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<mods:title id="415394094D2F7F5859B5E09BD3EB4C65">On the dumping ground genus Scotaena Klug, 1810 (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae: Thynninae): Phylogeny, taxonomy and geographic distribution</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="BD7E8D10FF8CFF8F14948F52FEBCFAF8" blockId="7.[151,459,1293,1352]" box="[151,459,1293,1319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<heading id="E6363A7CFF8CFF8F14948F52FEBCFAF8" bold="true" box="[151,459,1293,1319]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="7AC1F693FF8CFF8F14948F52FEBCFAF8" authority="Klug" authorityName="* Klug" authorityYear="1810" box="[151,459,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Tiphiidae" genus="Scotaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifasciata">
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF8CFF8F14948F52FEBCFAF8" bold="true" box="[151,459,1293,1319]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF8CFF8F14948F52FEF0FAF8" bold="true" box="[151,391,1293,1319]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Scotaena trifasciata</emphasis>
Klug
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BD7E8D10FF8CFF8F14948F70FED3FA97" blockId="7.[151,459,1293,1352]" box="[151,420,1327,1352]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
(
<figureCitation id="25FA9195FF8CFF8F149C8F70FE57FA97" box="[159,288,1327,1352]" captionStart="FIGURES 1316" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1899,1922]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,957,1879]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[151,1436,957,1879]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 1316. Scotaena trifasciata, holotype male. 13, frontal head; 14, epipygium; 15, dorsal habitus; 16, lateral habitus. Scale bar = 1mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1206776/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Figs 1316</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="25FA9195FF8CFF8F15288F6FFEEBFA97" box="[299,412,1327,1352]" captionStart="FIGURES 90105" captionStartId="29.[151,264,1899,1922]" captionTargetBox="[173,1417,301,1880]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[173,1417,301,1881]" captionText="FIGURES 90105. Scotaena characters. 90, 96, 99: S. trifasciata, 91, 98, 100, 105 S. reversa; 92, 94, 97, 101, 103, 104: S. vetusta; 93, 95, 102: S. horni. Scale bar = 1mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4484930" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4484930/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">90, 96, 99</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="F5DBDE9BFF8CFF8F14948F2CFEA0FA3B" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="BD7E8D10FF8CFF8F14948F2CFBA0FA57" blockId="7.[151,1436,1394,1509]" box="[151,1239,1394,1416]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="9DD1AA3EFF8CFF8F14948F2CFBA0FA57" box="[151,1239,1394,1416]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<treatmentCitation id="3C60AB01FF8CFF8F14948F2CFD73FA57" author="Klug, J. C. F." box="[151,516,1394,1416]" page="40" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" year="1810">
<taxonomicName id="7AC1F693FF8CFF8F14948F2CFD73FA57" authority="Klug, 1810: 40" authorityName="* Klug" authorityPageNumber="40" authorityYear="1810" box="[151,516,1394,1416]" class="Insecta" family="Tiphiidae" genus="Scotaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifasciata">
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF8CFF8F14948F2CFE15FA57" box="[151,354,1394,1416]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Scotaena trifasciata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="D950F0E1FF8CFF8F156B8F2DFD73FA57" author="Klug" box="[360,516,1394,1416]" firstAuthor="Klug" journalOrPublisher="Magazin Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="31 - 43" part="4" refId="ref20953" refString="Klug, J. C. F. (1810) Einigeneue Piezatengattungen. Magazin Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, 4, 31 - 43." title="Einigeneue Piezatengattungen" type="journal article" year="1810">Klug, 1810: 40</bibRefCitation>
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.
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF8CFF8F160E8F2DFD1DFA57" box="[525,618,1394,1416]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Holotype</emphasis>
, BRAZIL: Bahia, date unknown (
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF8CFF8F17C68F2DFB2EFA57" box="[965,1113,1394,1416]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Hoffmannsegg</emphasis>
) 1♂ (MfN).
