430 lines
72 KiB
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430 lines
72 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8FAB6778CDAFAD9D82CF68EBCD892C06">The giant pliosaurid that wasn’t-revising the marine reptiles from the Kimmeridgian, Upper Jurassic, of Krzyżanowice, Poland</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0C02CA8C5106B12C5D4C826F089931E6">Madzia, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="943F16BCC61C60940625127DE444687B">Wolniewicz, Andrzej S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="5DF3019026860FAFD8ED2B4B6A04C356">Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</mods:title>
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<treatment id="F20787D87129DF33FF8EFDBBEACDFD9F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10987411" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10987411" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F20787D87129DF33FF8EFDBBEACDFD9F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F20787D87129DF33FF8EFDBBEACDFD9F" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">
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<heading id="215981A27129DF2EFF8EFDBBEE8FFDA0" box="[98,407,517,546]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="114" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7129DF2EFF8EFDBBEE5FFDA0" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[98,327,517,546]" family="Metriorhynchidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Metriorhynchidae</taxonomicName>
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indet.
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="32B465457129DF33FF8EFD8CEACDFD9F" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="15" pageNumber="114" type="description">
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<paragraph id="7A1136CE7129DF2EFF8EFD8CEFA7FDC5" blockId="15.[98,191,562,584]" box="[98,191,562,584]" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">
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<figureCitation id="E2952A4B7129DF2EFF8EFD8CEFBAFDCA" box="[98,162,562,584]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[98,131,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[146,1433,720,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-222@15.[146,1433,720,1883]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 7. Jaw fragments of an indeterminate metriorhynchid (MZ VIII Vr-72) from an unknown locality and age, preserved on the opposite sides of a limestone block: the “premaxilla” (A1) and the “dentary” (A2) of Tyborowski and Błażejowski (2019a, b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981026/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">Figs. 7</figureCitation>
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,
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||
<figureCitation id="E2952A4B7129DF2EFF41FD8CEFA3FDC5" box="[173,187,562,583]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[151,184,1162,1184]" captionTargetBox="[153,1532,162,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-350@16.[153,1532,162,1138]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Selected tooth crowns of an indeterminate metriorhynchid (MZ VIII Vr-72) from an unknown locality and age, showing observable features of the enamel: “premaxillary” teeth in lingual view (A1, A2), “dentary” teeth (A3, A4), showing the only tooth crown accessible from lingual side (A3) and the smooth labial surface (A4). Note the absence of the smooth enamel band at the mid-section (A3). Abbreviations: dc, distal carina; rgl, ridglets; se, horizontal band of smooth enamel; vp, vermicular pattern. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981028/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">8</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7A1136CE7129DF2EFF8EFDE4EB01FF7E" blockId="15.[98,771,602,693]" lastBlockId="15.[808,1481,158,618]" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">
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<emphasis id="48DAEADC7129DF2EFF8EFDE4EFDBFDF6" box="[98,195,602,628]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">Material</emphasis>
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.—
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<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7129DF2EFF08FDE4EE08FDF6" box="[228,272,602,628]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">MZ</collectionCode>
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VIII Vr-72, partial jaws and dentition from an unknown locality and age (see Discussion below); reported by
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<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7129DF2EFF0CFD25ED8AFD37" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." box="[224,658,667,693]" pageId="15" pageNumber="114" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski (2019a)</bibRefCitation>
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as originating from the light yellow marl, upper Kimmeridgian of Krzyżanowice,
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<collectingCountry id="02B9765E7129DF2EFC3BFF01EB3BFF5B" box="[983,1059,191,217]" name="Poland" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">Poland</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7129DF2EFBDCFF01EBF5FF58" author="Dabrowska, Z." box="[1072,1261,191,218]" pageId="15" pageNumber="114" pagination="205 - 210" refId="ref23901" refString="Dabrowska, Z. 1957. Profil warstw pogranicza jury i kredy w Krzyzanowi- cach pod Ilza. Biuletyn Instytutu Geologicznego 105: 205 - 210." type="journal article" year="1957">Dąbrowska 1957</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7129DF2EFB1AFF01EB15FF7E" author="Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. & Mlynarski, M." pageId="15" pageNumber="114" pagination="217 - 222" refId="ref23339" refString="Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. and Mlynarski, M. 1968. The first finding of the Mesozoic marine turtle Tretosternon aff. punctatum Owen, 1848 in Poland. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 12: 217 - 222." type="journal article" year="1968">Borsuk-Białynicka and Młynarski 1968</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7A1136CE7129DF2EFCA2FEBCEBD3FDE8" blockId="15.[808,1481,158,618]" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">
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<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7129DF2EFCA2FEBCEBF0FE9E" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." box="[846,1256,258,284]" pageId="15" pageNumber="114" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski (2019a</bibRefCitation>
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, b) reported a limestone block allegedly preserving a left premaxilla and right dentary of
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<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7129DF2EFC4FFEFBEADCFEDD" authority="(Tyborowski and Blazejowski 2019 a)" baseAuthorityName="Tyborowski and Blazejowski" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[931,1476,325,351]" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="114" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="48DAEADC7129DF2EFC4FFEFBEB04FEDD" box="[931,1052,325,351]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">Pliosaurus</emphasis>
|
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7129DF2EFBC7FEFBEAA6FEDD" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." box="[1067,1470,325,351]" pageId="15" pageNumber="114" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski 2019a</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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</taxonomicName>
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, collectively catalogued as
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<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7129DF2EFBB0FED9EB9FFE03" box="[1116,1159,359,385]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">MZ</collectionCode>
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VIII Vr-72 (
