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<document id="1DF5D443D01F483C7FB181BBE314FB63" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.11050899" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11050899" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1713896234350" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Menezes, Naéreio A. &amp; Weitzman, Stanley H." docDate="1990" docId="1B3B8785FFB6FFDA8300FABCFE9DFB81" docLanguage="en" docName="ProcBiolSocWash.103.2.380-426.pdf (1).imf" docOrigin="Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 103 (2)" docTitle="Mimagoniates rheocharis Menezes &amp; Weitzman 1990, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="422" masterDocId="E702FFFDFFA5FFF0816DFFD1FFAAFF94" masterDocTitle="TWO NEW SPECIES OF MIMAGONIA TES (TELEOSTEI: CHARACIDAE: GLANDULOCAUDINAE), THEIR PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY AND A KEY TO THE GLANDULOCAUDIN FISHES OF BRAZIL AND PARAGUAY" masterLastPageNumber="426" masterPageNumber="380" pageNumber="399" updateTime="1713899539033" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="D320ED887B842CD5BD013482256358A5">TWO NEW SPECIES OF MIMAGONIA TES (TELEOSTEI: CHARACIDAE: GLANDULOCAUDINAE), THEIR PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY AND A KEY TO THE GLANDULOCAUDIN FISHES OF BRAZIL AND PARAGUAY</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1F7D8AD514F35BBC5D1FC9BFCF874B47">Menezes, Naéreio A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="1804467573A95A2B0FBA841DA36707B0">1990</mods:date>
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<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB6FFE38300FABCFC09FA15" ID-CoL="73KK5" authority="Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[621,931,1388,1414]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB6FFE38300FABCFC09FA15" box="[621,931,1388,1414]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="399">Mimagoniates rheocharis</emphasis>
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,
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<paragraph id="932D3693FFB6FFE383B6FA5CFC7CFA35" blockId="19.[621,1092,1387,1447]" box="[731,982,1421,1447]" pageId="19" pageNumber="399">
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFB6FFE383B6FA5CFCCDFA36" box="[731,871,1421,1447]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-10="Fig" captionStart-11="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStart-6="Fig" captionStart-7="Fig" captionStart-8="Fig" captionStart-9="Fig" captionStartId-0="22.[99,129,1117,1138]" captionStartId-1="23.[45,75,664,685]" captionStartId-10="31.[51,81,1081,1101]" captionStartId-11="32.[88,119,882,903]" captionStartId-2="23.[46,76,1686,1706]" captionStartId-3="24.[84,115,767,788]" captionStartId-4="25.[54,85,734,755]" captionStartId-5="26.[86,116,952,973]" captionStartId-6="27.[47,78,895,916]" captionStartId-7="28.[85,116,1616,1637]" captionStartId-8="29.[51,82,1285,1306]" captionStartId-9="30.[80,110,872,893]" captionTargetBox-0="[86,1145,153,1095]" captionTargetBox-1="[56,1046,207,562]" captionTargetBox-10="[74,1078,169,1055]" captionTargetBox-11="[69,1125,165,858]" captionTargetBox-2="[174,1089,1202,1618]" captionTargetBox-3="[75,1142,248,567]" captionTargetBox-4="[53,1094,163,719]" captionTargetBox-5="[103,1096,163,929]" captionTargetBox-6="[32,1119,165,872]" captionTargetBox-7="[67,1153,172,1599]" captionTargetBox-8="[123,1011,177,1272]" captionTargetBox-9="[81,1121,176,847]" captionTargetPageId-0="22" captionTargetPageId-1="23" captionTargetPageId-10="31" captionTargetPageId-11="32" captionTargetPageId-2="23" captionTargetPageId-3="24" captionTargetPageId-4="25" captionTargetPageId-5="26" captionTargetPageId-6="27" captionTargetPageId-7="28" captionTargetPageId-8="29" captionTargetPageId-9="30" captionText-0="Fig. 17. Mimagoniates rheacharis, M. microlepis and M. ínequalis, body depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarthmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of M rheocharis: (Y = -1.846 + 1.199X), 25 females or this species: (Y = 2.115 + 1.27lx); for 39 males ofM. microlepís: (Y = 2.130 + 1.235X) and for 31 females of the later species: (Y = -2.705 + 1.399 X); and for 26 males of M inequalis: (Y = -2.230 + 1.3499X), 14 females of this species: (Y = -1.812 + l.2l87X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under M. rheocharís." captionText-1="Fig. 18. Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species, holotype, MZUSP 40278, male, SL 47.3 mm; Brazil, Santa Catarina, rio Faxinalzinho at Mãe dos Homens, near Praia Grande." captionText-10="Fig. 27. Mimaguniates rheacharis, M. microlepis and M. inequalis caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of M. rheocharis: (Y = -4.222 + 1.588 X), for 26 females of the same species: (Y = —3.311 + 1.374X); for 40 males ofM microlepís: (Y = —4.151 + 1.592X) and for 30 females of the later species: (Y = -3.239 + 1.374X); and for 26 males ofM inøqualis: (Y = —3.021 + 1.3375 X), 14 females ofthis species; (Y = -2.625 + 1.2ll 6 X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under M. rheochuris." captionText-11="Fig. 28. Mimagoniater rheocharir, new species, paratypes caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL by sex. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 27 males of M. rheocharis: (Y = -3.490 + 1.447X) and for 23 females ofM. rheocharis: (Y = -2.606 + 1.167 X). For explanation see Sexual dimorphism under M rheocharís." captionText-2="Fig. 19. Mimagoniates rheoclıaris, new species, paratype, USNM 306339, female, SL 34.3 mrn: Brazil, tributary to rio Grande, Santa Catarina." captionText-3="Fig. 20. Mimagoniates rheacharix, new species, paratype, MZUSP 40281, male, SL 41.8 mm; Brazil, Río Grande do Sul, arroio das Pedras, near Osório." captionText-4="Fig. 21. Mimagoniates rheocharis. new species, paratype, anterior 13 anal-ﬁn rays of an adult male, lateral view, anterior is at leﬁ. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm; Brazil, Santa Catarina, rio Jordão at Jordão Alto. For explanation see Description under M. rheocharis." captionText-5="Fig. 22. Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species, paratype, pelvic ﬁn of adult male, ventral view, left side, anterior at left, medial ﬁn ray at bottom. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm; same locality data as specimen in Fig. 2 l." captionText-6="Fig. 23. Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species, paratype, unstained central basal region of caudal ﬁn and adjacent caudal peduncle of adult male, lateral view, left side, anterior at left. USNM 279879, SL 49.0 mm; same locality data as specimen in Fig. 21. Arrow at leﬁ indicates anterior intake region of pump chamber. Middle arrow indicates region of lateral slit with ray half of principal ray 11 just dorsal to arrow tip. Arrow at right points to opening of posterior exhaust vent of pump chamber. Note that in this species pump chamber not formed into an obvious cylindrical tube as that of M. microlepir, Fig. 3. Glandular tissue surrounding chamber openings in this photograph obscure details of pump." captionText-7="Fig. 24. Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species, paratype, osteology ofcentral basal region ofcaudal Skeleton, principal ﬁn rays 6-15, of an adult male, lateral views, left side, anterior at left. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm, same locality data as specimen in Fig. 21. Principal ray 12 indicated by arrow. (A) Illustrates caudal pump region. (B) illustrates relationship of modiﬁed dorsal caudal-ﬁn lobe squamation to caudal pump." captionText-8="Fig. 25. Mimaganíates rheocharis, new species, paratype, jaws and dentition of adult male, lateral view, right side, anterior at right. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm, same locality data as i.n Fig. 21. For explanation see text Description under M rheocharis." captionText-9="Fig. 26. Mimaganiates rheocharis, new species, paratypes, body depth as a function of SL by sex. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 27 males of M. r/ıeocharís: (Y = -2.190 + 1.300X) and for 23 females of this species: (Y - -1.831 + 1.183 X). For explanation see Sexual dimorphism under M rlıeocharis." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050939" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050941" figureDoi-10="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050961" figureDoi-11="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050964" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050943" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050945" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050947" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050950" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050952" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050955" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050957" figureDoi-9="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050959" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11050939/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11050941/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/11050961/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/11050964/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/11050943/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/11050945/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/11050947/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/11050950/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/11050952/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/11050955/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/11050957/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/11050959/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="399">Figs. 17-28</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="DE100328FFB6FFE38217FA5CFC7CFA35" box="[890,982,1421,1442]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="33.[50,105,161,177]" captionTargetBox="[78,1064,298,1026]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Table 2. Morphometrics of Mímaguııiates rheocharis, new species. Standard length is expressed in mm; measurements through head length are percentages of standard length; the last four entries are percentages of head length. Specimens are from near Rio Grande, Santa Catarina, MZUSP 40278, 40280, MCP 13616, and USNM 279878, 306339." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C7ED661BFF84FFD1815FFF70FEA5FE97" pageId="19" pageNumber="399" tableUuid="C7ED661BFF84FFD1815FFF70FEA5FE97">Table 2</tableCitation>
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<paragraph id="932D3693FFB6FFE3833CFA14FB91FA6B" blockId="19.[593,1118,1477,1535]" pageId="19" pageNumber="399">
Species B. —
<bibRefCitation id="F7034B62FFB6FFE38386FA14FBABFA4E" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; N. A. Menezes &amp; M. J. Weitzman" bookContentInfo="Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns, Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 488 pp." box="[747,1025,1477,1502]" editor="P. E. Vanzolini &amp; W. R. Heyer" pageId="19" pageNumber="399" pagination="379 - 427" refId="ref24287" refString="-, -, &amp; M. J. Weitzman. 1988. Phylogenetic biogeography of the Glandulocaudini (Teleostei: Characiformes, Characidae) with comments on the distributions of other freshwater fishes in eastern and southeastern Brazil. Pp. 379 - 427 in P. E. Vanzolini &amp; W. R. Heyer, ed., Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns, Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 488 pp." title="Phylogenetic biogeography of the Glandulocaudini (Teleostei: Characiformes, Characidae) with comments on the distributions of other freshwater fishes in eastern and southeastern Brazil." type="proceedings paper" year="1988">Weitzman et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
:ﬁgs. 6, 10, 23 [phylogeny and biogeography].
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<materialsCitation id="23FA3CCEFFB6FFE48306F9CFFDEEFB41" collectingDate="1985-06-09" collectionCode="MZUSP" collectorName="C. A. S. de Lucena &amp; R. E. Reis &amp; L. R. Malabarba" country="Brazil" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="400" latitude="-29.333334" location="Faxinalzinho at Mae dos Homens" longLatPrecision="1227" longitude="-14.666667" municipality="Municipio de Praia Grande" pageId="19" pageNumber="399" specimenCode="MZUSP 40278" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="Santa Catarina" typeStatus="holotype">
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. —
<specimenCode id="C3349EE8FFB6FFE38393F9CFFC04F9A7" box="[766,942,1566,1587]" pageId="19" pageNumber="399">MZUSP 40278</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCount id="8594FD1AFFB6FFE382D3F9CFFC5DF9A6" box="[958,1015,1566,1586]" pageId="19" pageNumber="399" type="male">male</specimenCount>
, SL
<quantity id="546A9B76FFB6FFE38546F9CFFD2AF9C1" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7299999999999995" pageId="19" pageNumber="399" unit="mm" value="47.3">47.3 mm</quantity>
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,
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,
<collectingMunicipality id="7349ACE9FFB6FFE382D5F9EFFD5EF9E1" pageId="19" pageNumber="399">Municipio de Praia Grande</collectingMunicipality>
, rio
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, near
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, approximately
<geoCoordinate id="F6A65054FFB1FFE48128FB71FF35FB20" box="[69,159,1184,1208]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" precision="925" value="-29.333334">29°20' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F6A65054FFB1FFE481D9FB71FEB2FB27" box="[180,280,1184,1208]" degrees="14" direction="west" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" precision="925" value="-14.666667">14°40' W</geoCoordinate>
,
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<collectingDate id="F768E9BBFFB1FFE48041FB71FE1FFB20" box="[300,437,1184,1205]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" value="1985-06-09">9 Jun 1985</collectingDate>
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;
<collectorName id="3E675345FFB1FFE480A4FB71FF36FB41" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">C. A. S. de Lucena</collectorName>
,
<collectorName id="3E675345FFB1FFE481C3FB10FE83FB41" box="[174,297,1216,1237]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">R. E. Reis</collectorName>
, and
<collectorName id="3E675345FFB1FFE4801FFB10FD94FB41" box="[370,574,1217,1237]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">L. R. Malabarba</collectorName>
.
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</paragraph>
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Fig. 16.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB1FFE481D4FC28FE37FB9A" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[185,413,1017,1038]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvicola">Mimagoniates sylvicola</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB1FFE480A3FC2BFD04FB9E" baseAuthorityName="Nichols" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[462,686,1016,1038]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">Mimagoniates lateralis</taxonomicName>
, body depth as a function of standard length for young to adult females. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 4 S females of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB1FFE48567FBC4FBD4FBBD" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[1034,1150,1044,1065]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvicola">M. sylvicola</taxonomicName>
: (Y = —2.567 + 1.385 X) and 26 females of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB1FFE48089FBE0FDF9FBD5" baseAuthorityName="Nichols" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[484,595,1072,1089]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">M lateralis</taxonomicName>
: (Y = -1.807 + 1. 118X). For explanation see Discussion under
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB1FFE481E9FB9DFF52FBF4" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[132,248,1099,1120]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvicola">M. sylvicola</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFB1FFE5810DFB30FEB0FE9D" blockId="20.[69,595,1183,1734]" lastBlockId="21.[17,549,145,1724]" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="401" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">
<materialsCitation id="23FA3CCEFFB1FFE4810DFB30FE45FAA8" collectingDate="1985-06-09" collectionCode="MCP" collectorName="C. A. S. de Lucena &amp; R. E. Reis &amp; L. R. Malabarba" country="Brazil" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="401" latitude="-29.333334" location="Faxinalzinho at Mae dos Homens" longLatPrecision="1227" longitude="-14.666667" municipality="Municipio de Praia Grande" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" specimenCode="MCP 13616" specimenCount="3" stateProvince="Santa Catarina" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB1FFE4810DFB30FF71FB6F" box="[96,219,1249,1275]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">
<typeStatus id="4C298831FFB1FFE4810DFB30FF71FB6F" box="[96,219,1249,1275]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.-Following 2 lots of immatures to adults collected with holotype:
<specimenCode id="C3349EE8FFB1FFE4837EFAD2FF25FAAC" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">MCP 13616</specimenCode>
, spms.
<specimenCount id="8594FD1AFFB1FFE4819DFAF5FF56FAAC" box="[240,252,1316,1336]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">3</specimenCount>
, SL
<quantity id="546A9B76FFB1FFE4805AFAF5FE42FAAC" box="[311,488,1316,1336]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.255" metricValueMax="4.08" metricValueMin="2.43" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" unit="mm" value="32.55" valueMax="40.8" valueMin="24.3">24.3-40.8 mm</quantity>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="23FA3CCEFFB1FFE48094FAF5FF1EF9D0" collectingDate="1985-06-07" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="401" latitude="-28.6" longitude="-49.466667" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">
<specimenCode id="C3349EE8FFB1FFE48094FAF5FF34FACD" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">
<collectionCode id="F583AE56FFB1FFE48094FAF5FDFBFAAC" box="[505,593,1316,1336]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">USNM</collectionCode>
279878
</specimenCode>
, spms. 3, SL
<quantity id="546A9B76FFB1FFE4803AFA94FDA1FACD" box="[343,523,1349,1369]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.055" metricValueMax="4.779999999999999" metricValueMin="3.3299999999999996" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" unit="mm" value="40.55" valueMax="47.8" valueMin="33.3">33.3-47.8 mm</quantity>
. Following 3 lots of immature to
<specimenCount id="8594FD1AFFB1FFE480F7FAB7FE7DFAEE" box="[410,471,1382,1402]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" type="adult">adult</specimenCount>
paratypes all collected
<date id="E72C1053FFB1FFE4818DFA56FECCFA0F" box="[224,358,1415,1436]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" value="1985-06-07">
<collectingDate id="F768E9BBFFB1FFE4818DFA56FECCFA0F" box="[224,358,1415,1436]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" value="1985-06-07">7 Jun 1985</collectingDate>
</date>
by
<collectorName id="3E675345FFB1FFE480F5FA56FFD6FA28" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">C. A. S. de Lucena</collectorName>
and party:
<collectingCountry id="EB857603FFB1FFE48044FA76FEDAFA2F" box="[297,368,1447,1467]" name="Brazil" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="5156F871FFB1FFE480E6FA76FDE1FA28" box="[395,587,1447,1468]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="7349ACE9FFB1FFE48128FA16FE34FA48" box="[69,414,1479,1505]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">Municipio de Nova Veneza</collectingMunicipality>
, rio
<location id="964D6048FFB1FFE480B0FA19FF44FA69" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1B3B8785FFB6FFDA8300FABCFE9DFB81:964D6048FFB1FFE480B0FA19FF44FA69" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">Jordäo at Jordão Alto</location>
, approximately
<geoCoordinate id="F6A65054FFB1FFE48085FA38FDE3FA6A" box="[488,585,1513,1538]" degrees="28" direction="south" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" precision="925" value="-28.6">28 °36’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F6A65054FFB1FFE4812BF9DBFF07F98A" box="[70,173,1546,1569]" degrees="49" direction="west" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" precision="925" value="-49.466667">49°28 ' W</geoCoordinate>
,
<specimenCode id="C3349EE8FFB1FFE481ADF9DBFEF9F98A" box="[192,339,1546,1566]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">
<collectionCode id="F583AE56FFB1FFE481ADF9DBFF55F98A" box="[192,255,1546,1566]" collectionName="MCP" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">MCP</collectionCode>
13617
</specimenCode>
, spms. 83, SL 21.9- 39.0 mm;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="23FA3CCEFFB1FFE481D6F9FDFF6AF9F0" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="401" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">
<collectionCode id="F583AE56FFB1FFE481D6F9FDFEB7F9D4" box="[187,285,1580,1600]" collectionName="MZUSP" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">MZUSP</collectionCode>
40279, spms. 81, SL
<quantity id="546A9B76FFB1FFE4837FF9FAFF13F9CB" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2599999999999993" metricValueMax="4.279999999999999" metricValueMin="2.2399999999999998" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" unit="mm" value="32.599999999999994" valueMax="42.8" valueMin="22.4">22.4- 42.8 mm</quantity>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="23FA3CCEFFB1FFE481BDF99DFF55F914" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="401" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">
<collectionCode id="F583AE56FFB1FFE481BDF99DFE82F9F4" box="[208,296,1612,1632]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">USNM</collectionCode>
270879, spms. 89, SL 22.8-49.0 mm.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="23FA3CCEFFB1FFE48061F9BDFD06FA8F" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="401" latitude="-29.333334" longitude="-49.666668" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">
Following 3 lots of immature to adults all collected by R. M. C. Castro
<date id="E72C1053FFB1FFE48116F97FFEB0F956" box="[123,282,1710,1730]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" value="1988-02-13">13 Feb 1988</date>
:
<collectingCountry id="EB857603FFB1FFE4805FF97CFED0F956" box="[306,378,1709,1730]" name="Brazil" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="5156F871FFB1FFE480FCF97FFDE1F956" box="[401,587,1709,1730]" country="Brazil" name="Santa Catarina" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">Santa Catarina</collectingRegion>
, Município de Praia Grande, tributary of rio Grande approximately
<geoCoordinate id="F6A65054FFB1FFE482CCFB10FC51FB41" box="[929,1019,1217,1241]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="20" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" precision="925" value="-29.333334">29°20 ’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F6A65054FFB1FFE4857EFB10FBD6FB41" box="[1043,1148,1217,1241]" degrees="49" direction="west" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" precision="925" value="-49.666668">49°40 ’ W</geoCoordinate>
,
<collectionCode id="F583AE56FFB1FFE48318FB33FD70FB62" box="[629,730,1250,1270]" collectionName="MZUSP" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">MZUSP</collectionCode>
40280, spms. 29, SL
<quantity id="546A9B76FFB1FFE48563FB33FD0FFA83" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5949999999999998" metricValueMax="3.84" metricValueMin="1.35" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" unit="mm" value="25.95" valueMax="38.4" valueMin="13.5">13.5-38.4 mm</quantity>
;
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="23FA3CCEFFB1FFE483D7FAD2FD57FACD" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="401" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">
<collectionCode id="F583AE56FFB1FFE483D7FAD2FCB8FA83" box="[698,786,1283,1303]" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">USNM</collectionCode>
306339, spms. 18, SL 17.0- 40.0; spms. 2 to R. M. C. Castro, SL 28.0-
<quantity id="546A9B76FFB1FFE4831BFA94FD5DFACD" box="[630,759,1349,1369]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.13" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" unit="mm" value="31.3">31.30 mm</quantity>
.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="23FA3CCEFFB1FFE48260FA94FCE9FA49" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="401" latitude="-29.866667" longitude="-50.316666" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">
<collectionCode id="F583AE56FFB1FFE48260FA94FCD8FACD" box="[781,882,1349,1369]" collectionName="MZUSP" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">MZUSP</collectionCode>
40281, SL
<quantity id="546A9B76FFB1FFE4857DFA94FB29FACD" box="[1040,1155,1349,1369]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.18" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" unit="mm" value="41.8">41.8 mm</quantity>
(mature male),
<collectingCountry id="EB857603FFB1FFE48258FAB7FCD6FAEE" box="[821,892,1382,1402]" name="Brazil" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="5156F871FFB1FFE482E2FAB7FBD1FAEE" box="[911,1147,1382,1402]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
, Municipio de Osório, arroio das Pedras, approximately
<geoCoordinate id="F6A65054FFB1FFE48261FA79FCCEFA28" box="[780,868,1448,1471]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="52" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" precision="925" value="-29.866667">29°52' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F6A65054FFB1FFE48218FA79FC73FA28" box="[885,985,1448,1472]" degrees="50" direction="west" minutes="19" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" precision="925" value="-50.316666">50° 19 'W</geoCoordinate>
, ll
<date id="E72C1053FFB1FFE48561FA79FBD0FA28" box="[1036,1146,1448,1468]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" value="1988-02">Feb 1988</date>
, R. M. C. Castro.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="23FA3CCEFFB1FFE4823DFA18FB2AF915" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="401" latitude="-29.666666" longitude="-50.183334" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">
<collectionCode id="F583AE56FFB1FFE4823DFA18FC25FA49" box="[848,911,1481,1501]" collectionName="MCP" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">MCP</collectionCode>
13613 spms. 7, SL
<quantity id="546A9B76FFB1FFE48318FA3BFC82FA6A" box="[629,808,1514,1534]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.94" metricValueMax="3.13" metricValueMin="2.75" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" unit="mm" value="29.4" valueMax="31.3" valueMin="27.5">27.5-31.3 mm</quantity>
,
<collectingCountry id="EB857603FFB1FFE48251FA38FC2EFA6A" box="[828,900,1513,1534]" name="Brazil" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, Município de Osório, arroio Água Parada, tributary to rio Maquiné, in Maquiné, approximately
<geoCoordinate id="F6A65054FFB1FFE4854DF9FAFBD0F9AB" box="[1056,1146,1579,1603]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" precision="925" value="-29.666666">29 °40' S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F6A65054FFB1FFE48318F99DFD76F9F4" box="[629,732,1612,1636]" degrees="50" direction="west" minutes="11" orientation="longitude" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" precision="925" value="-50.183334">50° 11 ’ W</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="E72C1053FFB1FFE48398F99DFC3BF9F5" box="[757,913,1612,1633]" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" value="1989-10-10">10 Oct 1989</date>
, R. E. Reis, S. O. Kullander, L. R. Malabarba and J. Pozzi.