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<paragraph id="BD7E8D10FF8CFF8F14948FCEFD91FA78" blockId="7.[151,1436,1394,1509]" box="[151,742,1425,1447]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="9DD1AA3EFF8CFF8F14948FCEFD91FA78" box="[151,742,1425,1447]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF8CFF8F14948FCEFE1BFA78" box="[151,364,1425,1447]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<taxonomicName id="7AC1F693FF8CFF8F14948FCEFE1FFA78" box="[151,360,1425,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Tiphiidae" genus="Thynnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifasciatus">Thynnus trifasciatus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="3C60AB01FF8CFF8F15718FCEFD44FA78" author="Klug, J. C. F." box="[370,563,1425,1447]" page="32" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" year="1840">
<bibRefCitation id="D950F0E1FF8CFF8F15718FCEFD44FA78" author="Klug" box="[370,563,1425,1447]" firstAuthor="Klug" journalOrPublisher="Physikalische Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaftenzu" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="1 - 44" part="1804" refId="ref20978" refString="Klug, J. C. F. (1840) Uber die insecten familie Heterogyna Lat. und die gattung Thynnus F. insbesondere. Physikalische Abhandlungen der Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaftenzu, 1804, 1 - 44." title="Uber die insecten familie Heterogyna Lat. und die gattung Thynnus F. insbesondere" type="journal article" year="1840">Klug, 1840: 3233</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
<treatmentCitation id="3C60AB01FF8CFF8F163E8FCEFD95FA78" author="Smith, F." box="[573,738,1425,1447]" page="49" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" year="1859">
<bibRefCitation id="D950F0E1FF8CFF8F163E8FCEFD95FA78" author="Smith" box="[573,738,1425,1447]" firstAuthor="Smith" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="10 - 72" refId="ref21246" refString="Smith, F. (1859) Family 6. Thynnidae, Erichson. Hymenoptera. Catalogue of the Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, Part 7 (Dorylidae and Thynnidae), 10 - 72." title="Family 6. Thynnidae, Erichson. Hymenoptera" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Catalogue of the Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, Part 7 (Dorylidae and Thynnidae)" year="1859">Smith, 1859: 49</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BD7E8D10FF8CFF8F14948FEEFEA0FA3B" blockId="7.[151,1436,1394,1509]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="9DD1AA3EFF8CFF8F14948FEEFEA0FA3B" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF8CFF8F14948FEEFE1DFA19" box="[151,362,1456,1478]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<taxonomicName id="7AC1F693FF8CFF8F14948FEEFE11FA19" authorityName="* Klug" authorityYear="1810" box="[151,358,1456,1478]" class="Insecta" family="Tiphiidae" genus="Scotaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifasciata">Scotaena trifasciata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="3C60AB01FF8CFF8F15738FEFFD2BFA19" author="Dalla-Torre, C. G." box="[368,604,1456,1478]" page="117" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" year="1897">
<bibRefCitation id="D950F0E1FF8CFF8F15738FEFFD2BFA19" author="Dalla-Torre" box="[368,604,1456,1478]" firstAuthor="Dalla-Torre" journalOrPublisher="Lipsiae" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="103 - 117" part="1897" refId="ref19937" refString="Dalla-Torre, C. G. (1897) Catalogus Hymenopetrum Hucusque, Descriptorum, Systematicus et Synonymicus. Volumen VIII: Fossores (Sphegidae). II Fam. Thynnidae Erichs. Lipsiae, 1897, 103 - 117." title="Catalogus Hymenopetrum Hucusque, Descriptorum, Systematicus et Synonymicus. Volumen VIII: Fossores (Sphegidae). II Fam. Thynnidae Erichs" type="journal article" year="1897">Dalla-Torre, 1897: 117</bibRefCitation>
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.
<treatmentCitation id="3C60AB01FF8CFF8F16648FEEFC5AFA19" author="Turner, R. E." box="[615,813,1456,1478]" page="253" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" year="1908">
<bibRefCitation id="D950F0E1FF8CFF8F16648FEEFC5AFA19" author="Turner" box="[615,813,1456,1478]" firstAuthor="Turner" journalOrPublisher="The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="63 - 87" part="1908" refId="ref21326" refString="Turner, R. E. (1908 a) Notes on the Thynnidae with remarks on some aberrant genera of the Scoliidae. The Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1908, 63 - 87. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1908. tb 02139. x" title="Notes on the Thynnidae with remarks on some aberrant genera of the Scoliidae" type="journal article" year="1908" yearSuffix="a">Turner, 1908a: 253</bibRefCitation>
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.