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<figureCitation id="E2952A4B7129DF2EFACCFED8EA70FE03" box="[1312,1384,358,385]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[98,131,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[146,1433,720,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-222@15.[146,1433,720,1883]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 7. Jaw fragments of an indeterminate metriorhynchid (MZ VIII Vr-72) from an unknown locality and age, preserved on the opposite sides of a limestone block: the “premaxilla” (A1) and the “dentary” (A2) of Tyborowski and Błażejowski (2019a, b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981026/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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). As already noted, the same catalogue number (
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<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7129DF2EFAFCFE36EA25FE20" box="[1296,1341,392,418]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">MZ</collectionCode>
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VIII Vr-72) has been previously assigned to incomplete jaws originating from the Oxfordian of Załęcze Wielkie that were described and illustrated by
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<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7129DF2EFC18FE52EBA3FD84" author="Maryanska, T." box="[1012,1211,492,518]" pageId="15" pageNumber="114" pagination="201 - 205" refId="ref27394" refString="Maryanska, T. 1972. Aberrant pliosaurs from the Oxfordian of Poland. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 20: 201 - 205." type="journal article" year="1972">Maryańska (1972</bibRefCitation>
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: pl. 1: 2) and referred to
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<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7129DF2EFCC4FDB3ECCFFDAA" box="[808,983,525,552]" family="Pliosauridae" genus="Peloneustes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="15" pageNumber="114" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="48DAEADC7129DF2EFCC4FDB3ECB5FDA5" box="[808,941,525,551]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">Peloneustes</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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More recently the specimen was proposed to represent a possible teleosaurid thalattosuchian (
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<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7129DF2EFA8CFD90ECF0FDE8" author="Ketchum, H. F. & Benson, R. B. J." pageId="15" pageNumber="114" pagination="639 - 665" refId="ref26425" refString="Ketchum, H. F. and Benson, R. B. J. 2011. The cranial anatomy and taxonomy of Peloneustes philarchus (Sauropterygia, Pliosauridae) from the Peterborough Member (Callovian, Middle Jurassic) of the United Kingdom. Palaeontology 54: 639 - 665." type="journal article" year="2011">Ketchum and Benson 2011</bibRefCitation>
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: appendix S1, p. 11).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7A1136CE7129DF31FCC4FDC3EEC1F882" blockId="15.[808,1481,636,695]" lastBlockId="16.[151,824,1294,1959]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">
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<emphasis id="48DAEADC7129DF2EFCC4FDC3ECAAFD14" box="[808,946,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">Description</emphasis>
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.—The interpretation of
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<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7129DF2EFB0EFDC2EA15FD14" box="[1250,1293,636,662]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">MZ</collectionCode>
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||
VIII Vr-72 by
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<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7129DF2EFCC4FD23EBC3FD35" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." box="[808,1243,669,695]" pageId="15" pageNumber="114" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski (2019a)</bibRefCitation>
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is ambiguous, both morphologically and taxonomically, and the description contains numerous errors and misinterpretations. The “left premaxilla” (inconsistently referred to as the “right premaxilla” in other parts of their manuscript; e.g., see
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<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7136DF31FF7BFA2AED64FA2D" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." box="[151,636,1428,1455]" pageId="16" pageNumber="115" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski 2019a: 745</bibRefCitation>
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||
) was described as bearing 10 alveoli, with the first alveolus being supposedly reduced. The presumed posterior margin of the “premaxilla” (the premaxilla-maxilla contact) was considered to form a “zig-zag” suture, and the teeth preserved in the alveoli were described as trihedral. These purportedly observed characters (specifically the reduced first alveolus, “zig-zag” suture at the premaxilla-maxilla contact, and presence of trihedral teeth) then served as the basis to assign the specimen to the globally distributed Late Jurassic pliosaurid taxon
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<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7136DF31FEBBF95BEECAF97D" baseAuthorityName="Tyborowski and Blazejowski" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[343,466,1765,1791]" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="115" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7136DF31FEBBF95BEECAF97D" box="[343,466,1765,1791]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="115">Pliosaurus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
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<paragraph id="7A1136CE7129DF2EFF8EF8CFECE2F821" blockId="15.[98,1481,1905,1958]" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">
|
||
Fig. 7. Jaw fragments of an indeterminate metriorhynchid (MZ VIII Vr-72) from an unknown locality and age, preserved on the opposite sides of a limestone block: the “premaxilla” (A
|
||
<subScript id="E62A348B7129DF2EFE65F826EE89F824" attach="left" box="[393,401,1944,1958]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">1</subScript>
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) and the “dentary” (A
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||
<subScript id="E62A348B7129DF2EFDB0F826ED7CF824" attach="right" box="[604,612,1944,1958]" fontSize="6" pageId="15" pageNumber="114">2</subScript>
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) of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7129DF2EFD65F833ECC0F821" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." box="[649,984,1933,1955]" pageId="15" pageNumber="114" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski (2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="2ED166467136DF31FF7BFB34EC4EFB76" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981028" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10981028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981028/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="115" startId="16.[151,184,1162,1184]" targetBox="[153,1532,162,1138]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
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||
<paragraph id="7A1136CE7136DF31FF7BFB34EC4EFB76" blockId="16.[151,1535,1162,1268]" pageId="16" pageNumber="115">
|
||
Fig. 8. Selected tooth crowns of an indeterminate metriorhynchid (MZ VIII Vr-72) from an unknown locality and age, showing observable features of the enamel: “premaxillary” teeth in lingual view (A
|
||
<subScript id="E62A348B7136DF31FD83FB0EED6FFB3C" attach="left" box="[623,631,1200,1214]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="115">1</subScript>
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||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="E62A348B7136DF31FD7EFB0EED82FB3C" attach="left" box="[658,666,1200,1214]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="115">2</subScript>
|
||
), “dentary” teeth (A
|
||
<subScript id="E62A348B7136DF31FCBAFB0EEC46FB3C" attach="right" box="[854,862,1200,1214]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="115">3</subScript>
|
||
, A
|
||
<subScript id="E62A348B7136DF31FC95FB0EEC99FB3C" attach="left" box="[889,897,1200,1214]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="115">4</subScript>
|
||
), showing the only tooth crown accessible from lingual side (A
|
||
<subScript id="E62A348B7136DF31FA24FB0EEAC8FB3C" attach="left" box="[1480,1488,1200,1214]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="115">3</subScript>