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="23FA3CCEFFB1FFE58319F95CFEB0FE9D" lastPageId="21" lastPageNumber="401" latitude="-29.316668" longitude="-49.733334" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">
<collectionCode id="F583AE56FFB1FFE48319F95CFD1EF936" box="[628,692,1677,1698]" collectionName="MCP" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">MCP</collectionCode>
10806, SL
<quantity id="546A9B76FFB1FFE48220F95FFC14F936" box="[845,958,1678,1698]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.95" pageId="20" pageNumber="400" unit="mm" value="39.5">39.5 mm</quantity>
(mature male),
<collectingCountry id="EB857603FFB1FFE48319F97FFD11F956" box="[628,699,1710,1730]" name="Brazil" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="5156F871FFB1FFE483BDF97FFC69F957" box="[720,963,1710,1731]" country="Brazil" name="Rio Grande do Sul" pageId="20" pageNumber="400">Rio Grande do Sul</collectingRegion>
, Municipio de Torres, tributary of rio Três Furquilhas, Chapéu, approximately
<geoCoordinate id="F6A65054FFB0FFE5802CFF62FE31FF53" box="[321,411,178,204]" degrees="29" direction="south" minutes="19" orientation="latitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" precision="925" value="-29.316668">29°19 ’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F6A65054FFB0FFE580DDFF63FDB0FF52" box="[432,538,178,202]" degrees="49" direction="west" minutes="44" orientation="longitude" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" precision="925" value="-49.733334">49°44' W</geoCoordinate>
,
<date id="E72C1053FFB0FFE5817FFF04FF1FFF7C" box="[18,181,212,237]" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" value="1986-05-25">25 May 1986</date>
, C. A. S. Lucena, R. E. Reis, and L. R. Malabarba.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DB886518FFB0FFE88140FEC6FF37F915" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="404" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="932D3693FFB0FFE58140FEC6FFC0FB18" blockId="21.[17,549,145,1724]" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58140FEC6FF01FEA4" box="[45,171,279,304]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. —
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE581B5FEC6FD88FEBE" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[216,546,277,303]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE581B5FEC6FD88FEBE" box="[216,546,277,303]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">Mimagoniates rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be separated from all other species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE5817CFE88FF6BFEE6" box="[17,193,345,370]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE5817CFE88FF6BFEE6" box="[17,193,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by use of the key provided above and the characters described and discussed below.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE581A5FE4AFDA8FE3A" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[200,514,409,435]" family="Characidae" genus="Miniagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE581A5FE4AFDA8FE3A" box="[200,514,409,435]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">Minıagoniates rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is sympatric with and apparently at least partly syntopic with
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE58198FE0CFE0FFE61" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[245,421,476,501]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58198FE0CFEA5FE65" box="[245,271,477,497]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58047FE0DFE0FFE61" box="[298,421,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in south coastal Santa Catarina. It is also sympatric and syntopic with
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE58194FDCEFE09FDA3" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[249,419,542,567]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58194FDCEFE09FDA3" box="[249,419,542,567]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the rio Maquiné drainage. The southern distribution of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE5810BFDB3FEA7FDE2" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[102,269,608,630]" family="Characidae" genus="Miniagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE5810BFDB3FEA7FDE2" box="[102,269,608,630]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(rio Maquiné drainage and streams immediately surrounding Osório in Rio Grande do Sul) is adjacent to the northeastern limit (rio Gravatai drainage) of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE58142FD37FF6EFD6A" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[47,196,741,766]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58142FD37FFE3FD6E" box="[47,73,742,762]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58134FD34FF6EFD6A" box="[89,196,741,766]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
where these two species abut and appear to be allopatric (see the Biogeography section and phylogenetic discussion in the Discussion section below). The possible relationships of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE58023FCBBFE57FCEA" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[334,509,872,894]" family="Characidae" genus="Miniagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58023FCBBFE57FCEA" box="[334,509,872,894]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE5817CFC5DFF01FC30" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[17,171,906,932]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE5817CFC5DFF81FC0B" box="[17,43,908,927]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE5812DFC5BFF01FC30" box="[64,171,906,932]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE581B7FC5AFE2FFC37" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[218,389,906,931]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE581B7FC5AFF5EFC0B" box="[218,244,907,927]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58064FC5BFE2FFC37" box="[265,389,906,931]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is uncertain and perhaps complex but the following series of characters distinguish
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE58015FC1CFD88FC75" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[376,546,972,993]" family="Characidae" genus="Miniagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58015FC1CFD88FC75" box="[376,546,972,993]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from one or the other of these species or, in some cases, both of them. Because the comparisons are somewhat complex, for clarity the two compared species are treated separately.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFB0FFE58141FB44FD4CFCCF" blockId="21.[17,549,145,1724]" lastBlockId="21.[578,1112,143,1724]" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE58141FB44FECEFB3C" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[44,356,1171,1197]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58141FB44FECEFB3C" box="[44,356,1171,1197]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">Mimagoniates rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE581D6FB67FECEFB5A" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[187,356,1204,1230]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE581D6FB67FECEFB5A" box="[187,356,1204,1230]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, by the following characters (see also the statistical analyses of overlapping characters under Statistical Comparisons below). Scale rows around caudal peduncle 19-23 (15-18 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE5817CFA8AFF11FAE7" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[17,187,1369,1395]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE5817CFA8AFF86FAFA" box="[17,44,1371,1390]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE5812DFA88FF11FAE7" box="[64,187,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); scale rows between dorsal-ﬁn and anal-ﬁn origins 17-22, rarely 17 (14- 17, rarely 17 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE581B4FA4CFED5FA21" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[217,383,1435,1461]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE581B4FA4CFED5FA21" box="[217,383,1435,1461]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); total lateral series scale count shows broad overlap between both species, 41-48 (42-49 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE58092FA0EFF24F983" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58092FA0EFF24F983" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) but in at least one population comparison of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE581BEF9F1FE2AF9A0" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[211,384,1567,1588]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE581BEF9F1FF47F9A0" box="[211,237,1568,1588]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE5806EF9CEFE2AF9A0" box="[259,384,1567,1588]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE580ABF9F0FFC4F9CD" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE580ABF9F0FE4BF9A0" box="[454,481,1569,1588]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58095F9F0FFC4F9CD" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed a statistically signiﬁcant difference (see the statistical comparisons below); branched dorsal-ﬁn ray count 8-12, usually 9-10, rarely 8 (7-9, rarely 9 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE58093F975FD14FF3C" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[510,702,143,1719]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58093F975FD14FF3C" box="[510,702,143,1719]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); branched anal-ﬁn ray count 23- 29, usually 24-26 and rarely 28 or 29 (26- 33, usually 28-31 and rarely 26 or 27 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE5832FFF25FD40FE9F" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[578,746,242,267]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE5832FFF25FD40FE9F" box="[578,746,242,267]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); total vertebral count 35-40, usually 36-38, rarely 39 or 40 (38-41, usually 39-40, rarely 38 in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE5823AFEE4FC57FED9" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[855,1021,307,333]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE5823AFEE4FCD8FEDC" box="[855,882,309,328]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE582ECFEE2FC57FED9" box="[897,1021,307,333]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); tenth and eleventh principal caudal-ﬁn rays of adult males with small, little developed hooks posterior to caudal organ but with sturdy hooks on ray 1 1 along ventral border of expanded ray segments of caudal organ,
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFB0FFE5832EFE2AFD3CFD9B" box="[579,662,507,532]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[85,116,1616,1637]" captionTargetBox="[67,1153,172,1599]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 24. Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species, paratype, osteology ofcentral basal region ofcaudal Skeleton, principal ﬁn rays 6-15, of an adult male, lateral views, left side, anterior at left. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm, same locality data as specimen in Fig. 21. Principal ray 12 indicated by arrow. (A) Illustrates caudal pump region. (B) illustrates relationship of modiﬁed dorsal caudal-ﬁn lobe squamation to caudal pump." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050955/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
(adult male
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE58243FE2AFC7EFD87" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[814,980,505,531]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58243FE2AFCE2FD9B" box="[814,840,507,527]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58234FE28FC7EFD87" box="[857,980,505,531]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with well-developed hooks on caudal-ﬁn rays 7-12 and no sturdy hooks on principal ray ll along ventral border of expanded ray segments of caudal organ, note, some populations with few or no hooks on rays 7 and/ or 12); preserved and live colors in part different between both species, but variation in live colors among various population samples of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE583B4FCF7FC2DFCA9" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[729,903,803,829]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE583B4FCF7FC2DFCA9" box="[729,903,803,829]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
make comparisons difficult.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFB0FFE5830DFCBBFC5DFA84" blockId="21.[578,1112,143,1724]" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">
A few life color characters appear consistently different in fully mature males: pelvic-ﬁn rays and membranes of adult males distally white (adult male
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE58218FC1FFBB3FC72" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[885,1049,972,998]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58218FC1FFBB3FC72" box="[885,1049,972,998]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with yellow and/ or black pigment of pelvic ﬁns continuous to edge of ﬁn where ﬁn bordered by narrow band of white); anal ﬁn posterior to anterior lobe bordered by broad band of deep yellow pigment, very little to no black pigment on ﬁn (adult male
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE582C5FB45FBFFFB38" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[936,1109,1170,1196]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE582C5FB45FBFFFB38" box="[936,1109,1170,1196]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with posterior portion of anal ﬁn ventrally bordered by narrow band of black pigment, none or very little yellow pigment).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFB0FFE7830DFAC9FEDAFCCC" blockId="21.[578,1112,143,1724]" lastBlockId="23.[24,554,765,990]" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="403" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">
As treated below in the Discussion, there are some, perhaps plesiomorphic. body shape similarities shared between
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE58285FA8BFD27FA04" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58285FA8BFBA9FAFA" box="[1000,1027,1370,1390]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58578FA88FD27FA04" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE583BCFAADFCC6FA00" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[721,876,1402,1428]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE583BCFAADFCC6FA00" box="[721,876,1402,1428]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE5855CFAABFD68FA25" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheoclzaris">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE5855CFAABFD68FA25" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M rheoclzarís</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to have the caudal peduncle and body depths for both sexes intermediate between those of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE582C6FA0FFBFEFA62" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[939,1108,1500,1526]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE582C6FA0FFC6FFA66" box="[939,965,1502,1522]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE582B4FA0DFBFEFA62" box="[985,1108,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE58317F9D1FCB8F98C" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[634,786,1535,1560]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58317F9D1FCB8F98C" box="[634,786,1535,1560]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; see
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFB0FFE5823CFA2EFC1AF987" box="[849,944,1535,1560]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[99,129,1117,1138]" captionTargetBox="[86,1145,153,1095]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Mimagoniates rheacharis, M. microlepis and M. ínequalis, body depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarthmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of M rheocharis: (Y = -1.846 + 1.199X), 25 females or this species: (Y = 2.115 + 1.27lx); for 39 males ofM. microlepís: (Y = 2.130 + 1.235X) and for 31 females of the later species: (Y = -2.705 + 1.399 X); and for 26 males of M inequalis: (Y = -2.230 + 1.3499X), 14 females of this species: (Y = -1.812 + l.2l87X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under M. rheocharís." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050939/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">Figs. 17</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFB0FFE5829CFA2FFBA7F986" box="[1009,1037,1534,1554]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[51,81,1081,1101]" captionTargetBox="[74,1078,169,1055]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 27. Mimaguniates rheacharis, M. microlepis and M. inequalis caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of M. rheocharis: (Y = -4.222 + 1.588 X), for 26 females of the same species: (Y = —3.311 + 1.374X); for 40 males ofM microlepís: (Y = —4.151 + 1.592X) and for 30 females of the later species: (Y = -3.239 + 1.374X); and for 26 males ofM inøqualis: (Y = —3.021 + 1.3375 X), 14 females ofthis species; (Y = -2.625 + 1.2ll 6 X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under M. rheochuris." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050961/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">27</figureCitation>
. Certain aspects of the caudal pump morphology of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE5830AF993FCB9F9C2" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[615,787,1601,1622]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharir">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE5830AF993FD2BF9C2" box="[615,641,1602,1622]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE583FBF990FCB9F9C2" box="[662,787,1601,1622]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">rheocharir</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could also be interpreted as intermediate. This suggests the possibility that
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE583C5F955FCF9F903" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[680,851,1666,1687]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheacharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE583C5F955FD69F903" box="[680,707,1668,1687]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE583BBF953FCF9F903" box="[726,851,1666,1687]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">rheacharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be closely related to
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE583C4F975FCEBF928" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[681,833,1698,1724]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="401" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE583C4F975FD69F92C" box="[681,707,1700,1720]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE583BBF973FCEBF928" box="[726,833,1698,1724]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">inequalís</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
rather than to
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB0FFE68296F972FF0CFAC3" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="402" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE58296F972FBBCF922" box="[1019,1046,1699,1718]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB0FFE68544F972FF0CFAC3" italics="true" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="402" pageId="21" pageNumber="401">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or even derived by introgression from ancestral sympatric populations of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE68358FAB0FF6DFA0D" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE68358FAB0FF6DFA0D" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE68062FA50FE06FA0D" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[271,428,1408,1433]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE68062FA50FE06FA0D" box="[271,428,1408,1433]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in a manner suggested by
<bibRefCitation id="F7034B62FFB3FFE68196FA73FE65FA2F" author="Hubbs, C. L." box="[251,463,1442,1467]" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref23832" refString="Hubbs, C. L. 1955. Hybridization between fish species in nature-Systematic Zoology 4 (1): 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1955">Hubbs (1955: 19)</bibRefCitation>
for freshwater ﬁshes in North America. However, not all counts or body proportions of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE6835BFA34FF63F98C" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE6835BFA34FF63F98C" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are intermediate between the two species and we question the intermediacy of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE68107F997FEBAF9CE" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[106,272,1605,1626]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE68107F997FEBAF9CE" box="[106,272,1605,1626]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on tentative polarity and parsimony analyses of the available data (see Discussion below). In any case, the similarities of many features, especially of immature or just maturing specimens, shared between
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE68383FAB0FC35FAE1" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[750,927,1375,1397]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE68383FAB0FC35FAE1" box="[750,927,1375,1397]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE68286FAB0FB21FAED" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1003,1163,1375,1401]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE68286FAB0FB21FAED" box="[1003,1163,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
makes it a practical necessity to describe the differences in some detail between the population samples at hand of these two species. The phylogenetic polarities of most of these characters are relatively uncertain for those species possessing them. Therefore their use as synapomorphies suggesting relationships to and/ or among species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE682B7F9B6FB20F914" box="[986,1162,1639,1664]" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE682B7F9B6FB20F914" box="[986,1162,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that may share them remains to be more fully investigated. Tentatively, many of these characters appear plesiomorphic for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB2FFE780B7FD2FFFC6FCA3" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE780B7FD2FFE5FFC85" box="[474,501,766,785]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE7836AFD2FFFC6FCA3" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
when the latter is compared to
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB2FFE7836BFCCEFF3CFCC0" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE7836BFCCEFF3CFCC0" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB2FFE781AFFC91FEC0FCCC" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[194,362,831,856]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE781AFFC91FF76FCC0" box="[194,220,832,852]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE7819DFCEEFEC0FCCC" box="[240,362,831,856]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C7ED661BFFB3FFE6810EFB8CFD56FB6C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050939" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11050939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050939/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" startId="22.[99,129,1117,1138]" targetBox="[86,1145,153,1095]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="932D3693FFB3FFE6810EFB8CFD56FB6C" blockId="22.[77,1164,1116,1276]" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">
Fig. 17.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE681ACFB8FFE1CFBFA" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[193,438,1117,1138]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheacharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE681ACFB8FFE1CFBFA" box="[193,438,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">Mimagoniates rheacharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE680AFFB8FFDE2FBE6" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[450,584,1117,1138]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE680AFFB8FFE7DFBFA" box="[450,471,1118,1134]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE68088FB8CFDE2FBE6" box="[485,584,1117,1138]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE6831AFB8FFD45FBE5" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[631,751,1116,1137]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE6831AFB8FFD26FBFA" box="[631,652,1118,1134]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE683F7FB8DFD45FBE5" box="[666,751,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, body depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarthmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE68215FBA8FC55FB1D" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[888,1023,1144,1161]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE68215FBA8FC55FB1D" box="[888,1023,1144,1161]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (Y = -1.846 + 1.199 X), 25 females or this species: (Y = 2.115 + 1.27lx); for 39 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE6821FFB42FC50FB3C" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[882,1018,1171,1193]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE6821FFB42FC50FB3C" box="[882,1018,1171,1193]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">M. microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE6857CFB45FB8BFB30" bold="true" box="[1041,1057,1172,1188]" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">Y</emphasis>
= 2.130 + 1.235 X) and for 31 females of the later species: (Y = -2.705 + 1.399 X); and for 26 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE68567FB61FB2FFB57" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[1034,1157,1198,1219]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE68567FB61FB2FFB57" box="[1034,1157,1198,1219]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (Y = -2.230 + 1.3499 X), 14 females of this species: (Y = -1.812 + l.2l87X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB3FFE6831DFB39FD5DFB6C" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[624,759,1254,1272]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE6831DFB39FD2FFB6C" box="[624,645,1256,1272]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB3FFE683F9FB37FD5DFB6C" box="[660,759,1254,1272]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="402">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C7ED661BFFB2FFE78140FD49FD1EFD50" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050941" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11050941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050941/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="403" startId="23.[45,75,664,685]" targetBox="[56,1046,207,562]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="932D3693FFB2FFE78140FD49FD1EFD50" blockId="23.[23,1114,663,711]" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">
Fig. 18.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB2FFE781E1FD49FE2EFD3C" authority="Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[140,388,663,684]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE781E1FD49FE2EFD3C" box="[140,388,663,684]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">Mimagoniates rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BAD557FAFFB2FFE780FFFD4CFDAEFD38" box="[402,516,664,684]" pageId="23" pageNumber="403" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, holotype, MZUSP 40278, male, SL 47.3 mm; Brazil, Santa Catarina, rio Faxinalzinho at Mãe dos Homens, near Praia Grande.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFB2FFE88158FCB3FF37F915" blockId="23.[24,554,765,990]" lastBlockId="24.[62,590,885,1732]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="404" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">
For convenience the following same characters as those treated above to separate
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB2FFE7836AFC52FF3DFC2C" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE7836AFC52FF3DFC2C" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB2FFE781A2FC75FEDFFC28" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[207,373,931,956]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE781A2FC75FF43FC2C" box="[207,233,932,952]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE78194FC72FEDFFC28" box="[249,373,931,956]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">mícrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are considered for comparison between
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB2FFE78024FC14FE5EFC4D" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[329,500,964,985]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE78024FC14FECEFC4D" box="[329,356,965,985]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE7801AFC15FE5EFC4D" box="[375,500,964,985]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB2FFE78323FD2FFD4EFC82" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[590,740,765,790]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE78323FD2FFDC2FC85" box="[590,616,766,785]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE78314FD2CFD4EFC82" box="[633,740,765,790]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
even though not all these characters are diagnostic for separation of the latter two species (see also the section below on Statistical Comparisons). Scale rows around caudal peduncle = 19-23 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB2FFE78556FC55FD66FC23" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE78556FC55FD66FC23" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(16-19 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB2FFE78204FC75FBACFC28" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[873,1030,931,956]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE78204FC75FC2EFC23" box="[873,900,932,951]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE782F6FC72FBACFC28" box="[923,1030,931,956]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (both species commonly with a count of 19); scale rows between dorsal-fin and anal-ﬁn origins = 17-22 (16-18 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBDFFE8802BFC46FE49FC3B" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[326,483,918,943]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBDFFE8802BFC46FECBFC3E" box="[326,353,919,938]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBDFFE8801AFC47FE49FC3B" box="[375,483,918,943]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); lateral series scale count = 41-48, rarely 41 (36- 41 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBDFFE881FEFC09FE80FC64" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[147,298,983,1008]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBDFFE881FEFC09FF07FC78" box="[147,173,984,1004]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBDFFE881ADFC06FE80FC64" box="[192,298,983,1008]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 41 being uncommon); branched dorsal-ﬁn ray count 8-12, usually 9 or 10, only occasionally 8 (8-9, rarely 9 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBDFFE8811FFBEAFEB8FBC7" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[114,274,1082,1107]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBDFFE8811FFBEAFEB8FBC7" box="[114,274,1082,1107]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); branched anal-ﬁn ray count 23-29, usually 24-26, rarely 28 or 29 (24-30, rarely 24 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBDFFE88039FBAFFE5AFB02" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[340,496,1149,1174]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBDFFE88039FBAFFE5AFB02" box="[340,496,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), these counts signiﬁcantly different statistically between some population samples but not in others (see statistical analyses below); total vertebral count 35-40, rarely 39-40 (36-39 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBDFFE88106FAF0FEAEFAAE" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[107,260,1312,1338]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBDFFE88106FAF0FF2FFAA1" box="[107,133,1313,1333]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBDFFE881F4FAF1FEAEFAAE" box="[153,260,1312,1338]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); principal caudal-ﬁn rays 10 and ll of adult males with small, little developed hooks posterior to caudal-ﬁn organ, see
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBDFFE881CBFA52FF53FA03" box="[166,249,1411,1437]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[85,116,1616,1637]" captionTargetBox="[67,1153,172,1599]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 24. Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species, paratype, osteology ofcentral basal region ofcaudal Skeleton, principal ﬁn rays 6-15, of an adult male, lateral views, left side, anterior at left. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm, same locality data as specimen in Fig. 21. Principal ray 12 indicated by arrow. (A) Illustrates caudal pump region. (B) illustrates relationship of modiﬁed dorsal caudal-ﬁn lobe squamation to caudal pump." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050955/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
(adult male of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBDFFE880D8FA54FDE7FA0A" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[437,589,1413,1438]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBDFFE880D8FA54FDE7FA0A" box="[437,589,1413,1438]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
without hooks on caudal-ﬁn rays 10 and 11); preserved color patterns essentially indistinguishable between the two species and we have not been able to study the live color patterns of adult males where differences between the species would most likely be present.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="C7ED661BFFB2FFE78143F947FE35F956" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050943" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11050943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050943/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="403" startId="23.[46,76,1686,1706]" targetBox="[174,1089,1202,1618]" targetPageId="23" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="932D3693FFB2FFE78143F947FE35F956" blockId="23.[24,1111,1684,1734]" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">
Fig. 19.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB2FFE781FCF946FE21F933" authority="Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[145,395,1686,1707]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocliaris" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFB2FFE781FCF946FE21F933" box="[145,395,1686,1707]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="403">Mimagoniates rheoclıaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BAD557FAFFB2FFE780F0F94AFDB8F93E" box="[413,530,1686,1706]" pageId="23" pageNumber="403" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratype, USNM 306339, female, SL 34.3 mrn: Brazil, tributary to rio Grande, Santa Catarina.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C7ED661BFFBDFFE88139FD2EFDA7FCBE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050945" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11050945" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050945/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="404" startId="24.[84,115,767,788]" targetBox="[75,1142,248,567]" targetPageId="24" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBDFFE88139FD2EFDA7FCBE" blockId="24.[63,1151,764,814]" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">
Fig. 20.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBDFFE881D8FD2EFE07FC9B" authority="Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[181,429,765,787]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheacharix" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBDFFE881D8FD2EFE07FC9B" box="[181,429,765,787]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">Mimagoniates rheacharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BAD557FAFFBDFFE880D1FCD2FD9AFC86" box="[444,560,765,786]" pageId="24" pageNumber="404" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratype, MZUSP 40281, male, SL 41.8 mm; Brazil, Río Grande do Sul, arroio das Pedras, near Osório.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="DB886518FFBDFFD48137F95BFD07FBF9" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="416" pageId="24" pageNumber="404" type="description">