<treatmentCitation id="3C60AB01FF8CFF8F17348FEEFC87FA19" author="Turner, R. E." box="[823,1008,1456,1478]" page="19" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" year="1910">
<bibRefCitation id="D950F0E1FF8CFF8F17348FEEFC87FA19" author="Turner" box="[823,1008,1456,1478]" editor="Verteneuil, V. &amp; Desmet, L." firstAuthor="Turner" journalOrPublisher="Wytsman, P., Bruxelles" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="1 - 62" refId="ref21455" refString="Turner, R. E. (1910 a) Hymenoptera: Fam. Thynnidae. In: Verteneuil, V. &amp; Desmet, L. (Eds.), Genera Insectorum. Fascicules XCVIII - CVII. Wytsman, P., Bruxelles, pp. 1 - 62." title="Hymenoptera: Fam. Thynnidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Genera Insectorum. Fascicules XCVIII - CVII." year="1910" yearSuffix="a">Turner, 1910a: 19</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="D950F0E1FF8CFF8F17F88FEFFBC8FA19" author="Kimsey" box="[1019,1215,1456,1478]" firstAuthor="Kimsey" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Entomology" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="133 - 144" part="17" refId="ref20562" refString="Kimsey, L. S. (1992) Phylogenetic relations among the South American Thynninae Tiphiidae wasps. Systematic Entomology, 17, 133 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1992. tb 00326. x" title="Phylogenetic relations among the South American Thynninae Tiphiidae wasps" type="journal article" year="1992">Kimsey, 1992: 134</bibRefCitation>
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<bibRefCitation id="D950F0E1FF8CFF8F10C98FEFFAEFFA19" author="Kimsey" box="[1226,1432,1456,1478]" firstAuthor="Kimsey" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="508 - 512" part="106" refId="ref20646" refString="Kimsey, L. S. (2004 a) Taxonomic changes and new generic synonymies in the tiphiid wasp subfamily Thynninae (Hymenoptera, Tiphiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 106, 508 - 512." title="Taxonomic changes and new generic synonymies in the tiphiid wasp subfamily Thynninae (Hymenoptera, Tiphiidae)" type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">Kimsey, 2004a: 511</bibRefCitation>
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<treatmentCitation id="3C60AB01FF8CFF8F14C48F91FEA4FA3B" author="Carnimeo, F. H. &amp; Justino, C. E. L. &amp; Noll, F. B." box="[199,467,1486,1509]" page="255" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" year="2017">
<bibRefCitation id="D950F0E1FF8CFF8F14C48F91FEA4FA3B" author="Carnimeo" box="[199,467,1486,1509]" etAl="et al" firstAuthor="Carnimeo" journalOrPublisher="Check List" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" pagination="255 - 260" part="13" refId="ref19847" refString="Carnimeo, F. H., Justino, C. E. L. &amp; Noll, F. B. (2017) First records of Scotaena Klug, 1810 species (Hymenoptera, Tiphiidae, Thynninae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest. Check List, 13 (4), 255 - 260. https: // doi. org / 10.15560 / 13.4.255" title="First records of Scotaena Klug, 1810 species (Hymenoptera, Tiphiidae, Thynninae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest" type="journal article" year="2017">
Carnimeo
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF8CFF8F15328F8FFE29FA3B" box="[305,350,1486,1509]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">et al</emphasis>
, 2017: 255
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F5DBDE9BFF8CFF8014948C53FEE9FF6F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="459" pageId="7" pageNumber="458" type="description">
<paragraph id="BD7E8D10FF8CFF8F14948C53FA62F907" blockId="7.[151,1436,1548,2005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF8CFF8F14948C53FEF2F9FA" bold="true" box="[151,389,1548,1573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Male redescription.</emphasis>
Structure: A longitudinal line between the anterior ocelli and the supra-antennal plates; clypeus central notch with depth of about 1/4 of clypeus length; wings hyaline, ferruginous on the anterior margins, stigma and on the apex of the forewing, covering the marginal cell and the submarginal II and III. The region between the first and second cubital cell slightly ferruginous; mesepisternal lamellae short and subquadrate, with mesepisternal suture feebly raised at the apex; first metasomal tergite length as long as its breadth; epipygium rugose, with deep punctures and transverse striae sculptured towards the apex, converging subapically.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BD7E8D10FF8CFF8F14C48CBBFE8AF80B" blockId="7.[151,1436,1548,2005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="458">Coloration. Body dark brown variegated with yellow markings. Two small and diffuse spots on the supraantennal plates apex. The apical half of the clypeus, except the margins. The mandibles, except for the apex and margins. The anterior pronotal margin, reaching the laterals. Small spots on the mesopleuron anteriorly. The tegulae and a spot on the middle of the mesoscutum. A transverse fascia on the middle of the scutellum and two diffuse spots on the antero-lateral margins. The central region of the metanotum and its antero-lateral margins. A pair of rounded spots on the propodeal dorsal surface. The inner surface of the femora. transverse fasciae subapically on the tergites IIII.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BD7E8D10FF83FF8014C48AC8FEE9FF6F" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,536]" box="[199,414,151,176]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Female: Unknown.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F5DBDE9BFF83FF8014C48AE3FF99FF27" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="BD7E8D10FF83FF8014C48AE3FF99FF27" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF83FF8014C48AE3FE17FF0A" bold="true" box="[199,352,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Distribution.</emphasis>