|
||
) and the smooth labial surface (A
|
||
<subScript id="E62A348B7136DF31FE72FB72EEBEFB58" attach="left" box="[414,422,1228,1242]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="115">4</subScript>
|
||
). Note the absence of the smooth enamel band at the mid-section (A
|
||
<subScript id="E62A348B7136DF31FBCBFB72EB37FB58" attach="right" box="[1063,1071,1228,1242]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="115">3</subScript>
|
||
). Abbreviations: dc, distal carina; rgl, ridglets; se, horizontal band of smooth enamel; vp, vermicular pattern. Scale bars 10 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A1136CE7136DF31FF51F8B9EA6BF8A0" blockId="16.[151,824,1294,1959]" lastBlockId="16.[862,1535,1294,1960]" pageId="16" pageNumber="115">
|
||
In their description of the “right dentary”, in turn,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7136DF31FD19F8B9ED54F8C1" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." pageId="16" pageNumber="115" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski (2019a: 746)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
stated that “[a]ll of the dentary teeth are preserved” and that “[t]he crowns of all teeth are robust, conical, gently recurved lingually and display gently longitudinal ridges throughout”, with the “longitudinal ridges” being “regularly and evenly spaced throughout”.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7136DF31FC18FA8EEAD5FAC9" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." box="[1012,1485,1328,1355]" pageId="16" pageNumber="115" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski (2019a: 746)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
further noted that “[t]he preserved dentary teeth share trihedral morphology” which, again, supposedly supports the identification of the specimen as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7136DF31FB08FA2BEA46FA2D" baseAuthorityName="Tyborowski and Blazejowski" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[1252,1374,1429,1455]" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="16" pageNumber="115" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7136DF31FB08FA2BEA46FA2D" box="[1252,1374,1429,1455]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="115">Pliosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, an imprint of a tooth crown, preserved on the same block as the “premaxilla” and the “dentary” was said to show a subtrihedral morphology because it was “conical, curved and its cross-section has flattened labial and lingual surfaces” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7136DF31FC89F983EA5AF9DA" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." box="[869,1346,1597,1624]" pageId="16" pageNumber="115" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski 2019a: 746</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); its “distal surface bears prominent, apicobasally-oriented carinae” and its “labial surface […] bears many apicobasal enamel ridges”. Both the “premaxillary” and “dentary” dentitions were further characterized as being heterodont and anisodont though the two terms just appear to be used interchangeably (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7136DF31FC89F8B9EA37F8A0" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." box="[869,1327,1799,1826]" pageId="16" pageNumber="115" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski 2019a: 745</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 746).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A1136CE7136DF30FC68F897EE37FCDC" blockId="16.[862,1535,1294,1960]" lastBlockId="17.[98,771,158,1960]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="116" pageId="16" pageNumber="115">
|
||
Even though the “left premaxilla” is badly preserved, the observed tooth count makes it highly unlikely that it is indeed a premaxilla. The element likely represents either a right maxilla or a left dentary (see below). Furthermore, the dental morphology and the distribution of the outer enamel structural elements clearly show that the specimen cannot be referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7137DF30FEEAFF61EE99FF7B" baseAuthorityName="Tyborowski and Blazejowski" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[262,385,223,249]" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7137DF30FEEAFF61EE99FF7B" box="[262,385,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Pliosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In all species currently assigned to that taxon, the premaxillae have typically five or six trihedral or subtrihedral teeth (Knutsen 2012;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FD61FE9EEFD9FED8" author="Benson, R. B. J. & Evans, M. & Smith, A. S. & Sassoon, J. & Moore-Fay, S. & Ketchum, H. F. & Forrest, R." pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="65989" refId="ref22869" refString="Benson, R. B. J., Evans, M., Smith, A. S., Sassoon, J., Moore-Fay, S., Ketchum, H. F., and Forrest, R. 2013. A giant pliosaurid skull from the Late Jurassic of England. PLoS ONE 8: e 65989." type="journal article" year="2013">Benson et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Zverkov et al. 2018). Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FDABFEFEEE50FEF8" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski (2019a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that the teeth of
|
||
<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7137DF30FDBAFEDEED99FEF8" box="[598,641,352,378]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">MZ</collectionCode>
|
||
VIII Vr-72 were all trihedral (except for a single tooth, illustrated in their figure 6, that was characterized as subtrihedral), this is incorrect. In trihedral teeth, their cross section is nearly triangular. The labial surface of tooth crowns is almost flat and the flat segment is bordered by prominent carinae see e.g., Zverkov et al. 2018: fig. 2A). Subtrihedral teeth, in contrast, have their cross sections somewhat transitional between trihedral and subcircular, their labial surfaces mostly lack ridges, and are only slightly flattened. The term “subtrihedral” was introduced by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FDCDFD1DEC1AFD3F" author="Benson, R. B. J. & Evans, M. & Smith, A. S. & Sassoon, J. & Moore-Fay, S. & Ketchum, H. F. & Forrest, R." box="[545,770,675,701]" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="65989" refId="ref22869" refString="Benson, R. B. J., Evans, M., Smith, A. S., Sassoon, J., Moore-Fay, S., Ketchum, H. F., and Forrest, R. 2013. A giant pliosaurid skull from the Late Jurassic of England. PLoS ONE 8: e 65989." type="journal article" year="2013">Benson et al. (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to describe the teeth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7137DF30FE9BFD7DEDE6FD7F" authority="Benson, Evans, Smith, Sassoon, Moore-Fay, Ketchum, and Forrest, 2013" authorityName="Benson, Evans, Smith, Sassoon, Moore-Fay, Ketchum, and Forrest" authorityYear="2013" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="kevani">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7137DF30FE9BFD7DED5FFD5F" box="[375,583,707,733]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Pliosaurus kevani</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FDBCFD7AEDE6FD7F" author="Benson, R. B. J. & Evans, M. & Smith, A. S. & Sassoon, J. & Moore-Fay, S. & Ketchum, H. F. & Forrest, R." pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="65989" refId="ref22869" refString="Benson, R. B. J., Evans, M., Smith, A. S., Sassoon, J., Moore-Fay, S., Ketchum, H. F., and Forrest, R. 2013. A giant pliosaurid skull from the Late Jurassic of England. PLoS ONE 8: e 65989." type="journal article" year="2013">Benson, Evans, Smith, Sassoon, Moore-Fay, Ketchum, and Forrest, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though it has been used for other taxa as well (for a detailed overview, see the supplementary information in Zverkov et al. 2018: table S1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A1136CE7137DF30FF6BFCDAEE80FA80" blockId="17.[98,771,158,1960]" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">
|
||
Our personal examination of
|
||
<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7137DF30FE3EFCDBEEE5FCFD" box="[466,509,869,895]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">MZ</collectionCode>
|
||