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBDFFE88137F95BFD7EFB40" blockId="24.[62,590,885,1732]" lastBlockId="24.[626,1155,884,1731]" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">Description-Table 2 presents morphometrics of the holotype and paratypes. Except where noted, the entire description refers to the population sample from near Praia Grande, southern Santa Catarina. These collections were treated statistically as one population sample in an attempt to represent the species as a whole from this area. Counts and ratios of measurements for other population samples taken from a tributary of the rio Grande are given only when they differ from those from near Praia Grande.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBDFFE983E3FB30FF61FA0B" blockId="24.[626,1155,884,1731]" lastBlockId="25.[31,563,884,1734]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="405" pageId="24" pageNumber="404">Body compressed, relatively deep, especially near dorsal-ﬁn origin; body deepest at vertical line through anal-ﬁn origin. Predorsal body proﬁle relatively arched in adult males, less so in adult females and immatures which have predorsal proﬁle gently convex to tip of snout. Body proﬁle elevated at dorsal-ﬁn origin, still strongly arched in males, less so in females and juveniles. Dorsal body proﬁle nearly straight along dorsal-ﬁn base to adipose ﬁn. Body proﬁle posterior to adipose ﬁn somewhat concave dorsal to caudal peduncle, ending at origin of procurrent caudal-ﬁn rays. Dorsal-fin origin nearer to caudal-ﬁn base than to snout tip. Ventral body proﬁle strongly convex in adult males from anterior tip of lower jaw to origin of pelvic ﬁns, less strongly convex in females and juveniles. Belly proﬁle in adult males slightly concave to anal-ﬁn origin, straight or nearly so in females and juveniles. Body proﬁle along anal-ﬁn base in males slightly concave at anterior base in region of anterior lobe of anal ﬁn; straight along base of remainder of ﬁn in males and along entire anal-ﬁn base in females and juveniles. Ventral proﬁle of caudal peduncle convex in adult males when anterior 5 or 6 strongly developed procurrent ventral caudal-ﬁn rays are included in that proﬁle; slightly concave or nearly straight in females and juveniles.</paragraph>
<caption id="C7ED661BFFBCFFE9815BFD0FFDACFCB1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11050947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050947/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="405" startId="25.[54,85,734,755]" targetBox="[53,1094,163,719]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBCFFE9815BFD0FFDACFCB1" blockId="25.[32,1124,732,810]" pageId="25" pageNumber="405">
Fig. 21.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBCFFE981FBFD0FFE25FD7A" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[150,399,733,755]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="25" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">Mimagoniates rheocharis</taxonomicName>
. new species, paratype, anterior 13 anal-ﬁn rays of an adult male, lateral view, anterior is at leﬁ. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm; Brazil, Santa Catarina, rio Jordão at Jordão Alto. For explanation see Description under M. rheocharis.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBCFFE98153FA79FB94FC65" blockId="25.[31,563,884,1734]" lastBlockId="25.[598,1127,884,1733]" pageId="25" pageNumber="405">Head and snout of moderate size in proportion to body length. Lower jaw protruding, slightly anterior to upper jaw. Lower jaw of adult males thick and heavy compared to that of females and juveniles. Mouth angled posteroventrally from anterior tip of snout to posterior part of mandibular joint. Maxilla long, extending to a point ventral to a horizontal line drawn from ventral border of eye in juveniles and adults of both sexes. Maxilla extends posteriorly to a point anterior to vertical line drawn through anterior border of pupil of eye.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBCFFEA831EFC28FE06FA8A" blockId="25.[598,1127,884,1733]" lastBlockId="26.[66,596,1092,1736]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="406" pageId="25" pageNumber="405">
Dorsal-ﬁn rays ii, 9 (unhranched rays ii in all specimens, branched rays
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBCFFE982D1FBCCFC66FBBA" box="[956,972,1053,1070]" pageId="25" pageNumber="405">x</emphasis>
= 8.9, range = 8-10,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBCFFE983A9FB90FD7BFBDB" box="[708,721,1089,1103]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="405">n</emphasis>
= 56); posterior ray not split to its base and counted as l. Adipose ﬁn present, slender. Anal-ﬁn rays iv, 26 (iv or v, usually iv,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBCFFE983B5FB70FD43FB27" box="[728,745,1185,1203]" pageId="25" pageNumber="405">ic</emphasis>
= 26.8 for branched rays, range = 25-29,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBCFFE983BFFB17FD4AFB40" box="[722,736,1222,1236]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="405">n</emphasis>
= 56); posterior ray split to its base and counted as l. Anal ﬁn with moderately developed lobe anteriorly (
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBCFFE98293FAD0FBF7FA82" box="[1022,1117,1281,1307]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[45,75,664,685]" captionTargetBox="[56,1046,207,562]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 18. Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species, holotype, MZUSP 40278, male, SL 47.3 mm; Brazil, Santa Catarina, rio Faxinalzinho at Mãe dos Homens, near Praia Grande." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050941/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="405">Figs. 18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBCFFE98337FAF2FDD9FAA3" box="[602,627,1315,1335]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="23.[46,76,1686,1706]" captionTargetBox="[174,1089,1202,1618]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="Fig. 19. Mimagoniates rheoclıaris, new species, paratype, USNM 306339, female, SL 34.3 mrn: Brazil, tributary to rio Grande, Santa Catarina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050943/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="405">19</figureCitation>
). Lobe includes fourth or ﬁfth undivided ray and ﬁrst 3 divided rays. Anal ﬁn of sexually mature males with bilateral hooks, 1 on each side, on anterior unbranched ray iv or v, whichever occurs just before branched rays (
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBCFFE983F6FA19FD46FA48" box="[667,748,1480,1505]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="25.[54,85,734,755]" captionTargetBox="[53,1094,163,719]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="Fig. 21. Mimagoniates rheocharis. new species, paratype, anterior 13 anal-ﬁn rays of an adult male, lateral view, anterior is at leﬁ. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm; Brazil, Santa Catarina, rio Jordão at Jordão Alto. For explanation see Description under M. rheocharis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050947" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050947/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="405">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
). Usually anterior 7 branched ﬁn rays with bilateral hooks, l set for each ray. Pectoral-ﬁn rays i, lo (unbranched ray i in all specimens, branched rays
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBCFFE9829FF9FDFBA8F9A9" box="[1010,1026,1580,1597]" pageId="25" pageNumber="405">x</emphasis>
= 10.1, range 10- 1 1, a
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBCFFE98390F980FCA0F9CB" box="[765,778,1617,1631]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="405">n</emphasis>
= 56). Posterior tips oflongest pectoral-ﬁn rays extend posteriorly beyond origin of pelvic ﬁns; ﬁns of about equal extent in both sexes. Pectoral-ﬁn rays without hooks. Pelvic ﬁn rays 8 in all specimens. Pelvic ﬁn with anterior (ﬁrst) ray branched once, branches remaining close together and entire ray tapering as in most characiforms that have anterior ray unbranched (
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBFFFEA8083FB19FDEAFB48" box="[494,576,1224,1249]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="26.[86,116,952,973]" captionTargetBox="[103,1096,163,929]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Fig. 22. Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species, paratype, pelvic ﬁn of adult male, ventral view, left side, anterior at left, medial ﬁn ray at bottom. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm; same locality data as specimen in Fig. 2 l." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050950" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050950/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">Fig. 22</figureCitation>
). Sexually mature, large adult males with over 400 hooks on each pelvic ﬁn.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C7ED661BFFBFFFEA813BFC69FFF7FB94" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050950" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11050950" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050950/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="406" startId="26.[86,116,952,973]" targetBox="[103,1096,163,929]" targetPageId="26" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBFFFEA813BFC69FFF7FB94" blockId="26.[64,1151,949,1024]" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">
Fig. 22.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBFFFEA81DAFC69FE1AFC5C" authority="Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[183,432,951,972]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="406" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA81DAFC69FE1AFC5C" box="[183,432,951,972]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">Mimagoniates rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BAD557FAFFBFFFEA80D2FC6DFD99FC5F" box="[447,563,951,971]" pageId="26" pageNumber="406" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratype, pelvic ﬁn of adult male, ventral view, left
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA8539FC64FBD0FC52" bold="true" box="[1108,1146,949,966]" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">side</emphasis>
, anterior at left, medial ﬁn ray at bottom. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm; same locality data as specimen in
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBFFFEA8536FC00FFFCFB94" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="6.[93,123,922,943]" captionTargetBox="[75,1162,163,890]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 2. Mimagoniaıes barberi. unstained central basal region of caudal ﬁn adjacent to caudal peduncle of a preserved adult male, lateral view. left side, anterior at left. SL 32.7 mm. UMMZ 205420, Paraguay, rio Aguarymi, tributary to rio Paraguay, San Pedro. Illustrates external features of a caudal gland without complex pump chamber. Darkly pigmented glandular groove between principal rays ll and 12 indicated by arrow. Modiﬁed dorsal caudal-ﬁn lobe scales, although present, are transparent and not visible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050905" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050905/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBFFFEA8133FAFBFF4CF95C" blockId="26.[66,596,1092,1736]" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">
Principal caudal-ﬁn ray count 10/9 in all specimens, (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA81B1FA83FF43FACB" box="[220,233,1362,1375]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">n</emphasis>
= 56). Fin rays modiﬁed in association with caudal pheromone pump as in
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBFFFEA81E3FA5CFF5AFA35" box="[142,240,1421,1446]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[47,78,895,916]" captionTargetBox="[32,1119,165,872]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 23. Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species, paratype, unstained central basal region of caudal ﬁn and adjacent caudal peduncle of adult male, lateral view, left side, anterior at left. USNM 279879, SL 49.0 mm; same locality data as specimen in Fig. 21. Arrow at leﬁ indicates anterior intake region of pump chamber. Middle arrow indicates region of lateral slit with ray half of principal ray 11 just dorsal to arrow tip. Arrow at right points to opening of posterior exhaust vent of pump chamber. Note that in this species pump chamber not formed into an obvious cylindrical tube as that of M. microlepir, Fig. 3. Glandular tissue surrounding chamber openings in this photograph obscure details of pump." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050952/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">Figs. 23</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBFFFEA8057FA5CFEFDFA35" box="[314,343,1421,1441]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[85,116,1616,1637]" captionTargetBox="[67,1153,172,1599]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 24. Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species, paratype, osteology ofcentral basal region ofcaudal Skeleton, principal ﬁn rays 6-15, of an adult male, lateral views, left side, anterior at left. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm, same locality data as specimen in Fig. 21. Principal ray 12 indicated by arrow. (A) Illustrates caudal pump region. (B) illustrates relationship of modiﬁed dorsal caudal-ﬁn lobe squamation to caudal pump." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050955/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">24</figureCitation>
. Fin rays modiﬁed more like those in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBFFFEA8042FA7FFE73FA52" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[303,473,1453,1478]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="406" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA8042FA7FFE73FA52" box="[303,473,1453,1478]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than any other species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBFFFEA8193FA1EFE04FA73" box="[254,430,1487,1511]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaganiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="26" pageNumber="406" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA8193FA1EFE04FA73" box="[254,430,1487,1511]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">Mimaganiates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBFFFEA80D0FA1EFE57FA77" box="[445,509,1487,1512]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[59,90,947,967]" captionTargetBox="[45,1115,153,920]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 5. Mimagoniates microlepis, osteology of central and basal region of caudal skeleton of adult male, lateral view, left side, anterior at left. SL 45.3 mm, USNM 236089, Brazil, Parana, rio Nhundiaquara at Morretes. Relationship of modified dorsal lobe caudal-ﬁn squamation to caudal gland shown in inset at left. Distal regions ofventral and posterior scales and their epidermis form a ﬂap partly covering intake openings of pump chamber." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050911/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Caudal-ﬁn rays 10 and ll with small bony hooks. Ventral borders of 4 anterior expanded ray segments of ray l l. which form anterior external wall of dorsal portion of pump chamber, with about 4 short but large hooks, 2 middle hooks often bicornate, others 1 hooked.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBFFFEA83FCFB95FD5BFB54" blockId="26.[628,1156,1091,1741]" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">
Scales cycloid, with few radii along posterior border. Terminal scale of modiﬁed caudal-ﬁn series without exaggerated radii (
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBFFFEA8313FB76FD48FB2F" box="[638,738,1191,1216]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[85,116,1616,1637]" captionTargetBox="[67,1153,172,1599]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 24. Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species, paratype, osteology ofcentral basal region ofcaudal Skeleton, principal ﬁn rays 6-15, of an adult male, lateral views, left side, anterior at left. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm, same locality data as specimen in Fig. 21. Principal ray 12 indicated by arrow. (A) Illustrates caudal pump region. (B) illustrates relationship of modiﬁed dorsal caudal-ﬁn lobe squamation to caudal pump." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050955/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">Fig. 24b</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBFFFEA83FDFB19FD0BFA7C" blockId="26.[628,1156,1091,1741]" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">
Lateral line incomplete, perforated scales 7 (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA83F9FB3DFD36FB69" box="[660,668,1260,1277]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">x</emphasis>
= 6.7, range 5-9,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA8210FB3EFC21FB69" box="[893,907,1263,1277]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">n</emphasis>
= 48). Lateral series scales 45 (x = 44.3. range = 41-48,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA8549FAC1FB98FA8A" box="[1060,1074,1296,1310]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">n</emphasis>
= 48). Predorsal scales = 22 (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA82F7FAFCFC01FAAB" box="[922,939,1325,1343]" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">x</emphasis>
= 22.3, range = 21-24,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA83BDFA83FD74FAF4" box="[720,734,1362,1376]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">n</emphasis>
= 46). Scale rows between dorsal-ﬁn and anal-ﬁn origins 19 (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA82A8FABEFC7FFA14" box="[965,981,1391,1408]" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">x</emphasis>
= 18.8, range = 17-21,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA8387FA45FD52FA35" box="[746,760,1428,1441]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">I’ n</emphasis>
! = 55). Scale rows around caudal peduncle 20 (x = 19.7, range = 19-22,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA8535FA65FBCCFA56" box="[1112,1126,1460,1474]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">n</emphasis>
= 46).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBFFFEB83FDFA21FEA9F95B" blockId="26.[628,1156,1091,1741]" lastBlockId="27.[26,555,1162,1743]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="407" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">
Premaxillary teeth in 2 distinct rows,
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBFFFEA8538FA3EFD3AF9B1" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="29.[51,82,1285,1306]" captionTargetBox="[123,1011,177,1272]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Fig. 25. Mimaganíates rheocharis, new species, paratype, jaws and dentition of adult male, lateral view, right side, anterior at right. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm, same locality data as i.n Fig. 21. For explanation see text Description under M rheocharis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050957/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
. Larger and smaller teeth tricuspid in all large specimens, sometimes in smaller specimens small teeth bicuspid or conical. Outer row teeth 5 (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA8275F9A4FC82F913" box="[792,808,1653,1671]" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">x</emphasis>
= 6.2, range 5-8.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA8577F9A9FB8DF913" box="[1050,1063,1656,1671]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">n</emphasis>
= 55). Inner row teeth few, 3 (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA82FEF947FC0EF933" box="[915,932,1686,1703]" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">x</emphasis>
= 2.1 J, range = 1- 3,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBFFFEA83FBF96BFD09F95C" box="[662,675,1722,1736]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="406">n</emphasis>
= 55). Outer and inner row premaxillary teeth somewhat compressed compared to most “ tetragonopterine ” characid teeth which are often circular in cross section. Maxillary teeth 8 (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB8061FB21FEB6FA96" box="[268,284,1264,1282]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">x</emphasis>
= 5.4. range = 3-8, larger specimens usually with higher counts,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB8176FAE7FF83FAD0" box="[27,41,1334,1348]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">n</emphasis>
=
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB8127FAE1FFCFFAD0" bold="true" box="[74,101,1328,1348]" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">55</emphasis>
). All maxillary teeth usually tricuspid in large sepcimens; small specimens with posterior maxillary teeth often conical. Dentary with 4 large tricuspid teeth in all specimens, smaller posterior teeth 12 (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB8091FA66FDA7FA5D" box="[508,525,1463,1481]" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">x</emphasis>
= 8.4, range = 5-12, almost always greater number of teeth in largest specimens, anterior small maxillary teeth tricuspid, posterior ones conic,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB806EF9EFFEBAF9D8" box="[259,272,1598,1612]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">n</emphasis>
= 54). Maxillary and dentary teeth shaped much like premaxillary teeth described above. No signiﬁcant diﬁerence in tooth number found between males and females.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C7ED661BFFBEFFEB8142FCAEFD29FBAE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050952" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11050952" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050952/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="407" startId="27.[47,78,895,916]" targetBox="[32,1119,165,872]" targetPageId="27" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBEFFEB8142FCAEFD29FBAE" blockId="27.[24,1116,895,1082]" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">
Fig. 23.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBEFFEB81FDFCAEFE20FC04" authority="Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[144,394,895,916]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="407" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB81FDFCAEFE20FC04" box="[144,394,895,916]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">Mimagoniates rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BAD557FAFFBEFFEB80F4FC54FDA7FC00" box="[409,525,896,916]" pageId="27" pageNumber="407" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratype, unstained central basal region of caudal ﬁn and adjacent caudal peduncle of adult male, lateral view, left side, anterior at left. USNM 279879, SL 49.0 mm; same locality data as specimen in Fig. 21. Arrow at leﬁ indicates anterior intake region of pump chamber. Middle arrow indicates region of lateral slit with ray half of principal ray 11 just dorsal to arrow tip. Arrow at right points to opening of posterior exhaust vent of pump chamber. Note that in this species pump chamber not formed into an obvious cylindrical tube as that of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBEFFEB833CFBDAFD70FB8B" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[593,730,1034,1055]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="27" pageNumber="407" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepir">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB833CFBDAFDCCFB8F" box="[593,614,1035,1051]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB8315FBDBFD70FB8B" box="[632,730,1034,1055]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBEFFEB8386FBDAFC8FFB88" box="[747,805,1035,1055]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="7.[46,77,603,624]" captionTargetBox="[30,1114,161,574]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 3. Mimagoniates barberi, osteology of central basal region of caudal-ﬁn skeleton, principal fin-rays 6- 15, of adult male, lateral views, left side, anterior at left. SL 35.6 mm, UMMZ 205420, same locality as Fig. 2. Principal ray 12 indicated by arrow. (A) Illustrates glandular groove between rays ll and 12. (B) Illustrates relationship ofmodiﬁed dorsal caudal-ﬁn lobe squamation to glandular groove. Note that modiﬁed scales together with their epidermis form a movable ﬂap just lateral to surface of rays and glandular groove. Free border of this ﬂap occurs along ventral margin of ventral row of scales and at posterior edge of posterior scale of ventral scale row." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050907" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050907/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
. Glandular tissue surrounding chamber openings in this photograph obscure details of pump.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBEFFEB8301FB5BFD08FA1F" blockId="27.[591,1121,1162,1747]" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">
Vertebrae 38 (X = 38, range = 37-40,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB853EFB40FBCBFB0B" box="[1107,1121,1169,1183]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">n</emphasis>
= 107). Dorsal limb gill rakers 7 (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB8296FB7EFBA6FB54" box="[1019,1036,1199,1216]" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">x</emphasis>
= 6.6, range = 6-8,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB8383FB02FD51FB75" box="[750,763,1235,1249]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">n</emphasis>
= 54); ventral limb gill rakers 12 (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB83E0FB25FD32FB68" box="[653,664,1268,1276]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">x</emphasis>
= 11.7, range = 11-13,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB82D8FB25FC69FA96" box="[949,963,1268,1282]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">n</emphasis>
= 54). Branchiostegal rays 4, in 3 cleared and stained specimens, 3 rays originating on anterior ceratohyal and 1 ray from posterior ceratohyal.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBEFFEB83E5FB3FFD26FA93" blockId="27.[591,1121,1162,1747]" box="[648,652,1262,1287]" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">'</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBEFFED8300FA43FC6FF9DD" blockId="27.[591,1121,1162,1747]" lastBlockId="29.[589,1116,1424,1745]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="409" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBEFFEB8300FA43FCF8FA38" box="[621,850,1426,1452]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">Color in alcohol.-</emphasis>
See
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBEFFEB82F6FA42FB87FA33" box="[923,1069,1427,1452]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStartId-0="23.[45,75,664,685]" captionStartId-1="23.[46,76,1686,1706]" captionStartId-2="24.[84,115,767,788]" captionTargetBox-0="[56,1046,207,562]" captionTargetBox-1="[174,1089,1202,1618]" captionTargetBox-2="[75,1142,248,567]" captionTargetPageId-0="23" captionTargetPageId-1="23" captionTargetPageId-2="24" captionText-0="Fig. 18. Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species, holotype, MZUSP 40278, male, SL 47.3 mm; Brazil, Santa Catarina, rio Faxinalzinho at Mãe dos Homens, near Praia Grande." captionText-1="Fig. 19. Mimagoniates rheoclıaris, new species, paratype, USNM 306339, female, SL 34.3 mrn: Brazil, tributary to rio Grande, Santa Catarina." captionText-2="Fig. 20. Mimagoniates rheacharix, new species, paratype, MZUSP 40281, male, SL 41.8 mm; Brazil, Río Grande do Sul, arroio das Pedras, near Osório." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050941" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050943" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050945" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11050941/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11050943/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/11050945/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="407">Figs. 18-20</figureCitation>
for preserved color pattern of males and females. Body pale to medium brown, pale yellowish brown ventrally, much darker dorsally. Lateral body stripe diffuse in both sexes, especially anteriorly. Stripe extending from vertical humeral spot posteriorly to caudal ﬁn and onto dorsal region of ventral caudal-ﬁn lobe and small part of dorsal caudal-ﬁn lobe. Lateral stripe extends over all caudal gland structures, including those derived from dorsal caudal-ﬁn lobe such as modiﬁed caudal squamation. Stripe especially dark on principal rays 10, 11 and 12, less so on ray 13. Humeral spot vertically elongate, especially in sexually mature males. Remainder of caudal ﬁn dusky because of scattered dark chromatophores. Dorsal border of ﬁrst principal caudal-ﬁn ray and ventral border of nineteenth principal caudal-ﬁn ray black. Utmost dorsal body surface black, forming a narrow stripe extending from supraoccipital region to base of dorsal procurrent rays of caudal ﬁn. Remainder of dorsal body surface ventral to lateral body stripe pale brown.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C7ED661BFFB9FFEC8138F981FC51F922" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050955" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11050955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050955/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="408" startId="28.[85,116,1616,1637]" subCaptionStartIDs="28.[412,442,1670,1691]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 21" targetBox="[67,1153,172,1599]" targetPageId="28">
<paragraph id="932D3693FFB9FFEC8138F981FC51F922" blockId="28.[64,1147,1615,1718]" pageId="28" pageNumber="408">
Fig. 24.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB9FFEC81DEF981FE0DF9F5" authority="Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[179,423,1615,1636]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="28" pageNumber="408" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharix" status="sp. nov.">Mimagoniates rheocharis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BAD557FAFFB9FFEC80D9F984FD8EF9F0" box="[436,548,1616,1636]" pageId="28" pageNumber="408" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratype, osteology of central basal region of caudal Skeleton, principal ﬁn rays 6-15, of an adult male, lateral views, left side, anterior at left. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm, same locality data as specimen in Fig. 21. Principal ray 12 indicated by arrow. (A) Illustrates caudal pump region. (B) illustrates relationship of modiﬁed dorsal caudal-ﬁn lobe squamation to caudal pump.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C7ED661BFFB8FFED815EFAD4FEC8FADA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050957" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11050957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050957/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="409" startId="29.[51,82,1285,1306]" subCaptionStartIDs="29.[798,828,1314,1335]" subCaptionStarts="Fig. 21" targetBox="[123,1011,177,1272]" targetPageId="29">
<paragraph id="932D3693FFB8FFED815EFAD4FEC8FADA" blockId="29.[29,1119,1285,1361]" pageId="29" pageNumber="409">
Fig. 25.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB8FFED81FCFAD7FE22FA83" authority="Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[145,392,1286,1307]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaganiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="409" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis" status="sp. nov.">Mimaganiates rheocharis</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BAD557FAFFB8FFED80F9FADAFDAFFA8F" box="[404,517,1286,1307]" pageId="29" pageNumber="409" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratype, jaws and dentition of adult male, lateral view, right side, anterior at right. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm, same locality data as i.n Fig. 21. For explanation see text Description under
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFB8FFED81B8FAEFFEF7FADA" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[213,349,1341,1358]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaganiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="29" pageNumber="409" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">M rheocharis</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFB8FFEE8305F987FE6BF91B" blockId="29.[589,1116,1424,1745]" lastBlockId="30.[62,589,1030,1746]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="410" pageId="29" pageNumber="409">Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal and anal ﬁns dusky with scattered dark chromatophores along ﬁn rays and membranes. Anal ﬁn with a dark elongate stripe running length of ﬁn. Stripe width about one-fourth height of anal ﬁn anteriorly and about one-halfﬁn’s height posteriorly. Stripe of nearly uniform width throughout its length, but ﬁn height changes, being considerably shorter posteriorly. In sexually mature males stripe considerably darker anteriorly, especially dorsal to anterior anal-ﬁn lobe which appears relatively hyaline. Dorsal-ﬁn with a horizontal dark stripe in adult males and females extending posteriorly from about mid-length of anterior elongate undivided ray to posterior tips of terminal two dorsal-ﬁn rays. Stripe usually narrow, less than one-eighth height of dorsal ﬁn at latter’s longest measurement. Width and density of stripe variable depending on sex and sexual maturity. Preserved males sometimes with posterior portion of stripe diffuse. Adipose ﬁn dusky with scattered dark chromatophores.</paragraph>
<caption id="C7ED661BFFBBFFEE813DFCB9FF08FC58" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050959" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11050959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050959/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="410" startId="30.[80,110,872,893]" targetBox="[81,1121,176,847]" targetPageId="30" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBBFFEE813DFCB9FF08FC58" blockId="30.[58,1146,871,972]" pageId="30" pageNumber="410">
Fig. 26.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBBFFEE81DDFCB8FE0CFCED" authority="Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[176,422,871,893]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaganiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="410" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBBFFEE81DDFCB8FE0CFCED" box="[176,422,871,893]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="410">Mimaganiates rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BAD557FAFFBBFFEE80D9FCBCFD8CFCE8" box="[436,550,872,892]" pageId="30" pageNumber="410" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratypes, body depth as a function of SL by
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBBFFEE829BFCBDFBBEFCEC" bold="true" box="[1014,1044,876,888]" pageId="30" pageNumber="410">sex</emphasis>
. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 27 males of
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBBFFEE83ACFC52FD7CFC00" box="[705,726,899,916]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="410">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBBFFEE838BFC53FCE0FC0D" box="[742,842,898,921]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="410">rheocharis</emphasis>
: (Y = -2.190 + 1.300 X) and for 23 females of this species: (Y - -1.831 + 1.183 X). For explanation see Sexual dimorphism under
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBBFFEE8530FC4FFF37FC58" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="410" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rlieocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBBFFEE8530FC4FFF37FC58" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="410">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBBFFEE8134F948FC45F9BA" blockId="30.[62,589,1030,1746]" lastBlockId="30.[621,1153,1029,1746]" pageId="30" pageNumber="410">Head dark brown around mouth and on dorsal surface of snout, between eyes, dorsum of cranium and nape. Mental area of lower jaw dark brown. Head area posterior to circumorbitals and extending ventrally from parietal region, across dorsal opercular region dark brown. Dark area continues ventrally across posterior region of opercular bone to just reach interopercular bone; looks like an anteriorly misplaced humeral spot. Iris dorsal to pupil dark brovm, most of remainder of iris silvery. Circumorbitals silvery if guanine preserved, pale yellowish brown if guanine destroyed by formalin. Dark brown chromatophores scattered evenly through circumorhital area. Anterior area of opercle, all of preopercle, and branchiostegal rays silvery or pale brown, without much dark brown pigment.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBBFFD083E6F9E7FE6CFB2D" blockId="30.[621,1153,1029,1746]" lastBlockId="32.[70,596,1053,1735]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="412" pageId="30" pageNumber="410">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBBFFEE83E6F9E7FCB1F9C4" box="[651,795,1590,1616]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="410">Color in life</emphasis>
. —Life colors described here taken from a 35 mm color slide made by Ricardo M. C. Castro of an adult male 41.8 mm SL (MZUSP 4028 1). See also black and white photograph of this specimen in preservative,
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FFBAFFEF81F6FAD9FF5AFA89" box="[155,240,1288,1313]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[84,115,767,788]" captionTargetBox="[75,1142,248,567]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 20. Mimagoniates rheacharix, new species, paratype, MZUSP 40281, male, SL 41.8 mm; Brazil, Río Grande do Sul, arroio das Pedras, near Osório." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050945" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050945/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="411">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
. Specimen photographed just after capture from a clear water stream surrounded by vegetation. Site located immediately north of city of Osório, Rio Grande do Sul. Sides of body pale silvery blue. Broad lateral body stripe somewhat deeper silvery blue from humeral spot to caudal peduncle termination. Just dorsal to silvery blue color of body sides, back with a narrow dark brown line extending from parietal region of head to just ventral to adipose ﬁn. Lateral portion of back between narrow brown line and dorsomedian narrow dark brown line extending across dorsalmost portion of back, a brovwiish yellow green color. Dorsal region of caudal peduncle nearly yellow. Ventral abdominal area, most of lower jaw, ventral opercular area, branchiostegal rays and their membranes silvery white. Dark pigment of head similar to that described for preserved specimens except that dorsal region of opercle appears silvery blue. Dorsal caudal-ﬁn lobe and principal caudal-ﬁn rays 14- 16 on ventral caudal-ﬁn lobe bright yellow, except for black proximal half of ray 14. This black pigment continuous with black pigment surrounding structures of caudal pheromone organ. Rays 17-19 (ventral caudal-ﬁn lobe) hyaline or nearly hyaline except ray 17 which is somewhat yellow. Remainder of black pigment of caudal ﬁn as described above for preserved specimens.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C7ED661BFFBAFFEF815EFBE8FC76FB41" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050961" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11050961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050961/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="411" startId="31.[51,81,1081,1101]" targetBox="[74,1078,169,1055]" targetPageId="31" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="932D3693FFBAFFEF815EFBE8FC76FB41" blockId="31.[28,1123,1081,1240]" pageId="31" pageNumber="411">
Fig. 27.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBAFFEF81FEFBE8FE27FBDF" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[147,397,1081,1102]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheacharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBAFFEF81FEFBE8FE27FBDF" box="[147,397,1081,1102]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="411">Mimagoniates rheacharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBAFFEF80F6FBEBFD8EFBDA" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[411,548,1081,1102]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBAFFEF80F6FBEBFE1AFBDE" box="[411,432,1082,1098]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="411">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBAFFEF80ACFBE8FD8EFBDA" box="[449,548,1081,1102]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="411">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBAFFEF8335FBEBFD7EFBDA" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[600,724,1081,1102]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBAFFEF8335FBEBFDC7FBDE" box="[600,621,1082,1098]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="411">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBAFFEF8310FBE8FD7EFBDA" box="[637,724,1081,1102]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="411">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBAFFEF82BFFB86FBF3FBF3" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[978,1113,1110,1127]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaganiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBAFFEF82BFFB86FC4DFBF3" box="[978,999,1111,1127]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="411">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBAFFEF8298FB87FBF3FBF3" box="[1013,1113,1110,1127]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="411">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (Y = -4.222 + 1.588 X), for 26 females of the same species: (Y = —3.311 + 1.374 X); for 40 males ofM
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBAFFEF8173FB5AFF2AFB34" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[30,128,1163,1184]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBAFFEF8173FB5AFF2AFB34" box="[30,128,1163,1184]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="411">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (Y = —4.151 + 1.592 X) and for 30 females of the later species: (Y = -3.239 + 1.374X); and for 26 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBAFFEF81F5FB76FEA5FB28" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[152,271,1191,1213]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inoqualis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBAFFEF81F5FB76FEA5FB28" box="[152,271,1191,1213]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="411">M. inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (Y = —3.021 + 1.3375 X), 14 females ofthis species; (Y = -2.625 + 1.2ll 6 X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FFBAFFEF8222FB15FC7DFB41" box="[847,983,1219,1237]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaganiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="411" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheochuris">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBAFFEF8222FB15FCCFFB40" box="[847,869,1220,1236]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="411">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FFBAFFEF821EFB12FC7DFB41" box="[883,983,1219,1237]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="411">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="C7ED661BFF85FFD08135FCA3FEA6FC41" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050964" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11050964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050964/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="412" startId="32.[88,119,882,903]" targetBox="[69,1125,165,858]" targetPageId="32" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="932D3693FF85FFD08135FCA3FEA6FC41" blockId="32.[66,1154,881,981]" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">
Fig. 28.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF85FFD081DAFCA2FE07FC17" authority="Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[183,429,881,903]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniater" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharir" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF85FFD081DAFCA2FE07FC17" box="[183,429,881,903]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">Mimagoniates rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BAD557FAFF85FFD080D7FCA6FD87FC12" box="[442,557,882,902]" pageId="32" pageNumber="412" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
, paratypes caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL by sex. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 27 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF85FFD0822EFC5FFC64FC0A" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[835,974,908,926]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaganiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF85FFD0822EFC5FFCF2FC0A" box="[835,856,910,926]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF85FFD08207FC5DFC64FC0A" box="[874,974,908,926]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (Y = -3.490 + 1.447 X) and for 23 females of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF85FFD08000FC79FE5EFC2E" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[365,500,936,958]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaganiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF85FFD08000FC79FE5EFC2E" box="[365,500,936,958]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">M. rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (Y = -2.606 + 1.167 X). For explanation see Sexual dimorphism under
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF85FFD081ECFC14FEADFC41" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[129,263,964,981]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaganiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF85FFD081ECFC14FEADFC41" box="[129,263,964,981]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF85FFD0810CFB11FB98FBE3" blockId="32.[70,596,1053,1735]" lastBlockId="32.[627,1156,1052,1736]" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">Anal ﬁn with distal portion of ﬁn rays posterior to anterior anal-ﬁn lobe lemon yellow, forming a stripe along ventral border of ﬁn. Distal region of anterior anal-ﬁn lobe hyaline to white, proximally bordered by black pigment described above for preserved specimens. This black pigment mixed with yellow. Basal half of anal ﬁn hyaline with some scattered brown chromatophores and a small amount of yellow anteriorly. Posterior portion of narrow horizontal black line of anal ﬁn pale. Approximately distal half of pelvic ﬁn white; a black and yellow band proximal to this; remaining proximal portion of ﬁn hyaline. Distal half of pectoral ﬁns yellow, proximal half with black rays and yellow membranes. Dorsal ﬁn hyaline to white distal and proximal to longitudinal black and brown longitudinal stripe.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF85FFD183FDFB51FFCFFB43" blockId="32.[627,1156,1052,1736]" lastBlockId="33.[26,556,1115,1733]" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="413" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF85FFD083FDFB51FC38FB0D" box="[656,914,1151,1177]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">Sexual dimorphism</emphasis>
. —Females lack a caudal pheromone pump organ and pelvic-ﬁn and anal-ﬁn hooks described above for males. Live color of females is unknown but undoubtedly more subdued than that of sexually mature males.
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF85FFD08214FAF4FC45FAAC" box="[889,1007,1317,1342]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[99,129,1117,1138]" captionTargetBox="[86,1145,153,1095]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Mimagoniates rheacharis, M. microlepis and M. ínequalis, body depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarthmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of M rheocharis: (Y = -1.846 + 1.199X), 25 females or this species: (Y = 2.115 + 1.27lx); for 39 males ofM. microlepís: (Y = 2.130 + 1.235X) and for 31 females of the later species: (Y = -2.705 + 1.399 X); and for 26 males of M inequalis: (Y = -2.230 + 1.3499X), 14 females of this species: (Y = -1.812 + l.2l87X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under M. rheocharís." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050939/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">Figure 17</figureCitation>
graphically indicates that according to these population samples, males and females of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF85FFD0857DFAB6FD16FA09" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaganiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF85FFD0857DFAB6FB81FAEE" box="[1040,1067,1383,1402]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF85FFD08529FAB4FD16FA09" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF85FFD08397FA59FC08FA34" box="[762,930,1415,1440]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniater" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="micralepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF85FFD08397FA59FCBEFA08" box="[762,788,1416,1436]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF85FFD0824AFA56FC08FA34" box="[807,930,1415,1440]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">micralepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
respectively show no signiﬁcant sexual dimorphism in body depth. In an F-ratio test for homogeneity of slopes in an analysis of covariance for body depth on SL of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF85FFD08215F9DAFB8AF98B" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[888,1056,1546,1567]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaganiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="412" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF85FFD08215F9DAFC38F98B" box="[888,914,1547,1567]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF85FFD082C9F9DBFB8AF98B" box="[932,1056,1546,1567]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="412">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, no signiﬁcant difference was found for 31 males and 25 females from Praia Grande (MZUSP 40270, 40280, MCP 13616, and USNM 279878, 306339. The above sample included very young as well as fully adult specimens. Juveniles of undetermined sex were entered as females since young females are indistinguishable from juveniles in body depth.
</paragraph>
<caption id="C7ED661BFF84FFD1815FFF70FEA5FE97" ID-Table-UUID="C7ED661BFF84FFD1815FFF70FEA5FE97" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C7ED661BFF84FFD1815FFF70FEA5FE97" pageId="33" pageNumber="413" startId="33.[50,105,161,177]" targetBox="[78,1064,298,1026]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="33" targetType="table">
<paragraph id="932D3693FF84FFD1815FFF70FEA5FE97" blockId="33.[27,1120,159,262]" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
Table 2. Morphometrics of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF84FFD1803AFF71FDF8FF24" authority="Menezes &amp; Weitzman, 1990" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[343,594,159,180]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="413" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF84FFD1803AFF71FDF8FF24" box="[343,594,159,180]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Mimagoniates rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="BAD557FAFF84FFD1830EFF74FD72FF20" box="[611,728,159,180]" pageId="33" pageNumber="413" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
. Standard length is expressed in mm; measurements through head length are percentages of standard length; the last four entries are percentages of head length. Specimens are from near Rio Grande, Santa Catarina, MZUSP 40278, 40280, MCP 13616, and USNM 279878, 306339.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF84FFD18362FEFBFB82FC6A" blockId="33.[26,1119,284,1041]" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<table id="E192C433FF84000F8123FEFBFB82FB96" box="[78,1064,298,1026]" gridcols="5" gridrows="26" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FEFBFB82FEAE" box="[78,1064,298,314]" gridrow="0" pageId="33" pageNumber="413" rowspan-0="1">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FEFBFDF9FEAE" box="[527,595,298,314]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Hololylle</th>
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFEFBFD62FEAE" box="[688,712,298,314]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">n</th>
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFEFBFC39FEAE" box="[819,915,298,314]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Range</th>
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FEFBFB82FEAE" box="[1022,1064,298,314]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF84FFD18563FEFDFBBEFEA3" box="[1038,1044,300,311]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">î</emphasis>
:
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FE86FB82FEF8" box="[78,1064,343,364]" gridrow="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FE86FE02FEF8" box="[78,424,343,364]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Standard length</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FE86FDF9FEF8" box="[527,595,343,364]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">47.3</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFE86FD62FEF8" box="[688,712,343,364]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFE86FC39FEF8" box="[819,915,343,364]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">13.5-47.8</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FE86FB82FEF8" box="[1022,1064,343,364]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">29.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FEA2FB82FE1C" box="[78,1064,371,392]" gridrow="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FEA2FE02FE1C" box="[78,424,371,392]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Depth at dorsal-ﬁn origin</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FEA2FDF9FE1C" box="[527,595,371,392]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">—</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFEA2FD62FE1C" box="[688,712,371,392]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFEA2FC39FE1C" box="[819,915,371,392]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">22.2-35.2</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FEA2FB82FE1C" box="[1022,1064,371,392]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">30.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FE5FFB82FE34" box="[78,1064,398,416]" gridrow="3" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FE5FFE02FE34" box="[78,424,398,416]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Males</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FE5FFDF9FE34" box="[527,595,398,416]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">33.8</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFE5FFD62FE34" box="[688,712,398,416]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">31</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFE5FFC39FE34" box="[819,915,398,416]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">26.9-35.2</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FE5FFB82FE34" box="[1022,1064,398,416]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">31.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FE7BFB82FE2F" box="[78,1064,426,443]" gridrow="4" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FE7BFE02FE2F" box="[78,424,426,443]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Females</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FE7BFDF9FE2F" box="[527,595,426,443]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">—</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFE7BFD62FE2F" box="[688,712,426,443]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">26</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFE7BFC39FE2F" box="[819,915,426,443]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">22.2-32.9</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FE7BFB82FE2F" box="[1022,1064,426,443]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">29.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FE14FB82FE4E" box="[78,1064,453,474]" gridrow="5" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FE14FE02FE4E" box="[78,424,453,474]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Snout to dorsal-ﬁn origin</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FE14FDF9FE4E" box="[527,595,453,474]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57.9</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFE14FD62FE4E" box="[688,712,453,474]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFE14FC39FE4E" box="[819,915,453,474]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">54.6-60.7</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FE14FB82FE4E" box="[1022,1064,453,474]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">58.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FE30FB82FE62" box="[78,1064,481,502]" gridrow="6" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FE30FE02FE62" box="[78,424,481,502]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Snout to pectoral-ﬁn origin</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FE30FDF9FE62" box="[527,595,481,502]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">26.6</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFE30FD62FE62" box="[688,712,481,502]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFE30FC39FE62" box="[819,915,481,502]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">24.2-29.6</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FE30FB82FE62" box="[1022,1064,481,502]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">26.3</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FE2DFB82FD85" box="[78,1064,508,529]" gridrow="7" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FE2DFE02FD85" box="[78,424,508,529]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Snout to pelvic-ﬁn origin</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FE2DFDF9FD85" box="[527,595,508,529]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">43.4</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFE2DFD62FD85" box="[688,712,508,529]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFE2DFC39FD85" box="[819,915,508,529]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">40.4-47.6</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FE2DFB82FD85" box="[1022,1064,508,529]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">45.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FDC9FB82FDB9" box="[78,1064,536,557]" gridrow="8" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FDC9FE02FDB9" box="[78,424,536,557]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Snout to anal-ﬁn origin</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FDC9FDF9FDB9" box="[527,595,536,557]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">58.8</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFDC9FD62FDB9" box="[688,712,536,557]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFDC9FC39FDB9" box="[819,915,536,557]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">52.3-58.8</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FDC9FB82FDB9" box="[1022,1064,536,557]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">56.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FDE5FB82FDDC" box="[78,1064,564,584]" gridrow="9" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FDE5FE02FDDC" box="[78,424,564,584]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Caudal peduncle depth</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FDE5FDF9FDDC" box="[527,595,564,584]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">—</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFDE5FD62FDDC" box="[688,712,564,584]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFDE5FC39FDDC" box="[819,915,564,584]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">8.9-16.3</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FDE5FB82FDDC" box="[1022,1064,564,584]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">13.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FD9EFB82FDF5" box="[78,1064,591,609]" gridrow="10" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FD9EFE02FDF5" box="[78,424,591,609]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Males</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FD9EFDF9FDF5" box="[527,595,591,609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">16.0</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFD9EFD62FDF5" box="[688,712,591,609]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">31</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFD9EFC39FDF5" box="[819,915,591,609]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">11.5-16.3</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FD9EFB82FDF5" box="[1022,1064,591,609]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">14.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FDBAFB82FDE8" box="[78,1064,619,636]" gridrow="11" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FDBAFE02FDE8" box="[78,424,619,636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Females</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FDBAFDF9FDE8" box="[527,595,619,636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">—</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFDBAFD62FDE8" box="[688,712,619,636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">26</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFDBAFC39FDE8" box="[819,915,619,636]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">8.9- 14.2</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FDBAFB82FDE8" box="[1022,1064,619,636]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">12.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FD56FB82FD0F" box="[78,1064,647,667]" gridrow="12" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FD56FE02FD0F" box="[78,424,647,667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Caudal peduncle length</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FD56FDF9FD0F" box="[527,595,647,667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">1 1.4</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFD56FD62FD0F" box="[688,712,647,667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFD56FC39FD0F" box="[819,915,647,667]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">7.1-13.3</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FD56FB82FD0F" box="[1022,1064,647,667]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">9.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FD73FB82FD23" box="[78,1064,674,695]" gridrow="13" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FD73FE02FD23" box="[78,424,674,695]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Pectoral-ﬁn length</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FD73FDF9FD23" box="[527,595,674,695]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">21.6</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFD73FD62FD23" box="[688,712,674,695]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFD73FC39FD23" box="[819,915,674,695]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">18.5-24.9</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FD73FB82FD23" box="[1022,1064,674,695]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">22.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FD6FFB82FD47" box="[78,1064,702,723]" gridrow="14" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FD6FFE02FD47" box="[78,424,702,723]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Pelvic-ﬁn length</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FD6FFDF9FD47" box="[527,595,702,723]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">12.3</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFD6FFD62FD47" box="[688,712,702,723]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFD6FFC39FD47" box="[819,915,702,723]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">11.1-15.1</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FD6FFB82FD47" box="[1022,1064,702,723]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">13.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FD08FB82FD7A" box="[78,1064,729,750]" gridrow="15" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FD08FE02FD7A" box="[78,424,729,750]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Dorsal-ﬁn base length</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FD08FDF9FD7A" box="[527,595,729,750]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">17.3</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFD08FD62FD7A" box="[688,712,729,750]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFD08FC39FD7A" box="[819,915,729,750]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">12.7-19.1</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FD08FB82FD7A" box="[1022,1064,729,750]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">15.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FD24FB82FC9E" box="[78,1064,757,778]" gridrow="16" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FD24FE02FC9E" box="[78,424,757,778]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Dorsal-ﬁn height</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FD24FDF9FC9E" box="[527,595,757,778]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">26.0</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFD24FD62FC9E" box="[688,712,757,778]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFD24FC39FC9E" box="[819,915,757,778]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">20.7-28.0</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FD24FB82FC9E" box="[1022,1064,757,778]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">23.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FCC0FB82FCB1" box="[78,1064,785,805]" gridrow="17" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FCC0FE02FCB1" box="[78,424,785,805]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Anal-ﬁn base length</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FCC0FDF9FCB1" box="[527,595,785,805]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">34.5</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFCC0FD62FCB1" box="[688,712,785,805]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFCC0FC39FCB1" box="[819,915,785,805]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">33.7-38.7</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FCC0FB82FCB1" box="[1022,1064,785,805]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">36.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FCFDFB82FCD5" box="[78,1064,812,833]" gridrow="18" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FCFDFE02FCD5" box="[78,424,812,833]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Anal-ﬁn lobe length</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FCFDFDF9FCD5" box="[527,595,812,833]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">19.0</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFCFDFD62FCD5" box="[688,712,812,833]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFCFDFC39FCD5" box="[819,915,812,833]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">15.6-22.6</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FCFDFB82FCD5" box="[1022,1064,812,833]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">19.9</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FC99FB82FCC8" box="[78,1064,840,860]" gridrow="19" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FC99FE02FCC8" box="[78,424,840,860]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Eye to dorsal-ﬁn origin</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FC99FDF9FCC8" box="[527,595,840,860]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">45.9</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFC99FD62FCC8" box="[688,712,840,860]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFC99FC39FCC8" box="[819,915,840,860]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">41.5-48.3</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FC99FB82FCC8" box="[1022,1064,840,860]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">45.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FCB2FB82FCEC" box="[78,1064,867,888]" gridrow="20" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FCB2FE02FCEC" box="[78,424,867,888]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Dorsal-ﬁn origin to caudal-ﬁn base</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FCB2FDF9FCEC" box="[527,595,867,888]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">46.5</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFCB2FD62FCEC" box="[688,712,867,888]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">S 7</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFCB2FC39FCEC" box="[819,915,867,888]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">39.3-49.2</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FCB2FB82FCEC" box="[1022,1064,867,888]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">45.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FCAEFB82FC00" box="[78,1064,895,916]" gridrow="21" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FCAEFE02FC00" box="[78,424,895,916]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Bony head length</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FCAEFDF9FC00" box="[527,595,895,916]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">25.6</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFCAEFD62FC00" box="[688,712,895,916]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">57</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFCAEFC39FC00" box="[819,915,895,916]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">24.2-28.1</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FCAEFB82FC00" box="[1022,1064,895,916]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">25.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FC4BFB82FC3B" box="[78,1064,922,943]" gridrow="22" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FC4BFE02FC3B" box="[78,424,922,943]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Horizontal eye diameter</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FC4BFDF9FC3B" box="[527,595,922,943]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">33.1</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFC4BFD62FC3B" box="[688,712,922,943]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">S 6</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFC4BFC39FC3B" box="[819,915,922,943]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">33.1-48.1</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FC4BFB82FC3B" box="[1022,1064,922,943]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">39.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FC67FB82FC5F" box="[78,1064,950,971]" gridrow="23" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FC67FE02FC5F" box="[78,424,950,971]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Snout length</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FC67FDF9FC5F" box="[527,595,950,971]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">24.8</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFC67FD62FC5F" box="[688,712,950,971]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">56</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFC67FC39FC5F" box="[819,915,950,971]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">20.0-26.2</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FC67FB82FC5F" box="[1022,1064,950,971]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">22.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FC00FB82FC76" box="[78,1064,977,994]" gridrow="24" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FC00FE02FC76" box="[78,424,977,994]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Least interorbital width</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FC00FDF9FC76" box="[527,595,977,994]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">33.9</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFC00FD62FC76" box="[688,712,977,994]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">S 6</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFC00FC39FC76" box="[819,915,977,994]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">28.9-40.4</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FC00FB82FC76" box="[1022,1064,977,994]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">36.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="2DA234D1FF84000F8123FC3CFB82FB96" box="[78,1064,1005,1026]" gridrow="25" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<th id="6E735DADFF84000F8123FC3CFE02FB96" box="[78,424,1005,1026]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Upper jaw length</th>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8362FC3CFDF9FB96" box="[527,595,1005,1026]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">43.8</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F83DDFC3CFD62FB96" box="[688,712,1005,1026]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">56</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F825EFC3CFC39FB96" box="[819,915,1005,1026]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">42.9-50.0</td>
<td id="6E735DADFF84000F8293FC3CFB82FB96" box="[1022,1064,1005,1026]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">45.7</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF84FFD1815BFB31FFC2F9CA" blockId="33.[26,556,1115,1733]" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
In another sample of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF84FFD1802CFB31FE46FB60" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[321,492,1247,1268]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="413" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF84FFD1802CFB31FEF6FB60" box="[321,348,1248,1268]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF84FFD18003FB0EFE46FB60" box="[366,492,1247,1268]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
consisting of only adults from rio Jordão (MZUSP 40279, MCP 13617 and USNM 279879),
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF84FFD181F9FA93FF41FAC3" box="[148,235,1346,1372]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="29.[51,82,1285,1306]" captionTargetBox="[123,1011,177,1272]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Fig. 25. Mimaganíates rheocharis, new species, paratype, jaws and dentition of adult male, lateral view, right side, anterior at right. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm, same locality data as i.n Fig. 21. For explanation see text Description under M rheocharis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050957/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
, the same statistical test for body depth as a function of SL in 2.7 males and 23 females demonstrated no signiﬁcant difference between slopes but does show a signiﬁcant difference (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF84FFD180F9FA17FE36FA76" box="[404,412,1478,1506]" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">F</emphasis>
₀.₀₅,(₁, ₄₇) 18.67,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF84FFD18103FA39FF28FA6F" box="[110,130,1512,1531]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.001) in adjusted means. Both
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF84FFD18176F9D9FFDCF988" box="[27,118,1544,1569]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="29.[51,82,1285,1306]" captionTargetBox="[123,1011,177,1272]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Fig. 25. Mimaganíates rheocharis, new species, paratype, jaws and dentition of adult male, lateral view, right side, anterior at right. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm, same locality data as i.n Fig. 21. For explanation see text Description under M rheocharis." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050957" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050957/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Figs. 25</figureCitation>
and 26 indicate considerable sexual dimorphism in body length for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF84FFD180D4F9FBFFC8F9CA" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="413" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF84FFD180D4F9FBFE7EF9A9" box="[441,468,1578,1597]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF84FFD18081F9F8FFC8F9CA" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF84FFD18347FA33FD80FA76" blockId="33.[26,556,1115,1733]" box="[554,554,1506,1506]" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">=</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF84FFD2815BF9BAFEFEFD17" blockId="33.[26,556,1115,1733]" lastBlockId="34.[58,590,161,1734]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF84FFD1815BF9BAFF12F9EB" box="[54,184,1643,1668]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[51,81,1081,1101]" captionTargetBox="[74,1078,169,1055]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 27. Mimaguniates rheacharis, M. microlepis and M. inequalis caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of M. rheocharis: (Y = -4.222 + 1.588 X), for 26 females of the same species: (Y = —3.311 + 1.374X); for 40 males ofM microlepís: (Y = —4.151 + 1.592X) and for 30 females of the later species: (Y = -3.239 + 1.374X); and for 26 males ofM inøqualis: (Y = —3.021 + 1.3375 X), 14 females ofthis species; (Y = -2.625 + 1.2ll 6 X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under M. rheochuris." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050961/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Figures 27</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF84FFD1806DF9BAFEB6F9EB" box="[256,284,1643,1663]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[88,119,882,903]" captionTargetBox="[69,1125,165,858]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 28. Mimagoniater rheocharir, new species, paratypes caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL by sex. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 27 males of M. rheocharis: (Y = -3.490 + 1.447X) and for 23 females ofM. rheocharis: (Y = -2.606 + 1.167 X). For explanation see Sexual dimorphism under M rheocharís." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050964/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">28</figureCitation>
provide graphic evidence that there appears to be a divergence in caudal peduncle depth between males and females of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF84FFD183B3FB8DFC27FBE4" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[734,909,1115,1136]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="413" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheacharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF84FFD183B3FB8DFC27FBE4" box="[734,909,1115,1136]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">M rheacharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as they become sexually mature and increase in length. We have few females over 33.0 mm in SL so the nature of caudal peduncle depth divergence between males and females remains unsampled if females reach the same SL as males. We doubt that happens, because in all the population samples of various species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF84FFD18301FAB5FCB6FAE9" box="[620,796,1380,1405]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="33" pageNumber="413" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF84FFD18301FAB5FCB6FAE9" box="[620,796,1380,1405]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined by us, the males reach a greater adult length than females. Thus, again in our analyses of sexual dimorphism our comparison of males and females of unequal body lengths is probably an expression of reality rather than of missing data for females. In
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF84FFD18211F9F8FC27F9A9" box="[892,909,1577,1597]" pageId="33" pageNumber="413">F</emphasis>
-ratio tests of an analysis of covariance for caudal peduncle depth on SL, no signiﬁcant difference was found for the homogeneity of slopes between 30 male specimens and 25 females although a signiﬁcant difference (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD280BBFF70FE48FF28" box="[470,482,161,188]" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">F</emphasis>
₀.₀₅, ₍₁,₅ ₂ ₎ = 22.33,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD281C1FF12FF15FF43" box="[172,191,195,215]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.001) in adjusted means was evident; see also
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF87FFD28075FF32FEC4FF63" box="[280,366,227,252]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[51,81,1081,1101]" captionTargetBox="[74,1078,169,1055]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 27. Mimaguniates rheacharis, M. microlepis and M. inequalis caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of M. rheocharis: (Y = -4.222 + 1.588 X), for 26 females of the same species: (Y = —3.311 + 1.374X); for 40 males ofM microlepís: (Y = —4.151 + 1.592X) and for 30 females of the later species: (Y = -3.239 + 1.374X); and for 26 males ofM inøqualis: (Y = —3.021 + 1.3375 X), 14 females ofthis species; (Y = -2.625 + 1.2ll 6 X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under M. rheochuris." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050961/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
. This population sample is from the specimens reported above from near Praia Grande. In another population sample, the same one reported above regarding body depth as a function of SL from rio Jordão, the slopes of the females versus males were not signiﬁcantly different in caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL (
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF87FFD28102FE3AFF6AFE6B" box="[111,192,491,516]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="32.[88,119,882,903]" captionTargetBox="[69,1125,165,858]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Fig. 28. Mimagoniater rheocharir, new species, paratypes caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL by sex. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 27 males of M. rheocharis: (Y = -3.490 + 1.447X) and for 23 females ofM. rheocharis: (Y = -2.606 + 1.167 X). For explanation see Sexual dimorphism under M rheocharís." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050964" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050964/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
) but the adjusted means are signiﬁcantly different (F₀.₀₅,₍ ₁, ₄₇₎ = 18.67,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28375FDDAFD81FD8B" box="[536,555,523,543]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.001) and are similar to those reported above from near Praia Grande rio Grande region, Santa Catarina.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF87FFD28278FEDEFC87FE8A" blockId="34.[618,1150,159,1735]" box="[789,813,258,286]" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">05_</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF87FFD280CCFDBFFE0BFD17" blockId="34.[58,590,161,1734]" box="[417,417,622,643]" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">_</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF87FFD28135FD5EFE62FC46" blockId="34.[58,590,161,1734]" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28135FD5EFEC7FD3C" box="[88,365,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">Statistical comparisons</emphasis>
. —As noted in the Diagnosis above and the Discussion below of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD2810DFD03FEA0FD72" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[96,266,721,742]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rlzeocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD2810DFD03FEA0FD72" box="[96,266,721,742]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M rlzeocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, comparisons testing hypotheses of signiﬁcant statistical diﬁerence between
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD281CAFCC5FEFAFCBC" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[167,336,787,808]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD281CAFCC5FEFAFCBC" box="[167,336,787,808]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and two species,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD28345FCC5FF12FCDA" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28345FCC5FDE8FCBC" box="[552,578,788,808]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28153FCE5FF12FCDA" box="[62,184,820,846]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">mícrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD2819FFCE4FE2DFCDA" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[242,391,820,846]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD2819FFCE4FEA6FCDD" box="[242,268,821,841]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28070FCE5FE2DFCDA" box="[285,391,820,846]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. were necessary because many of their characters overlap and because of the need to examine, in a preliminary way, the possibilities of introgression among these species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF87FFD28135FC0BFF3AFA4F" blockId="34.[58,590,161,1734]" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">
Body depth as a function of SL in an
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28151FC2AFFFAFB9A" box="[60,80,1019,1038]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">F</emphasis>
-ratio test for homogeneity of slopes (
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF87FFD28370FC2AFFF3FBBB" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[99,129,1117,1138]" captionTargetBox="[86,1145,153,1095]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Mimagoniates rheacharis, M. microlepis and M. ínequalis, body depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarthmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of M rheocharis: (Y = -1.846 + 1.199X), 25 females or this species: (Y = 2.115 + 1.27lx); for 39 males ofM. microlepís: (Y = 2.130 + 1.235X) and for 31 females of the later species: (Y = -2.705 + 1.399 X); and for 26 males of M inequalis: (Y = -2.230 + 1.3499X), 14 females of this species: (Y = -1.812 + l.2l87X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under M. rheocharís." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050939/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
) showed no signiﬁcant differences in an analysis of covariance between 31 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD28151FB8CFF48FBE5" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[60,226,1116,1137]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28151FB8CFFFCFBE5" box="[60,86,1117,1137]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD2810BFB8DFF48FBE5" box="[102,226,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from rio Grande region, Santa Catarina (MZUSP 40280, USNM 306339) and 39 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD28009FB71FDA3FB2C" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[356,521,1183,1208]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28009FB71FDA3FB2C" box="[356,521,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the area near Paranaguá, Paraná (MZUSP 40288, USNM 306378) but did show a signiﬁcant difference (F₀.₀₅,₍₁,₆₇₎= 188.05,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28374FAD5FD86FA83" box="[537,556,1284,1303]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.000) in adjusted means. Same analysis for 24 and 31 females respectively from same localities also showed no signiﬁcant difference in slopes but did show such a difference (F₀.₀₅,₍₁,₅ ₃ ₎ = 82.97,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD2805CFA76FEEEFA2E" box="[305,324,1447,1466]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.000) in adjusted means.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF87FFD2813BFA39FBD6FE28" blockId="34.[58,590,161,1734]" lastBlockId="34.[618,1150,159,1735]" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">
Caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL in an F-ratio test for homogeneity of slopes (
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF87FFD281FBF9F8FF40F9A9" box="[150,234,1577,1603]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[51,81,1081,1101]" captionTargetBox="[74,1078,169,1055]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 27. Mimaguniates rheacharis, M. microlepis and M. inequalis caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of M. rheocharis: (Y = -4.222 + 1.588 X), for 26 females of the same species: (Y = —3.311 + 1.374X); for 40 males ofM microlepís: (Y = —4.151 + 1.592X) and for 30 females of the later species: (Y = -3.239 + 1.374X); and for 26 males ofM inøqualis: (Y = —3.021 + 1.3375 X), 14 females ofthis species; (Y = -2.625 + 1.2ll 6 X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under M. rheochuris." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050961/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
) showed no statistically signiﬁcant difference in an analysis of covariance between 30 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD28008F9BDFDA2F914" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[357,520,1642,1664]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28008F9BDFDA2F914" box="[357,520,1642,1664]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from near Praia Grande, rio Grande region. Santa Catarina (MZUSP 40280, USNM 306339) and 40 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD28224FF71FC5CFF2C" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[841,1014,159,184]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28224FF71FCCEFF20" box="[841,868,160,180]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28217FF4EFC5CFF2C" box="[890,1014,159,184]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from area near Paranaguá, Paraná (MZUSP 40288, USNM 306378) but did show a signiﬁcant difference (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD2839EFED2FD57FE8F" box="[755,765,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">F</emphasis>
₀.₀₅,₍ ₁, ₆₇₎ = 94.36,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD282B6FED2FC44FE82" box="[987,1006,259,278]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">P</emphasis>
= 0.000) in adjusted means. Same analysis for 26 and 31 females respectively from same localities also showed no signiﬁcant diﬁerences in slopes but did show such a difference (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28529FE56FBFEFE0F" box="[1092,1108,391,411]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">F</emphasis>
₀.₀₅ ₍₁,₅₄₎ = 106.03,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28277FE79FC87FE2F" box="[794,813,424,443]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.000) in adjusted means.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF87FFD283E5FE18FC7CFC46" blockId="34.[618,1150,159,1735]" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">
Number of scale rows between dorsal-ﬁn origin and anal-ﬁn origin of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD282BFFE3AFBD4FE6B" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[978,1150,489,511]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD282BFFE3AFBD4FE6B" box="[978,1150,489,511]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(17-22) and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD28269FDDDFC01FDB0" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[772,939,522,548]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lnicrolepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28269FDDDFCB5FD8B" box="[772,799,524,543]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD2825DFDDBFC01FDB0" box="[816,939,522,548]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">lnicrolepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(14-17) overlaps somewhat but is statistically signiﬁcantly different. Forty-two specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD2857CFD9FFD1FFD17" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD2857CFD9FFB81FDF6" box="[1041,1067,590,610]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28553FD9CFD1FFD17" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 19.6, range = 18-22, SD = 0.8211) from rio Jordão (MZUSP 40279, MCP 13617, USNM 270879) and 58 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD2838CFD03FC21FD7E" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[737,907,721,746]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD2838CFD03FD51FD71" box="[737,763,722,741]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD2827DFD00FC21FD7E" box="[784,907,721,746]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 15.2, range = 14- 17, SD 0.6702) do not overlap but 53 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD28262FCC5FC1DFCBC" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[783,951,787,808]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28262FCC5FC1DFCBC" box="[783,951,787,808]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 18.8, range = 17-21, SD = 0.8905) from the rio Grande region of Santa Catarina do overlap with the specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD2822BFCA6FC45FC1B" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[838,1007,886,911]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD2822BFCA6FC45FC1B" box="[838,1007,886,911]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
just noted. These last two samples are signiﬁcantly different (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD283A8FC6DFD67FC59" box="[709,717,956,973]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">t</emphasis>
= 24.959,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28234FC6BFCC6FC59" box="[857,876,954,973]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">P</emphasis>
= 0.00).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF87FFD283E5FC0BFD5CFACA" blockId="34.[618,1150,159,1735]" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">
Lateral series scale counts, as noted above broadly overlap but one case of 48 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD283B7FBCCFC2CFBA5" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[730,902,1051,1073]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD283B7FBCCFC2CFBA5" box="[730,902,1051,1073]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 44.2, range = 41-48, SD = 1.7704) from rio Jordão (MZUSP 40279, MCP 13617, USNM 270879) and 45 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD282B8FB51FBD6FB0C" box="[981,1148,1151,1176]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniater" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="micralepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD282B8FB51FBD6FB0C" box="[981,1148,1151,1176]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M micralepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 45.0, range = 42-49, SD = 1.5948) from Paranaguá and rio Nhundiaquara (MZUSP 40281, USNM 249886, 249890, 249894, 249897, 257114, 257115, 257198) showed a signiﬁcant difference (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28291FAF6FBAEFAAC" box="[1020,1028,1319,1336]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">t</emphasis>
= 2.459,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28306FA94FDD4FACD" box="[619,638,1349,1369]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">P</emphasis>
= 0.015).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF87FFD383EBFAB6FE18FDCE" blockId="34.[618,1150,159,1735]" lastBlockId="35.[28,561,151,1733]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="415" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">
Branched dorsal-ﬁn ray count higher (8- 12, x = 9.4) for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD2824CFA59FC6DFA08" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[801,967,1415,1436]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD2824CFA59FC91FA0F" box="[801,827,1416,1435]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD28227FA56FC6DFA08" box="[842,967,1415,1436]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than any other species in tribe
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD28244FA79FC5DFA29" box="[809,1015,1448,1469]" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" rank="tribe" tribe="Glandulocaudini">Glandulocaudini</taxonomicName>
(branched dorsal-ﬁn rays almost always 8, rarely 7 or 9) and constitutes an autapomorphy for the species. Two sampled populations differed considerably from one another in this count. Fifty specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF87FFD2823BF99CFBABF9F5" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[854,1025,1612,1633]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="34" pageNumber="414" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD2823BF99CFCDBF9F5" box="[854,881,1613,1633]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF87FFD282E9F99DFBABF9F5" box="[900,1025,1612,1633]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="414">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 9.8, range = 9-12, SD = 0.6701) from rio Jordão (MZUSP 40279, MCP 13617, USNM 270879 and 56 specimens of this species (x = 8.9, range = 8-10, SD = 0.4615) from rio Grande region of Santa Catarina (MZUSP 40280, USNM 306339) were significantly diiferent (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD381F9FF2FFF31FE9B" box="[148,155,254,271]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">t</emphasis>
= 7.901 ›,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3807DFF2AFE88FE9A" box="[272,290,251,270]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">P</emphasis>
= 0.00). Both of these population samples of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD38028FECDFE5EFEA4" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[325,500,282,304]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38028FECDFECAFEBB" box="[325,352,284,303]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3801AFECBFE5EFEA4" box="[375,500,282,304]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differed signiﬁcantly from that of 70 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD38153FE8EFF4CFEE2" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[62,230,349,374]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38153FE8EFF4CFEE2" box="[62,230,349,374]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 8.0, range = 7-9, SD = 0.1703) from area near Paranaguá and rio Nhundiaquara, Paraná (MZUSP 40281, 40288, USNM 249886, 249890, 249894, 24897, 257114, 257115, 257198, 306378). Thus,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38103FDD6FFDCFD8C" box="[110,118,519,536]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">t</emphasis>
= 22.490,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38069FDD5FEBDFD83" box="[260,279,516,535]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">P</emphasis>
= 0.00 for rio Jordão sample and
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD381D3FDF9FF6CFDAD" box="[190,198,552,569]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">t</emphasis>
= 9.472,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3803FFDF4FECFFDAD" box="[338,357,549,569]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">P</emphasis>
= 0.00 for rio Grande sample of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD3806EFD97FE06FDCE" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[259,428,581,602]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3806EFD97FEB7FDCE" box="[259,285,582,602]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3805DFD94FE06FDCE" box="[304,428,581,602]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF86FFD38154FDB6FEECFB63" blockId="35.[28,561,151,1733]" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">
Branched anal-ﬁn ray counts, although overlapping for these two species are statistically different (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3818BFD7CFF47FD2A" box="[230,237,685,702]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">t</emphasis>
= 19.402,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38019FD7BFE2DFD2A" box="[372,391,682,702]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">P</emphasis>
= 0.00) in 50 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD381D2FD1AFECDFD4B" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[191,359,714,735]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD381D2FD1AFF70FD4B" box="[191,218,715,735]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38187FD1BFECDFD4B" box="[234,359,714,735]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(fc = 25.3, range = 23-27, SD = 1.1073) from rio Jordão (MZUSP 40279, MCP 13617, USNM 270879) and 70 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD380EBFCFEFD84FCD3" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[390,558,814,839]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD380EBFCFEFE0BFCD6" box="[390,417,815,834]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD380DFFCFFFD84FCD3" box="[434,558,814,839]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 29.7, range = 26-33, SD = 1.2471) from near Paranaguá and rio Nhundiaquara at Morretes, Paraná, (MZUSP 40281, 40288, USNM 306378, 249886, 249890, 249894, 249897, 257114, 257115). A second population sample of 56 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD38171FBC6FF69FBBF" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[28,195,1045,1067]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocliaris">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38171FBC6FF9DFBBF" box="[28,55,1047,1067]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3812AFBC4FF69FBBF" box="[71,195,1045,1067]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">rheoclıaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 26.8, range = 25-29, SD = 1.3088) from area of rio Grande, Santa Catarina (MZUSP 40278, 40280, MCP 13616, USNM 279878, 306339) also differed signiﬁcantly in a similar test from the Paranaguá and rio Nhundiaquara samples (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3814BFB31FF84FB66" box="[38,46,1248,1266]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">t</emphasis>
= 12.1510,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD381A4FB0FFF76FB66" box="[201,220,1246,1266]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">P</emphasis>
= 0.00).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF86FFD38157FB2EFF23F9F6" blockId="35.[28,561,151,1733]" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">
Vertebral counts of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD38045FAD1FE7BFA80" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[296,465,1279,1300]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38045FAD1FEE9FA87" box="[296,323,1280,1299]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38039FB2EFE7BFA80" box="[340,465,1279,1300]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD38366FAD1FF30FAAD" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38366FAD1FD8FFA87" box="[523,549,1280,1299]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38172FACEFF30FAAD" box="[31,154,1311,1337]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overlap somewhat, but they are signiﬁcantly dilferent (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38046FA94FE99FAC2" box="[299,307,1349,1366]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">t</emphasis>
= 12.528,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD380DEFA93FE6CFAC2" box="[435,454,1346,1366]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.00): x = 38.0, range = 37-40, SD = 0.6558,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3834DFAB8FD84FAE3" box="[544,558,1385,1399]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">n</emphasis>
= 87 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD381F2FA55FEE5FA0C" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[159,335,1411,1432]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheacharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD381F2FA55FF10FA03" box="[159,186,1412,1431]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD381BFFA52FEE5FA0C" box="[210,335,1411,1432]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">rheacharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from rio Jordão (MZUSP 40279, USNM 270879) and x = 39.3, range = 38-41 J, SD = 9.6532,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD380B6FA1DFE42FA4E" box="[475,488,1484,1498]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">n</emphasis>
= 70 for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD38120FA36FF52FA6B" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[77,248,1510,1535]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38120FA36FFCDFA6E" box="[77,103,1511,1530]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38110FA37FF52FA6B" box="[125,248,1510,1535]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from rio Nhundiaquara (MZUSP 40281, USNM 249886, 249890, 249894, 249897, 257114, 257115, and 257198).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF86FFD38157F9BBFCEDFE42" blockId="35.[28,561,151,1733]" lastBlockId="35.[592,1125,150,1733]" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">
In the following statistical comparisons of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD3812EF95AFF5AF90B" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[67,240,1674,1695]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3812EF95AFFF7F90B" box="[67,93,1675,1695]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3811EF95BFF5AF90B" box="[115,240,1674,1695]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD3805BF95DFE7BF930" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[310,465,1674,1700]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3805BF95DFEFBF90B" box="[310,337,1676,1695]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3800AF95BFE7BF930" box="[359,465,1674,1700]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, specimens of the latter species from an arroio near Morungava, Município de Gravataí, Rio Grande do Sul (MAPA l 15), were chosen for comparison because they came from the rio Gravataí system, a drainage adjacent to the streams around Osório which contain
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD3833DFEEFFD57FEC6" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[592,765,316,338]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3833DFEEFFD57FEC6" box="[592,765,316,338]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. See also in the
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3828DFEEFFBCAFEC6" box="[992,1120,318,338]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">Discussion</emphasis>
below comparison of our few specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD3833DFE51FCAAFE00" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[592,768,383,404]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3833DFE51FDC1FE00" box="[592,619,384,404]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD383EEFEAEFCAAFE00" box="[643,768,383,404]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the adjacent streams around Osório and the rio Maquiné just to the north of Osório.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF86FFD38300FE32FC06FC5C" blockId="35.[592,1125,150,1733]" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">
Body depth as a function of SL in an
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3833CFDD4FDCFFD8C" box="[593,613,517,536]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">F</emphasis>
-ratio test for homogeneity of slopes (
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF86FFD3855EFDD2FDC4FDAE" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[99,129,1117,1138]" captionTargetBox="[86,1145,153,1095]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Mimagoniates rheacharis, M. microlepis and M. ínequalis, body depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarthmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of M rheocharis: (Y = -1.846 + 1.199X), 25 females or this species: (Y = 2.115 + 1.27lx); for 39 males ofM. microlepís: (Y = 2.130 + 1.235X) and for 31 females of the later species: (Y = -2.705 + 1.399 X); and for 26 males of M inequalis: (Y = -2.230 + 1.3499X), 14 females of this species: (Y = -1.812 + l.2l87X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under M. rheocharís." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050939/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
) showed no signiﬁcant difference in an analysis of covariance between 31 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD3833CFDB9FD52FDE8" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[593,760,615,636]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3833CFDB9FDC1FDE8" box="[593,619,616,636]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38311FDB6FD52FDE8" box="[636,760,615,636]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from rio Grande region, Santa Catarina (MZUSP 40280, USNM 306339) and 26 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD382EAFD7BFBB4FD56" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[903,1054,681,706]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD382EAFD7BFBB4FD56" box="[903,1054,681,706]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Morungava, Rio Grande do Sul (MAPA 1 15) but did show a difference (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD382B9FD3DFBA9FC9C" box="[980,1027,748,776]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">F₀.₀₅</emphasis>
,₍₁,₅₄₎ = 50.03,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD383C8FCDFFD12FCB6" box="[677,696,782,802]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.000) in adjusted means. Same analysis for 25 females and 14 females of each species respectively from same localities showed a signiﬁcant difference (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38560FCA1FB88FC18" box="[1037,1058,880,908]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">F₀</emphasis>
. ₀₅, ₍₁, ₃₆ = 42.41,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38380FC42FCAAFC32" box="[749,768,915,934]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.000) in body depth on ₎ SL only for adjusted means.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF86FFD38300FC04FD0CFA2D" blockId="35.[592,1125,150,1733]" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">
Caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL in an F-ratio test for homogeneity of slopes (
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF86FFD383C3FBC6FCA8FBBF" box="[686,770,1047,1073]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[51,81,1081,1101]" captionTargetBox="[74,1078,169,1055]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 27. Mimaguniates rheacharis, M. microlepis and M. inequalis caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of M. rheocharis: (Y = -4.222 + 1.588 X), for 26 females of the same species: (Y = —3.311 + 1.374X); for 40 males ofM microlepís: (Y = —4.151 + 1.592X) and for 30 females of the later species: (Y = -3.239 + 1.374X); and for 26 males ofM inøqualis: (Y = —3.021 + 1.3375 X), 14 females ofthis species; (Y = -2.625 + 1.2ll 6 X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under M. rheochuris." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050961/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
) showed no statistically signiﬁcant difference in an analysis of covariance between 30 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD38212FB8BFB88FBF9" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[895,1058,1112,1133]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38212FB8BFC33FBF9" box="[895,921,1114,1133]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD382C5FB89FB88FBF9" box="[936,1058,1112,1133]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from rio Grande, Santa Catarina (MZUSP 40280, USNM 306339) and 26 males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD382B0FB4AFDC7FB46" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD382B0FB4AFC5DFB3B" box="[989,1015,1179,1199]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3856AFB4AFDC7FB46" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Morungava, Rio Grande do Sul (MAPA 1 15) but did show a signiﬁcant difference (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD383D6FB2CFD5AFA8F" box="[699,752,1277,1307]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">F₀.₀₅</emphasis>
₍₁.₅₃) = 43.95,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD382DDFB2EFC69FA86" box="[944,963,1279,1298]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.000) in adjusted means. Some test for 26 females and 14 females respectively from same localities showed a signiﬁcant difference (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38548FAB1FB90FAEF" box="[1061,1082,1376,1403]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">F₀</emphasis>
. ₀₅, ₍₁, ₃₇₎ = 69.18,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38269FA55FCBDFA03" box="[772,791,1412,1431]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">P</emphasis>
&lt;0.000) only in adjusted means.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF86FFD48300FA17FE29FE4C" blockId="35.[592,1125,150,1733]" lastBlockId="36.[60,591,150,1723]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="416" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">
Number of scale rows around caudal peduncle of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD383A7FA36FCD9FA6F" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[714,883,1509,1531]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD383A7FA36FCD9FA6F" box="[714,883,1509,1531]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(19-22) and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD3857EFA35FD0CF9B5" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD3857EFA35FB87FA6C" box="[1043,1069,1508,1528]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38552FA35FD0CF9B5" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(16-19) overlaps slightly but is signiﬁcantly different. No overlap for present 17 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD38244F998FC64F9C8" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[809,974,1607,1629]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheochari">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38244F998FCE9F9C9" box="[809,835,1609,1629]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38235F996FC64F9C8" box="[856,974,1607,1628]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">rheochari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (x = 21.5, range = 20-22, SD = 0.7174) from rio Jordão (MZUSP 40279, MCP 13617, USNM 270879) and 34 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF86FFD382A5F978FBCAF955" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[968,1120,1703,1729]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="35" pageNumber="415" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD382A5F978FC48F929" box="[968,994,1705,1725]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF86FFD38298F976FBCAF955" box="[1013,1120,1703,1729]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="415">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 17.6, range 16- 19, SD = 0.8170) from Morungava. Rio Grande do Sul (MAPA 115). Number of scale rows around caudal peduncle overlaps slightly in 46 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD48130FECDFEAFFEBB" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[93,261,282,303]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48130FECDFFDDFEBB" box="[93,119,284,303]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD481E4FECBFEAFFEBB" box="[137,261,282,303]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 19.7, range = 19-22, SD = 0.7520) from rio Grande region of Santa Catarina (MZUSP 40280, USNM 306339) arrd those just listed just above of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD48151FE4EFF7AFE23" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[60,208,414,439]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iriequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48151FE4EFF7AFE23" box="[60,208,414,439]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M írıequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but counts signiﬁcantly different (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48118FE12FFD6FE40" box="[117,124,451,468]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">t</emphasis>
= 12.011, 9
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4806AFE11FEB0FE47" box="[263,282,448,467]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">P</emphasis>
= 0.00).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF81FFD48137FE33FDEAFC13" blockId="36.[60,591,150,1723]" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">
Number of scale rows between dorsal-ﬁn origin and anal-fm origin of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD480CCFDD3FDE7FD82" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[417,589,513,534]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD480CCFDD3FE16FD82" box="[417,444,514,534]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD480BDFDD0FDE7FD82" box="[464,589,513,534]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(17-22) and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD481B9FDF5FEC0FDA8" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[212,362,546,572]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD481B9FDF5FEC0FDA8" box="[212,362,546,572]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(16-18) also overlaps somewhat but again is statistically signiﬁcantly different. There is an overlap in 42 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD4807EFD56FE15FD0F" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[275,447,645,667]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4807EFD56FE15FD0F" box="[275,447,645,667]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 19.6, range = 18-22, SD = 0.8211) from the rio Jordäo (MZUSP 40279, MCP 13617, USNM 270879) and 40 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD48344FD3BFF03FCB7" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48344FD3BFF03FCB7" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 16.5, range = 16- 18, SD = 0.6405) from Morungava, Rio Grande do Sul (MAPA 115), but these counts are signiﬁcantly different (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4805DFCA1FE92FC15" box="[304,312,880,897]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">t</emphasis>
= 19.565,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD480AEFCBFFE7CFC15" box="[451,470,878,897]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">P</emphasis>
= 0.00).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF81FFD48135FC5FFEB6FA41" blockId="36.[60,591,150,1723]" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">
Lateral series scale count of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD480C9FC5EFDE6FC37" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[420,588,910,931]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD480C9FC5EFE15FC36" box="[420,447,911,930]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD480A3FC5FFDE6FC37" box="[462,588,910,931]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(41-48) and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD481B4FC7EFED9FC5C" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[217,371,942,968]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD481B4FC7EFF59FC57" box="[217,243,943,963]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4806AFC7FFED9FC5C" box="[263,371,942,968]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(36-41) overlaps somewhat but is signiﬁcantly different statistically. No overlap occurs in 26 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD481C7FBC3FEFFFBB2" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[170,341,1041,1062]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD481C7FBC3FEFFFBB2" box="[170,341,1041,1062]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 45.5, range = 43-48, SD = 1.4760) from rio Jordão (MZUSP 40279, MCP 13617, USNM 270879) and 38 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD480DCFBA7FDE1FB1B" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[433,587,1141,1167]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD480DCFBA7FE66FB1D" box="[433,460,1142,1161]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD480B2FBA4FDE1FB1B" box="[479,587,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 38.3, range = 36-41, SD = 1.1455) from Morungava, Rio Grande do Sul (MAPA 115). Lateral series scale count overlaps slightly in 48 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD4834AFB2BFF13FAB9" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocliaris">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4834AFB2BFF13FAB9" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M rheoclıaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 44.2, range = 41-48, SD = 1.7704) from rio Grande region of Santa Catarina (MZUSP 40280, USNM 306339) and those just listed of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD4801DFAADFDA1FA01" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[368,523,1404,1429]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4801DFAADFDA1FA01" box="[368,523,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but these counts are signiﬁcantly different (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4834EFA70FD81FA26" box="[547,555,1441,1458]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">t</emphasis>
= 17.922,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD481CDFA6CFF19FA44" box="[160,179,1469,1488]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">P</emphasis>
= 0.00).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF81FFD48135FA0CFC00FEC0" blockId="36.[60,591,150,1723]" lastBlockId="36.[622,1153,149,1725]" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">
Branched dorsal-fm ray count in 50 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD481DEFA2EFEF5F987" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[179,351,1533,1555]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD481DEFA2EFEF5F987" box="[179,351,1533,1555]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 9.8, range = 9-12, SD = 0.6701) from rio Jordão (MZUSP 40279, USNM 270879) differed signiﬁcantly from a sample of 40 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD48130F951FF5AF90D" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[93,240,1664,1691]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48130F951FF5AF90D" box="[93,240,1664,1691]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M. inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 8.125, range = 8-9, SD = 0.3349) from Morungava, Rio Grande do Sul (MAPA 115) (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48230FF48FCCFFF3E" box="[861,869,153,170]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">t</emphasis>
= 14.951 s,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48296FF46FBA4FF3E" box="[1019,1038,151,170]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">P</emphasis>
= 0.00). Same comparison for 56 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD48530FF69FD44FF78" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheoclzaris">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48530FF69FD44FF78" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 8.9, range = 8-10, SD = 0.4615) with same sample of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD4828BFF2BFB2BFE86" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[998,1153,249,274]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4828BFF2BFBABFE99" box="[998,1025,250,269]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48578FF28FB2BFE86" box="[1045,1153,249,274]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
just mentioned was also significantly different (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD483C4FEEFFD1AFEDB" box="[681,688,318,335]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">t</emphasis>
= 9.472,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48243FEEAFCEAFEDB" box="[814,832,315,335]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">P</emphasis>
= 0.00).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF81FFD483E1FE8DFBB1FCF5" blockId="36.[622,1153,149,1725]" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">
Branched anal-ﬁn ray counts overlap for both species but are statistically signiﬁcantly dilferent (
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48251FE70FCEEFE26" box="[828,836,417,434]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">t</emphasis>
= 6.336,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD482ADFE4EFC79FE26" box="[960,979,415,434]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">P</emphasis>
= 0.00) in 50 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD4827FFE11FC11FE40" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[786,955,446,468]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4827FFE11FC87FE47" box="[786,813,448,467]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48253FE6FFC11FE40" box="[830,955,446,468]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 25.3, range = 23-27, SD = 1.2471) from rio Jordão (MZUSP 40279, MCP 13617, USNM 270879) and 40 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD4828BFDF2FB2BFDAF" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[998,1153,546,571]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4828BFDF2FBABFDA2" box="[998,1025,547,566]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48578FDF3FB2BFDAF" box="[1045,1153,546,571]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48317FD97FD28FDC3" box="[634,642,582,599]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">x</emphasis>
= 26.7, range = 24-30, SD = 0.9443) from Morungava, Rio Grande do Sul (MAPA 115). These not signiﬁcantly different in a second population sample of 56 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD4827FFD19FC10FD48" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[786,954,711,732]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4827FFD19FC10FD48" box="[786,954,711,732]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(x = 26.8, range = 25-29, SD = 1.3088) from rio Grande, Santa Catarina (MZUSP 40278, 40280, MCP 13616, USNM 279878. 306339) from that of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD483A4FC9CFCC8FCF1" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[713,866,843,869]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD483A4FC9CFD4EFCF4" box="[713,740,845,864]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4839AFC9AFCC8FCF1" box="[759,866,843,869]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
just described.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF81FFD483E6FCBCFD07FBF9" blockId="36.[622,1153,149,1725]" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">
Vertebral counts, x = 38.0, range = 37- 40, SD = 0.6558,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48221FC44FCF0FC37" box="[844,858,917,931]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">n</emphasis>
= 87, forM
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD4856EFC5FFB2AFC37" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[1027,1152,910,931]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4856EFC5FFB2AFC37" box="[1027,1152,910,931]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from rio Jordão (MZUSP 40279, USNM 27879) and, x = 37.9, range = 36-39, SD = 0.7055,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48397FC26FCA2FB92" box="[762,776,1015,1030]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">n</emphasis>
= 70, for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD482F4FC23FB9CFB9E" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[921,1078,1009,1034]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD482F4FC23FC1EFB91" box="[921,948,1010,1029]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD482A6FC20FB9CFB9E" box="[971,1078,1009,1034]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Morungava, Rio Grande do Sul (MAPA 115) are not signiﬁcantly different statistically.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DB886518FF81FFD483E7FBA4FC25FABB" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="932D3693FF81FFD483E7FBA4FC25FABB" blockId="36.[622,1153,149,1725]" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD483E7FBA4FCA6FB1B" box="[650,780,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">Etymology</emphasis>
. —The name
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD482C0FBA4FB82FB1E" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[941,1064,1141,1162]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD482C0FBA4FB82FB1E" box="[941,1064,1141,1162]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is from the Greek
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48398FB47FC9FFB3F" box="[757,821,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">rheos</emphasis>
(= current or stream) and
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD4831DFB66FD1DFB58" box="[624,695,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">charís</emphasis>
, also Greek, (= loveliness, grace or charming) and is in reference to the streams in which this ﬁsh has been taken and to the beauty of the ﬁsh itself.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DB886518FF81FFD983E7FAECFD75FE4F" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="421" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="932D3693FF81FFD483E7FAECFCFCF9E8" blockId="36.[622,1153,149,1725]" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD483E7FAECFCB1FAC2" box="[650,795,1341,1366]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">Discussion</emphasis>
.-The phylogenetic relationships of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD483BFFA8CFCD0FAE5" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[722,890,1372,1393]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD483BFFA8CFCD0FAE5" box="[722,890,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are uncertain but fully mature males, as noted above, have a caudal ﬁn-ray pump chamber. a putative synapomorphy uniting that species with
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD48536FA11FD7EFA6D" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvicola">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48536FA11FD7EFA6D" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M sylvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD48384FA30FCD0FA60" baseAuthorityName="Nichols" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[745,890,1503,1524]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48384FA30FCAEFA60" box="[745,772,1505,1524]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48277FA0EFCD0FA60" box="[794,890,1503,1524]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD482A4FA30FBDFFA6D" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[969,1141,1503,1529]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD482A4FA30FBDFFA6D" box="[969,1141,1503,1529]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD48303F9D0FC39F98E" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[622,915,1536,1562]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48303F9D0FC39F98E" box="[622,915,1536,1562]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">Mimagoniates inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD482A2F9D0FBFBF981" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1907" box="[975,1105,1536,1557]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barberi">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD482A2F9D0FC40F981" box="[975,1002,1537,1557]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48296F9D1FBFBF981" box="[1019,1105,1536,1557]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">barberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not included in this group because they lack a caudal pump chamber, having only a groove in its place.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF81FFD583E7F952FD84FC1B" blockId="36.[622,1153,149,1725]" lastBlockId="37.[31,561,158,1734]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="417" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">
Weitzman et al. (19881412) tentatively hypothesized that
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF81FFD48231F974FBA6F92D" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[860,1036,1700,1721]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="36" pageNumber="416" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheacharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD48231F974FCDDF92C" box="[860,887,1701,1720]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF81FFD482FDF975FBA6F92D" box="[912,1036,1700,1721]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="416">rheacharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as new species B, is a sister species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD580E7FF4EFD9BFF23" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[394,561,158,183]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD580E7FF4EFD9BFF23" box="[394,561,158,183]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because these species share caudal-ﬁn hooks (absent in other species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5801AFF30FD8DFF6E" box="[375,551,225,250]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5801AFF30FD8DFF6E" box="[375,551,225,250]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) distal to the pump area on principal caudal-ﬁn rays 10 and 11. These hooks are not nearly as numerous or as large in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD580A9FE95FFC3FEEE" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaguiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD580A9FE95FFC3FEEE" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as they are in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5807CFEB4FE12FEE9" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[273,440,356,381]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5807CFEB4FE12FEE9" box="[273,440,356,381]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(compare
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF80FFD5814CFE57FFD9FE0F" box="[33,115,390,415]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[59,90,947,967]" captionTargetBox="[45,1115,153,920]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 5. Mimagoniates microlepis, osteology of central and basal region of caudal skeleton of adult male, lateral view, left side, anterior at left. SL 45.3 mm, USNM 236089, Brazil, Parana, rio Nhundiaquara at Morretes. Relationship of modified dorsal lobe caudal-ﬁn squamation to caudal gland shown in inset at left. Distal regions ofventral and posterior scales and their epidermis form a ﬂap partly covering intake openings of pump chamber." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050911" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050911/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">
Figs.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58105FE56FFD9FE0F" bold="true" box="[104,115,391,411]" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">5</emphasis>
</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF80FFD581D3FE57FF70FE0E" box="[190,218,390,410]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="28.[85,116,1616,1637]" captionTargetBox="[67,1153,172,1599]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="Fig. 24. Mimagoniates rheocharis, new species, paratype, osteology ofcentral basal region ofcaudal Skeleton, principal ﬁn rays 6-15, of an adult male, lateral views, left side, anterior at left. USNM 279879, SL 45.4 mm, same locality data as specimen in Fig. 21. Principal ray 12 indicated by arrow. (A) Illustrates caudal pump region. (B) illustrates relationship of modiﬁed dorsal caudal-ﬁn lobe squamation to caudal pump." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050955" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050955/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">24</figureCitation>
). We found no other synapomorphy uniting these two species.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5836FFE76FE92FE49" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5836FFE76FE92FE49" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">Mimagoniates rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD580ECFE19FD9BFE75" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[385,561,455,481]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD580ECFE19FE36FE48" box="[385,412,456,476]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD580D8FE16FD9BFE75" box="[437,561,455,481]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
thus may still be hypothesized as one another’s closest relatives (
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF80FFD58012FDDBFE62FD8A" box="[383,456,522,548]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[57,88,1152,1173]" captionTargetBox="[39,1089,150,1124]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Diagram of tentative phylogenetic relationships of the species of the Glandulocaudini based on an analysis of synapomorphies found in the caudal skeleton of males. Filled in squares = apomorphies and empty squares - plesiomorphies at the levels indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050903/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). However,
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF80FFD5810FFDFAFF0AFDD4" box="[98,160,555,581]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[57,88,1152,1173]" captionTargetBox="[39,1089,150,1124]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Diagram of tentative phylogenetic relationships of the species of the Glandulocaudini based on an analysis of synapomorphies found in the caudal skeleton of males. Filled in squares = apomorphies and empty squares - plesiomorphies at the levels indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050903/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
is presented primarily as a visual aid to the discussion that follows. We accept the hypothesis it presents with reservations because the relationships of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD580E9FD5EFD9BFD37" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[388,561,654,675]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD580E9FD5EFE35FD37" box="[388,415,655,675]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD580DEFD5FFD9BFD37" box="[435,561,654,675]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may be quite complex due to a possible hybrid origin or at least some introgression with other species. Furthermore a considerable amount of character conﬂict exists among all the species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD580EDFCE4FD9AFCDA" box="[384,560,821,846]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD580EDFCE4FD9AFCDA" box="[384,560,821,846]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
making acceptance of many of the relationships suggested in
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF80FFD58193FCA7FE94FC1F" box="[254,318,886,912]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[57,88,1152,1173]" captionTargetBox="[39,1089,150,1124]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Diagram of tentative phylogenetic relationships of the species of the Glandulocaudini based on an analysis of synapomorphies found in the caudal skeleton of males. Filled in squares = apomorphies and empty squares - plesiomorphies at the levels indicated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050903/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
quite questionable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF80FFD58156FC49FC64FCB9" blockId="37.[31,561,158,1734]" lastBlockId="37.[592,1124,160,1739]" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">
A number of differences, outlined in the key and diagnosis above, were found among
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD58172FC0AFF6DFC7B" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[31,199,985,1007]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58172FC0AFF90FC7A" box="[31,58,987,1006]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58127FC08FF6DFC7B" box="[74,199,985,1007]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5806CFC0AFE03FC67" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[257,425,986,1011]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5806CFC0AFE03FC67" box="[257,425,986,1011]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5808EFC0AFFD8FB80" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5808EFC0AFE54FC7A" box="[483,510,987,1006]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58362FC0AFFD8FB80" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although these differences indicate these species are divergent, many of these characters cannot at present be used to corroborate hypotheses of phylogenetic relationship with other species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD580F8FB51FFEAFB21" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD580F8FB51FFEAFB21" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because so far they have not been identiﬁed as synapomorphies shared among other species. Certain of these characters are continuously variable between at least some species, for example between
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD580EAFAF7FD9AFAAE" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[391,560,1317,1338]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD580EAFAF7FE08FAAD" box="[391,418,1318,1337]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD580DEFAF4FD9AFAAE" box="[435,560,1317,1338]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5813EFA96FF4DFACB" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[83,231,1350,1375]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5813EFA96FFC7FACE" box="[83,109,1351,1370]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58110FA97FF4DFACB" box="[125,231,1350,1375]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, possibly limiting their use as characters suitable for phylogenetic analyses,
<bibRefCitation id="F7034B62FF80FFD5810EFA59FE89FA35" author="Chappill, J. A." box="[99,291,1416,1441]" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" pagination="17 - 234" refId="ref23593" refString="Chappill, J. A. 1989. Quantitative characters in phylogenetic analysis. - Cladistics 52: 17 - 234." type="journal article" year="1989">Chappill (1989)</bibRefCitation>
and Pimentel 8c Riggins (1987). Some of the states of these characters as shared by
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD58076FA1AFE62FA4B" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[283,456,1482,1503]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58076FA1AFE9FFA4A" box="[283,309,1483,1502]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58026FA1BFE62FA4B" box="[331,456,1482,1503]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD58361FA1AFF26F990" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58361FA1AFF26F990" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are plesiomorphic with respect to their condition in other species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD580B4F9DCFF29F9D2" family="Characidae" genus="Mimaganiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD580B4F9DCFF29F9D2" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">Mimaganiates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, making their use as synapomorphies for these two species impossible. For example, outgroup comparison with species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD58152F95EFF5CF930" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[63,246,1679,1700]" family="Characidae" genus="Glandulocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58152F95EFF5CF930" box="[63,246,1679,1700]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">Glandulocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and species in other tribes of the
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5811DF960FEE5F951" box="[112,335,1713,1733]" pageId="37" pageNumber="424" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Glandulocaudinae">Glandulocaudinae</taxonomicName>
indicates that relatively short overall body shape and central median ﬁn position of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD58231FF10FBABFF41" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[860,1025,192,213]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58231FF10FBABFF41" box="[860,1025,192,213]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, shared with
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD583E1FF32FC8BFF6F" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[652,801,225,251]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD583E1FF32FC8BFF6F" box="[652,801,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is plesiomorphic with respect to the more elongate body and posterior dorsal-ﬁn position in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD582C3FEF5FBFDFEA9" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[942,1111,291,317]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD582C3FEF5FC62FEAC" box="[942,968,292,312]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD582B0FEF2FBFDFEA9" box="[989,1111,291,317]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5833DFE97FD73FECE" baseAuthorityName="Nichols" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[592,729,324,346]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5833DFE97FD73FECE" box="[592,729,324,346]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5838BFE97FCDFFECA" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[742,885,324,350]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvicola">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5838BFE97FCABFECD" box="[742,769,326,345]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58262FE95FCDFFECA" box="[783,885,324,350]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">sylvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD582C3FE97FB87FECD" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1907" box="[942,1069,324,345]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barberi">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD582C3FE97FC63FECD" box="[942,969,326,345]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD582B5FE95FB87FECD" box="[984,1069,324,345]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">barberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see also comments below). Relatively elongate body shapes might be considered synapomorphic for the latter four species but use of this character for corroboration of phylogenetic hypotheses in the
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD582D4FE3BFD2AFDB4" pageId="37" pageNumber="414" rank="tribe" tribe="Glandulocaudini">Glandulocaudini</taxonomicName>
is still in need of further study and may be difﬁcult to use at some nodes because of continuous variability. The high number of dorsal-ﬁn rays (8-12 in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD58205FDBEFBA4FD17" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[872,1038,621,643]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58205FDBEFBA4FD17" box="[872,1038,621,643]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
versus 7-9 in other species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD58218FD41FB8FFD3C" box="[885,1061,656,680]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58218FD41FB8FFD3C" box="[885,1061,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) appears autapomorphic for that species, but, again the character is continuously variable between
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD583AFFD25FCF5FC98" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[706,863,754,780]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD583AFFD25FD77FC93" box="[706,733,756,775]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58398FD23FCF5FC98" box="[757,863,754,780]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5821BFD22FB8FFC93" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[886,1061,754,775]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5821BFD22FB8FFC93" box="[886,1061,754,775]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD58274FCC4FC62FCB9" box="[793,968,789,813]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58274FCC4FC62FCB9" box="[793,968,789,813]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF80FFD58300FCE4FB81F952" blockId="37.[592,1124,160,1739]" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">
If these and other similar characters can be used as synapomorphies at some nodes, then character conﬂict and complex homoplasies will need to be resolved using parsimony with enough corroborated evidence to be convincing. For example, at present at least three characters or character complexes appear in conﬂict with one another in regard to their possible signiﬁcance in suggesting phylogenetic relationships. These are relative body length, relative derivation of the caudal pump and the presence or absence of a prominent lateral mid-side dark stripe. For example, if elongate body, present in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD583CDFAD7FC98FA8A" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[672,818,1284,1310]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvicola">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD583CDFAD7FD11FA8D" box="[672,699,1286,1305]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD583A1FAD5FC98FA8A" box="[716,818,1284,1310]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">sylvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5822EFAD4FC64FA8D" baseAuthorityName="Nichols" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[835,974,1283,1305]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5822EFAD4FCF7FA8D" box="[835,861,1285,1305]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5821DFAD2FC64FA8D" box="[880,974,1283,1305]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5828DFAD5FBCBFA8C" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1907" box="[992,1121,1282,1304]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barberi">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5828DFAD5FC50FA8C" box="[992,1018,1284,1304]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58561FAD3FBCBFA8C" box="[1036,1121,1282,1304]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">barberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD583E0FAF6FC90FAAB" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[653,826,1317,1343]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD583E0FAF6FC90FAAB" box="[653,826,1317,1343]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, were hypothesized to have evolved only once then these four species would form a monophyletic line based on this character. Then the caudal ﬁn-ray pump chamber might have evolved twice, once in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5826EFA1DFC06FA4B" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[771,940,1482,1503]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5826EFA1DFCB7FA4B" box="[771,797,1484,1503]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58242FA1BFC06FA4B" box="[815,940,1482,1503]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and again in a clade including
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD58266FA3DFC38F994" baseAuthorityName="Nichols" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[779,914,1514,1536]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58266FA3DFC38F994" box="[779,914,1514,1536]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD582CDFA3AFB86F997" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[928,1068,1513,1539]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvicola">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD582CDFA3AFB86F997" box="[928,1068,1513,1539]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M sylvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD5833CF9DFFD51F9B2" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[593,763,1549,1574]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5833CF9DFFDC6F9B6" box="[593,620,1550,1570]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD583ECF9DCFD51F9B2" box="[641,763,1549,1574]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. On the other hand, monophyly based in part on elongate body could result in a phylogeny wherein
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD582BDF99DFBCAF9F4" baseAuthorityName="Nichols" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[976,1120,1610,1632]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD582BDF99DFC40F9F4" box="[976,1002,1612,1632]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD5856DF99BFBCAF9F4" box="[1024,1120,1610,1632]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was the sister species to all of the other species just mentioned and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF80FFD582DEF95FFBCAF935" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[947,1120,1676,1697]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="37" pageNumber="417" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD582DEF95FFC67F935" box="[947,973,1678,1697]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF80FFD58289F95DFBCAF935" box="[996,1120,1676,1697]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="417">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
regained a relatively short body shape.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF83FFD68135FF4CFE11FA22" blockId="38.[60,589,155,1728]" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">
Again,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD681DCFF4FFE95FF25" baseAuthorityName="Nichols" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[177,319,156,177]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD681DCFF4FFF61FF25" box="[177,203,158,177]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD681B3FF4DFE95FF25" box="[222,319,156,177]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68013FF4CFDABFF25" box="[382,513,155,177]" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68013FF4CFE33FF24" box="[382,409,157,176]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD680C1FF4AFDABFF25" box="[428,513,155,177]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">barberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
share the possession of a dark brown or black broad lateral stripe extending from the lower jaw tip posteriorly across the body sides to the region of the caudal gland on the caudal ﬁn. A hypothesis that considers this character synapomorphic for these two species requires that the pump chamber evolved more than once, independently in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68151FE16FF6CFE4E" baseAuthorityName="Nichols" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[60,198,453,474]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68151FE16FF6CFE4E" box="[60,198,453,474]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and in a clade consisting of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68345FE14FF0BFD94" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvicola">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68345FE14FF0BFD94" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M sylvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD681DFFE36FEF1FE6F" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[178,347,486,507]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD681DFFE36FEF1FE6F" box="[178,347,486,507]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD680F7FE37FDE8FE6A" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[410,578,485,510]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD680F7FE37FDE8FE6A" box="[410,578,485,510]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a phylogenetic conﬁguration different from those noted above for acceptance of elongate body as a synapomorphy for four species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD6810CFDBAFEA5FD10" box="[97,271,619,644]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD6810CFDBAFEA5FD10" box="[97,271,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Finally, if one hypothesizes that a fully derived caudal ﬁn-ray pump chamber evolved only once in a clade consisting of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD6818CFD1FFED9FD72" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[225,371,716,742]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvicola">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD6818CFD1FFED9FD72" box="[225,371,716,742]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M sylvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD680EBFD1FFDBEFD75" baseAuthorityName="Nichols" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[390,532,716,737]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD680EBFD1FFE0BFD75" box="[390,417,718,737]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD680D8FD1DFDBEFD75" box="[437,532,716,737]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD6834AFD1FFF13FC97" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD6834AFD1FFDE8FD75" box="[551,578,718,737]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68150FD3FFF13FC97" box="[61,185,750,771]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD6819EFD3EFE32FC93" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[243,408,749,775]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD6819EFD3EFE32FC93" box="[243,408,749,775]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, then both the lateral stripe and elongate body would have evolved twice each and in a phylogenetic conﬁguration diﬁerent from any of those above. At this time the above speculations and others like them are fruitless and we mention them only to point out the current complexities regarding the phylogeny of the species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD681AFFC26FEDBFB9B" box="[194,369,1015,1039]" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD681AFFC26FEDBFB9B" box="[194,369,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. As yet we have not fully investigated the possible phylogenetic signiﬁcance of many of the characters putatively available for phylogenetic analysis of the
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68186FBABFE12FB1B" box="[235,440,1146,1167]" pageId="38" pageNumber="414" rank="tribe" tribe="Glandulocaudini">Glandulocaudini</taxonomicName>
. The matter is quite complex and the use of parsimony to propose acceptable phylogenetic hypothesis and resolve the problems of character polarities will naturally still result in numerous homoplasies. We might add that the use of any “ method” other than parsimony to resolve character conﬂict will not eliminate all homoplasies but only subjectively delete some rather than others.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF83FFD68137FA13FD4DFEC1" blockId="38.[60,589,155,1728]" lastBlockId="38.[619,1151,155,1730]" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">
As noted above, we tentatively hypothesize that
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD681D6FA35FECEFA63" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[187,356,1506,1527]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD681D6FA35FF7FFA63" box="[187,213,1508,1527]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68185FA33FECEFA63" box="[232,356,1506,1527]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD680C9FA32FDE7FA68" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[420,589,1507,1532]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD680C9FA32FE14FA63" box="[420,446,1507,1527]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD680BFFA32FDE7FA68" box="[466,589,1507,1532]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are sister species based on ﬁn-ray secondary sexual characters which do not appear to be continuously variable and may be synapomorphic if the character conﬂicts mentioned above can be resolved in a form that favors the secondary sexual ﬁn-ray structures. However, as one might expect, there are complications and possible alternative hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships other than those mentioned above. For various reasons some of these should be brieﬂy discussed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF83FFD683E7FEB3FCB4F98E" blockId="38.[619,1151,155,1730]" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">
In searching for possible alternate hypotheses of phylogenetic relationship for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68536FE55FD41FE2C" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68536FE55FBDCFE03" box="[1115,1142,388,407]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68303FE73FD41FE2C" box="[622,747,418,440]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
we note that this species and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68536FE74FD70FE49" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68536FE74FD70FE49" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
look remarkably alike in general body shape, ﬁn position, body color and the counts recorded above as separating the species are not remarkably different. Both species lack the distinct mid-lateral body stripe found in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68247FDBBFC1DFDEA" baseAuthorityName="Nichols" baseAuthorityYear="1913" box="[810,951,617,638]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lateralis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68247FDBBFC1DFDEA" box="[810,951,617,638]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M lateralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68298FDBBFBDDFDEA" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1907" box="[1013,1143,617,638]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="barberi">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68298FDBBFBDDFDEA" box="[1013,1143,617,638]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M barberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, both species have closely similar vertebral counts that are not signiﬁcantly diﬁerent,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68258FD02FCE8FD75" box="[821,834,723,737]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">n</emphasis>
= 39 for specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68537FD1FFD73FC92" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68537FD1FFD73FC92" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Arroio Fiuza near Passo Fiuza, Municipio de Viamão, south east of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, (USNM 254273), x = 38.0, range = 35-39, SD = 0.6489 and
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68266FCA9FCB3FC12" box="[779,793,888,902]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">n</emphasis>
= 87 for specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68537FCA2FD42FC3C" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheoclzaris">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68537FCA2FD42FC3C" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from rio Jordão, (MZUSP 40279, USNM 279879), x = 38.0, range = 37-40, SD = 0.6288. See also the nearly identical results of a dilferent comparison of vertebral numbers and other counts given in the section labeled Statistical Comparisons. These vertebral counts are relatively low when compared with those of the more elongate species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68380FB4DFC34FB21" box="[749,926,1180,1205]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68380FB4DFC34FB21" box="[749,926,1180,1205]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
such as
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68560FB4CFD1EFB45" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68560FB4CFB82FB24" box="[1037,1064,1181,1200]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68551FB4AFD1EFB45" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but broad overlap occurs, again see section above labeled
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD682EDFB0CFD34FA87" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">Statistical Comparisons</emphasis>
, and we are unable to show that shared vertebral counts by
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68205FAF1FBBEFAA0" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[872,1044,1311,1332]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68205FAF1FC28FAA0" box="[872,898,1312,1332]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD682FAFACEFBBEFAA0" box="[919,1044,1311,1332]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68535FAF0FD7DFACD" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68535FAF0FD7DFACD" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are shared derived characters. We discuss such characters only to point out the diﬁiculties in attempting to study the relationships of the species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD682A7FA75FBD0FA29" box="[970,1146,1444,1469]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD682A7FA75FBD0FA29" box="[970,1146,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on characters other than those directly associated with their secondary sexual characteristics.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF83FFD783E4F9F7FE78FE2F" blockId="38.[619,1151,155,1730]" lastBlockId="39.[29,563,158,1735]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="419" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">
Our preliminary analysis suggests that these character similarities are unlikely to be synapomorphic for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68217F9B9FB8AF9E8" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[890,1056,1639,1660]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rlzeocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68217F9B9FB8AF9E8" box="[890,1056,1639,1660]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M rlzeocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF83FFD68534F9B9FD73F934" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="38" pageNumber="418" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inoqualis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF83FFD68534F9B9FD73F934" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="418">M inøqualis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because these features are also found in immediate outgroups down the tree, for example species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78015FF4FFD9AFF27" authorityName="Eigenmann" authorityYear="1911" box="[376,560,158,179]" family="Characidae" genus="Glandulocauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78015FF4FFD9AFF27" box="[376,560,158,179]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">Glandulocauda</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and certain of the apparently less derived glandulocaudine species belonging to tribes that are possibly sister groups to the
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78084FED3FF1AFEA3" pageId="39" pageNumber="414" rank="tribe" tribe="Glandulocaudini">Glandulocaudini</taxonomicName>
. However, our analysis is incomplete and alternate hypotheses suggesting that
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD781E9FEB4FEB1FEE9" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[132,283,356,381]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iiiequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD781E9FEB4FF34FEED" box="[132,158,357,377]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD781DDFEB5FEB1FEE9" box="[176,283,356,381]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78034FEB4FDA8FEED" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[345,514,356,377]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78034FEB4FED9FEED" box="[345,371,357,377]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD780E8FEB5FDA8FEED" box="[389,514,356,377]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are sister species or related in some way cannot be conﬁdently rejected at this time.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF82FFD78157FE19FBA8FD12" blockId="39.[29,563,158,1735]" lastBlockId="39.[590,1127,159,1735]" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">
The intermediacy of the
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD780EDFE19FD85FE48" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[384,559,455,476]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD780EDFE19FE30FE48" box="[384,410,456,476]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD780DFFE16FD85FE48" box="[434,559,455,476]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
between
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD781E6FE38FE8EFD96" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[139,292,488,514]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD781E6FE38FE8EFD96" box="[139,292,488,514]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78009FE38FDA4FD96" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[356,526,488,514]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78009FE38FDA4FD96" box="[356,526,488,514]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in body depth and caudal peduncle depth (
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF82FFD7809AFDDBFF91FDAB" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="22.[99,129,1117,1138]" captionTargetBox="[86,1145,153,1095]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Fig. 17. Mimagoniates rheacharis, M. microlepis and M. ínequalis, body depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarthmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of M rheocharis: (Y = -1.846 + 1.199X), 25 females or this species: (Y = 2.115 + 1.27lx); for 39 males ofM. microlepís: (Y = 2.130 + 1.235X) and for 31 females of the later species: (Y = -2.705 + 1.399 X); and for 26 males of M inequalis: (Y = -2.230 + 1.3499X), 14 females of this species: (Y = -1.812 + l.2l87X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under M. rheocharís." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050939/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">Figs. 17</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF82FFD7813CFDFAFFC6FDAB" box="[81,108,555,575]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[51,81,1081,1101]" captionTargetBox="[74,1078,169,1055]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 27. Mimaguniates rheacharis, M. microlepis and M. inequalis caudal peduncle depth as a function of SL by species and sex. Plot axes are logarithmic. Logarithmic regression equation for 31 males of M. rheocharis: (Y = -4.222 + 1.588 X), for 26 females of the same species: (Y = —3.311 + 1.374X); for 40 males ofM microlepís: (Y = —4.151 + 1.592X) and for 30 females of the later species: (Y = -3.239 + 1.374X); and for 26 males ofM inøqualis: (Y = —3.021 + 1.3375 X), 14 females ofthis species; (Y = -2.625 + 1.2ll 6 X). For explanation see Diagnosis, Sexual dimorphism, Discussion and Description under M. rheochuris." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050961" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050961/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">27</figureCitation>
) was noted above in the Diagnosis and the Statistical Comparison section of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78170FDBFFF61FD16" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[29,203,620,642]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78170FDBFFF61FD16" box="[29,203,620,642]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The relatively modest development of the ﬁn-ray pump chamber and of the small and few caudal-ﬁn spines on rays 10 and 11 in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD7819FFD00FE33FD71" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[242,409,719,741]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD7819FFD00FE33FD71" box="[242,409,719,741]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, rather than being considered plesiomorphic relative to the state of these structures in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD780ECFCC2FD8CFCBF" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[385,550,786,811]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD780ECFCC2FD8CFCBF" box="[385,550,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, could be considered intermediate between the state in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD781C9FC84FE9DFCF9" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[164,311,852,877]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD781C9FC84FE9DFCF9" box="[164,311,852,877]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(no spines, no pump chamber) and that in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78041FCA7FE7DFC1A" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[300,471,885,910]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78041FCA7FE7DFC1A" box="[300,471,885,910]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(many well developed spines, and a highly developed ﬁn-ray pump chamber). This suggests a possible origin of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78049FC08FE79FC79" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[292,467,984,1005]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78049FC08FE94FC79" box="[292,318,985,1005]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78038FC09FE79FC79" box="[341,467,984,1005]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by introgression between
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78071FC2BFE62FB87" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[284,456,1017,1043]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78071FC2BFE62FB87" box="[284,456,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78366FC2AFF22FBA0" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78366FC2AFF22FBA0" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, a hypothesis of hybrid origin for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD781F0FBECFEE3FBC5" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[157,329,1083,1105]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD781F0FBECFEE3FBC5" box="[157,329,1083,1105]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might be rejected because it does have autapomorphies that are absent in both
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD7806CFBAEFE33FB03" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[257,409,1150,1175]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD7806CFBAEFE33FB03" box="[257,409,1150,1175]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD780BAFBAEFFD2FB2C" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD780BAFBAEFFD2FB2C" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Even then, it cannot be discounted that
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78134FB10FEA2FB41" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[89,264,1216,1237]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78134FB10FEA2FB41" box="[89,264,1216,1237]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might have originated through introgression in a geographical range once shared by the ancestors of the current populations of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD781B5FAF5FEDAFAA8" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[216,368,1315,1340]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD781B5FAF5FF58FAA3" box="[216,242,1316,1335]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78068FAF2FEDAFAA8" box="[261,368,1315,1340]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD780DDFAF5FFF9FAC9" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD780DDFAF5FE60FAAC" box="[432,458,1316,1336]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD780B3FAF5FFF9FAC9" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and that the autapomorphies of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78366FA94FF31FAEE" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78366FA94FD8FFACD" box="[523,549,1349,1369]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78173FAB5FF31FAEE" box="[30,155,1380,1402]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
evolved subsequent to that introgression at a time when
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD780EDFA56FD84FA0F" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[384,558,1414,1435]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD780EDFA56FD84FA0F" box="[384,558,1414,1435]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
became isolated from its parent populations. The current geographical ranges of these species would be congruent with such a biogeographical hypothesis but in our view this hypothesis, just as any hypothesis of species origin by introgression, unless corroborated by genetic data as well as much statistical data on morphology from pertinent natural populations, is less parsimonious than that of sister status, in this case between
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD783AFFF10FCC4FF41" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[706,878,191,213]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocliaris">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD783AFFF10FCC4FF41" box="[706,878,191,213]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD782DDFF10FBF0FF4D" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[944,1114,192,217]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niicrolepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD782DDFF10FC61FF40" box="[944,971,193,212]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD7828DFF11FBF0FF4D" box="[992,1114,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Because we lack such data, we currently reject this introgression hypothesis. If
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD7852DFED2FD7BFEA3" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD7852DFED2FD7BFEA3" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
did evolve in part through introgression, according to our hypotheses of phylogeny among the species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD782B5FEB7FD29FE0E" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD782B5FEB7FD29FE0E" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">Mimagoniates</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
this introgression would have taken place between two of the more distantly related members of the genus, something we view as possible but in need of study by breeding experiments and intensive statistical analyses of the characters of the three species from population samples in the areas of their contingency and sympatry.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF82FFD78307FD41FBE1FBC1" blockId="39.[590,1127,159,1735]" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">
It might be proposed that specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78323FD60FD5FFD50" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[590,757,687,708]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78323FD60FD5FFD50" box="[590,757,687,708]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are simply hybrid individuals between
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD783D5FD03FCE5FD7E" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[696,847,720,746]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iriequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD783D5FD03FCE5FD7E" box="[696,847,720,746]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M irıequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD782E4FD03FB9AFD7E" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[905,1072,720,746]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD782E4FD03FC0EFD71" box="[905,932,722,741]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD782D8FD01FB9AFD7E" box="[949,1072,720,746]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but several factors argue against this. First, only one of the putative parent species occurs in the present range of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD7823FFCE4FC57FCDD" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[850,1021,819,841]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD7823FFCE4FC57FCDD" box="[850,1021,819,841]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, that is
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78323FC87FD5DFCFA" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[590,759,853,878]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78323FC87FD5DFCFA" box="[590,759,853,878]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is sympatric and syntopic with
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78389FCA6FC3FFC1F" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[740,917,886,907]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78389FCA6FC3FFC1F" box="[740,917,886,907]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD782C3FCA6FD10FC24" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD782C3FCA6FD10FC24" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">Mimagoııiates inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as explained above. is so far as known allopatric with
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78200FC68FBB3FC59" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[877,1049,952,973]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78200FC68FBB3FC59" box="[877,1049,952,973]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, preventing it from being a parent of current specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78396FC2AFC0CFB9B" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[763,934,1018,1039]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78396FC2AFCBFFB9B" box="[763,789,1019,1039]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78246FC2BFC0CFB9B" box="[811,934,1018,1039]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78323FBCCFD51FBA4" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[590,763,1051,1072]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78323FBCCFD51FBA4" box="[590,763,1051,1072]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has autapomorphic characters not present in either putative parent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF82FFD88307FB8FFF1AFC26" blockId="39.[590,1127,159,1735]" lastBlockId="40.[53,585,167,1741]" lastPageId="40" lastPageNumber="420" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">
Another hypothesis of phylogenetic relationship, one that is less parsimonious than sister species status for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78217FB71FB8CFB20" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[890,1062,1183,1204]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78217FB71FC3EFB20" box="[890,916,1184,1204]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD782C4FB4EFB8CFB20" box="[937,1062,1183,1204]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78323FB13FD5EFB4E" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[590,756,1216,1242]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78323FB13FD5EFB4E" box="[590,756,1216,1242]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, could be put forward and we mention this one only because of its implications regarding the dangerous practice of assuming biogeographical signiﬁcance for geographically adjacent similar looking species, done by some biogeographers. One could hypothesize that
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78215FA59FB8FFA0F" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[888,1061,1414,1435]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78215FA59FC38FA0F" box="[888,914,1416,1435]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD782C5FA57FB8FFA0F" box="[936,1061,1414,1435]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF82FFD78323FA78FD4EFA55" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[590,740,1448,1473]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoiiiates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="39" pageNumber="419" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF82FFD78323FA78FD4EFA55" box="[590,740,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="419">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are sister species. This hypothesis is not out of the realm of possibility even though current character polarity hypotheses for secondary sexual characters irrdicate that other features shared by these latter two species are plesiomorphic at this level of relationship. Nevertheless, if such a hypothesis were true the current distributions of these two species would make good historical biogeographical sense.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD8815BFF18FEC9FF75" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[54,355,199,226]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD8815BFF18FEC9FF75" box="[54,355,199,226]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">Mimagoniates inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in the freshwater biogeographical South Coastal Subregion of
<bibRefCitation id="F7034B62FF8DFFD8818CFEDAFE71FEB7" author="Menezes, N. A." bookContentInfo="Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns, Academia Brasileria de Ciencias, 488 pp." box="[225,475,266,291]" editor="P. E. Vanzolini &amp; W. R. Heyer" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" pagination="295 - 304" refId="ref23924" refString="Menezes, N. A. 1988. Implications of the distribution patterns of the species of Oligosarcus (Teleostei, Characidae) from central and southern South America. Pp. 295 - 304 in P. E. Vanzolini &amp; W. R. Heyer, ed., Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns, Academia Brasileria de Ciencias, 488 pp." title="Implications of the distribution patterns of the species of Oligosarcus (Teleostei, Characidae) from central and southern South America." type="proceedings paper" year="1988">Menezes (1988: 300)</bibRefCitation>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD8834CFEDBFF19FED4" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD8834CFEDBFF19FED4" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in the adjacent southern part of his Central Coastal Subregion. A simple vicariance or dispersion event historically separating two parts of an ancestral population for the two species could have been responsible for initiating their evolution. However, the phylogenetic evidence, in all its current uncertain status, does not support such a hypothesis of phylogeny and therefore does not support this historical biogeographical pattern. This example provides one reason why we refuse to use current distributional patterns of species as either evidence of relationships among organisms or as direct indicators of historical biogeographic events. Most distribution patterns may correlate with a variety of phylogenetic and biogeographic scenarios and cannot be used as primary evidence for any given one.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF8DFFD8813EFC6EFB9EF9FF" blockId="40.[53,585,167,1741]" lastBlockId="40.[613,1144,166,1742]" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">
Another problem with some of our data remains to be discussed. Given the current limitations of our population samples and the small adult lengths of most of our specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD881CAFB95FE96FBC8" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[167,316,1091,1116]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iiiequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD881CAFB95FE96FBC8" box="[167,316,1091,1116]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M iııequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it is difﬁcult to place too much conﬁdence in certain aspects of the above phylogenetic discussions based on some secondary sexual characteristics. This is true because at least one, caudal pump morphology, of the phylogenetically important characters currently available for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD88155FAFBFF77FAAA" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[56,221,1321,1342]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD88155FAFBFFFBFAA9" box="[56,81,1322,1341]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD8810CFAF8FF77FAAA" box="[97,221,1321,1342]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its possible relatives such as
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD8813AFA9AFF41FAF7" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[87,235,1354,1379]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD8813AFA9AFFDBFACA" box="[87,113,1355,1374]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD881EFFA9BFF41FAF7" box="[130,235,1354,1379]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is based on a character that may be juvenile, that is not representing a character state attained in fully mature adults of that species. Such juvenile character states may then be compared incorrectly with homologous but fully adult characters in another species, leading to invalid conclusions regarding the relative apomorphy of these characters. This kind of problem affects both of the very separate tasks of studying phylogenetic relationships and of distinguishing species from one another, witness our caution about couplet four in our key above and our mistake in
<bibRefCitation id="F7034B62FF8DFFD88297FF16FD53FE95" author="Weitzman, S. H. &amp; N. A. Menezes &amp; M. J. Weitzman" bookContentInfo="Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns, Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 488 pp." editor="P. E. Vanzolini &amp; W. R. Heyer" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" pagination="379 - 427" refId="ref24287" refString="-, -, &amp; M. J. Weitzman. 1988. Phylogenetic biogeography of the Glandulocaudini (Teleostei: Characiformes, Characidae) with comments on the distributions of other freshwater fishes in eastern and southeastern Brazil. Pp. 379 - 427 in P. E. Vanzolini &amp; W. R. Heyer, ed., Proceedings of a Workshop on Neotropical Distribution Patterns, Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, 488 pp." title="Phylogenetic biogeography of the Glandulocaudini (Teleostei: Characiformes, Characidae) with comments on the distributions of other freshwater fishes in eastern and southeastern Brazil." type="proceedings paper" year="1988">Weitzman et al. (1988)</bibRefCitation>
regarding the relative apomorphy of the caudal gland in
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD882C2FEDBFBEBFEB7" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[943,1089,265,291]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sylvicola">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD882C2FEDBFC60FE89" box="[943,970,266,285]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD882B6FED8FBEBFEB7" box="[987,1089,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">sylvicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see the Discussion above of that species). Regarding
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD883A3FE9DFCC1FEF0" authorityName="dos Patos" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[718,875,331,356]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD883A3FE9DFD43FECB" box="[718,745,332,351]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD8826DFE9AFCC1FEF0" box="[768,875,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the current treatment, perhaps our collections contain no fully adult males of this species and at the completion of sexual maturity, males have a caudal fin-ray pump chamber similar to that found in males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD88214FE20FB8AFD91" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[889,1056,495,517]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocliaris">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD88214FE20FC3EFD90" box="[889,916,497,516]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD882C8FE3EFB8AFD91" box="[933,1056,495,517]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">rheoclıaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. If this were true the phylogenetic relationships we have presented based on caudal morphology would be drastically altered. The evidence we have bearing on this problem is as follows. A male specimen of each of the two species of nearly equal length (one,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD88539FD69FD79FD65" authority=", SL" authorityName="SL" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD88539FD69FBC5FD5F" box="[1108,1135,696,715]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD88305FD09FD79FD65" box="[616,723,728,753]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, SL 38.8 mm, MCP 9892, from rio Cai drainage, Rio Grande do Sul, and the other,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD8838DFCCAFC1CFCBB" authority=", SL" authorityName="SL" box="[736,950,794,818]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD8838DFCCAFC2CFCBB" box="[736,902,794,815]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M rheocharis</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD882F8FCCAFC1CFCBB" bold="true" box="[917,950,795,815]" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">SL</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
39.5 mm, MCP 10806. from rio Três Furquilhas, Rio Grande do Sul), indicate that
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD882A2FC8CFBD2FCE5" box="[975,1144,860,881]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD882A2FC8CFBD2FCE5" box="[975,1144,860,881]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a well-developed caudal-ﬁn ray pump chamber as well as tiny hooks on principal caudal fin-rays 10 and ll and that
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD8854BFC11FD11FC6E" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD8854BFC11FD11FC6E" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only has a groove and no hooks. Also, two old aquarium specimens of male
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD8830AFBF5FD55FBA8" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[615,767,1059,1084]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ineqiialis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD8830AFBF5FD55FBA8" box="[615,767,1059,1084]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M ineqııalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 94310, originally imported from Porto Alegre and grown to “ old age &quot; in an aquarium by Herman Meinken) have standard lengths of 38.2 and 41.0 mm. The latter specimen is the largest we have of this species. These specimens show no evidence of a caudal pump chamber or hooks on fin-rays 10 and ll but do have a groove. Furthermore, three smaller (SL 28.5-31.3 mm) sexually mature males of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD88569FA9CFD05FA16" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD88569FA9CFD05FA16" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M rheocharís</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCP 13613, from arroio Ägua Parada, a tributary of the rio Maquiné from near Maquiné, Rio Grande do Sul) have well-developed pump Chambers as well as tiny hooks present on caudal-ﬁn rays 10 and ll. These facts reinforce our hypothesis that
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD8853EF9C3FD4EF9D3" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD8853EF9C3FBC7F9B1" box="[1107,1133,1554,1573]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD88305F9E3FD4EF9D3" box="[616,740,1586,1607]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a derived species distinct from the more plesiomorphic
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD882FAF982FB84F9FF" box="[919,1070,1618,1643]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD882FAF982FC1BF9F3" box="[919,945,1619,1639]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD882A9F983FB84F9FF" box="[964,1070,1618,1643]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF8DFFD983ECF9A5FE2EFBE1" blockId="40.[613,1144,166,1742]" lastBlockId="41.[36,569,157,1734]" lastPageId="41" lastPageNumber="421" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">
The specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8DFFD88203F9A4FBB6F91C" authority=", MCP" authorityName="MCP" box="[878,1052,1651,1672]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="40" pageNumber="420" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8DFFD88203F9A4FBB6F91C" box="[878,1052,1651,1672]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="420">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, MCP 13613, three males and four females, from arroio Agua Parada plus a single large specimen (SL 41.8 mm, MZUSP 40281,
<figureCitation id="0BA92A16FF8CFFD980B1FF4CFD84FF26" box="[476,558,157,182]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="24.[84,115,767,788]" captionTargetBox="[75,1142,248,567]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="Fig. 20. Mimagoniates rheacharix, new species, paratype, MZUSP 40281, male, SL 41.8 mm; Brazil, Río Grande do Sul, arroio das Pedras, near Osório." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11050945" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11050945/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
, from a nearby locality, arroio das Pedras near Osório), are interesting in light of the introgression hypotheses discussed above. The meristic characters that help distinguish
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD98101FE92FEA8FECF" box="[108,258,322,347]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98101FE92FF2CFEC2" box="[108,134,323,342]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD981FAFE93FEA8FECF" box="[151,258,322,347]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD98050FE92FE4CFEC3" box="[317,486,321,343]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98050FE92FEF2FEC2" box="[317,344,323,342]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98005FE90FE4CFEC3" box="[360,486,321,343]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are all within the overlapping range of the two species (9 branched dorsal-ﬁn rays, 16-17 scale rows between the dorsal-ﬁn and anal-ﬁn origins, 18-19 scale rows around the caudal peduncle and 42-43 scales in a lateral series). Although these counts fall well within the range of those of other population samples of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD981C3FD9AFEFDFDCB" box="[174,343,586,607]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD981C3FD9AFEFDFDCB" box="[174,343,586,607]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the north, they do fall closer to those counts of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD980F2FDBDFD9CFD10" baseAuthorityName="Eigenmann" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[415,566,619,644]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iriequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD980F2FDBDFE13FDEB" box="[415,441,620,639]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD980A7FDBAFD9CFD10" box="[458,566,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
than any of our other population samples of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD9812BFD7FFF5AFD56" box="[70,240,685,706]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9812BFD7FFF5AFD56" box="[70,240,685,706]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Compare the counts just given with those presented in the comparative section of the Diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD980AAFD21FFC7FCB2" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD980AAFD21FE4BFC90" box="[455,481,752,772]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9809BFD3EFFC7FCB2" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
above. We also note that these localities for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD981DAFCE3FECCFCD2" box="[183,358,817,838]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD981DAFCE3FF7BFCD2" box="[183,209,818,838]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98184FCE0FECCFCD2" box="[233,358,817,838]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
near Osório lie adjacent to the rio Gravataí drainage just to the west which is occupied by
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD980C3FCA4FF94FC3E" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD980C3FCA4FF94FC3E" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98123FC47FFDCFC3E" box="[78,118,918,938]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">We</emphasis>
are unsure of the real signiﬁcance of these counts but they could imply some gene ﬂow between
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD981B1FC09FE25FC78" box="[220,399,983,1004]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD981B1FC09FF5DFC78" box="[220,247,984,1004]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9807CFC06FE25FC78" box="[273,399,983,1004]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD980B0FC08FFD2FB85" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD980B0FC08FE52FC78" box="[477,504,985,1004]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9837FFC08FFD2FB85" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this region at some time in the past. We are unaware of any current sympatry of these two species in this region but the area is not well sampled.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF8CFFD9812DFBACFD75FE4F" blockId="41.[36,569,157,1734]" lastBlockId="41.[597,1128,157,1732]" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">
In summary. the phylogenetic relationships of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD981E8FB4FFE83FB26" box="[133,297,1181,1202]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD981E8FB4FFF35FB26" box="[133,159,1182,1202]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD981C2FB4CFE83FB26" box="[175,297,1181,1202]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are uncertain. It could simply be a sister species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD980E7FB11FD9FFB4C" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[394,565,1214,1240]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD980E7FB11FE0FFB47" box="[394,421,1216,1235]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD980D4FB6FFD9FFB4C" box="[441,565,1214,1240]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with a somewhat more plesiomorphic state of the caudal pheromone origin, a somewhat derived sister species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD980F9FAF2FD86FAAF" box="[404,556,1313,1339]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD980F9FAF2FD86FAAF" box="[404,556,1313,1339]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species derived by introgression between
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD98149FAB5FF15FAE8" box="[36,191,1379,1404]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98149FAB5FF15FAE8" box="[36,191,1379,1404]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD98068FAB5FE1BFAE8" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[261,433,1379,1404]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98068FAB5FEB5FAEC" box="[261,287,1380,1400]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98058FAB2FE1BFAE8" box="[309,433,1379,1404]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with subsequent evolution of some autapomorphic characters, or, for example, a sister species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD9812CFA16FF4DFA4B" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[65,231,1478,1503]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9812CFA16FFF6FA4E" box="[65,92,1479,1498]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98101FA17FF4DFA4B" box="[108,231,1478,1503]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which may be introgressing with
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD9810DFA36FF5EF994" box="[96,244,1511,1536]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9810DFA36FF5EF994" box="[96,244,1511,1536]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Other hypotheses of phylogenetic relationship could be suggested but these examples are sufficient to indicate the possible complexities of the phylogeny of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD98149F9BAFF64F9EB" box="[36,206,1642,1663]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98149F9BAFF64F9EB" box="[36,206,1642,1663]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Because the shared characters of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD9811AF95DFEB5F934" box="[119,287,1675,1696]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9811AF95DFF3BF90B" box="[119,145,1676,1695]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD981CEF95AFEB5F934" box="[163,287,1675,1696]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD98036F95DFE58F930" box="[347,498,1675,1700]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="inequalis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98036F95DFEDFF934" box="[347,373,1676,1696]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD980EAF95AFE58F930" box="[391,498,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">inequalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been hypothesized to be pleisomorphies in the context of the entire phylogeny of the
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD98335FF6EFC8FFF47" box="[600,805,191,211]" pageId="41" pageNumber="414" rank="tribe" tribe="Glandulocaudini">Glandulocaudini</taxonomicName>
, we, at least for now, accept the evidence that the male caudal secondary sexual characters represent synapomorphies and tentatively propose sister species status for
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD98241FE92FC7FFEC3" box="[812,981,322,343]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocharis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98241FE92FC7FFEC3" box="[812,981,322,343]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M rheocharis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD9857DFE92FD18FEE8" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9857DFE92FB81FEC3" box="[1040,1067,323,343]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">M</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98550FE92FD18FEE8" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The other hypotheses of possible phylogenetic relationship await considerable additional evidence for possible corroboration.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DB886518FF8CFFDA831FFE36FE9DFB81" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="422" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="932D3693FF8CFFD9831FFE36FCEEFD35" blockId="41.[597,1128,157,1732]" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9831FFE36FD7AFD94" box="[626,720,487,512]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Ecology</emphasis>
. -We do not have extensive notes on the ecology of this species but the following information is taken from notes by Carlos Lucena from two localities (one the type locality) and by Ricardo M. C. Castro from two localities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF8CFFD9831EFD7FFC41FB6D" blockId="41.[597,1128,157,1732]" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">
Specimens collected by C. A. S. de Lucena and party from rio Faxinalzinho at Mâe dos Homens, rio Mampituba drainage, near Praia Grande, the type locality, MZUSP 40278, MCP 3616, USNM 279878, were removed from a clear-water stream 2-6 m wide, 0.1-1.0 nl deep, with a moderate current. There was a moderate amount of (unspeciﬁed) marginal vegetation present. The substrate consisted of rubble, rocks, stones, and gravel.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD9838BFC2BFBB6FB85" baseAuthorityName="Steindachner" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[742,1052,1016,1042]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="micmlepis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9838BFC2BFBB6FB85" box="[742,1052,1016,1042]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Mimagoniates microlepis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and a species of each of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD9823DFBC8FD5DFBC0" authority=", Rliamdella, Heptapturus" authorityName="Rliamdella, Heptapturus" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9823DFBC8FC6BFBBA" box="[848,961,1049,1070]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Rhamdia</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD982B4FBC8FBF5FBBA" box="[985,1119,1049,1070]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Rlıamdella</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9833AFBEDFD5DFBC0" box="[599,759,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Heptapturus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD98263FBEDFC22FBDB" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1854" box="[782,904,1084,1103]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Ancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98263FBEDFC22FBDB" box="[782,904,1084,1103]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Ancistrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD982CDFBEBFD00FB02" authority=", Pseudotociriclus, Pareiorhyna, Corymbopharies, T" authorityName="Pseudotociriclus, Pareiorhyna, Corymbopharies, T" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhineloricaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD982CDFBEBFBF4FBDB" box="[928,1118,1082,1103]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Rhineloricaria</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9833AFB8AFCB4FBE5" box="[599,798,1115,1137]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Pseudotocirıclus</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98258FB8AFC7AFBE1" box="[821,976,1115,1141]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Pareiorhyna</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98284FB8AFD00FB02" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Corymbopharıes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD983ABFBADFC2BFB02" box="[710,897,1148,1174]" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD983ABFBADFC2BFB02" box="[710,897,1148,1174]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Trichomycterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD982F6FBADFB9BFB05" box="[923,1073,1148,1169]" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD982F6FBADFB9BFB05" box="[923,1073,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Characidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an unspeciﬁed species of tetragonopterine characid, two species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD982FBFB11FBA2FB4C" box="[918,1032,1216,1240]" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD982FBFB11FBA2FB4C" box="[918,1032,1216,1240]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Astyanax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and a species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD983BBFB30FCEAFB6E" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1866" box="[726,832,1249,1274]" family="Anablepidae" genus="Jenynsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD983BBFB30FCEAFB6E" box="[726,832,1249,1274]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Jenynsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were present.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF8CFFDA831EFAD3FD85FE8B" blockId="41.[597,1128,157,1732]" lastBlockId="42.[56,584,162,1045]" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="422" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">
The second locality collected by Carlos Lucena and party was rio Jordão near Jordão Alto, MCP 13617, MZUSP 40279, and USNM 270879. This was the upper region of the rio Jordão where the stream was 1- 5 m wide and 0.1 -0.7 m deep. The current was slow, there was a small amount of (unspeciﬁed) marginal vegetation, and the substrate consisted of rubble, rocks, stones, gravel, sand and mud. The ﬁshes that were collected at the same locality were species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD98313F9BAFD45F914" box="[638,751,1643,1664]" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98313F9BAFD45F914" box="[638,751,1643,1664]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Rhamdia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD98265F9BDFC30F910" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1858" box="[776,922,1644,1668]" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Heptapterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD98265F9BDFC30F910" box="[776,922,1644,1668]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Heptapterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD982DCF9BAFB8AF9EA" authorityName="Kner" authorityYear="1854" box="[945,1056,1643,1662]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Ancistrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD982DCF9BAFB8AF9EA" box="[945,1056,1643,1662]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Ancistrus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, two loricariids unidentiﬁed to genus,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD9829CF95BFD31F956" family="Loricariidae" genus="Rhineloricaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD9829CF95BFD31F956" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Rhineloricaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFD983C1F97DFCC6F955" authorityName="Nichols" authorityYear="1919" box="[684,876,1708,1729]" family="Loricariidae" genus="Pseudotocinclus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="421" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFD983C1F97DFCC6F955" box="[684,876,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Pseudotocinclus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, two species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8CFFDA8555F97DFF65FF29" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="422" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8CFFDA8555F97DFF65FF29" italics="true" lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="422" pageId="41" pageNumber="421">Trichomycterus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8FFFDA8180FF73FE20FF2C" box="[237,394,162,184]" family="Crenuchidae" genus="Characidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8FFFDA8180FF73FE20FF2C" box="[237,394,162,184]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">Characidium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8FFFDA80CBFF73FDA9FF28" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1903" box="[422,515,162,188]" family="Erythrinidae" genus="Hoplias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8FFFDA80CBFF73FDA9FF28" box="[422,515,162,188]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">Hoplias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8FFFDA8373FF72FF26FF4A" family="Characidae" genus="Astyanax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8FFFDA8373FF72FF26FF4A" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">Astyanax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, an unidentiﬁed tetragonopterine characid,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8FFFDA81D4FF35FEE9FF6D" box="[185,323,228,249]" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8FFFDA81D4FF35FEE9FF6D" box="[185,323,228,249]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">Phallaceros</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8FFFDA8031FF34FE6CFF6A" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1866" box="[348,454,229,254]" family="Anablepidae" genus="Jenynsia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8FFFDA8031FF34FE6CFF6A" box="[348,454,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">Jenynsia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8FFFDA808CFF35FF5AFE8F" baseAuthorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1824" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8FFFDA808CFF35FF5AFE8F" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">Geophagus brasiliensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8FFFDA805CFED4FD83FE8B" baseAuthorityName="Jenyns" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[305,553,261,287]" family="Cichlidae" genus="Cichlasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="facetum">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8FFFDA805CFED4FD83FE8B" box="[305,553,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">Cichlasoma facetum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF8FFFDA8138FEF9FE6AFD1D" blockId="42.[56,584,162,1045]" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">
The ﬁrst locality collected by Ricardo Castro is from near Osório, Rio Grande do Sul, MZUSP 40281. The specimen was collected in a small clear-water stream about 1.5 m wide and 20 cm deep. surrounded by shrubs and small trees. The water was clear, with very little suspended matter. Algae covered rocks were common on the substrate. Other ﬁshes collected in the area were species of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8FFFDA81DDFD81FE88FDFC" box="[176,290,592,616]" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8FFFDA81DDFD81FE88FDFC" box="[176,290,592,616]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">Astyanax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8FFFDA805FFD9EFE14FDFC" authorityName="Günther" authorityYear="1864" box="[306,446,591,616]" family="Characidae" genus="Oligosarcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8FFFDA805FFD9EFE14FDFC" box="[306,446,591,616]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">Oligosarcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8FFFDA80A1FD9EFD94FDF0" box="[460,574,591,612]" family="Heptapteridae" genus="Rhamdia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8FFFDA80A1FD9EFD94FDF0" box="[460,574,591,612]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">Rhamdia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and a small unidentiﬁed catﬁsh.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="932D3693FF8FFFDA8139FD40FE9DFB81" blockId="42.[56,584,162,1045]" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">
Specimens of
<taxonomicName id="54924D10FF8FFFDA8192FD43FE03FD32" authorityName="Menezes &amp; Weitzman" authorityYear="1990" box="[255,425,657,678]" family="Characidae" genus="Mimagoniates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="42" pageNumber="422" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rheocliaris">
<emphasis id="A1E6EA81FF8FFFDA8192FD43FE03FD32" box="[255,425,657,678]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="422">M rheoclıaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from a tributary of the rio Grande, Santa Catarina, MZUSP 40280 and USNM 306339, were collected from a slow moving clear water stream about 1.5 m wide and 30 cm deep. Not far away the stream ﬂowed into the larger river. Rocks, sand, soil and twigs fallen from nearby trees were the main substrate components. The rocks and twigs were densely covered with algae. The stream was bordered by rocks, mud, grass and small trees in many places.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>