The habitat of this species is still unknown, since the locality presented for the
<typeStatus id="627A33B2FF83FF8010F18AE3FA23FF0A" box="[1266,1364,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is not precise.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F5DBDE9BFF83FF8014C48B5BFDE1FDC8" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="BD7E8D10FF83FF8014C48B5BFDE1FDC8" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF83FF8014C48B5BFE3BFEC2" bold="true" box="[199,332,260,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Discussion.</emphasis>
There are four specimens listed as
<taxonomicName id="7AC1F693FF83FF8016E28B5AFCB4FEC3" authorityName="* Klug" authorityYear="1810" box="[737,963,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Tiphiidae" genus="Scotaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifasciata">
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF83FF8016E28B5AFCB4FEC3" box="[737,963,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Scotaena trifasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on MfN collection, but only one of them (the
<typeStatus id="627A33B2FF83FF8014CE8B78FE46FE9F" box="[205,305,295,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
) has the correct identification, the other three are actually
<taxonomicName id="7AC1F693FF83FF8017EB8B77FB0CFE9F" authorityName="* (Klug" authorityYear="1840" baseAuthorityName="Klug" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1000,1147,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Tiphiidae" genus="Scotaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pubescens">
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF83FF8017EB8B77FB0CFE9F" box="[1000,1147,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">S. pubescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The species description presented by
<bibRefCitation id="D950F0E1FF83FF8015338B13FECBFEBB" author="Klug" box="[304,444,332,357]" firstAuthor="Klug" journalOrPublisher="Magazin Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" pagination="31 - 43" part="4" refId="ref20953" refString="Klug, J. C. F. (1810) Einigeneue Piezatengattungen. Magazin Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde, 4, 31 - 43." title="Einigeneue Piezatengattungen" type="journal article" year="1810">Klug (1810)</bibRefCitation>
relies almost exclusively on color features, for this reason a redescription is provided. Due to the age of the specimen some parts are missing, like the mouthparts, the antennae and the tip of the hypopygium, which is broken. Thus, in order to try to preserve the only
<taxonomicName id="7AC1F693FF83FF8017F28BCAFBF4FE73" authorityName="* Klug" authorityYear="1810" box="[1009,1155,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Tiphiidae" genus="Scotaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifasciata">
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF83FF8017F28BCAFBF4FE73" box="[1009,1155,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">S. trifasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimen available, the genital capsule was not extracted for further description. The species was described as
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF83FF80106B8BE7FBA2FE10" box="[1128,1237,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">
<taxonomicName id="7AC1F693FF83FF80106B8BE7FBA6FE10" authorityName="Klug" authorityYear="1810" box="[1128,1233,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Tiphiidae" genus="Scotaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Scotaena</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but Klug himself (1840) later referred to it as
<taxonomicName id="7AC1F693FF83FF8015D28B83FDC2FE2B" box="[465,693,476,501]" class="Insecta" family="Tiphiidae" genus="Thynnus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifasciatus">
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF83FF8015D28B83FDC2FE2B" box="[465,693,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Thynnus trifasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This designation was followed only by
<bibRefCitation id="D950F0E1FF83FF8010788B83FA65FE2A" author="Smith" box="[1147,1298,476,501]" firstAuthor="Smith" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" pagination="10 - 72" refId="ref21246" refString="Smith, F. (1859) Family 6. Thynnidae, Erichson. Hymenoptera. Catalogue of the Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, Part 7 (Dorylidae and Thynnidae), 10 - 72." title="Family 6. Thynnidae, Erichson. Hymenoptera" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Catalogue of the Hymenopterous Insects in the Collection of the British Museum, Part 7 (Dorylidae and Thynnidae)" year="1859">Smith (1859)</bibRefCitation>
, while other authors continued to use
<taxonomicName id="7AC1F693FF83FF8015AC885FFDE7FDC7" authorityName="* Klug" authorityYear="1810" box="[431,656,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Tiphiidae" genus="Scotaena" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="459" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifasciata">
<emphasis id="8FB55102FF83FF8015AC885FFDE7FDC7" box="[431,656,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="459">Scotaena trifasciata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>