VIII Vr-72 reveals that the cross sections of all the “premaxillary” and “dentary” teeth are actually subcircular, or very indistinctly labiolingually compressed at most. None of the “premaxillary” nor dentary” crowns show “gently longitudinal ridges” similar to those of plesiosaurs. Two carinae are present, one placed mesially and one distally. In addition, only subtle structural elements, unlike the well-developed apicobasal ridges in pliosaurid teeth, can be observed. The basal half of the crowns is ornamented with short, apicobasally oriented elements resembling ridglets (sensu Zverkov et al. 2018; see
|
||
<figureCitation id="E2952A4B7137DF30FF63FB79EFCAFB60" box="[143,210,1223,1250]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[151,184,1162,1184]" captionTargetBox="[153,1532,162,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-350@16.[153,1532,162,1138]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Selected tooth crowns of an indeterminate metriorhynchid (MZ VIII Vr-72) from an unknown locality and age, showing observable features of the enamel: “premaxillary” teeth in lingual view (A1, A2), “dentary” teeth (A3, A4), showing the only tooth crown accessible from lingual side (A3) and the smooth labial surface (A4). Note the absence of the smooth enamel band at the mid-section (A3). Abbreviations: dc, distal carina; rgl, ridglets; se, horizontal band of smooth enamel; vp, vermicular pattern. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981028/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ornamentation becomes finer apically and forms a vermicular pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A1136CE7137DF30FF6BFAB6ED88FA01" blockId="17.[98,771,158,1960]" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">
|
||
The apical and basal structural elements are separated by a short segment of smoother enamel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E2952A4B7137DF30FDD5FA96ED97FAC0" box="[569,655,1320,1346]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[151,184,1162,1184]" captionTargetBox="[153,1532,162,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-350@16.[153,1532,162,1138]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Selected tooth crowns of an indeterminate metriorhynchid (MZ VIII Vr-72) from an unknown locality and age, showing observable features of the enamel: “premaxillary” teeth in lingual view (A1, A2), “dentary” teeth (A3, A4), showing the only tooth crown accessible from lingual side (A3) and the smooth labial surface (A4). Note the absence of the smooth enamel band at the mid-section (A3). Abbreviations: dc, distal carina; rgl, ridglets; se, horizontal band of smooth enamel; vp, vermicular pattern. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981028/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="E2952A4B7137DF30FD63FA8BED81FAC4" box="[655,665,1333,1350]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1476,1498]" captionTargetBox="[155,1530,161,1451]" captionTargetId="graphics-239@2.[155,1531,161,1215]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of Jurassic marine reptile fossil occurrences in Poland. See Table 1 for details. Silhouettes obtained from phylopic.org: Geosaurinae (Dmitry Bogdanov, CC BY 3.0), Ichthyosauria, Metriorhynchinae, and Teleosauroidea (Gareth Monger, CC BY 3.0), indeterminate reptile clade (public domain), Plesiosauroidea (Adam Stuart Smith, CC BY-SA 3.0), Pliosauridae (Nobu Tamura, CC BY-SA 3.0), and Testudinata (public domain)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981012/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<subScript id="E62A348B7137DF30FD63FA8BED81FAC4" attach="left" box="[655,665,1333,1350]" fontSize="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">1</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
and A
|
||
<figureCitation id="E2952A4B7137DF30FD06FA8BEDEBFAC4" box="[746,755,1333,1350]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[98,131,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[100,1476,159,1881]" captionTargetId="figure-8@7.[100,1476,159,1799]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig.2.The thalassochelydian turtle Craspedochelys? sp., MZVIII Vr-71,from the Kimmeridgian of Krzyżanowice.Central part of the carapace (Fig.6A:1), in external (A1, A2) and visceral (A3, A4) views.A1, A3, photographs; A2, A4, explanatory drawings." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981016" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981016/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<subScript id="E62A348B7137DF30FD06FA8BEDEBFAC4" attach="right" box="[746,755,1333,1350]" fontSize="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">2</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), although this is not a rule as in some teeth the ridglets and the vermicular pattern meet at mid-section (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E2952A4B7137DF30FDCFFAD7ED6FFA01" box="[547,631,1385,1411]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[151,184,1162,1184]" captionTargetBox="[153,1532,162,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-350@16.[153,1532,162,1138]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Selected tooth crowns of an indeterminate metriorhynchid (MZ VIII Vr-72) from an unknown locality and age, showing observable features of the enamel: “premaxillary” teeth in lingual view (A1, A2), “dentary” teeth (A3, A4), showing the only tooth crown accessible from lingual side (A3) and the smooth labial surface (A4). Note the absence of the smooth enamel band at the mid-section (A3). Abbreviations: dc, distal carina; rgl, ridglets; se, horizontal band of smooth enamel; vp, vermicular pattern. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981028/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="E2952A4B7137DF30FD9BFAC8ED98FA05" box="[631,640,1398,1415]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[98,130,1189,1211]" captionTargetBox="[100,1479,161,1165]" captionTargetId="figure-378@9.[99,1479,192,1149]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 3. The thalassochelydian turtle Craspedochelys? sp., MZ VIII Vr-71, from the Kimmeridgian of Krzyżanowice, parts of the carapace and plastron likely belonging to a single individual.A. Anterior part of the carapace and plastron (Fig. 6A: 2) in dorsal (A1) and ventral (A2) views.B. Posterior part of the cara- pace and plastron (Fig. 6A: 3) in dorsal (B1) and ventral (B2) views.The fragments likely belong to the same individual as the material shown in Fig. 4A–C." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981018" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981018/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<subScript id="E62A348B7137DF30FD9BFAC8ED98FA05" attach="left" box="[631,640,1398,1415]" fontSize="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">3</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A1136CE7137DF30FF6BFA37EFFDF825" blockId="17.[98,771,158,1960]" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">
|
||
Other discussed features are problematic or misinterpreted as well. There is no evidence indicating that the first “premaxillary” alveolus was substantially reduced. The anterior part of the “premaxilla” is incomplete and the first preserved tooth (possibly originating from that region) is markedly displaced (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="E2952A4B7137DF30FE7BF994EEF1F9C7" box="[407,489,1578,1605]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="15.[98,131,1905,1927]" captionTargetBox="[146,1433,720,1884]" captionTargetId="figure-222@15.[146,1433,720,1883]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Fig. 7. Jaw fragments of an indeterminate metriorhynchid (MZ VIII Vr-72) from an unknown locality and age, preserved on the opposite sides of a limestone block: the “premaxilla” (A1) and the “dentary” (A2) of Tyborowski and Błażejowski (2019a, b)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981026" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981026/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
<figureCitation id="E2952A4B7137DF30FE05F989EEEAF9CA" box="[489,498,1591,1608]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[151,184,1476,1498]" captionTargetBox="[155,1530,161,1451]" captionTargetId="graphics-239@2.[155,1531,161,1215]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 1. Geographic distribution of Jurassic marine reptile fossil occurrences in Poland. See Table 1 for details. Silhouettes obtained from phylopic.org: Geosaurinae (Dmitry Bogdanov, CC BY 3.0), Ichthyosauria, Metriorhynchinae, and Teleosauroidea (Gareth Monger, CC BY 3.0), indeterminate reptile clade (public domain), Plesiosauroidea (Adam Stuart Smith, CC BY-SA 3.0), Pliosauridae (Nobu Tamura, CC BY-SA 3.0), and Testudinata (public domain)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981012" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981012/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<subScript id="E62A348B7137DF30FE05F989EEEAF9CA" attach="left" box="[489,498,1591,1608]" fontSize="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">1</subScript>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Nothing suggests that either the “premaxillary” or “dentary” dentition is heterodont (variable with respect to shape) or clearly anisodont variable with respect to size), though minor differences in size can be observed. Furthermore, the “dentary” certainly does not preserve the complete set of teeth (as stated; see above). It is also apparent that the posterior portion of the premaxilla” does not indicate the presence of the “zig-zag” suture as observable in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7137DF30FE44F892ED3CF8C4" baseAuthorityName="Tyborowski and Blazejowski" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[424,548,1836,1862]" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7137DF30FE44F892ED3CF8C4" box="[424,548,1836,1862]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Pliosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FD7EF893EFCAF8E5" author="Benson, R. B. J. & Evans, M. & Smith, A. S. & Sassoon, J. & Moore-Fay, S. & Ketchum, H. F. & Forrest, R." pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="65989" refId="ref22869" refString="Benson, R. B. J., Evans, M., Smith, A. S., Sassoon, J., Moore-Fay, S., Ketchum, H. F., and Forrest, R. 2013. A giant pliosaurid skull from the Late Jurassic of England. PLoS ONE 8: e 65989." type="journal article" year="2013">Benson et al. 2013: 3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
A). The element is irregularly broken, posteriorly, and the broken surface only superficially resembles a “zig-zag” shape.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A1136CE7137DF30FCA2FF20ECB3FA01" blockId="17.[808,1484,158,1960]" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FCA2FF20EBEAFF3B" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." box="[846,1266,158,185]" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="996 - 1001" refId="ref29843" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 b. A marine vertebrate assem- blage from the Upper Jurassic of Krzyzanowice near Ilza - with tur- tles, crocodylomorphs and large pliosaurs (NE margin of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland) [in Polish, with English abstract]. Przeglad Geologiczny 67: 996 - 1001." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski (2019b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also noted that the “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7137DF30FCDFFF00ECB7FF5A" baseAuthorityName="Tyborowski and Blazejowski" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[819,943,190,216]" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7137DF30FCDFFF00ECB7FF5A" box="[819,943,190,216]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Pliosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
”remainsdiscoveredatKrzyżanowiceindicated the presence of a taxon comparable in size to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7137DF30FAA1FF61EA9DFE9B" authority="Knutsen, Druckenmiller, and Hurum, 2012 b" authorityName="Knutsen, Druckenmiller, and Hurum" authorityYear="2012" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="funkei">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7137DF30FAA1FF61EC77FE9B" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Pliosaurus funkei</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FC96FEBEEA9DFE9B" author="Knutsen, E. M. & Druckenmiller, P. S. & Hurum, J. H." box="[890,1413,255,282]" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="235 - 258" refId="ref26709" refString="Knutsen, E. M., Druckenmiller, P. S., and Hurum, J. H. 2012 b. A new spe- cies of Pliosaurus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Middle Vol- gian of central Spitsbergen, Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 92: 235 - 258." type="journal article" year="2012">Knutsen, Druckenmiller, and Hurum, 2012b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the middle Volgian (Tithonian) of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="02B9765E7137DF30FB52FEA1EA3EFEBB" box="[1214,1318,287,313]" name="Svalbard and Jan Mayen" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Svalbard</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="02B9765E7137DF30FAD9FE9EEA8AFEB8" box="[1333,1426,288,314]" name="Norway" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7137DF30FCC4FEFEECEDFED8" authorityName="Benson, Evans, Smith, Sassoon, Moore-Fay, Ketchum, and Forrest" authorityYear="2013" box="[808,1013,320,346]" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="kevani">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7137DF30FCC4FEFEECEDFED8" box="[808,1013,320,346]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Pliosaurus kevani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the lower Kimmeridgian of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="B86AF82C7137DF30FA99FEFEEADCFED8" box="[1397,1476,320,346]" country="United Kingdom" name="Dorset" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Dorset</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="02B9765E7137DF30FCC4FEDEECF0FEF8" box="[808,1000,352,378]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FC14FEDEEBC8FEF8" author="Benson, R. B. J. & Evans, M. & Smith, A. S. & Sassoon, J. & Moore-Fay, S. & Ketchum, H. F. & Forrest, R." box="[1016,1232,352,379]" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="65989" refId="ref22869" refString="Benson, R. B. J., Evans, M., Smith, A. S., Sassoon, J., Moore-Fay, S., Ketchum, H. F., and Forrest, R. 2013. A giant pliosaurid skull from the Late Jurassic of England. PLoS ONE 8: e 65989." type="journal article" year="2013">Benson et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite the fact that both taxa are mostly known from non-overlapping parts of their skeletons, which makes comparisons between them difficult, both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7137DF30FC21FE7FEB8EFE59" authorityName="Knutsen, Druckenmiller, and Hurum" authorityYear="2012" box="[973,1174,449,475]" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="funkei">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7137DF30FC21FE7FEB8EFE59" box="[973,1174,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Pliosaurus funkei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7137DF30FB20FE7FEA81FE59" authorityName="Benson, Evans, Smith, Sassoon, Moore-Fay, Ketchum, and Forrest" authorityYear="2013" box="[1228,1433,449,475]" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="kevani">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7137DF30FB20FE7FEA81FE59" box="[1228,1433,449,475]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Pliosaurus kevani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had skulls approximately
|
||
<quantity id="BD569B2B7137DF30FBF3FE5FEB53FE7E" box="[1055,1099,481,508]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
long and their total body lengths could have reached, and possibly exceeded,
|
||
<quantity id="BD569B2B7137DF30FACCFDBCEA40FD9E" box="[1312,1368,514,540]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FA8BFDBCECB5FDBE" author="Knutsen, E. M. & Druckenmiller, P. S. & Hurum, J. H." pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="235 - 258" refId="ref26709" refString="Knutsen, E. M., Druckenmiller, P. S., and Hurum, J. H. 2012 b. A new spe- cies of Pliosaurus (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Middle Vol- gian of central Spitsbergen, Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 92: 235 - 258." type="journal article" year="2012">Knutsen et al. 2012b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FC54FD9CEB94FDBE" author="Benson, R. B. J. & Evans, M. & Smith, A. S. & Sassoon, J. & Moore-Fay, S. & Ketchum, H. F. & Forrest, R." box="[952,1164,546,572]" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="65989" refId="ref22869" refString="Benson, R. B. J., Evans, M., Smith, A. S., Sassoon, J., Moore-Fay, S., Ketchum, H. F., and Forrest, R. 2013. A giant pliosaurid skull from the Late Jurassic of England. PLoS ONE 8: e 65989." type="journal article" year="2013">Benson et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FAFEFD9CEB0CFDDF" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="996 - 1001" refId="ref29843" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 b. A marine vertebrate assem- blage from the Upper Jurassic of Krzyzanowice near Ilza - with tur- tles, crocodylomorphs and large pliosaurs (NE margin of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland) [in Polish, with English abstract]. Przeglad Geologiczny 67: 996 - 1001." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski (2019b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not specify how their estimates for the total body size of
|
||
<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7137DF30FBA7FDDDEB6EFDFF" box="[1099,1142,611,637]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">MZ</collectionCode>
|
||
VIII Vr-72 were obtained. In their first paper on the assemblage from Krzyżanowice, the authors noted that their study was preliminary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FAACFD1DEB74FD5F" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski 2019a: 741</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and that they reported “only a small part of the enormous collection of marine reptile bones from the Krzyżanowice site” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FAE0FCBAEB2FFCBC" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski 2019a: 743</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but they also noted that the material they described comprises some of the most informative specimens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FC5DFCDAEA96FCFD" author="Tyborowski, D. & Blazejowski, B." box="[945,1422,868,895]" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="741 - 751" refId="ref29802" refString="Tyborowski, D. and Blazejowski, B. 2019 a. New marine reptile fossils from the Late Jurassic of Poland with implications for vertebrate fau- nas palaeobiogeography. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 130: 741 - 751." type="journal article" year="2019">Tyborowski and Błażejowski 2019a: 743</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We assume, therefore, that their size estimates are based on the published “premaxilla” and “dentary”. If so, our reassessment of the material does not indicate the taxon could have approached the size of the aforementioned pliosaurids. The heights of the largest tooth crowns, the only elements that could be used to infer some size-related information, reach up to
|
||
<quantity id="BD569B2B7137DF30FC84FBF9ECA3FBE3" box="[872,955,1095,1121]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" unit="mm" value="40.0">40 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Even though the crowns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7137DF30FB17FBF8EAD1FBE2" authorityName="Benson, Evans, Smith, Sassoon, Moore-Fay, Ketchum, and Forrest" authorityYear="2013" box="[1275,1481,1094,1120]" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="kevani">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7137DF30FB17FBF8EAD1FBE2" box="[1275,1481,1094,1120]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Pliosaurus kevani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are up to
|
||
<quantity id="BD569B2B7137DF30FC71FBD9ECE8FB03" box="[925,1008,1127,1154]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, the size of pliosaurid teeth would be a weak proxy for their total body length. For example, whereas the tooth crowns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7137DF30FB90FB19EA54FB43" authorityName="Benson, Evans, Smith, Sassoon, Moore-Fay, Ketchum, and Forrest" authorityYear="2013" box="[1148,1356,1191,1217]" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" rank="species" species="kevani">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7137DF30FB90FB19EA54FB43" box="[1148,1356,1191,1217]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Pliosaurus kevani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are apicobasally short comparable to the teeth of some other species referred to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7137DF30FC47FB56EB3FFA80" baseAuthorityName="Tyborowski and Blazejowski" baseAuthorityYear="2019" box="[939,1063,1256,1282]" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7137DF30FC47FB56EB3FFA80" box="[939,1063,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Pliosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FB88FB56EA21FA80" author="Fischer, V. & Benson, R. B. J. & Zverkov, N. G. & Soul, L. C. & Arkhangelsky, M. S. & Lambert, O. & Stenshin, I. M. & Uspensky, G. N." box="[1124,1337,1256,1282]" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="1667 - 1676" refId="ref24681" refString="Fischer, V., Benson, R. B. J., Zverkov, N. G., Soul, L. C., Arkhangelsky, M. S., Lambert, O., Stenshin, I. M., Uspensky, G. N., and Druckenmill- er, P. S. 2017. Plasticity and convergence in the evolution of shortnecked plesiosaurs. Current Biology 27: 1667 - 1676." type="journal article" year="2017">Fischer et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: supplemental information data S3; Zverkov et al. 2018: fig. 6B), the reconstructed skull length of that taxon suggests it represented one of the largest Late Jurassic pliosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7137DF30FA9DFAF7ECB8FA01" author="Benson, R. B. J. & Evans, M. & Smith, A. S. & Sassoon, J. & Moore-Fay, S. & Ketchum, H. F. & Forrest, R." pageId="17" pageNumber="116" pagination="65989" refId="ref22869" refString="Benson, R. B. J., Evans, M., Smith, A. S., Sassoon, J., Moore-Fay, S., Ketchum, H. F., and Forrest, R. 2013. A giant pliosaurid skull from the Late Jurassic of England. PLoS ONE 8: e 65989." type="journal article" year="2013">Benson et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A1136CE7137DF33FCA2FA34ED90FD7B" blockId="17.[808,1484,158,1960]" lastBlockId="18.[151,825,158,1147]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="117" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">
|
||
We propose that, rather than a 10-meter-long representative of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7137DF30FC7FFA14EB9EFA46" authority=", MZ VIII" authorityName="MZ VIII" box="[915,1158,1450,1476]" genus="Pliosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="116" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7137DF30FC7FFA14EB15FA46" box="[915,1037,1450,1476]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">Pliosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, MZ VIII
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Vr-72 actually represents a metriorhynchid thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) that probably did not reach half the size (see e.g., Young et al. 2011). The teeth of
|
||
<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7137DF30FBEAF9B5EB29F9A7" box="[1030,1073,1547,1573]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">MZ</collectionCode>
|
||
VIII Vr-72 share a number of characteristics present in dentitions of members of both major metriorhynchid subclades, the metriorhynchines and the geosaurines; though not developed in all of them. These include lingually curved and subcircular to indistinctly labiolingually compressed cross sections near the base of the crowns; indistinctly blunt apices; well-developed and continuous carinae; no constriction at the crown/root junction; and ornamentation that includes a combination of structural elements restricted to particular segments of the tooth crowns. When metriorhynchids with such dental morphology and general characteristics of enamel structural elements are considered,
|
||
<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7137DF30FB79F830EBD8F82A" box="[1173,1216,1934,1960]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="17" pageNumber="116">MZ</collectionCode>
|
||
VIII Vr-72 shares the presence of short, apicobasally oriented ridges/ridglets limited to the basal part of their crowns and changing apically into an indistinct to conspicuous vermicular pattern with some taxa, such as the geosaurines
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FDD9FF40ED53FEBB" authority="(Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1868 b)" baseAuthorityName="Eudes-Deslongchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1868" family="Metriorhynchidae" genus="Suchodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachyrhynchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FDD9FF40EFD4FEBA" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">Suchodus brachyrhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7134DF33FF0DFEA0ED5BFEBB" author="Eudes-Deslongchamps, J. A." box="[225,579,286,313]" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" pagination="146 - 155" refId="ref24300" refString="Eudes-Deslongchamps, J. A. 1868 b. Note sur un groupe de vertebres et d'ecailles rapportees au Teleosaurus hastifer et provenant des assises kimmeridgiennes du Cap de la Heve. Bulletin de la Societe Linneenne de Normandie, Serie 2 1: 146 - 155." type="journal article" year="1868">Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1868b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FDB1FEA1EC2BFEBB" box="[605,819,287,313]" family="Metriorhynchidae" genus="Torvoneustes" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FDB1FEA1EDEDFEBA" box="[605,757,287,312]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">Torvoneustes</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FF23FE81ED55FEFB" authority="Young, de Andrade, Brusatte, Sakamoto, and Liston, 2013 a" authorityName="Young, de Andrade, Brusatte, Sakamoto, and Liston" authorityYear="2013" family="Metriorhynchidae" genus="Tyrannoneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lythrodectikos">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FF23FE81ED2DFEDA" box="[207,565,318,344]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">Tyrannoneustes lythrodectikos</emphasis>
|
||
Young, de Andrade, Brusatte, Sakamoto, and Liston, 2013a
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the metriorhynchines
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FF00FEC1ED83FE1B" authority="Andrews, 1913" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1913" box="[236,667,383,409]" family="Metriorhynchidae" genus="Gracilineustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leedsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FF00FEC1EEC7FE1B" box="[236,479,383,409]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">Gracilineustes leedsi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7134DF33FE07FEC1ED83FE1B" author="Andrews, C. W." box="[491,667,383,409]" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" refId="ref21996" refString="Andrews, C. W. 1913. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Reptiles of the Oxford Clay. Based on the Leeds Collection in the British Museum (Natural History), London. Part II. 206 pp. Order of the Trustees, London." type="book" year="1913">Andrews, 1913</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FD0DFEC1ED6FFE3B" authority="(Blainville, 1853)" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1853" class="Reptilia" family="Metriorhynchidae" genus="Metriorhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superciliosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FD0DFEC1EEBAFE3B" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">Metriorhynchus superciliosus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7134DF33FE5AFE21ED68FE3B" author="Blainville, H. D. de" box="[438,624,414,441]" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" pagination="109 - 120" refId="ref23026" refString="Blainville, H. D. de 1853. Letter by H. D. de Blainville. Bulletin de la Societe Linneenne de Normandie, Serie 2 IX: 109 - 120." type="journal article" year="1853">Blainville, 1853</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7134DF33FD60FE21EFD7FE5B" author="Andrade, M. B. de & Young, M. T. & Desojo, J. B. & Brusatte, S. L." pageId="18" pageNumber="117" pagination="1451 - 1465" refId="ref21901" refString="Andrade, M. B. de, Young, M. T., Desojo, J. B. and Brusatte, S. L. 2010. The evolution of extreme hypercarnivory in Metriorhynchidae (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) based on evidence from microscopic denticle morphology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1451 - 1465." type="journal article" year="2010">Andrade et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Young et al. 2013a, b). All of these taxa, however, appear to lack the smoother mid-section that is present in most teeth of
|
||
<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7134DF33FEDBFE41EE7AFD9B" box="[311,354,511,537]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">MZ</collectionCode>
|
||
VIII Vr-72, in which the lingual surface is exposed. Also, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FE77FDA1ED26FDBB" box="[411,574,543,569]" family="Metriorhynchidae" genus="Suchodus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FE77FDA1ED10FDBB" box="[411,520,543,569]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">Suchodus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FD99FD9EEC29FDBB" authorityName="Young, de Andrade, Brusatte, Sakamoto, and Liston" authorityYear="2013" box="[629,817,543,569]" family="Metriorhynchidae" genus="Tyrannoneustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lythrodectikos">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FD99FD9EEC29FDBB" box="[629,817,543,569]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">T. lythrodectikos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but unlike in the other metriorhynchids mentioned above, the crown ornamentation in
|
||
<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7134DF33FE0FFDDEED16FDF8" box="[483,526,608,634]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">MZ</collectionCode>
|
||
VIII Vr-72 is well-developed on the lingual side but near-absent labially (
|
||
<figureCitation id="E2952A4B7134DF33FD5BFDC1EDE1FD1B" box="[695,761,639,665]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="16.[151,184,1162,1184]" captionTargetBox="[153,1532,162,1138]" captionTargetId="figure-350@16.[153,1532,162,1138]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Fig. 8. Selected tooth crowns of an indeterminate metriorhynchid (MZ VIII Vr-72) from an unknown locality and age, showing observable features of the enamel: “premaxillary” teeth in lingual view (A1, A2), “dentary” teeth (A3, A4), showing the only tooth crown accessible from lingual side (A3) and the smooth labial surface (A4). Note the absence of the smooth enamel band at the mid-section (A3). Abbreviations: dc, distal carina; rgl, ridglets; se, horizontal band of smooth enamel; vp, vermicular pattern. Scale bars 10 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10981028" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10981028/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lingual ornamentation on the crowns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FD9FFD1EEDC3FD3B" authorityName="Andrews" authorityYear="1913" box="[627,731,671,698]" family="Metriorhynchidae" genus="Gracilineustes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leedsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FD9FFD1EEDC3FD3B" box="[627,731,671,698]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">G. leedsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FCF6FD1EEE34FD5B" baseAuthorityName="Blainville" baseAuthorityYear="1853" class="Reptilia" family="Metriorhynchidae" genus="Metriorhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="superciliosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FCF6FD1EEE34FD5B" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">M. superciliosus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is better developed than that on the labial side as well but it is also well-noticeable labially.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A1136CE7134DF33FF51FCBEEBEFFED9" blockId="18.[151,825,158,1147]" lastBlockId="18.[862,1535,158,541]" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">
|
||
It is worth noting that some teleosauroids, such as the machimosaurins
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FEBBFCA1EC2CFCB8" authority="(Andrews, 1909)" baseAuthorityName="Andrews" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[343,820,799,826]" genus="Lemmysuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FEBBFCA1ED6AFCBB" box="[343,626,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">Lemmysuchus obtusidens</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7134DF33FD6CFCA1EC34FCB8" author="Andrews, C. W." box="[640,812,799,826]" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" pagination="299 - 308" refId="ref21961" refString="Andrews, C. W. 1909. On some new steneosaurs from the Oxford Clay of Pe- terborough. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3 (15): 299 - 308." type="journal article" year="1909">Andrews, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FF7BFC81EE9DFCD8" box="[151,389,831,858]" family="Teleosauridae" genus="Machimosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FF7BFC81EE54FCDB" box="[151,332,831,857]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">Machimosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FE2AFC81EE87FCF8" authority="(Eudes-Deslongchamps 1868 a)" baseAuthorityName="Eudes-Deslongchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1868" genus="Yvridiosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boutilieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FE2AFC81EDCFFCDB" box="[454,727,831,857]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">Yvridiosuchus boutilieri</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7134DF33FD04FC81EE8FFCF8" author="Eudes-Deslongchamps, J. A." pageId="18" pageNumber="117" pagination="124 - 221" refId="ref24264" refString="Eudes-Deslongchamps, J. A. 1868 a. Notes sur le squelette et la restauration du Teleosaurus cadomensis. Bulletin de la Societe Linneenne de Normandie, Serie 2 3: 124 - 221." type="journal article" year="1868">Eudes-Deslongchamps 1868a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, show teeth similar in certain features of their crown ornamentation to those of
|
||
<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7134DF33FD23FC3EEDE2FC18" box="[719,762,896,922]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">MZ</collectionCode>
|
||
VIII Vr-72 as well (Young et al. 2014;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7134DF33FDE2FC1EEDFFFC38" author="Johnson, M. M. & Young, M. T. & Steel, L. & Foffa, D. & Smith, A. S. & Hua, S. & Havlik, P. E. & Howlett, E. A. & Dyke, G." box="[526,743,928,954]" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" pagination="385 - 418" refId="ref25901" refString="Johnson, M. M., Young, M. T., Steel, L., Foffa, D., Smith, A. S., Hua, S., Havlik, P. E., Howlett, E. A., and Dyke, G. 2018. Re-description of " Steneosaurus " obustidens Andrews, 1909, an unusual macrophagous teleosaurid crocodylomorph from the Middle Jurassic of England. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 385 - 418." type="journal article" year="2018">Johnson et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7134DF33FD1EFC1EEC35FC38" author="Johnson, M. M. & Young, M. T. & Brusatte, S. L." box="[754,813,928,954]" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" pagination="449 - 482" refId="ref25838" refString="Johnson, M. M., Young, M. T., and Brusatte, S. L. 2020. Re-description of two contemporaneous mesorostrine teleosauroids (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia) from the Bathonian of England and insights into the early evolution of Machimosaurini. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189 (2), 449 - 482." type="journal article" year="2020">2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Specifically, as in
|
||
<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7134DF33FE81FC7EEE80FC58" box="[365,408,960,986]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">MZ</collectionCode>
|
||
VIII Vr-72, the tooth crowns of the machimosaurins show ridged basal halves of the crowns that gradually change into a vermicular pattern at the apex. However, unlike the ornamentation in the crowns of
|
||
<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7134DF33FCE1FB9EEC20FBB8" box="[781,824,1056,1082]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">MZ</collectionCode>
|
||
VIII Vr-72, the enamel structural elements in the machimosaurins are of high relief. The tooth crowns of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FD77FBDFEC29FBF8" baseAuthorityName="Andrews" baseAuthorityYear="1909" box="[667,817,1120,1146]" genus="Lemmysuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="obtusidens">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FD77FBDFEC29FBF8" box="[667,817,1120,1146]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">L. obtusidens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FCB2FF20EB55FF3B" box="[862,1101,158,185]" family="Teleosauridae" genus="Machimosaurus" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FCB2FF20EB0BFF3A" box="[862,1043,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">Machimosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDAE4D4D7134DF33FB7CFF21EA01FF3A" baseAuthorityName="Eudes-Deslongchamps" baseAuthorityYear="1868" box="[1168,1305,158,184]" genus="Yvridiosuchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boutilieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="48DAEADC7134DF33FB7CFF21EA01FF3A" box="[1168,1305,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">Y. boutilieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
further differ from those of
|
||
<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7134DF33FC53FF01ECF2FF5B" box="[959,1002,191,217]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">MZ</collectionCode>
|
||
VIII Vr-
|
||
<quantity id="BD569B2B7134DF33FBA3FF01EB9FFF5B" box="[1103,1159,191,217]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8288" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" unit="in" value="72.0">72 in</quantity>
|
||
their morphology; they are conical, without labiolingual compression, and rather robust, and their apices are conspicuously blunt (see Young et al. 2014: figs. 9, 11, 21, 28, 29, 31–35;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7134DF33FB56FE9EEA84FEB8" author="Johnson, M. M. & Young, M. T. & Steel, L. & Foffa, D. & Smith, A. S. & Hua, S. & Havlik, P. E. & Howlett, E. A. & Dyke, G." box="[1210,1436,288,315]" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" pagination="385 - 418" refId="ref25901" refString="Johnson, M. M., Young, M. T., Steel, L., Foffa, D., Smith, A. S., Hua, S., Havlik, P. E., Howlett, E. A., and Dyke, G. 2018. Re-description of " Steneosaurus " obustidens Andrews, 1909, an unusual macrophagous teleosaurid crocodylomorph from the Middle Jurassic of England. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 385 - 418." type="journal article" year="2018">Johnson et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 12;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7134DF33FCB2FEFEEB2FFED9" author="Johnson, M. M. & Young, M. T. & Brusatte, S. L." box="[862,1079,320,347]" pageId="18" pageNumber="117" pagination="449 - 482" refId="ref25838" refString="Johnson, M. M., Young, M. T., and Brusatte, S. L. 2020. Re-description of two contemporaneous mesorostrine teleosauroids (Crocodylomorpha: Thalattosuchia) from the Bathonian of England and insights into the early evolution of Machimosaurini. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189 (2), 449 - 482." type="journal article" year="2020">Johnson et al. 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: figs. 4L, 8D–F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="7A1136CE7134DF33FC68FEDCEACDFD9F" blockId="18.[862,1535,158,541]" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">
|
||
We were not given permission to examine the microscopic anatomy of the dentition of
|
||
<collectionCode id="1CBFAE0B7134DF33FB14FE3CEA3BFE1E" box="[1272,1315,386,412]" country="0" name="Museum of the Earth, Polish Academy of Sciences" pageId="18" pageNumber="117">MZ</collectionCode>
|
||
VIII Vr-72 and so were unable to describe its carinal morphology, which is also used in thalattosuchian taxonomy (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1E3F4B3F7134DF33FAB7FE7CEC8CFE7F" author="Andrade, M. B. de & Young, M. T. & Desojo, J. B. & Brusatte, S. L." pageId="18" pageNumber="117" pagination="1451 - 1465" refId="ref21901" refString="Andrade, M. B. de, Young, M. T., Desojo, J. B. and Brusatte, S. L. 2010. The evolution of extreme hypercarnivory in Metriorhynchidae (Mesoeucrocodylia: Thalattosuchia) based on evidence from microscopic denticle morphology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30: 1451 - 1465." type="journal article" year="2010">Andrade et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and could possibly provide additional data important for determining the taxonomic affinity of the specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |