Ehlers, B. K." box="[1059,1180,968,987]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="653 - 663" refId="ref9309" refString="Ehlers, B. K., 1999. Variation in fruit set within and among natural populations of the selfincompatible herb Centaurea scabiosa (Asteraceae). Nord. J. Bot., Le 19, 653 - 663. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1756 - 1051.1999. tb 00675. x." type="journal article" year="1999">Ehlers, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this case a connection between genetic variation and population reproductive success could be detected. According to the same probability to disperse seeds via wind and the general positive correlation between genetic variation and fitness (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA04B50FFE1FF99FC83FBFE7F3D3255" author="Leimu, R. & Mutikainen, P. I. & Koricheva, J. & Fischer, M." box="[871,1043,1080,1099]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="942 - 952" refId="ref9844" refString="Leimu, R., Mutikainen, P. I., Koricheva, J., Fischer, M., 2006. How general are positive relationships between plant population size, fitness and genetic variation? J. Ecol. 94, 942 - 952. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2745.2006.01150. x." type="journal article" year="2006">Leimu et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) we believe that this is also true for
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FA8AFBFE7EFE3254" bold="true" box="[1390,1488,1079,1099]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FA8AFBFE7EE23254" baseAuthorityName="Harper and Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[1390,1484,1079,1099]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Jacobaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">J. vulgaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This would mean, that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FBFEFB927F573278" baseAuthorityName="Harper and Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[1050,1145,1107,1127]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Jacobaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FBFEFB927F573278" bold="true" box="[1050,1145,1107,1127]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">J. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a great potential of spreading further und thus would aggravate the problem of toxic herbs on grazing fields of livestock. We interpret the overall genetic diversity in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C314D22FFE1FF99FA72FB4A787232A4" baseAuthorityName="Harper and Wood" baseAuthorityYear="1957" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Jacobaea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B945EAB3FFE1FF99FA72FB4A787232A4" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">J. vulgaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lacking specific differentiated genotypes to be the result of a panmictic metapopulation with no directing selection on the geographic range of our study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |